Article(id=1250834200073548669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250869, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763568000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767110400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineDate=1776151712673, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151712673, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151712673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151712673, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1726, endPage=1746, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834200581059479, articleId=1250834200073548669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening and degradation characterization of a para-ethoxyaniline-degrading strain, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Para-ethoxyaniline (ETH), a widely used industrial raw material and intermediate, persists in the environment, posing potential risks to ecosystems and human health. Objective To isolate an efficient ETH-degrading strain from activated sludge, optimize its degradation conditions, and elucidate the gene regulatory mechanisms and metabolic pathways under ETH stress by transcriptomic and mass spectrometric analyses. Methods A strain capable of utilizing ETH as the sole carbon source was isolated from activated sludge and identified through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and phylogenetic tree construction based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The effects of temperature, pH, and initial ETH concentration on bacterial growth and degradation efficiency were examined. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with selected up-regulated DEGs validated by real-time reverse transcription quantitative (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, mass spectrometry was employed to investigate the metabolic pathways. Results A highly efficient ETH-degrading strain, designated DQ78 and identified as Pseudomonas sp., was isolated. Under optimal conditions (28 ℃, pH 8.0, 4 mmol/L ETH, and 1% inoculum), it completely degraded ETH within 40 h. Three metabolic intermediates were identified, allowing the proposal of a preliminary degradation pathway. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3 380 DEGs under ETH stress, including 1 609 up-regulated and 1 771 down-regulated genes. GO enrichment indicated up-regulated genes were primarily involved in 57 GO terms such as amino acid metabolism, cell motility, iron binding, and transport, which might activate the synthesis of ETF-degrading enzymes and enhance substrate uptake and transmembrane metabolism of intermediates. The down-regulated genes were enriched in 58 GO terms such as peptide metabolism and synthesis, ribosomal structure, and cellular components, suggesting a metabolic reallocation toward stress adaptation. KEGG analysis predicted 183 up-regulated pathways and 184 down-regulated pathways such as flagellar assembly, sulfur metabolism, and extracellular biosynthesis under ETH stress, indicating enhanced chemotaxis, enzyme secretion, and stress-resistant substance synthesis. Conclusion Strain DQ78 achieved complete degradation of ETH within 40 h, being a promising candidate for the bioremediation of ETH-contaminated environments. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular regulatory mechanism of this strain in response to ETH, which lays a theoretical foundation for further exploring the genetic foundation of microbial degradation of organic pollutants.

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对乙氧基苯胺(para-ethoxyaniline, ETH)作为一种广泛应用的工业原料和中间体,其在环境中的残留可能具有持久性,从而对生态环境和人类健康构成潜在风险。 目的 从活性污泥中筛选对ETH具有高效降解能力的菌株,优化其降解条件,并基于转录组学和质谱分析揭示该菌株在ETH胁迫下的基因表达调控机制,识别关键降解相关基因及代谢通路。 方法 以ETH为唯一碳源,从活性污泥中筛选和分离高效降解菌株,结合形态学观察、生理生化实验,以及基于16S rRNA基因序列构建系统发育树分析,对目标菌株进行分类鉴定。研究不同温度、pH和ETH初始浓度对菌株生长及ETH降解效率的影响。进一步利用转录组测序技术鉴定相关差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),并使用实时荧光定量逆转录PCR (real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)验证部分上调基因,结合质谱分析结果深入解析相关代谢通路。 结果 成功分离获得1株ETH高效降解菌DQ78,经形态学观察及分子生物学鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)。降解条件优化试验结果表明,菌株DQ78在温度28 ℃、pH 8.0、ETH初始浓度4 mmol/L、接种量1%的条件下,40 h内对ETH的降解率达到100%。对其降解产物进行鉴定,共鉴定出3种中间产物,初步提出了ETH的降解途径。转录组分析显示,ETH诱导组检测到3 380个DEGs,其中1 609个基因上调,1 771个基因下调。GO富集分析表明,在ETH胁迫条件下上调基因显著富集的GO terms有57个,主要涉及氨基酸代谢和合成、细胞运动、三价铁结合、物质转运等过程,这些通路可激活ETH降解相关酶的合成,增强底物摄取及中间产物跨膜代谢。下调的GO terms有58个,主要包括肽的代谢与合成、核糖体结构及细胞组成等通路,反映菌株为优先保障ETH降解相关功能蛋白合成,对非核心代谢进行能量重分配。KEGG富集结果显示,在ETH胁迫条件下上调的通路有183个,下调的有184个,主要涉及鞭毛组装、硫代谢及胞外生物合成等,表明菌株通过增强底物趋化捕获,促进酶分泌与抗逆物质合成等方式协同响应ETH胁迫。 结论 菌株DQ78在40 h内完全降解ETH,为环境中ETH污染的生物修复提供了优良菌种和理论支持。转录组分析揭示了该菌响应ETH的分子调控机制,为深入探索微生物降解有机污染物的遗传基础提供了理论支持。

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作者贡献声明

邱顺达:研究构思与设计,论文撰写与修改;周正蓉:实验操作与数据分析;杨宇航:实验操作;刘双元:数据收集处理;闫达中:数据分析;邱东茹:指导文章撰写与修改;晁红军:数据整理;戴景程:论文审阅和修改,基金获取。

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International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2018, 15(8): 1679-1686., articleTitle=Evaluation of oxidative enzymes for efficient oxidation of aniline and phenolic pollutants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422354633575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=12, issue=4, pageStart=2027, pageEnd=2039, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Mohlam F, Bakeer W, El-Gebaly E, Amin M, journalName=Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mohlam F, Bakeer W, El-Gebaly E, Amin M. Molecular characterization of aniline biodegradation by some bacterial isolates having unexpressed catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene[J]. