Article(id=1250834200555897605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250995, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770048000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-03, onlineDate=1776151712788, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151712788, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151712788, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151712788, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1764, endPage=1784, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834202359448375, articleId=1250834200555897605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening, biological characterization, and flavor contribution analysis of specialized yeast strains for Xinjiang traditional milk wine, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To identify high-quality yeast strains in the Xinjiang traditional milk wine fermentation system and screen specialized strains suitable for the milk wine fermentation, thereby providing a theoretical basis and strain reserves for the development of dedicated fermentation agents. Methods With alcohol production, ester production, lactose utilization ability, as well as acid (pH), glucose, and ethanol tolerance as screening criteria, the gradient dilution separation method combined with selective media was employed to isolate yeast strains. Morphological observation and molecular biological identification were conducted to determine the taxonomic status of the strains. The growth characteristics, carbon source utilization ability, and biosafety of the strains were investigated. The fermentation flavor contributions of the strains were evaluated through sensory assessment and electronic nose technology. Results Forty yeast strains were isolated and purified from Xinjiang traditional milk wine starter and traditional fermented dairy products. After multiple rounds of screening, two strains (J17 and J23) with excellent functions were obtained, tolerating pH 2.5, 350 g/L glucose, and 47.34 g/L ethanol. They were identified as Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzevii,respectively. The growth curves of the two strains showed that the logarithmic phase began at the time point of 4 h and the stationary phase started at 12 h and 18 h, respectively. The co-culture test confirmed no antagonistic effects and demonstrated symbiotic relationships between the two strains. Carbon source utilization tests indicated that both strains efficiently utilized seven carbon sources, including glucose, lactose, and sucrose, demonstrating strong metabolic adaptability. Biosafety testing revealed that neither strain exhibited hemolytic activity and was sensitive to antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole, meeting the safety standards for food fermentation strains. Electronic nose analysis revealed that the 1:1 mixed strain (HJ) fermentation of milk wine substrate exhibited significantly higher response values for flavor compounds such as alkanes, sulfides, alcohols, and aldehydes/ketones than the single-strain fermentation groups and controls. Both the cumulative contribution rate of PCA and the cumulative discriminant rate of LDA reached 99.97%. Sensory assessment demonstrated that the HJ fermented milk wine scored higher than that of other strain combinations in four dimensions: appearance, aroma, taste, and style. Conclusion K. marxianus J17 and P. kudriavzevii J23 demonstrate high tolerance, broad-spectrum carbon source utilization ability, excellent biosafety, and synergistic aroma enhancement, showing the potential as specialized fermentation agents for milk wine production and providing high-quality microbial resources for the fermentation of traditional milk wine.

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目的 挖掘新疆传统奶酒发酵体系中的优良酵母菌种资源,筛选适配奶酒发酵的专用菌株,为奶酒专用发酵剂的开发提供理论依据和菌种储备。 方法 以产醇、产酯能力、乳糖利用能力以及耐酸(pH)、耐糖、耐乙醇性能为筛选指标,采用梯度稀释分离法结合选择性培养基分离酵母菌株。通过形态观察和分子生物学鉴定明确菌株的分类地位,研究其生长特性、碳源利用能力及生物安全性,结合感官评价和电子鼻技术评价菌株对发酵风味的贡献。 结果 从新疆传统奶酒引子及传统发酵乳制品中分离纯化获得40株酵母菌株,经多轮筛选得到2株功能优良的菌株(J17和J23)。这2株菌可耐受pH 2.5、350 g/L葡萄糖及47.34 g/L乙醇的环境,同时具备优良的产醇、产酯能力和乳糖利用能力,鉴定为马克思克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)和库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)。两菌株的生长曲线显示,对数期始于4 h,稳定期分别始于12 h和18 h;对峙试验证实菌株之间无拮抗作用可共生;碳源利用试验表明二者可利用葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖等7种碳源,适应性强。生物安全性检测显示,两菌株均无溶血性,对康唑类抗真菌药物敏感,符合食品发酵菌株的安全标准。电子鼻分析显示,两菌株以1:1混菌(HJ)发酵奶酒基质的烷烃、硫化物、醇类、醛酮类等风味物质的响应值显著高于单菌发酵组及对照组,主成分分析累计贡献率与线性判别分析累计判别率均达99.97%。感官评价实验显示,混菌(HJ)发酵的奶酒发酵彻底,且在外观、香气、口感和风格4个维度的评分均高于其他组合。 结论 马克思克鲁维酵母J17与库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母J23兼具高耐受性、广谱碳源利用能力、良好的生物安全性及协同增香能力,具备奶酒专用发酵剂的开发潜力,可为传统奶酒发酵提供优质菌种资源。

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作者贡献声明

马琪:样品采集,实验设计与操作,数据收集和处理,论文撰写;王嘉佑:数据收集和处理;曾军:实验设计和指导;霍向东:参与实验设计;热孜古丽·库尔班:实验设计与操作;孙建:参与实验指导;高雁:论文写作指导与修改,实验设计和指导。