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2018, 12(4): 2027-2039., articleTitle=Molecular characterization of aniline biodegradation by some bacterial isolates having unexpressed catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1250879414720999761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, awardId=32102769, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102769), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879414913937762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, awardId=32102769, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32102769), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879415111070062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, awardId=2022CFB403, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2022CFB403), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879415316590977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, awardId=2022CFB403, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省自然科学基金(2022CFB403), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879403534791169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879403610288646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, companyId=1250879403534791169, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879403643843080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, companyId=1250879403534791169, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.武汉轻工大学 生命科学与技术学院,湖北 武汉)]), AuthorCompany(id=1250879403803226640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879403815809553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, companyId=1250879403803226640, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879403832586770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, companyId=1250879403803226640, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.生态环境部珠江流域南海海域生态环境监督管理局,生态环境监测与科学研究中心,广东 广州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1250879404059079192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879404075856412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, companyId=1250879404059079192, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879404105216540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, companyId=1250879404059079192, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国科学院水生生物研究所,湖北 武汉)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1250879410526696435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The screening and characterization of strain. A: The colony morphology; B: Transmission electron microscope; C: The phylogenetic evolutionary tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences in strain DQ78., figureFileSmall=DzbVbuk6ii2Fiu9c+Z1qag==, figureFileBig=rixWDDbufwIgOYdlB5c3/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410673496068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株的筛选与鉴定, figureFileSmall=DzbVbuk6ii2Fiu9c+Z1qag==, figureFileBig=rixWDDbufwIgOYdlB5c3/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410816102421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Culture conditions for strain DQ78. A: The growth of strain; B: The optimization of temperature; C: The optimization of pH; D: The optimization of initial ETH concentration. Different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=ANRVfjJsNUaujqdOrVQ4Qg==, figureFileBig=u2v7gpfRz5LmVV6JfVCHkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410920960033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株DQ78培养条件, figureFileSmall=ANRVfjJsNUaujqdOrVQ4Qg==, figureFileBig=u2v7gpfRz5LmVV6JfVCHkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411017429034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Optimization of ETH degradation conditions by strain DQ78. A: Optimal degradation time; B: Optimal degradation pH; C: Optimal degradation temperature; D: Optimal degradation ETH initial concentration. Different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=/utQuDuweQVPw662m/32tA==, figureFileBig=KD3RdFN6vPRKSNna7mqvug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411260698684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株DQ78降解ETH的最适条件, figureFileSmall=/utQuDuweQVPw662m/32tA==, figureFileBig=KD3RdFN6vPRKSNna7mqvug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411365556291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Biodegradation products and degradation pathways of ETH. The compounds highlighted in red in the figure were identified by UHPLC-MS, while the black compounds remain unidentified., figureFileSmall=q8fcPuCeClZOVgNM4Ak8ow==, figureFileBig=YCEu1jlprGvlMs/8m5zDJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411596243031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ETH生物降解产物及降解途径, figureFileSmall=q8fcPuCeClZOVgNM4Ak8ow==, figureFileBig=YCEu1jlprGvlMs/8m5zDJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411726266470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Expression analysis of strain DQ78 under different treatments. A: Venn diagram of DEGs; B: PCA shows distances between samples from different groups; C: Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes induced by ETH and succinic acid, respectively., figureFileSmall=yfu2EUta50CUo1XmRPN+Fg==, figureFileBig=p4dOPOFEDl87jKXoyEq/uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411915010173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株DQ78在不同处理下表达量分析, figureFileSmall=yfu2EUta50CUo1XmRPN+Fg==, figureFileBig=p4dOPOFEDl87jKXoyEq/uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412137308303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=GO enrichment analysis of DEGs. A: GO enrichment analysis of up-regulated DEGs; B: GO enrichment analysis of down-regulated DEGs. CC: Cellular compenent; MF: Molecular function; BP: Biological process., figureFileSmall=NICr9Ud4P7bXjaZT0F6Y9g==, figureFileBig=AEvNeu5xz0fwEGtqgNYs7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412288303261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=图6, caption=差异表达基因的GO富集分析, figureFileSmall=NICr9Ud4P7bXjaZT0F6Y9g==, figureFileBig=AEvNeu5xz0fwEGtqgNYs7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412376383658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs. A: KEGG enrichment analysis of up-regulated DEGs; B: KEGG enrichment analysis of down-regulated