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World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2023, 39(10): 265., articleTitle=Dissecting the role of microorganisms in tea production of different fermentation levels: a multifaceted review of their action mechanisms, quality attributes and future perspectives, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1250879426200813603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, awardId=2025B04032-002, language=EN, fundingSource=This work was supported by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key Research and Development Program(2025B04032-002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879426322448429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, awardId=2025B04032-002, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2025B04032-002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879426460860470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, awardId=2025B02016-3, 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Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between experimental groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=E3FzSBfsbEuXYOyLQcrZ0g==, figureFileBig=WVQ4TEDduemFdSAluLT4Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879418361660039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同初始乙醇质量浓度下8株菌株的相对存活率, figureFileSmall=E3FzSBfsbEuXYOyLQcrZ0g==, figureFileBig=WVQ4TEDduemFdSAluLT4Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879418508460692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Ethanol concentration in culture media of different strains at the end of cultivation. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between experimental groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=ICTmNH/WMdtUiDD360LxHQ==, figureFileBig=4q9W6XwpanETNSE9LmOxZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879418676232864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图7, caption=结束培养时不同菌株培养液的乙醇质量浓度, figureFileSmall=ICTmNH/WMdtUiDD360LxHQ==, figureFileBig=4q9W6XwpanETNSE9LmOxZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879418915308203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the adjacency method. The numbers on the branches represent bootstrap support values, and the scale bar (0.50) indicates evolutionary distance. The numbers in parentheses are gene accession numbers., figureFileSmall=vHOzq0NKLOKXNs3gOCe7TQ==, figureFileBig=EkpK8Uhw05i4lobkk3kjyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879419129217720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图8, caption=系统发育树, figureFileSmall=vHOzq0NKLOKXNs3gOCe7TQ==, figureFileBig=EkpK8Uhw05i4lobkk3kjyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879419536065228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Growth curves of two strains. *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=D00+jpXYe8Wv48EJ452AlA==, figureFileBig=8Qa6Aj5/yfWQqI6m9kii7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879419699643088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图9, caption=两株菌的生长曲线, figureFileSmall=D00+jpXYe8Wv48EJ452AlA==, figureFileBig=8Qa6Aj5/yfWQqI6m9kii7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879419833860826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Plate standoff results., figureFileSmall=PTefVl4MAPuGMmZkKL+Tzg==, figureFileBig=EntyPR5RXXAPRTUHx91ogg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879419997438695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图10, caption=平板对峙结果, figureFileSmall=PTefVl4MAPuGMmZkKL+Tzg==, figureFileBig=EntyPR5RXXAPRTUHx91ogg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879420144239345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Carbon source utilization capacity. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between experimental groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=MdGbHYNR1tFl9yIT9t4n/w==, figureFileBig=/jFr6V6y0WllyuMtd0zibQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879420387508991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图11, caption=碳源利用能力, figureFileSmall=MdGbHYNR1tFl9yIT9t4n/w==, figureFileBig=/jFr6V6y0WllyuMtd0zibQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879420551086854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Electronic nose response radar chart. A, B, C and D represent the electronic nose response radar charts of the CK, J17, J23, and HJ experimental groups, respectively., figureFileSmall=4SPIE9duw0cFpERLW+Fgfw==, figureFileBig=Fbs2HpKWKPQOcaTTrfbFmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879420668527375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图12, caption=电子鼻响应雷达图, figureFileSmall=4SPIE9duw0cFpERLW+Fgfw==, figureFileBig=Fbs2HpKWKPQOcaTTrfbFmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879420865659672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 13, caption=Principal component analysis (PCA) and sensor load analysis of flavor compounds. A: PCA; B: Load analysis diagram., figureFileSmall=R6cq1madwBXjceMD+j9e0g==, figureFileBig=KsA9Z/J+G7BkIAiQzskdig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879421159260964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图13, caption=风味物质主成分分析(PCA)和传感器载荷分析图, figureFileSmall=R6cq1madwBXjceMD+j9e0g==, figureFileBig=KsA9Z/J+G7BkIAiQzskdig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879421318644524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 14, caption=Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of flavor compounds., figureFileSmall=hr2wv2G0zInVH2WslwqmhA==, figureFileBig=aKs+WbUzPI6/Kogvu15dtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879421465445176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图14, caption=风味物质线性判别分析(LDA), figureFileSmall=hr2wv2G0zInVH2WslwqmhA==, figureFileBig=aKs+WbUzPI6/Kogvu15dtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879421675160388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 15, caption=Results of sensory evaluation voting for different samples., figureFileSmall=sg3uyC96gj7WQjxgbdLjMw==, figureFileBig=PveMRX+Y+PP1KR07gJqsIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879421813572431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同样品的感官评价投票结果, figureFileSmall=sg3uyC96gj7WQjxgbdLjMw==, figureFileBig=PveMRX+Y+PP1KR07gJqsIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879421951984471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Figure 16, caption=Fermentation degree, alcohol content, and residual sugar at the end of fermentation for different samples. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between experimental groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=SCdV1MJUEo2X4uXDU/N5dQ==, figureFileBig=2SOR5sVocOvJRRt3fVB4eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879422165893985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同样品结束发酵时的发酵度、酒精度和残糖, figureFileSmall=SCdV1MJUEo2X4uXDU/N5dQ==, figureFileBig=2SOR5sVocOvJRRt3fVB4eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879422379803501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory substances corresponding to the electronic nose sensors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberSensor nameSensor detection description
S1W1CAromatic compound
S2W5SOxynitride
S3W3CAmmonia, aromatic compound
S4W6SHydride
S5W5CAlkane, aromatic compound
S6W1SAlkane compound
S7W1WInorganic sulfide, terpene and sulfur-containing organic compound
S8W2SAlcohol, aldehyde and ketone
S9W2WAromatic, organic sulfide
S10W3SAlkane, especially methane
), ArticleFig(id=1250879422547575665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电子鼻传感器对应的敏感物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberSensor nameSensor detection description
S1W1CAromatic compound
S2W5SOxynitride
S3W3CAmmonia, aromatic compound
S4W6SHydride
S5W5CAlkane, aromatic compound
S6W1SAlkane compound
S7W1WInorganic sulfide, terpene and sulfur-containing organic compound
S8W2SAlcohol, aldehyde and ketone
S9W2WAromatic, organic sulfide
S10W3SAlkane, especially methane
), ArticleFig(id=1250879422761485180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Traditional milk wine sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProjectGradeCriteria for evaluationScore
Appearance: 20 pointsExcellent v1Opalescent or yellowish-green hue, with uniform and stable coloration15-20
Good v2Opalescent or yellowish-green hue, with a relatively uniform and stable coloration10-15
Qualified v3Opalescent or yellowish-green hue, unstable coloration5-10
Unqualified v4Abnormal wine body color, turbid0-5
Aroma: 30 pointsExcellent v1Mellow wine aroma, with intense elegant milky-wine aroma, well-coordinated overall22-30
Good v2Favorable and well-coordinated wine aroma15-22
Qualified v3Slightly faint wine aroma, with off-flavors7-15
Unqualified v4No wine aroma, with putrid or other pungent off-flavors0-7
Taste: 40 pointsExcellent v1Mellow wine body, well-balanced sour-sweet taste28-40
Good v2Well-balanced sour-sweet taste, insufficient richness15-28
Qualified v3Bland taste and insufficient richness7-15
Unqualified v4Unbalanced taste with other undesirable off-flavors0-7
Style: 10 pointsExcellent v1Distinct typicality with a unique stylistic feature8-10
Good v2Typicality is exhibited, with indistinct stylistic features5-8
Qualified v3Moderate typicality, indistinct stylistic features3-5
Unqualified v4No typicality, undefined stylistic feature0-3
), ArticleFig(id=1250879423084446604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

传统奶酒感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProjectGradeCriteria for evaluationScore
Appearance: 20 pointsExcellent v1Opalescent or yellowish-green hue, with uniform and stable coloration15-20
Good v2Opalescent or yellowish-green hue, with a relatively uniform and stable coloration10-15
Qualified v3Opalescent or yellowish-green hue, unstable coloration5-10
Unqualified v4Abnormal wine body color, turbid0-5
Aroma: 30 pointsExcellent v1Mellow wine aroma, with intense elegant milky-wine aroma, well-coordinated overall22-30
Good v2Favorable and well-coordinated wine aroma15-22
Qualified v3Slightly faint wine aroma, with off-flavors7-15
Unqualified v4No wine aroma, with putrid or other pungent off-flavors0-7
Taste: 40 pointsExcellent v1Mellow wine body, well-balanced sour-sweet taste28-40
Good v2Well-balanced sour-sweet taste, insufficient richness15-28
Qualified v3Bland taste and insufficient richness7-15
Unqualified v4Unbalanced taste with other undesirable off-flavors0-7
Style: 10 pointsExcellent v1Distinct typicality with a unique stylistic feature8-10
Good v2Typicality is exhibited, with indistinct stylistic features5-8
Qualified v3Moderate typicality, indistinct stylistic features3-5
Unqualified v4No typicality, undefined stylistic feature0-3
), ArticleFig(id=1250879423239635860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Colony morphology characteristics of partially isolated strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberColony shapeColony smoothnessColony marginColony textureColony colourColony size
J1RoundSmoothUniformMoistLight yellowMedium
J4RoundRelatively smoothUniformRelatively drierLight yellowLarge
J8RoundSmoothUniformMoistMilky whiteSmall
J12RoundSmoothUniformRelatively moistLight yellowMedium
J17RoundSmoothUniformMoistLight yellowMedium
J18RoundSmoothUniformMoistLight yellowMedium
J19RoundSmoothUniformMoistMilky whiteSmall
J23RoundRelatively smoothUniformRelatively moistLight yellowMedium
), ArticleFig(id=1250879423407408028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

部分分离菌株的菌落形态特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberColony shapeColony smoothnessColony marginColony textureColony colourColony size
J1RoundSmoothUniformMoistLight yellowMedium
J4RoundRelatively smoothUniformRelatively drierLight yellowLarge
J8RoundSmoothUniformMoistMilky whiteSmall
J12RoundSmoothUniformRelatively moistLight yellowMedium
J17RoundSmoothUniformMoistLight yellowMedium
J18RoundSmoothUniformMoistLight yellowMedium
J19RoundSmoothUniformMoistMilky whiteSmall
J23RoundRelatively smoothUniformRelatively moistLight yellowMedium
), ArticleFig(id=1250879423591957420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Test results of alcohol production performance of strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberColor reactionNumberColor reactionNumberColor reaction
J1+J10++J19++
J2++J11+++J20+
J3++J12+++J21++
J4++J13++J22+
J5++J14++J23++
J6++J15++J24+
J7+++J16+++J25+
J8+J17+++J26+
J9++J18++
), ArticleFig(id=1250879423784895407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

菌株产醇性能的测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberColor reactionNumberColor reactionNumberColor reaction
J1+J10++J19++
J2++J11+++J20+
J3++J12+++J21++
J4++J13++J22+
J5++J14++J23++
J6++J15++J24+
J7+++J16+++J25+
J8+J17+++J26+
J9++J18++
), ArticleFig(id=1250879423935890362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Test results of ester production performance of strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number

Average diameter of the colony

(d) (mm)

Average diameter of the transparent ring

(D) (mm)

D/d
J16.473±0.340g7.280±0.296gklmnop1.125±0.014lmnopqrst
J221.807±1.001bc23.010±1.221abc1.055±0.009z
J35.183±1.403ijkl5.807±1.572ij1.120±0.016mnopqrst
J413.440±0.547e14.410±0.540e1.072±0.008vwxyz
J57.343±0.721f8.183±0.846f1.114±0.025nopqrst
J615.017±0.581d16.417±0.655d1.087±0.009uvwxyz
J75.250±0.600ijkl6.230±0.550hij1.187±0.033ghijkl
J83.820±0.690l4.610±0.646l1.207±0.115defgh
J96.913±0.563g7.867±0.709gklmnop1.138±0.009opqrst
J105.707±0.345hijkl7.267±0.350gklmnop1.273±0.070bc
J115.103±0.381jkl6.077±0.265ij1.191±0.041fghij
J125.003±0.405jkl5.687±0.465ij1.137±0.005opqrst
J1322.270±4.573bc23.520±4.606abc1.056±0.012yz
J1418.380±5.365c19.323±5.515cde1.051±0.005z
J1523.130±5.071ab25.453±5.571a1.101±0.014pqrst
J165.660±0.269hijkl7.613±0.270gklmnop1.345±0.029a
J176.280±0.696g7.937±0.547gklmnop1.264±0.052bcd
J1821.490±0.900bc23.690±0.571abc1.102±0.022pqrst
J1917.043±1.641c18.847±1.908cd1.106±0.023nopqrst
J2015.700±2.382d17.477±3.065d1.113±0.027nopqrst
J216.377±0.169g7.603±0.165gklmnop1.192±0.012fghij
J226.023±0.602g7.473±0.661gklmnop1.241±0.034cdefg
J2315.093±3.104d18.263±2.931cd1.210±0.039defgh
J244.047±0.705l4.793±0.460l1.185±0.096ghijkl
J253.803±0.144l4.580±0.270l1.204±0.044defgh
J265.140±0.577jkl6.073±0.561ij1.182±0.037hijklm
), ArticleFig(id=1250879424120439746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

菌株产酯性能的测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number

Average diameter of the colony

(d) (mm)

Average diameter of the transparent ring

(D) (mm)

D/d
J16.473±0.340g7.280±0.296gklmnop1.125±0.014lmnopqrst
J221.807±1.001bc23.010±1.221abc1.055±0.009z
J35.183±1.403ijkl5.807±1.572ij1.120±0.016mnopqrst
J413.440±0.547e14.410±0.540e1.072±0.008vwxyz
J57.343±0.721f8.183±0.846f1.114±0.025nopqrst
J615.017±0.581d16.417±0.655d1.087±0.009uvwxyz
J75.250±0.600ijkl6.230±0.550hij1.187±0.033ghijkl
J83.820±0.690l4.610±0.646l1.207±0.115defgh
J96.913±0.563g7.867±0.709gklmnop1.138±0.009opqrst
J105.707±0.345hijkl7.267±0.350gklmnop1.273±0.070bc
J115.103±0.381jkl6.077±0.265ij1.191±0.041fghij
J125.003±0.405jkl5.687±0.465ij1.137±0.005opqrst
J1322.270±4.573bc23.520±4.606abc1.056±0.012yz
J1418.380±5.365c19.323±5.515cde1.051±0.005z
J1523.130±5.071ab25.453±5.571a1.101±0.014pqrst
J165.660±0.269hijkl7.613±0.270gklmnop1.345±0.029a
J176.280±0.696g7.937±0.547gklmnop1.264±0.052bcd
J1821.490±0.900bc23.690±0.571abc1.102±0.022pqrst
J1917.043±1.641c18.847±1.908cd1.106±0.023nopqrst
J2015.700±2.382d17.477±3.065d1.113±0.027nopqrst
J216.377±0.169g7.603±0.165gklmnop1.192±0.012fghij
J226.023±0.602g7.473±0.661gklmnop1.241±0.034cdefg
J2315.093±3.104d18.263±2.931cd1.210±0.039defgh
J244.047±0.705l4.793±0.460l1.185±0.096ghijkl
J253.803±0.144l4.580±0.270l1.204±0.044defgh
J265.140±0.577jkl6.073±0.561ij1.182±0.037hijklm
), ArticleFig(id=1250879424242074571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Test results of lactose utilization by strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberLactose utilizationNumberLactose utilizationNumberLactose utilization
J1++J10+J19+++
J2+++J11+J20+++
J3+J12+J21+
J4+++J13+++J22+
J5++J14+++J23+++
J6+++J15+++J24++
J7+J16+J25++
J8+J17+++J26++
J9++J18+++
), ArticleFig(id=1250879424669893589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

菌株对乳糖利用能力的测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberLactose utilizationNumberLactose utilizationNumberLactose utilization
J1++J10+J19+++
J2+++J11+J20+++
J3+J12+J21+
J4+++J13+++J22+
J5++J14+++J23+++
J6+++J15+++J24++
J7+J16+J25++
J8+J17+++J26++
J9++J18+++
), ArticleFig(id=1250879424825082844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Homology comparison of BLAST

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberSimilarityName of the most similar strainThe gene accession number of the most similar strain
J17≥99%Kluyveromyces marxianusOM570589.1
J23≥99%Pichia kudriavzeviiKX376253.1
), ArticleFig(id=1250879425072546797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

BLAST同源比对分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberSimilarityName of the most similar strainThe gene accession number of the most similar strain
J17≥99%Kluyveromyces marxianusOM570589.1
J23≥99%Pichia kudriavzeviiKX376253.1
), ArticleFig(id=1250879425445839866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Susceptibility test results of two yeast strains to four antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number

Fluconazole

(25 μg/tablet)

Voriconazole

(1 μg/tablet)

Amphotericin B

(10 μg/tablet)

Itraconazole

(50 μg/tablet)

J1733.720±0.953 (S)33.597±0.422 (S)7.983±0.189 (R)20.803±0.095 (S)
J2312.410±0.819 (I)15.977±0.818 (S)10.177±0.936 (I)19.023±0.808 (S)
), ArticleFig(id=1250879425575863295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

两株酵母菌对4种抗生素的敏感性检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number

Fluconazole

(25 μg/tablet)

Voriconazole

(1 μg/tablet)

Amphotericin B

(10 μg/tablet)

Itraconazole

(50 μg/tablet)

J1733.720±0.953 (S)33.597±0.422 (S)7.983±0.189 (R)20.803±0.095 (S)
J2312.410±0.819 (I)15.977±0.818 (S)10.177±0.936 (I)19.023±0.808 (S)
), ArticleFig(id=1250879425714274315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200555897605, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Hemolytic activity of two yeast strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Numberα hematolysisβ hematolysisγ hematolysis
ATCC 25923-+-
J17--+
J23--+
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两株酵母菌的溶血活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Numberα hematolysisβ hematolysisγ hematolysis
ATCC 25923-+-
J17--+
J23--+
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新疆传统奶酒专用酵母菌株筛选及其生物学特性与风味贡献分析
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马琪 1, 2 , 王嘉佑 3 , 曾军 2 , 霍向东 2 , 热孜古丽·库尔班 2 , 孙建 2 , 高雁 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1764-1784
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1764-1784
新疆传统奶酒专用酵母菌株筛选及其生物学特性与风味贡献分析
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马琪1, 2, 王嘉佑3, 曾军2, 霍向东2, 热孜古丽·库尔班2, 孙建2, 高雁1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.新疆农业大学 食品科学与药学学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐
  • 2.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院微生物研究所,新疆特殊环境微生物实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐
  • 3.苏州科技大学 化学与生命科学学院,江苏 苏州
Screening, biological characterization, and flavor contribution analysis of specialized yeast strains for Xinjiang traditional milk wine
Qi MA1, 2, Jiayou WANG3, Jun ZENG2, Xiangdong HUO2, Razigul·Kurban2, Jian SUN2, Yan GAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
  • 2.Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
  • 3.School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250995
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目的 挖掘新疆传统奶酒发酵体系中的优良酵母菌种资源,筛选适配奶酒发酵的专用菌株,为奶酒专用发酵剂的开发提供理论依据和菌种储备。 方法 以产醇、产酯能力、乳糖利用能力以及耐酸(pH)、耐糖、耐乙醇性能为筛选指标,采用梯度稀释分离法结合选择性培养基分离酵母菌株。通过形态观察和分子生物学鉴定明确菌株的分类地位,研究其生长特性、碳源利用能力及生物安全性,结合感官评价和电子鼻技术评价菌株对发酵风味的贡献。 结果 从新疆传统奶酒引子及传统发酵乳制品中分离纯化获得40株酵母菌株,经多轮筛选得到2株功能优良的菌株(J17和J23)。这2株菌可耐受pH 2.5、350 g/L葡萄糖及47.34 g/L乙醇的环境,同时具备优良的产醇、产酯能力和乳糖利用能力,鉴定为马克思克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)和库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)。两菌株的生长曲线显示,对数期始于4 h,稳定期分别始于12 h和18 h;对峙试验证实菌株之间无拮抗作用可共生;碳源利用试验表明二者可利用葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖等7种碳源,适应性强。生物安全性检测显示,两菌株均无溶血性,对康唑类抗真菌药物敏感,符合食品发酵菌株的安全标准。电子鼻分析显示,两菌株以1:1混菌(HJ)发酵奶酒基质的烷烃、硫化物、醇类、醛酮类等风味物质的响应值显著高于单菌发酵组及对照组,主成分分析累计贡献率与线性判别分析累计判别率均达99.97%。感官评价实验显示,混菌(HJ)发酵的奶酒发酵彻底,且在外观、香气、口感和风格4个维度的评分均高于其他组合。 结论 马克思克鲁维酵母J17与库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母J23兼具高耐受性、广谱碳源利用能力、良好的生物安全性及协同增香能力,具备奶酒专用发酵剂的开发潜力,可为传统奶酒发酵提供优质菌种资源。