DEGs., figureFileSmall=6p3RNvZcJZVl4mlIpSoHDA==, figureFileBig=49J8uuTY0D0r2T49pDJD8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412535767222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=图7, caption=差异表达基因的KEGG富集分析, figureFileSmall=6p3RNvZcJZVl4mlIpSoHDA==, figureFileBig=49J8uuTY0D0r2T49pDJD8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412623847612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Expression of detoxification and defense-related genes under ETH stress., figureFileSmall=eE/YcjbWhmQGqF825xGgvw==, figureFileBig=++32zXF91rtZCdpTuGdRIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412800008390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=图8, caption=ETH胁迫下解毒与防御相关基因的表达, figureFileSmall=eE/YcjbWhmQGqF825xGgvw==, figureFileBig=++32zXF91rtZCdpTuGdRIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412942614743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Validation of RT-qPCR results. *** indicates that the P-value<0.001., figureFileSmall=u96Mg/EHYqZNEx0qsEcKXQ==, figureFileBig=haFZmqHaW0cntNmOIHFxGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413043278052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=图9, caption=RT-qPCR结果验证, figureFileSmall=u96Mg/EHYqZNEx0qsEcKXQ==, figureFileBig=haFZmqHaW0cntNmOIHFxGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413181690093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesPrimer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
peg.18431843-FTGCCTCGCACCGTAATCTA
1843-RCCAGCACGTGACACAGCTT
peg.18461846-FGAGCTGGTCCAGGCTGACC
1846-RCGAAGCATTGCCCTTGTGT
peg.18471847-FCGAACAGGAACTCCACAC
1847-RTCAAGTAATCGACGACGG
peg.56425642-FGCACCGGTGCTGGTACTG
5642-RGTCTGGCGAGCCGATCTT
peg.54885488-FCAAGTCGGGGCTGGAGAA
5488-RGGCGTTGATGGTGGCAAC
), ArticleFig(id=1250879413479485694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesPrimer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
peg.18431843-FTGCCTCGCACCGTAATCTA
1843-RCCAGCACGTGACACAGCTT
peg.18461846-FGAGCTGGTCCAGGCTGACC
1846-RCGAAGCATTGCCCTTGTGT
peg.18471847-FCGAACAGGAACTCCACAC
1847-RTCAAGTAATCGACGACGG
peg.56425642-FGCACCGGTGCTGGTACTG
5642-RGTCTGGCGAGCCGATCTT
peg.54885488-FCAAGTCGGGGCTGGAGAA
5488-RGGCGTTGATGGTGGCAAC
), ArticleFig(id=1250879413701783820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Substrate utilization results of Biolog GENIII microbial identification plate for strain DQ78

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test itemResultsTest itemResultsTest itemResultsTest itemResults
Negative control-Inosine-Methyl pyruvatewα-D-glucose+
D-fructose+L-rhamnose-Glycyl-L-proline-Gelatin+
D-maltosewDextrin+L-alanine+D-mannose+
3-methyl glucosewCitric acid+L-aspartic acid+L-lactic acid+
D-cellobiose+D-trehalose+L-arginine+D-galactosew
L-fucose+Minocycline+Tetrazolium blue+Quinic acid+
SucrosewGentiobiosewL-histidine+D-fucosew
L-malic acid+N-acetyl neuraminic acidwL-galactonic acid lactone-p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid+
1% Sodium lactate+Nalidixic acid+L-serine+Bromo-succinic acidw
Positive control+StachyosewLithium chloride+D-turanosew
pH 5.0+Niaproof 4+Guanidine HCl+Lincomycin+
pH 6.0+D-serine+Fusidic acid+Potassium tellurite+
γ-amino-butryric acid+D-sorbitol-Tween-40-Pectin-
α-D-lactosewD-sorbitolwD-galacturonic acidwD-raffinose-
β-methyl-D-glucosidewL-pyroglutamic acid++D-lactic acid methyl ester+
GlucuronamidewMyo-inositolwD-mannitolwβ-hydroxy-D,L-butyric acid+
D-salicinwGlycerol+D-glucuronic acid-α-keto-butyric acid+
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-α-hydroxy-butyric acid-D-gluconic acid+D-fructose-6-PO4+
D-glucose-6-PO4+Acetoacetic acid-Acetic acid+Propionic acid+
N-acetyl-D-galactosaminewMucic acid+Aztreonam+D-serine+
D-aspartic acidwD-melibiose+D-saccharic acid-Formic acid-
8% NaCl+Tetrazolium violet+Rifamycin SV+α-keto-glutaric acid+
4% NaCl+Vancomycin+Troleandomycin+Sodium butyrate+
1% NaCl+Sodium bromate+L-glutamic acid+D-malic acid+
), ArticleFig(id=1250879413940859166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株DQ78Biolog GENIII微生物鉴定板底物利用检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test itemResultsTest itemResultsTest itemResultsTest itemResults
Negative control-Inosine-Methyl pyruvatewα-D-glucose+
D-fructose+L-rhamnose-Glycyl-L-proline-Gelatin+
D-maltosewDextrin+L-alanine+D-mannose+
3-methyl glucosewCitric acid+L-aspartic acid+L-lactic acid+
D-cellobiose+D-trehalose+L-arginine+D-galactosew
L-fucose+Minocycline+Tetrazolium blue+Quinic acid+
SucrosewGentiobiosewL-histidine+D-fucosew
L-malic acid+N-acetyl neuraminic acidwL-galactonic acid lactone-p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid+
1% Sodium lactate+Nalidixic acid+L-serine+Bromo-succinic acidw
Positive control+StachyosewLithium chloride+D-turanosew
pH 5.0+Niaproof 4+Guanidine HCl+Lincomycin+
pH 6.0+D-serine+Fusidic acid+Potassium tellurite+
γ-amino-butryric acid+D-sorbitol-Tween-40-Pectin-
α-D-lactosewD-sorbitolwD-galacturonic acidwD-raffinose-
β-methyl-D-glucosidewL-pyroglutamic acid++D-lactic acid methyl ester+
GlucuronamidewMyo-inositolwD-mannitolwβ-hydroxy-D,L-butyric acid+
D-salicinwGlycerol+D-glucuronic acid-α-keto-butyric acid+
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-α-hydroxy-butyric acid-D-gluconic acid+D-fructose-6-PO4+
D-glucose-6-PO4+Acetoacetic acid-Acetic acid+Propionic acid+
N-acetyl-D-galactosaminewMucic acid+Aztreonam+D-serine+
D-aspartic acidwD-melibiose+D-saccharic acid-Formic acid-
8% NaCl+Tetrazolium violet+Rifamycin SV+α-keto-glutaric acid+
4% NaCl+Vancomycin+Troleandomycin+Sodium butyrate+
1% NaCl+Sodium bromate+L-glutamic acid+D-malic acid+
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414146380074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

RNA-seq data for reads number in two samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameRaw readsTotal readsGenome mapped readsUnique matched readsClean Q20 (%)Clean Q30 (%)
ETH-121 010 00020 757 94420 530 550 (98.90%)20 402 526 (98.29%)98.4695.29
ETH-221 886 87621 617 45221 427 157 (99.12%)21 300 369 (98.53%)98.4295.14
ETH-324 710 79024 411 14424 152 655 (98.94%)23 994 068 (98.29%)98.3895.05
CK-121 830 08021 596 78420 252 714 (93.78%)19 990 568 (92.56%)98.5395.42
CK-222 595 20222 215 93020 967 813 (94.38%)20 601 989 (92.74%)98.6095.58
CK-322 595 20223 822 67222 602 407 (94.88%)22 224 140 (93.29%)98.5895.59
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414347706679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834200073548669, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

样品与参考基因组比对结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameRaw readsTotal readsGenome mapped readsUnique matched readsClean Q20 (%)Clean Q30 (%)
ETH-121 010 00020 757 94420 530 550 (98.90%)20 402 526 (98.29%)98.4695.29
ETH-221 886 87621 617 45221 427 157 (99.12%)21 300 369 (98.53%)98.4295.14
ETH-324 710 79024 411 14424 152 655 (98.94%)23 994 068 (98.29%)98.3895.05
CK-121 830 08021 596 78420 252 714 (93.78%)19 990 568 (92.56%)98.5395.42
CK-222 595 20222 215 93020 967 813 (94.38%)20 601 989 (92.74%)98.6095.58
CK-322 595 20223 822 67222 602 407 (94.88%)22 224 140 (93.29%)98.5895.59
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一株对乙氧基苯胺降解菌的筛选及降解特性
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邱顺达 1 , 周正蓉 1 , 杨宇航 1 , 刘双元 2 , 闫达中 1 , 邱东茹 3 , 晁红军 1 , 戴景程 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1726-1746
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1726-1746
一株对乙氧基苯胺降解菌的筛选及降解特性
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邱顺达1, 周正蓉1, 杨宇航1, 刘双元2, 闫达中1, 邱东茹3, 晁红军1, 戴景程1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉轻工大学 生命科学与技术学院,湖北 武汉
  • 2.生态环境部珠江流域南海海域生态环境监督管理局,生态环境监测与科学研究中心,广东 广州
  • 3.中国科学院水生生物研究所,湖北 武汉
Screening and degradation characterization of a para-ethoxyaniline-degrading strain
Shunda QIU1, Zhengrong ZHOU1, Yuhang YANG1, Shuangyuan LIU2, Dazhong YAN1, Dongru QIU3, Hongjun CHAO1, Jingcheng DAI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 2.Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • 3.Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250869
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对乙氧基苯胺(para-ethoxyaniline, ETH)作为一种广泛应用的工业原料和中间体,其在环境中的残留可能具有持久性,从而对生态环境和人类健康构成潜在风险。 目的 从活性污泥中筛选对ETH具有高效降解能力的菌株,优化其降解条件,并基于转录组学和质谱分析揭示该菌株在ETH胁迫下的基因表达调控机制,识别关键降解相关基因及代谢通路。 方法 以ETH为唯一碳源,从活性污泥中筛选和分离高效降解菌株,结合形态学观察、生理生化实验,以及基于16S rRNA基因序列构建系统发育树分析,对目标菌株进行分类鉴定。研究不同温度、pH和ETH初始浓度对菌株生长及ETH降解效率的影响。进一步利用转录组测序技术鉴定相关差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),并使用实时荧光定量逆转录PCR (real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)验证部分上调基因,结合质谱分析结果深入解析相关代谢通路。 结果 成功分离获得1株ETH高效降解菌DQ78,经形态学观察及分子生物学鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)。降解条件优化试验结果表明,菌株DQ78在温度28 ℃、pH 8.0、ETH初始浓度4 mmol/L、接种量1%的条件下,40 h内对ETH的降解率达到100%。对其降解产物进行鉴定,共鉴定出3种中间产物,初步提出了ETH的降解途径。转录组分析显示,ETH诱导组检测到3 380个DEGs,其中1 609个基因上调,1 771个基因下调。GO富集分析表明,在ETH胁迫条件下上调基因显著富集的GO terms有57个,主要涉及氨基酸代谢和合成、细胞运动、三价铁结合、物质转运等过程,这些通路可激活ETH降解相关酶的合成,增强底物摄取及中间产物跨膜代谢。下调的GO terms有58个,主要包括肽的代谢与合成、核糖体结构及细胞组成等通路,反映菌株为优先保障ETH降解相关功能蛋白合成,对非核心代谢进行能量重分配。KEGG富集结果显示,在ETH胁迫条件下上调的通路有183个,下调的有184个,主要涉及鞭毛组装、硫代谢及胞外生物合成等,表明菌株通过增强底物趋化捕获,促进酶分泌与抗逆物质合成等方式协同响应ETH胁迫。 结论 菌株DQ78在40 h内完全降解ETH,为环境中ETH污染的生物修复提供了优良菌种和理论支持。转录组分析揭示了该菌响应ETH的分子调控机制,为深入探索微生物降解有机污染物的遗传基础提供了理论支持。

对乙氧基苯胺  /  假单胞菌  /  转录组测序  /  差异表达基因

Para-ethoxyaniline (ETH), a widely used industrial raw material and intermediate, persists in the environment, posing potential risks to ecosystems and human health. Objective To isolate an efficient ETH-degrading strain from activated sludge, optimize its degradation conditions, and elucidate the gene regulatory mechanisms and metabolic pathways under ETH stress by transcriptomic and mass spectrometric analyses. Methods A strain capable of utilizing ETH as the sole carbon source was isolated from activated sludge and identified through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, and phylogenetic tree construction based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The effects of temperature, pH, and initial ETH concentration on bacterial growth and degradation efficiency were examined. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with selected up-regulated DEGs validated by real-time reverse transcription quantitative (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, mass spectrometry was employed to investigate the metabolic pathways. Results A highly efficient ETH-degrading strain, designated DQ78 and identified as Pseudomonas sp., was isolated. Under optimal conditions (28 ℃, pH 8.0, 4 mmol/L ETH, and 1% inoculum), it completely degraded ETH within 40 h. Three metabolic intermediates were identified, allowing the proposal of a preliminary degradation pathway. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3 380 DEGs under ETH stress, including 1 609 up-regulated and 1 771 down-regulated genes. GO enrichment indicated up-regulated genes were primarily involved in 57 GO terms such as amino acid metabolism, cell motility, iron binding, and transport, which might activate the synthesis of ETF-degrading enzymes and enhance substrate uptake and transmembrane metabolism of intermediates. The down-regulated genes were enriched in 58 GO terms such as peptide metabolism and synthesis, ribosomal structure, and cellular components, suggesting a metabolic reallocation toward stress adaptation. KEGG analysis predicted 183 up-regulated pathways and 184 down-regulated pathways such as flagellar assembly, sulfur metabolism, and extracellular biosynthesis under ETH stress, indicating enhanced chemotaxis, enzyme secretion, and stress-resistant substance synthesis. Conclusion Strain DQ78 achieved complete degradation of ETH within 40 h, being a promising candidate for the bioremediation of ETH-contaminated environments. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular regulatory mechanism of this strain in response to ETH, which lays a theoretical foundation for further exploring the genetic foundation of microbial degradation of organic pollutants.