奶酒  /  酵母筛选  /  耐受性  /  生物学特性  /  风味贡献

Objective To identify high-quality yeast strains in the Xinjiang traditional milk wine fermentation system and screen specialized strains suitable for the milk wine fermentation, thereby providing a theoretical basis and strain reserves for the development of dedicated fermentation agents. Methods With alcohol production, ester production, lactose utilization ability, as well as acid (pH), glucose, and ethanol tolerance as screening criteria, the gradient dilution separation method combined with selective media was employed to isolate yeast strains. Morphological observation and molecular biological identification were conducted to determine the taxonomic status of the strains. The growth characteristics, carbon source utilization ability, and biosafety of the strains were investigated. The fermentation flavor contributions of the strains were evaluated through sensory assessment and electronic nose technology. Results Forty yeast strains were isolated and purified from Xinjiang traditional milk wine starter and traditional fermented dairy products. After multiple rounds of screening, two strains (J17 and J23) with excellent functions were obtained, tolerating pH 2.5, 350 g/L glucose, and 47.34 g/L ethanol. They were identified as Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzevii,respectively. The growth curves of the two strains showed that the logarithmic phase began at the time point of 4 h and the stationary phase started at 12 h and 18 h, respectively. The co-culture test confirmed no antagonistic effects and demonstrated symbiotic relationships between the two strains. Carbon source utilization tests indicated that both strains efficiently utilized seven carbon sources, including glucose, lactose, and sucrose, demonstrating strong metabolic adaptability. Biosafety testing revealed that neither strain exhibited hemolytic activity and was sensitive to antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole, meeting the safety standards for food fermentation strains. Electronic nose analysis revealed that the 1:1 mixed strain (HJ) fermentation of milk wine substrate exhibited significantly higher response values for flavor compounds such as alkanes, sulfides, alcohols, and aldehydes/ketones than the single-strain fermentation groups and controls. Both the cumulative contribution rate of PCA and the cumulative discriminant rate of LDA reached 99.97%. Sensory assessment demonstrated that the HJ fermented milk wine scored higher than that of other strain combinations in four dimensions: appearance, aroma, taste, and style. Conclusion K. marxianus J17 and P. kudriavzevii J23 demonstrate high tolerance, broad-spectrum carbon source utilization ability, excellent biosafety, and synergistic aroma enhancement, showing the potential as specialized fermentation agents for milk wine production and providing high-quality microbial resources for the fermentation of traditional milk wine.

milk wine  /  yeast screening  /  tolerance  /  biological characteristics  /  flavor contribution
马琪, 王嘉佑, 曾军, 霍向东, 热孜古丽·库尔班, 孙建, 高雁. 新疆传统奶酒专用酵母菌株筛选及其生物学特性与风味贡献分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1764 -1784 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250995
Qi MA, Jiayou WANG, Jun ZENG, Xiangdong HUO, Razigul·Kurban, Jian SUN, Yan GAO. Screening, biological characterization, and flavor contribution analysis of specialized yeast strains for Xinjiang traditional milk wine[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1764 -1784 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250995
新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州是中国西北部重要的蒙古族文化中心。目前,该地区仍保留着众多以牛奶为原料、采用传统手工酿造、依靠天然微生物群落协同发酵,从而形成独特风味与营养特性的乳制品,例如酸奶疙瘩、奶酪、奶酒、奶豆腐、奶皮子等。这些乳制品具有区别于其他地区的专属风味特征,其发酵体系中蕴含的微生物群落经过长期驯化现已成为我国西北地区珍贵的特色微生物资源库。其中,奶酒作为蒙古族传统佳节的必备饮品,通过自然发酵与蒸馏技艺酿制而成,兼具醇香与奶香,已成为蒙古族文化输出的名片[1-5]
传统发酵食品是功能微生物的天然富集库,从中挖掘功能明确、性能优异的菌株,已成为食品微生物领域的核心研究方向之一[6-7]。非酿酒酵母作为传统发酵乳制品中的优势菌群,具有独特的应用价值[8]。乳基质中富含乳糖,需经微生物分泌的乳糖酶分解为葡萄糖与半乳糖后才能被进一步代谢,与非酿酒酵母相比,多数酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)因缺失乳糖酶编码基因,普遍难以利用乳糖进行发酵[9]。例如,Varela等[10]的研究指出,相较于酿酒酵母,克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces)在有氧与无氧条件下均能更高效地分解乳糖;Domingues等[11]的研究也证实,克鲁维酵母可完全代谢乳糖,而酿酒酵母则无法实现这一代谢过程。此外,毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)、有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora)以及马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)等非酿酒酵母,不仅具备酒精发酵能力,还能参与复杂风味物质的生成,进而提升酒品的香气层次[12-17]。这些特性充分表明,传统发酵乳制品体系中的非酿酒酵母菌株具有成为奶酒专用发酵剂核心菌种的潜在价值。
本研究以新疆传统奶酒引子和发酵乳制品为研究对象,以乳糖利用能力、产醇产酯能力、环境耐受性及生物安全性为核心筛选指标,定向筛选非酿酒酵母菌株;通过分子生物学技术明确其分类地位,并系统性研究分离菌株的生物学特性,结合电子鼻技术与感官评价解析其风味贡献,旨在挖掘适配奶酒发酵的专用优良菌株,为奶酒专用发酵剂开发提供优质菌种资源与理论支撑,同时为民族特色食品的传承与创新提供新思路。
传统酸奶与奶酒引子,分别采自新疆维吾尔自治区博尔塔拉蒙古自治州某奶酒生产合作社、传统奶制品加工厂及家庭作坊。
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) ATCC 25923购自中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心。
硫酸铵、硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钠、氯化钙、磷酸氢二钾,天津市致远化学试剂有限公司;乙醇、盐酸,福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司;葡萄糖,天津市盛奥化学试剂有限公司;蔗糖、乳糖、可溶性淀粉,天津市北联精细化学品开发有限公司;果糖、木糖、麦芽糖、三丁酸甘油酯、氯化三苯基四氮唑,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;抗真菌药敏纸片,Liofilchem公司;哥伦比亚血平板、琼脂、酵母浸粉、蛋白胨,青岛海博生物技术有限公司;真菌基因组提取试剂盒,简石生物技术(北京)有限公司。以上试剂均为分析纯或生化试剂。
双人净化工作台,浙江孚夏医疗科技有限公司;pH计,上海雷磁仪器厂;电热恒温培养箱,上海博讯实业有限公司;PCR仪,Analytik Jena公司;高速冷冻离心机,湖南恒诺仪器设备有限公司;紫外/可见分光光度计,上海美析仪器有限公司;酒精计,冀州市耀华器械仪表厂;电子鼻,Airsense公司。
酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖(yeast extract peptone dextrose, YEPD)培养基(g/L):蛋白胨20.0,葡萄糖20.0,酵母浸出粉100.0。
酵母浸出粉葡萄糖氯霉素琼脂(yeast extract glucose chloramphenicol agar, YGC)培养基[18](g/L):酵母浸出粉5.0,葡萄糖20.0,琼脂14.9,氯霉素0.1。
马铃薯葡萄糖氯霉素琼脂(potato dextrose chloramphenicol agar, PDAC)培养基(g/L):马铃薯浸粉6.0,葡萄糖20.0,琼脂20.0,氯霉素0.1。
氯化三苯基四氮唑(triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TTC)上层培养基[19](g/L):葡萄糖50.0,TTC 0.5,琼脂200.0。
TTC下层培养基(g/L):蛋白胨200.0,葡萄糖100.0,酵母浸出粉15.0,硫酸镁0.4,磷酸二氢钾1.0,琼脂20.0。
产酯固体培养基[20](g/L):蛋白胨200.0,葡萄糖200.0,酵母浸出粉100.0,琼脂20.0,三丁酸甘油酯15.0 mL/L。
酵母浸出粉胨乳糖(yeast extract peptone lactose, YPL)培养基[21](g/L):蛋白胨20.0,乳糖20.0,酵母浸出粉100.0,琼脂20.0。
碳源基础培养基(g/L):硫酸铵2.0,硫酸镁0.2,磷酸二氢钠0.5,氯化钙0.1,磷酸氢二钾0.5。
采用梯度稀释涂布法进行酵母菌的分离纯化。在无菌条件下对样品进行系列倍比稀释,最终选取稀释浓度为10-2、10-3、10-4、10-5的菌液,分别吸取各梯度菌液100 μL,涂布于添加氯霉素的PDAC、YGC固体培养基中,同时使用无菌生理盐水作为空白对照。将所有平板置于28 ℃培养箱中倒置培养48 h,挑取符合酵母菌菌落典型形态的单个菌落,采用平板划线法进行纯化培养,连续划线培养3次获得纯菌落,并使用瓷珠保存管进行保存。采用《真菌鉴定手册》对菌落形态进行描述[22]
以产醇、产酯能力及乳糖利用能力作为奶酒专用酵母菌株的初筛指标。
吸取3 μL菌液点接于TTC下层培养基表面,28 ℃培养48 h后覆盖TTC上层培养基,继续在28 ℃培养并连续观察6 h,记录菌落显色变化,颜色深浅表征产醇能力强弱。
吸取3 μL菌液点接于产酯培养基表面,28 ℃培养48 h,测量菌落直径(d)及周围透明圈直径(D),以D/d值评价产酯能力。
吸取3 μL菌液点接于YPL琼脂培养基表面,28 ℃培养48 h,以生长圈直径为指标评价乳糖利用能力。
选择菌落呈现红色及以上显色强度、D/d值≥1.10和菌落生长圈直径≥3 mm菌株进行复筛。
以低pH的酸性环境、高糖与高乙醇环境的耐受性能作为奶酒专用酵母菌株的复筛指标。其耐酸、耐糖及耐乙醇性能均采用YEPD液体培养基胁迫培养法测定:将浓度为1.0×108 CFU/mL菌液按2%的接种量接至不同胁迫条件的YEPD液体培养基中,于28 ℃、150 r/min条件下振荡培养16 h,测定培养液在600 nm波长处的吸光度(OD600)和结束培养时的pH值、葡萄糖质量与乙醇质量浓度,得到对低pH、高糖和高乙醇环境耐受性好的菌株(相对存活率≥10%)。其中耐糖性能测定设置的葡萄糖质量浓度梯度为150、250、350 g/L,以未添加葡萄糖的YEPD液体培养基为对照;耐酸性能测定设置的培养基pH梯度为2.5、3.5,以未调节pH的YEPD液体培养基(pH 6.0)为对照;耐乙醇性能测定设置的乙醇质量浓度梯度为15.78、31.56、47.34、63.12、78.90 g/L,以未添加乙醇的YEPD液体培养基为对照。相对存活率计算如公式(1)所示。
相对存活率=实验OD600对照OD600×100%