para-ethoxyaniline  /  Pseudomonas  /  transcriptome sequencing  /  differentially expressed genes
邱顺达, 周正蓉, 杨宇航, 刘双元, 闫达中, 邱东茹, 晁红军, 戴景程. 一株对乙氧基苯胺降解菌的筛选及降解特性. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1726 -1746 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250869
Shunda QIU, Zhengrong ZHOU, Yuhang YANG, Shuangyuan LIU, Dazhong YAN, Dongru QIU, Hongjun CHAO, Jingcheng DAI. Screening and degradation characterization of a para-ethoxyaniline-degrading strain[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1726 -1746 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250869
芳香胺(aromatic amines, AAs)是一类具有广泛工业应用的工业化学品,作为合成染料、药物和农药的关键中间体,其在环境中表现出持久性特征[1]。然而,大量研究证实多数AAs具有诱变与致癌潜力,对生态系统和人类健康构成显著威胁[2-3]。快速工业化和化学合成技术的进步加剧了AAs在环境中的积累,这已成为亟待解决的污染问题[4]。值得关注的是,对乙氧基苯胺(para-ethoxyaniline, ETH)作为典型的AAs衍生物广泛应用于食品、化工、制药等工业领域。其苯环上的乙氧基取代基赋予分子更高的化学稳定性与生物毒性。Pauluhn等[5]发现ETH可导致哺乳动物贫血、肝肾损伤等不良反应,凸显了其环境风险的严峻性。
目前,芳香胺等有毒难降解工业废水的处理方法有液膜萃取法、吸附法、光催化、超临界氧化、Fenton氧化等[6]。Zeng等[7]发现苯甲醚改性超交联树脂可高效吸附水溶液中的苯胺,但吸附剂生物毒性大、污染较重。夏爽[8]发现利用超临界水氧化法可高效去除工业废水中的苯胺焦油,去除率达到99.99%,但其所需温度和压力较高(温度>374 ℃,压力>22.1 MPa),对设备的要求也很高。相比之下,微生物降解技术因其环境友好,被视为更具前景的治理途径。已有报道显示,芽孢杆菌属[9]、曲霉菌属[10]和假单胞菌属[11]等多个微生物类群具备降解AAs的能力。其中,假单胞菌属因其卓越的代谢适应性,能够以AAs为唯一碳源进行生长与转化,展现出特殊的应用潜力[12]
近年来,多组学高通量测序技术的突破为解析微生物应答环境胁迫的分子机制提供了全新视角[13]。目前,尽管已有研究从基因层面对芳香胺降解菌的代谢基因簇进行了探索,但基于转录组学系统揭示其降解机制与抗胁迫调控的研究仍较为匮乏[14]。转录组测序能够直接反映特定生理状态下细胞的基因表达差异,不仅可系统识别差异表达基因,更能从转录动态层面阐释污染物降解途径的关键环节[15]。此外,转录组学研究还可通过差异基因表达分析,系统地解析微生物在环境胁迫下应激反应的分子机制[16]。Wang等[17]发现在磺胺甲恶唑胁迫条件下,魔鬼弧菌(Vibrio diabolicus) L2-2中有328个与磺胺甲恶唑解毒相关的差异表达基因,其中膜转运和抗氧化相关基因显著上调,揭示了其解毒机制。Zhang等[18]对降解磺胺嘧啶的黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)的转录组分析发现5 097个上调基因,其中代谢通路的全面激活在抗生素降解中发挥重要作用。这些研究表明,转录组学在揭示微生物环境适应性机制方面具有重要作用。
本研究报道了一株具有高效ETH降解效率的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.) DQ78,通过比较其在琥珀酸(对照组)与ETH为唯一碳源(诱导组)条件下的基因表达差异,寻找表型与基因型之间的相互关系,系统解析菌株在ETH胁迫下的基因表达响应与代谢通路重构。本研究旨在从转录层面揭示ETH的生物降解路径与菌株的抗逆机制,为进一步阐明其生理生化与遗传基础提供理论依据,同时也为开发针对乙氧基苯胺污染的高效生物修复策略提供菌种资源与科学支撑。
从武汉市东西湖区污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离纯化出假单胞菌DQ78。菌株保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏号为M20232365。
对乙氧基苯胺,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;甲醇,赛默飞世尔科技公司;总RNA提取试剂盒、逆转录试剂盒,宝生物工程(大连)有限公司。
生化培养箱,上海知楚仪器有限公司;高压自动灭菌锅,上海申安医疗器械厂;恒温摇床,上海新苗医疗器械制造有限公司;高效液相色谱,依利特(大连)分析仪器有限公司;PCR仪,耶拿分析仪器(北京)有限公司。
基本培养基(minimal medium, MM)(g/L):(NH4)2SO4 2.0,Na2HPO4·12H2O 14.3,KH2PO4 3.0,FeSO4·7H2O 0.000 3,500×贮存液2.0 mL;500×贮存液(g/L):MnSO4∙H2O 0.14,MgSO4∙7H2O 0.03,CuSO4 0.025,ZnSO4 0.025,H3BO3 0.025。
LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,NaCl 5.0。
所有培养基121 ℃灭菌20 min。
采集武汉市东西湖区污水处理厂活性污泥样本,取1.0 g活性污泥加入100 mL含ETH (2 mmol/L)的MM培养基中,28 ℃、200 r/min培养7 d。取5%培养基的上清液接种于100 mL含有2 mmol/L ETH的液体MM培养基中,28 ℃、200 r/min继续培养7 d。该过程连续传代8次后,获得含有降解ETH菌株的混合培养物。
将初筛获得的ETH降解菌菌液,通过划线分离法接种至含2 mmol/L ETH的固体MM培养基,28 ℃倒置培养。培养7 d后,根据菌株边缘形态、菌落颜色及隆起度等特征差异,挑取不同单克隆分别接种至含2 mmol/L ETH的液体MM培养基中,28 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h。连续进行2次划线分离与单菌落挑取操作。将纯化后的单菌落接种到5 mL液体MM培养基中,ETH终浓度为2 mmol/L,28 ℃、200 r/min培养48 h,以不接菌的培养基作为空白对照,每株菌进行3次重复试验。
采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定ETH含量,色谱柱选用Accucore C18柱(长度250 mm×内径4.6 mm×粒径2.6 μm),流动相由等体积的甲醇与纯水组成(A相:50%甲醇;B相:50%纯水),流速控制为0.5 mL/min,进样量为10 µL,柱温30 ℃,采用紫外检测器在290 nm波长下检测。按照公式(1)计算菌株对ETH的降解率。
ETH降解率=(空白对照组浓度-试验组浓度)/对照组浓度×100%