使用真菌基因组提取试剂盒提取培养至对数生长期的分离菌株的基因组DNA作为PCR扩增模板,采用真菌分类鉴定通用引物ITS1 (5′-GGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS4 (5′-AGCCTSCSCTTANTDATATGC-3′)对核糖体内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)进行扩增。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×PCR Bestaq MasterMix 25 μL,DNA模板2 μL,正、反向引物(10 μmol/L)各2.5 μL,无菌超纯水18 μL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃变性10 s,50 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸2 min,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证后,送至成都罗宁生物科技有限公司完成测序工作。测序结果提交至NCBI数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)进行BLAST同源性分析,最后使用MEGA 11软件构建系统发育树。
将筛选得到的酵母菌以3% (1.0×108 CFU/mL)的接种量接种于YEPD液体培养基中,于28 ℃、150 r/min条件下振荡培养48 h,每间隔2 h进行1次取样,使用紫外分光光度仪在波长600 nm处测定吸光度值,以培养时间为横坐标,OD600值为纵坐标绘制生长曲线。
采用平板对峙法,观察菌株接触区域是否出现抑菌圈,判断相容性[23]
参考勉小娟等[24]的研究方法,并稍作修改。选择果糖、木糖、乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖和可溶性淀粉7种碳源,配制成质量浓度为20 g/L的溶液,将碳源溶液按比例添加至碳源基础培养基中,将浓度为1.0×108 CFU/mL菌液按3%的接种量接种,28 ℃、150 r/min培养48 h,培养结束后,测定培养液在600 nm波长处的吸光度值(OD600),判断菌株利用碳源的能力。
参照胡金丽等[25]的研究方法,采用氟康唑、伏立康唑、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑抗真菌药敏纸片进行敏感性试验。
取对数生长期供试菌液3 μL,点接于哥伦比亚血琼脂平板,同时设置阳性对照,接种等量金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923菌液。置于28 ℃培养箱中倒置培养24 h,培养结束后观察菌落周边的溶血现象:若菌落周围出现清晰的溶血圈,则判定该菌株具有溶血活性;未出现溶血圈则判定为无溶血活性。
将浓度为1.0×108 CFU/mL菌液按3%的接种量接种至灭菌牛奶中,28 ℃静置培养48 h。取20 mL发酵液至顶空样品瓶,60 ℃水浴平衡10 min,采用电子鼻采集顶空气体,参数设置:清洗时间120 s、归零时间5 s、预进样时间5 s、检测时间100 s,载气流速300 mL/min。以未接菌牛奶为对照(CK),设置J17单菌发酵组、J23单菌发酵组、J17与J23以1:1混菌发酵组(HJ组),采集85-89 s特征响应值,进行雷达图绘制、主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)及线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)。不同传感器对各类风味成分的敏感性描述详见表1
将浓度为1.0×108 CFU/mL菌液按3%的接种量接种至灭菌牛奶中,28 ℃静置培养48 h。以未接菌牛奶为对照(CK),设置J17单菌发酵组、J23单菌发酵组、J17与J23以1:1混菌发酵组(HJ组)。邀请10名专家组成感官品鉴小组,对样品进行感官评价,评价结果取10名成员评分的平均值。评价指标涵盖外观、香气、口感和风格4个维度,各评价指标细分为优秀、良好、合格、不合格4个等级,满分100分。同时对各样品结束发酵时的发酵度、酒精度、残糖进行测定。传统奶酒感官评价标准见表2
本研究中所有测试及分析指标均设置3次平行重复以保障数据可靠性。数据处理与显著性检验(P<0.05)采用SPSS 27.0统计软件完成;试验相关图表通过Origin 2022软件绘制;系统发育树通过MEGA 11软件构建;电子鼻检测数据的处理与特征分析借助WinMuster软件实现。
使用含氯霉素的PDAC和YGC选择培养基,从蒙古族传统奶酒引子和发酵乳制品中分离纯化得到40株可培养真菌菌株。通过观察菌落的形态、大小、颜色及质地等特征,剔除重复菌株后,筛选获得26株菌株(编号J1-J26)。部分菌株菌落形态特征见表3图1。26株菌株的菌落均呈圆形,颜色为乳白色、米白色或淡黄色,菌落凸起或微凸,质地不透明;多数菌株菌落大小适中、湿润黏稠、表面及边缘光滑整齐且易挑起,部分菌株菌落体积较小、质地干燥,上述特征均与酵母菌的典型菌落形态一致。同时,以无菌生理盐水为空白对照进行平行培养,未观察到任何菌落生长,证实实验过程无杂菌污染,保障了分离菌株的纯度。
26株菌株在TTC培养基上的显色情况如表4所示,所有菌株均具有产醇能力。其中菌株J1、J8、J20、J22、J24-J26的菌落呈现浅红色,表明这7株酵母菌的产醇能力较弱;菌株J2-J6、J9、J10、J13-J15、J18、J19、J21、J23的菌落呈现红色,表明这14株酵母菌的产醇能力较好;菌株J7、J11、J12、J16和J17的菌落呈现深红色,表明这5株酵母菌的产醇能力强。
酯类化合物是构成酵母菌发酵液的主要风味物质,所有菌株的产酯能力如表5所示。26株酵母菌的透明圈直径(D)与菌落直径(d)的比值均大于1.000,表明所有菌株均具有产酯能力。J2、J4、J6、J13和J14这5株菌的透明圈与菌落直径的比值小于1.100,表明其产酯性能较弱;其余21株菌株透明圈与菌落直径的比值均大于1.100,其中菌株J8、J10、J16、J17、J22、J23、J25这7株菌的透明圈与菌落直径的比值大于1.200,显著高于其他19株菌株,表明其具有较好的产酯性能,有为奶酒富集香气物质、丰富产品风味层次的潜力。其中,菌株J16的D/d值最大,为1.345±0.029,表明其产酯能力最强。
用于奶酒酿造的酵母菌需要具备利用乳糖进行发酵的能力,所有菌株对乳糖的利用能力如表6所示。26株酵母菌均能在YPL培养基上生长,表明所有菌株均能利用乳糖。其中菌株J3、J7、J8、J10-J12、J16、J21、J22生长圈直径<3 mm,表明这9株酵母菌对乳糖的利用能力较弱;J1、J5、J9、J24-J26生长圈直径介于 3-5 mm之间,表明这6株酵母菌对乳糖的利用能力较好;J2、J4、J6、J13-J15、J17-J20、J23生长圈直径>5 mm,表明这11株酵母菌对乳糖的利用能力强,具有以牛奶为底物进行发酵的潜力。综上所述,确定产醇能力、产酯能力以及乳糖利用能力均好的8株菌株J1、J5、J9、J15、J17-J19、J23进行复筛。
酵母最适生长pH为3.8-6.0,但极少数用于酿酒发酵的酵母菌可以耐受pH 3.0以下的环境条件[26]。不同初始pH下8株菌株的相对存活率和结束培养时不同菌株培养液的pH值如图2-3所示。在pH为3.5的环境下,8株酵母菌的相对存活率大于75%,且菌株J5和J9的相对存活率大于100%。该条件下结束培养时不同菌株培养液的pH值介于2.8-3.3之间,菌株间差异显著;此条件下各组培养液整体pH值下降幅度大于pH 2.5组,表明菌株在pH为3.5的环境中仍能维持稳定的代谢活动,具有较好的适应能力。在pH为2.5的酸环境下,各菌株的生长均受到不同程度的抑制作用,且耐受性能呈现明显分化,其中菌株J1、J5及J9的生长受到显著抑制,其相对存活率小于60%,表现出较强的环境敏感性;而菌株J15、J17-J19和J23的相对存活率高于70%。该条件下结束培养时不同菌株培养液的pH值介于2.2-2.4之间,菌株间差异较小;各组整体pH值下降幅度显著低于pH 3.5组,表明在低pH环境的胁迫下菌株的代谢活动受到抑制。其中,菌株J9在结束培养时培养液pH值最高(2.4),J23最低(2.2)。综上所述,菌株J15、J17-J19和J23在pH为2.5的酸环境下具有较好的耐受性能。
细胞在高渗透压环境中会出现脱水的情况,影响其功能的正常运转,过高的葡萄糖质量浓度会导致环境中的渗透压升高,从而影响菌株发酵能力[27]。不同初始葡萄糖质量浓度下8株菌株的相对存活率如图4所示。菌株J1、J17、J18、J19和J23在初始葡萄糖质量浓度为150 g/L时的相对存活率达到最大,其中菌株J17相对存活率最大(81.51%)。随着初始葡萄糖质量浓度的递增,酵母菌的生长受到了明显的抑制,其相对存活率呈现下降趋势。当葡萄糖质量浓度为250 g/L时菌株J1、J17、J19及J23的相对存活率高于40.00%;当葡萄糖质量浓度提升至350 g/L时菌株J1、J17和J23的相对存活率仍可维持在35.00%以上。菌株J5、J9和J15在葡萄糖质量浓度为250 g/L时相对存活率达到最大,在葡萄糖质量浓度为150-350 g/L的范围内其相对存活率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在250 g/L葡萄糖质量浓度时菌株J5相对存活率最大(81.45%)。当葡萄糖质量浓度为350 g/L时菌株J5、J9的相对存活率大于30.00%。结束培养时不同菌株培养液的葡萄糖质量浓度如图5所示。结果表明,结束培养时不同菌株培养液的葡萄糖质量浓度随初始葡萄糖浓度的升高均呈上升趋势,各组培养液整体葡萄糖质量浓度下降幅度随初始浓度升高而逐渐变小,这一结果侧面印证了高糖环境下渗透压升高不仅抑制菌株生长繁殖,同时显著降低了菌株的发酵能力。其中,当葡萄糖质量浓度为350 g/L时菌株J18结束培养时培养液的葡萄糖含量最高(336.63 g/L),菌株J23最低(316.89 g/L)。综上所述,菌株J1、J5、J9、J17、J19和J23在150-350 g/L葡萄糖质量浓度的范围内对高糖环境的耐受能力较好,表现出优良的耐糖性能。