取筛选获得的目标菌株,采用平板划线接种法接种至LB固体培养基表面,28 ℃培养48 h,观察其菌落形态,挑取形态均一、无杂菌污染的单菌落进行电镜观察。选取目标菌株DQ78,参照Biolog GENIII鉴定板说明书将处于对数生长期的菌株制备为适宜浓度的菌悬液,以100 μL/孔的量加入Biolog GENIII 96孔鉴定板,该板包含阳性对照、阴性对照以及71种碳源和23种化学敏感物质。接种后于28 ℃避光培养48 h,根据颜色反应判断菌株碳源利用情况。
取菌株新鲜菌液作为扩增模板,用16S rRNA通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGG CTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACG ACTT-3′)进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×Taq Mix 10 μL,去离子水7 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板1 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,共30个循环; 72 ℃终延伸5 min;16 ℃保温10 min终止反应。PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测(上样量5 μL),合格样品送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行16S rRNA基因测序,测序得到的16S rRNA基因序列已上传至NCBI GenBank数据库,登录号为PX462094;通过BLAST比对该序列与GenBank中已知序列的同源性,选取14株序列相似度较高的菌株作为参考序列,并利用MEGA 11.0软件,用邻接(neighbor-joining)法进行分子系统学分析。
参照文献[19]方法,将经LB液体培养基28 ℃、200 r/min复苏12 h的DQ78菌株,按体积分数为1%的接种量接种至对应培养基,通过紫外分光光度计测定OD600值分析生长情况,各处理均设3次重复。
将上述复苏后的DQ78菌株按体积分数为1%的接种量接种于100 mL灭菌的LB培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养45 h,分别在0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45 h取样测OD600值并绘制生长曲线。将复苏后DQ78菌株按1%的接种量接种于5 mL灭菌的LB培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养45 h后测OD600值并绘图。设置温度梯度为19、24、28、32、37 ℃;初始pH为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0;初始ETH浓度为 1-6 mmol/L,分别确定最适生长条件。
参照文献[19]方法,将经LB培养基在28 ℃、200 r/min培养复苏至对数生长期(OD600约为0.4)的DQ78菌液,经8 000 r/min离心10 min,无菌去离子水洗涤2次后重悬,按1%的接种量接入30 mL MM培养基(含ETH)。试验设3次生物学重复,以不接种菌液为空白对照,培养45 h后进行检测。取500 μL菌液,加入等体积甲醇终止反应,经0.22 μm有机相滤膜过滤后,采用HPLC法测定ETH残留量,以峰面积法定量并计算降解率。
单因素变量降解时间分别设置为0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45 h取样;降解温度分别设置为19、24、28、32、37 ℃;初始pH设置为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0;ETH初始浓度设置为1、2、3、4、5、6 mmol/L,分别确定最适降解条件。
将菌株DQ78培养至对数生长期OD600约为0.4,经8 000 r/min离心10 min后收集菌体沉淀,将所得菌体沉淀用等体积培养基重悬,按1%的接种量转接至MM培养基中,该培养基初始ETH浓度为4 mmol/L、pH值调至8.0,在28 ℃、200 r/min摇床培养。设3组平行及无菌空白对照。分别于12、24、48 h取样。每次取样0.5 mL并加入0.5 mL甲醇混匀,经0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤后避光保存。
采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS)分析产物的分子质量。将2 μL样品经 Venusil MP C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm)分离。流动相由A和B组成,其中流动相A为水溶液,流动相B为甲醇溶液。设定流速为0.2 mL/min,柱温维持在30 ℃;经色谱柱分离后的样品导入质谱仪进行检测。采用正、负离子扫描模式采集样品质谱信号,质量扫描范围为100-200 m/z。正模式离子喷雾电压为1 000 V,负模式离子喷雾电压为-1 000 V。
挑取菌株DQ78单菌落,接种至100 mL的LB液体培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养至对数生长期(OD600约为0.4),于4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min收集菌体沉淀。对照组和试验组分别以4 mmol/L的琥珀酸和ETH作为唯一碳源,28 ℃、200 r/min孵育1 h后,分别于4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min收集沉积物。将琥珀酸孵育的样本命名为CK,将ETH孵育的样本命名为ETH,然后在-80 ℃保存。所有试验均进行3个生物重复。
样本经低温保存后送往上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行RNA提取和cDNA文库制备。采用Illumina高通量测序平台NovaSeq X Plus进行RNA-seq转录组测序。对原始测序读段(reads)进行质量修剪,切除末端测序质量值小于Q20的碱基序列,经此步骤筛选得到的高质量测序数据,定义为clean data。使用RSeQC-2.3.6软件将clean data与参考基因组进行比对,获得mapped data,进行后续基因表达量统计和差异分析。所有测序原始数据均已通过NCBI SRA数据库公开,SRA登录号为PRJNA1347660,数据可经该登录号免费获取,确保研究结果可重复验证。
基于CK、ETH与参考基因组比对结果,采用每百万转录本数(transcripts per million, TPM)用于定量转录本的表达水平[20]。采用基于负二项分布模型的DESeq2软件对原始读段计数(raw count)进行统计分析,以read count平均值计算差异倍数(fold change, FC),将|log2 FC|>1且校正后显著性水平Padj≤0.05的基因定义为显著差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),其中log2 FC>1定义为显著上调基因,log2 FC<-1定义为显著下调基因[21]。经过多重检验校正后,选择Q-value≤0.05的差异基因进行GO、KEGG富集分析,明确其主要参与的生化代谢途径、信号转导通路及生物学功能。
为验证转录组结果的准确性,采用实时荧光定量逆转录PCR (real-time reverse transcription quantitative, RT-qPCR)进行验证。菌株的总RNA使用RNAiso Plus方法提取,逆转录反应使用PrimeScript™ RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Perfect Real Time)逆转录试剂盒。RT-qPCR扩增体系(20 µL):2×SYBR Green Mix 10 µL,上、下游引物(5 µmol/L)各0.8 µL,cDNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 7.4 µL。扩增程序:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性5 s,57 ℃退火30 s,共35个循环。引物信息见表1
试验数据的统计分析借助SPSS 27.0软件完成,以P=0.05为差异具有统计学意义的判定标准,分别采用单因素方差分析方法(analysis of variance, ANOVA)与独立样本t检验完成组间数据的差异显著性判定。
从武汉市东西湖污水处理厂的活性污泥中富集、分离、纯化得到1株能以ETH为唯一碳源生长的菌株,命名为DQ78。该菌株在40 h内对初始浓度为2 mmol/L的ETH的降解率达到100%。其菌落形态呈乳白色、圆形、边缘规则、表面光滑且凸起(图1A)。电镜观察显示,该菌为革兰氏阴性菌,呈杆状或略弯曲,具端生鞭毛,有荚膜,细胞大小为(0.5-1.0) μm×(1.5-4.0) μm (图1B)。生理生化鉴定(Biolog GENIII系统)结果表明,菌株DQ78对D-葡萄糖、D-果糖、D-纤维二糖、L-岩藻糖、L-鼠李糖、乳酸钠等碳源和利福霉素SV、林可霉素、醋竹桃霉素、万古霉素等抗生素表现为阳性反应,而对山梨糖醇、果胶、甲酸等表现为阴性反应(表2)。基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析显示,该菌株与Pseudomonas huaxiensis WCHPS060044的相似性为99% (图1C)。依据该菌株的菌落形态、生理生化指标检测结果以及分子生物学鉴定数据,经综合分析判定,该菌株的分类地位为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),并命名为Pseudomonas sp. DQ78。
生长变化曲线是直观表征菌株在不同培养条件下生长动态规律的有效手段。本研究的生长曲线结果表明:在0-15 h,菌株DQ78的OD600值上升速率缓慢,此阶段为菌株的适应期;15-35 h菌株进入对数生长期,菌体细胞快速分裂增殖OD600值呈快速上升趋势;35-45 h菌株进入稳定期,细胞增殖速率与死亡速率趋于平衡,其OD600值波动幅度较小,整体维持稳定状态(图2A)。最适生长温度试验表明(图2B),当温度为19 ℃时,OD600值上涨缓慢,菌株DQ78生长繁殖能力较弱;当温度为24-28 ℃时,OD600值稳步上涨,菌株DQ78生长繁殖能力逐渐增强;当温度为32-37 ℃时,OD600值明显下降,显示高温明显抑制其生长;说明菌株DQ78的最适生长温度为28 ℃左右。在最适生长温度28 ℃下进一步观察初始pH对其生长的影响(图2C),发现当培养基初始pH为5.0-6.0时,菌株的生长增殖速率较慢,OD600值增加缓慢上升趋势平缓;当初始pH为7.0-9.0时,菌株生长态势良好,OD600值维持在较高区间;尤为突出的是,初始pH调至8.0时,菌株OD600值达到最大,由此可判定该菌株的最适生长pH为8.0左右。此外,不同初始ETH浓度试验结果表明(图2D),当初始ETH浓度为1-4 mmol/L时,菌株DQ78的OD600值随初始ETH的浓度升高而增加;当初始ETH浓度为4-6 mmol/L时,菌株生长代谢受到显著抑制,OD600值随浓度升高呈逐步下降趋势;在该浓度范围内,初始ETH浓度为4 mmol/L时,菌株的OD600值达到最大值,表明最适生长初始ETH浓度为4 mmol/L左右,且高浓度ETH对其生长具有明显抑制作用。
为了探究环境条件对菌株DQ78降解ETH效率的影响,本研究系统考察了温度、pH及ETH初始浓度等因素,并确定了菌株DQ78降解ETH的最佳条件。如图3A所示,在温度为28 ℃、初始pH 8.0的最优生长条件下,菌株DQ78对4 mmol/L ETH具备高效降解能力,可在40 h内实现该底物的完全降解。培养至20-35 h时,ETH降解率已达90%;进入35-40 h阶段后,体系中残余的ETH被彻底降解。在不同初始pH条件下(图3B),ETH降解率呈现不同的降解特性,当初始pH为7.0-9.0的中性至弱碱性区间时,菌株对ETH 的降解效率维持在95%以上的较高水平,其中pH 8.0为最优降解pH,此时ETH可被完全降解;而当pH降至5.0-7.0的酸性区间时,ETH降解率出现显著下降,表明参与ETH降解的关键活性物质在中性及弱碱性环境下活性最高,酸性条件则会明显抑制其功能发挥。最适降解温度的试验结果表明,当温度在19-37 ℃范围内,菌株DQ78对ETH的最适降解温度为28 ℃,该条件下菌株可在40 h内将2 mmol/L ETH完全降解,降解率达100%;其次为24 ℃,降解率约为80%;当温度进一步升高至32 ℃和37 ℃时,菌株的降解能力大幅衰减,40 h内ETH的降解率分别约为20%和15% (图3C),证实高温环境对菌株的ETH降解能力具有显著抑制作用。此外,随着底物初始浓度的升高,菌株的降解率呈逐步下降趋势。当ETH初始浓度为1-4 mmol/L时,菌株展现出最优降解效能,降解率可达99%左右,ETH初始浓度为6 mmol/L时,降解率则降至75% (图3D),表明较高初始浓度的ETH抑制了菌株的降解效率。
本研究利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS)鉴定出了ETH及其降解产生的3种主要降解产物(图4):4-乙氧基苯-1,2-二醇(P1)、(2E,4Z)-3-羟基-2,4-己二烯二酸(P4)、琥珀酸(P6)。通过分析降解产物的化学结构,可以推测出ETH的降解途径:首先ETH ([M+H]⁺,m/z= 138.12)发生脱氨和1,2位羟基化,生成P1 (m/z=155.00)。P1通过脱乙基或者邻位开环反应分别生成1,2,4-苯三酚(P2)、(2Z,4Z)-3-乙氧基-2,4-己二烯二酸(P3);P2和P3通过邻位开环和脱乙基生成具有烯醇结构的P4 ([M+Na]⁺,m/z=181.09);P4进一步发生酮式-烯醇式互变异构生成(Z)-4-羰基己-2-烯二酸(P5);最后,P5通过水解、脱羧等反应生成P6 ([M+H]⁺,m/z=117.10),最终进入三羧酸循环。
采用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序平台,对分别在对乙氧基苯胺(ETH)胁迫条件与琥珀酸(CK)条件下培养的菌株DQ78进行转录组测序,共完成6个样本的分析,获得总计19.65 Gb的clean data,每个样本数据量均不低于3.02 Gb。试验组(ETH)的3个样本分别得到21 010 000、21 886 876和24 710 790条有效序列;对照组(CK)的3个样本分别为21 830 080、22 595 202和22 595 202条有效序列。经参考基因组比对及过滤后,试验组保留20 757 944、21 617 452和24 411 144条高质量序列,对照组则保留21 596 784、22 215 930和23 822 672条序列(表3)。