不同初始乙醇质量浓度下8株菌株的相对存活率如图6所示。在乙醇质量浓度为15.78 g/L时所有菌株的相对存活率均最大。随着乙醇质量浓度的升高,酵母菌细胞的生长和发育受到抑制。当乙醇质量浓度升高至31.56 g/L时菌株J1、J5、J9、J15、J17、J19和J23的相对存活率大于20.00%;当乙醇质量浓度升高至47.34 g/L时仅J17和J23的相对存活率大于10.00%,J18、J19生长几乎被完全抑制;当乙醇质量浓度升高至63.12 g/L及以上时所有菌株生长均被完全抑制。这表明J17、J23可耐受47.34 g/L的乙醇浓度,J1、J5、J9、J15和J19的耐受上限为31.56 g/L,其中J17、J23表现出优异的乙醇耐受性能。结束培养时不同菌株培养液的乙醇质量浓度如图7所示。结果表明,在结束培养时不同菌株培养液的乙醇质量浓度随初始乙醇质量浓度的梯度提升呈同步上升趋势,且菌株间的乙醇代谢利用差异在不同浓度梯度下表现出明显分化。其中15.78、31.56、47.34 g/L浓度组在结束培养时不同菌株培养液间的乙醇质量浓度存在显著性差异,而63.12 g/L、78.90 g/L浓度组在结束培养时不同菌株培养液间的乙醇质量浓度差异则大幅缩小且无显著性差异。这是由于在高乙醇胁迫环境中,菌株通过调整代谢策略来缓解胁迫压力,即减少内源乙醇的生成,同时利用外源乙醇作为碳源与能源,导致体系乙醇浓度下降。培养结束后,不同菌株培养液的乙醇质量浓度普遍低于初始值,J17、J23等耐受菌株的乙醇消耗更为明显,证实其可通过代谢利用外源乙醇的方式增强其耐受能力。综上所述,菌株J17、J23的乙醇耐受上限可达47.34 g/L,J1、J5、J9、J15和J19的乙醇耐受上限为31.56 g/L,其中J17和J23表现出更为优异的乙醇耐受性能。
综上所述,菌株J15、J17、J18、J19和J23对酸性环境具有较好的耐受性能;菌株J1、J5、J9、J17和J23对高糖环境具有较好的耐受性能;菌株J17和J23具有较好的耐乙醇性能。因此最终得到2株对酸、糖以及乙醇耐受性均良好的菌株J17和J23。
基于发酵菌株的ITS序列进行同源比对分析[28],结果如表7所示。发现菌株J17与马克思克鲁维酵母(OM570589.1)相似性最高,相似性≥99%;菌株J23与库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(KX376253.1)亲缘关系最近,相似性≥99%。使用MEGA 11软件构建系统发育树(图8),结合菌株形态学特征,最终将菌株J17鉴定为马克思克鲁维酵母,菌株J23则鉴定为库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母。
为了解各菌株的生长特性,进行了生长曲线的测定[29]。如图9所示,在20 h内2株菌的OD600值随着培养时间的延长而不断升高,并逐渐趋于平稳。马克思克鲁维酵母J17在0-4 h为延滞期,4 h后进入对数生长期,随后在第12 h进入稳定期。库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母J23在0-4 h为延滞期,同样在4 h后进入对数生长期,但在第18 h时才进入稳定期,表明2株酵母菌的生长特性之间存在差异。
平板对峙试验通常用于研究菌株间相互作用,可了解菌株间是否发生拮抗、共生等相互作用[30-31]。通过平板对峙试验对2株酵母菌J17和J23的菌株间相互作用进行了观察,结果如图10所示。马克思克鲁维酵母J17与库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母J23接触处无清晰可见抑菌圈,交界处无覆盖,表明菌株J17和J23之间可以共同利用空间和营养成分,未发生生长空间挤占和营养争夺,体现出2株菌株之间可以共存,相容性良好。
碳源可以为酵母菌提供能量,因酵母菌种类不同而最适利用的碳源也不同[32-33]。2株酵母对不同碳源的利用能力如图11所示。结果表明,2株菌株均可利用包括果糖、木糖、乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖和可溶性淀粉在内的7种测试碳源,能较好地适应不同环境,碳源利用范围广。2株菌在葡萄糖培养基中的OD600值均为所有碳源中最高,表明葡萄糖是其最优碳源;且J23的OD600值最高(1.6),表明J23对葡萄糖的利用效率较高,相比J17具有较强的葡萄糖发酵能力。当碳源为乳糖时,菌株J17和J23在乳糖培养基中的OD600值仅次于其在葡萄糖培养基中的数值,表明2株菌具有较强的乳糖发酵能力。当碳源为果糖、木糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖及可溶性淀粉时,2株菌在相应的碳源培养基中的OD600值小于0.8,表明2株菌对这些碳源的利用能力较弱。
抗生素敏感性试验结果如表8所示。菌株J17对两性霉素B表现耐药,对氟康唑、伏立康唑和伊曲康唑均表现敏感。菌株J23对于氟康唑和两性霉素B表现中介,对伏立康唑和伊曲康唑均表现出敏感性。菌株J17和J23的抗生素敏感性存在差异,这可能是由于不同酵母菌对各类抗生素的敏感性存在种间差别所导致。
根据溶血圈颜色可将溶血性分为α溶血和β溶血,其特点是前者菌落周围有草绿色溶血圈,对人致病力弱;后者菌落周围出现透明溶血圈,对人体致病力强;若无溶血圈出现则无溶血性,为γ溶血,对人体无致病力[34-35]。菌株溶血性检测结果见表9。以金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 25923)为阳性对照,该菌株菌落周围出现透明溶血圈,属于β型溶血;筛选获得的2株酵母菌株的菌落周围均未出现溶血圈,无溶血性表现。溶血性是病原菌的重要致病特征,上述结果表明筛选得到的2株酵母菌不具备溶血相关的致病特性,提示其对人体无致病力,具备作为食品发酵菌株的安全性基础。
为更好地分析不同发酵菌株在发酵时的风味贡献,以未接菌的牛奶为对照(CK),设置J17单菌发酵组(J17)、J23单菌发酵组(J23)、J17与J23以1:1混菌发酵组(HJ组),采集了4组样品第85-89 s的特征响应值并绘制雷达图。如图12所示,电子鼻响应雷达图直观地表征了不同样品之间的风味轮廓差异。4组样品风味物质在电子鼻10个传感器上响应值各不相同,总体而言,电子鼻数据在W1S (S6)、W1W (S7)、W2S (S8)、W2W (S9)、W5S (S2)这5种传感器的响应值高于其他5种传感器,且W1S (S6)传感器响应值最高,表明CK组与不同实验组所发酵的样品所含的风味物质在烷烃类化合物、硫化物、醇类、醛酮类、芳香类物质以及氮氧化合物上含量丰富。进一步分析可知,混菌(HJ)组样品在上述5种高响应传感器上的响应值均高于其他4组,表明其烷烃类化合物、无机硫化物、醇类、芳香类物质、有机硫化物、氮氧化合物、萜烯类化合物含量较高,J17组在5种传感器上的响应值仅次于混菌(HJ)组,提示其醇类物质、烷烃类化合物、有机硫化物等物质含量也较为丰富。同时也提示,与单菌发酵相比,混菌发酵可以生成更多的风味物质。CK组在10个传感器上响应值显著低于J17、J23与混菌(HJ) 3组样品,揭示了通过菌株筛选可以有效提升底物所蕴含的风味物质。
为进一步确定发酵菌株之间风味的差异,通过主成分分析(PCA)对电子鼻数据进行统计分析,其区分结果如图13A所示。前2个主成分(PC1-PC2)累计贡献率为99.97%,其中第一主成分PC1贡献率98.95%和第二主成分PC2贡献率1.02%,代表电子鼻所采集到的关于CK组和不同菌株发酵样品的信息几乎能反映其全部挥发性信息。由图13A可知,在第一主成分上J17和混菌(HJ)发酵的样品与CK样品之间的差异明显,J17与混菌(HJ)样品在PC1右侧部分重叠,说明其风味相似且化合物浓度较高,与雷达图中对应传感器上的响应值较高的趋势一致。J23发酵的样品与CK样品之间的重叠面积较大,且均分布在PC1左侧,说明其风味相似且化合物浓度较低。
同时基于主成分分析(PCA)框架开展传感器载荷分析,量化各传感器对样品风味区分的贡献权重,载荷值绝对值越高的传感器所对应敏感物质对样品风味的驱动作用越显著。如图13B所示,不同菌株发酵产生气味上的差异主要集中在W1S (S6)、W1W (S7)、W5S (S2)、W2S (S8)和W2W (S9)这些传感器所对应的风味成分上,即烷烃类化合物、硫化物、醇类、醛酮类、芳香类物质以及氮氧化合物,该特征与电子鼻传感器列阵的多目标检测特性一致
LDA分析更注重样品在空间中的分布状态及样品之间的距离分析。4组样品的电子鼻响应值线性判别分析(LDA)结果如图14所示。判别式LDA1和LDA2的贡献率分别为99.84%和0.13%,总贡献率为99.97%。随着第一主成分的逐渐增加,第二主成分变化规律为上下波动,各组样品位置之间有一定距离,没有相互重叠交叉,可以明显分辨不同发酵菌株所发酵的样品以及对照组之间的差异性。与PCA分析相比,使用LDA线性判断分析能够有效区分出所有样品,为了解不同发酵菌株风味物质之间的差异提供了另一种视角。
以未接菌的牛奶为对照(CK),设置J17单菌发酵组(J17)、J23单菌发酵组(J23)、J17与J23以1:1混菌发酵组(HJ),各组样品的感官评价投票结果如图15所示。感官评价结果显示,J17、J23单菌组与混菌(HJ)组样品在外观、香气、口感和风格4个维度的评分均显著高于CK组,其中混菌(HJ)发酵的样品在所有评价维度的投票结果均为最优,表明菌株的添加可有效改善发酵底物的感官品质,且混菌发酵对奶酒感官品质的提升效果优于单菌发酵。
为进一步了解发酵菌株之间的代谢差异对奶酒品质的影响,测定了不同样品结束发酵时的发酵度、酒精度和残糖如图16所示。结果表明,CK组因无有效代谢转化,其发酵度与酒精度近乎为0,残糖含量为所有组别中最高(50.25 g/L),与初始乳糖含量无显著差异;而J17、J23单菌与混菌(HJ)发酵的样品则均表现出显著的发酵活性,其中混菌(HJ)组呈现最高的酒精度与发酵度,且残糖水平最低,J17、J23单菌组的各项发酵参数则处于中间水平。这一结果说明,J17、J23单菌发酵与二者混菌发酵均能利用底物糖分生成乙醇,且混菌发酵通过菌株间的协同代谢,进一步提高糖代谢效率与乙醇生成能力。
综上所述,CK组因无发酵代谢过程,感官品质最差;单菌和混菌发酵组通过有效的发酵代谢,感官评分较CK组显著提升;其中混菌(HJ)发酵组具备的发酵代谢优势与4个评价维度的投票结果相对应,进一步验证了混菌发酵对奶酒感官品质的提升效果显著优于单菌发酵。
已有研究显示,TTC能与酵母菌代谢产生的乙醇脱氢酶生成红色甲臜物质,产醇能力与菌落红色深浅呈正相关[36];酯酶可催化三丁酸甘油酯水解为甘油和丁酸,使菌落周围形成透明圈,透明圈与菌落直径比值越大,产酯性能越强[37-38]。同时碳源作为酵母代谢的能量来源与物质骨架,其利用能力的大小直接决定风味前体物质的种类与丰度。Hoffmann等[39]报道,乳糖作为乳基质的主要碳源,经马克思克鲁维酵母分泌的乳糖酶分解为葡萄糖与半乳糖后,不仅可通过糖酵解途径生成乙醇,还能转化为丙酮酸、乙酰辅酶A等中间产物,为酯类(如乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯)的合成提供酰基供体。因此,针对奶酒发酵的原料特性与风味形成需求,本研究聚焦于具有优良产醇、产酯能力及乳糖利用能力的菌株,并将其作为后续筛选的菌株基础。
昝立峰等[40]研究指出,葡萄糖等碳源经有氧与无氧呼吸代谢产生乳酸、柠檬酸等有机酸,致使培养体系pH下降,从而影响酵母菌存活;Kieliszek等[41]与Wang等[42]证实,高糖高渗环境可通过渗透压差导致酵母细胞脱水,进而引发细胞体积缩小与膜结构损伤,干扰其正常功能;Abdulkadir等[43]和Li等[44]报道,乙醇作为酵母菌发酵主要副产物,高浓度乙醇会抑制菌株活力,降低发酵效果,而耐乙醇能力强的菌株可使底物发酵更完全,产物酒精度更高。因此,这些菌株在奶酒发酵前后形成的低pH酸性环境、高渗透压及高乙醇胁迫条件下的耐受性能与发酵表现仍需进一步探究。据de Moura等[45]、Frousnoon等[46]与Mukherjee等[47]研究,大部分非酿酒酵母(如克鲁维酵母与毕赤酵母)不能耐受强酸、高渗透压以及高乙醇环境,其生长通常会被极端环境强烈抑制。本研究所得的马克思克鲁维酵母J17与库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母J23可耐受pH 2.5、葡萄糖质量浓度350 g/L与乙醇质量浓度47.34 g/L的极端环境,并在此条件下具有一定的发酵代谢活力,展现出对极端环境的优良适应性。
生长曲线是探究酵母菌生长特性的核心方法,通过记录细胞浓度随培养时间的变化,可直观、量化地呈现其生长规律[48]。Tufariello等[49]发现较短的延滞期能让菌株快速适应发酵基质;迅速进入对数期则可快速启动代谢活动,并将发酵基质转化为乙醇、乳酸、乙酸等基础风味物质;随后在稳定期持续进行酶促反应生产次级风味物质(如酯类、萜烯类、呋喃类等)。平板对峙试验通过观察共培养时菌株生长状态差异,可明确微生物菌株间的兼容性;碳源利用试验则能系统明确菌株的碳源利用能力及适配范围,为混菌体系中碳源的转化及代谢产物是否互补提供关键依据[50]。此外,葛旭萌[51]研究指出克鲁维酵母作为公认的乳源性发酵酵母可以利用乳糖进行发酵,但其产乙醇能力通常较低。王德培等[52]则发现毕赤酵母多集中于谷物和水果基质的功能食品开发,具备较好的产香产醇能力,但对乳糖、阿拉伯糖等其他碳源的利用能力较低。本研究所得的2株酵母菌(马克思克鲁维酵母J17与库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母J23),其生长速率适中;菌株间未表现出拮抗效应,相容性良好,可以进行协同发酵。2株菌株均可利用所有供试碳源,其中乳糖为二者共有的优势碳源,表明其具有以牛奶为基质进行混菌发酵并产香产醇的潜力。
在发酵微生物领域中,研究菌株代谢合成的酯类、醇类等挥发性风味物质对发酵产品风味品质的调控始终是该领域的重点关注内容。近年来,随着非酿酒酵母研究的不断深入,其通过合成酯类、醇类等香气物质赋予酒体独特风味轮廓的功能被广泛证实[53]。例如,黄远航等[54]发现,季也蒙迈耶氏酵母(Meyerozyma guilliermondii)、美极梅奇酵母(Metshnikowia pulcherrima)与耐热拉钱斯氏酵母(Lachancea waltii)等非酿酒酵母菌株不仅具备酒精发酵能力,还可通过参与复杂风味物质的生物合成过程显著提升酒体香气品质。此外,不同种属的酵母之间进行混合发酵也已成为提升酒体香气复杂度与丰富度的研究热点。Duarte等[55]研究证实,毕赤酵母与酿酒酵母进行混合发酵可显著增加甘蔗酒中风味物质的种类与含量,同时改善其感官品质。同样地,Liu等[56]也发现,在酒精发酵过程中同步接种戴尔有孢圆酵母(Torulaspora delbrueckii),可有效提高发酵产物中酯类、醇类及萜类等挥发性化合物的积累量。本研究中,对照(CK)组在电子鼻10个传感器上的响应值均低于J17、J23及混菌(HJ)组,表明菌株筛选可有效提升底物中的风味物质;其中混菌(HJ)组在W1S (S6)、W1W (S7)、W2S (S8)、W2W (S9)、W5S (S2)等传感器上响应值最高,提示混菌发酵可合成更丰富的风味物质,且主要涉及烷烃类、醇类、芳香类、有机硫化物、氮氧化合物及萜烯类等挥发性成分。进一步分析表明,混菌发酵体系(HJ组)可通过马克思克鲁维酵母J17与库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母J23形成代谢互补效应,实现了风味品质的协同提升。其中,马克思克鲁维酵母J17可将原料中的乳糖降解为葡萄糖,而库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母J23能够同时利用葡萄糖与乳糖进行发酵代谢,不仅显著提高了原料中碳源的利用率,还优化了发酵产物中乙醇与挥发性风味物质的组成比例及含量丰度,最终实现奶酒感官品质的定向改善。该结果与Assad等[57]的研究结论一致,即酵母混菌发酵可拓展挥发性化合物的谱图范围,进而改善食品的感官特性。
本研究以菌株的乳糖利用能力、产醇产酯能力、环境耐受性及生物安全性为核心筛选指标,从新疆自然发酵的蒙古族传统奶酒酿造所用引子及传统酸奶中分离纯化得到2株酵母菌。其菌落呈乳白色、圆形且表面湿润,具有典型酵母形态。经分子生物学鉴定,这2株菌分别为马克思克鲁维酵母和库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母。2株菌均表现出良好的生长性能,菌株间相容性佳;可利用包括葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖在内的7种测试碳源,碳源利用范围广泛;且均通过生物安全性测试,安全性良好。通过电子鼻分析与感官评价实验,结果显示J17单菌、J23单菌及1:1混菌(HJ)发酵奶酒的风味均显著优于未接菌对照(CK),其中混菌(HJ)组对烷烃、硫化物、醇类及醛酮类物质的传感器响应值最高;PCA累计贡献率与LDA累计判别率均达99.97%;在外观、香气、口感和风格4个维度的评分均高于其他组合,表明通过菌株筛选与混菌协同发酵可丰富底物中的风味物质种类与含量。本研究筛选所得的2株发酵菌株具有生长速率适中、安全性高、极端环境耐受性强及风味贡献显著等优良特性,通过进一步驯化并对奶酒发酵工艺进行优化,有望成为优质的奶酒酿造菌种资源。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2025B04032-002)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2025B02016-3)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区农业农村发展创新与服务项目(NTFW-2026-20)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250995
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
  • 录用日期:2026-02-03
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This work was supported by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key Research and Development Program(2025B04032-002)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2025B04032-002)
This work was supported by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key Research and Development Program(2025B02016-3)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划(2025B02016-3)
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Agricultural and Rural Development Innovation and Service Project(NTFW-2026-20)
新疆维吾尔自治区农业农村发展创新与服务项目(NTFW-2026-20)
作者信息
    1.新疆农业大学 食品科学与药学学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐
    2.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院微生物研究所,新疆特殊环境微生物实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐
    3.苏州科技大学 化学与生命科学学院,江苏 苏州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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