为保障后续分析的可靠性,仅选用能够唯一比对至基因组位置的序列(unique matched reads)进行后续研究。质量评估结果显示(表3),试验组中完全匹配至基因组的序列比例(genome mapped ratio)均高于98.90%,对照组也达93.78%以上;唯一比对reads占clean reads的比例(unique matched reads ratio)在试验组中超过98.29%,对照组中超过92.56%。此外,所有样本的Q30值介于95.05%-95.59%之间,Q20平均值范围为98.38%-98.60%。上述指标综合表明,本次转录组测序数据质量良好,符合后续生物信息学分析的基本要求。
使用RSEM软件对样本间基因表达水平进行定量分析,以TPM作为表达量指标。结果显示,在ETH处理组中共检测到5 456个基因表达,对照组(CK)中则为5 709个基因(图5A)。利用RNA-seq数据的主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)判断组间聚类程度及样品间的相关性[22]。如图5B所示,ETH组与CK组样本在PCA图中分布距离较远,显示两组间基因表达谱存在显著差异;而组内生物学重复聚集紧密,表明实验重复性良好,满足差异分析要求。
基于DESeq2对ETH组、CK组的样本进行分析,以|log2 FC|>1且FDR<0.05为标准,共筛选出3 380个差异表达基因(DEGs),其中1 609个基因的转录水平显著上调,1 771个基因的转录水平显著下调(图5C)。这表明菌株DQ78在ETH胁迫条件下存在一个相对完整的适应系统,通过调控一系列基因的表达来适应环境的变化。下调基因数大于上调基因数,推测ETH可能在一定程度上抑制了菌株的部分基础代谢过程,同时激活了特定胁迫响应机制以协助细胞适应环境压力。
为深入解析假单胞菌DQ78在ETH胁迫下的转录调控特征,对差异表达基因(DEGs)进行了GO功能富集分析,分别从3个类别对上下调基因进行功能归类包括细胞组分(cellular component, CC)、分子功能(molecular function, MF)和生物过程(biological process, BP)。上调DEGs显著富集的GO terms共有57个。在生物过程中,主要富集于支链氨基酸代谢过程(branched-chain amino acid metabolic process)、细菌型鞭毛依赖的细胞运动(bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility)和支链氨基酸生物合成过程(branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process);在分子功能层面,高度富集的terms包括三价铁结合(ferric iron binding)、细胞骨架运动活性(cytoskeletal motor activity)和氧化还原酶(oxidoreductase activity)等;在细胞组分方面,集中于细菌型鞭毛基体(bacterial-type flagellum basal body)、TAT蛋白转运复合物(TAT protein transport complex)和切酶修复复合体(excinuclease repair complex) (图6A)。这些结果表明,菌株在ETH胁迫下可能通过增强支链氨基酸代谢以提供能量与前体物质,提升运动能力以趋近底物,并借助铁离子结合与氧化还原酶系统参与ETH的初始氧化或共代谢降解。
GO功能富集分析结果显示,下调DEGs共显著富集到58个GO terms。从功能分类来看:在生物过程层面,富集条目主要涵盖肽生物合成过程(peptide biosynthetic process)、肽代谢过程(peptide metabolic process)和蛋白质的翻译(translation)等;分子功能层面,核心富集方向为rRNA结合(rRNA binding)、结构分子活性(structural molecule activity)和核糖体的结构成分(structural constituent of ribosome)等;细胞组分层面,显著富集的结构则包括细胞内的细胞器(intracellular organelle)、核糖体(ribosome)和核糖核蛋白复合物(ribonucleoprotein complex)等(图6B)。此转录响应表明菌株为应对ETH胁迫,可能主动抑制了部分蛋白质合成与核糖体组装等基础代谢过程,通过抑制非必需的高耗能过程,将有限的能量和物质重新分配至与胁迫适应及降解功能相关的关键通路,从而更好地应对外界环境胁迫。
为了进一步了解假单胞菌DQ78在ETH胁迫条件下DEGs参与的代谢通路,本研究基于KEGG数据库对差异表达基因(DEGs)进行了通路富集分析。结果显示,在ETH胁迫条件下,共筛选到183个上调DEGs显著富集的通路和184个下调DEGs显著富集的通路(图7A7B);上调DEGs主要富集于鞭毛组装(flagellar assembly)和硫代谢(sulfur metabolism)等通路。鞭毛组装通路的激活表明菌株可能通过增强运动性以趋近ETH或逃离高胁迫区域;而硫代谢的增强则可能为细胞解毒过程提供必需的硫源,并参与抗氧化物质(如谷胱甘肽)的合成,共同协助细胞抵御ETH引起的氧化损伤。下调DEGs主要富集于核糖体(ribosome)和胞外生物合成(exopolysaccharide biosynthesis)等通路。核糖体通路的抑制反映出菌株在ETH胁迫下主动降低蛋白质合成水平以减少能量消耗;胞外生物合成的下调则提示其可能缩减荚膜或生物被膜等结构的合成,将有限资源重新分配至与胁迫生存更密切相关的核心过程,如解毒酶系表达、氧化应激应答及DNA修复等。在对乙氧基苯胺的胁迫压力下,菌株DQ78的正常生命活动与分子功能受到明显抑制,菌株主动启动适应性调控机制以调整自身生理代谢进程。本研究中显著富集的各类生物学过程正是介导菌株DQ78响应对乙氧基苯胺胁迫、实现自我保护的核心途径。
在ETH胁迫条件下,菌株DQ78中芳香族化合物代谢通路的关键基因表达呈现系统性上调(图8),包括双加氧酶、单加氧酶、去甲基化酶、脱氢酶、水解酶、脱羧酶和辅酶等。其中涉及芳香环初始氧化及开环反应的双加氧酶与单加氧酶类基因显著高表达,包括芳香环羟基化双加氧酶(Peg.1846、Peg.1847)、儿茶酚1,2-双加氧酶(Peg.1850)、4-羟基苯丙酮酸双加氧酶(Peg.1895)、植物酰辅酶双加氧酶(Peg.1598)、荧光素酶样单加氧酶(Peg.75)、烷基磺酸单加氧酶(Peg.372)。同时,参与中间产物代谢的多种酶类也普遍上调,如对羟基苯甲酸羟化酶(Peg.3989)、香草酸O-脱甲基酶(Peg.5945、Peg.4679),乙醇脱氢酶(Peg.1843)、有氧甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶(Peg.949)、甲基丙二酸半醛脱氢酶(Peg.1876)、醛脱氢酶(Peg.1420、Peg.3883),β-酮己二酸烯醇内酯水解酶(Peg.5642)、α/β家族水解酶(Peg.1228),羧粘康内酯脱羧酶家族蛋白(Peg.5488、Peg.541)、4-羧基琥珀酰内酯脱羧酶(Peg.5641)。此外,辅酶PQQ合成相关蛋白(Peg.2582、Peg.2583)的表达也同步增强,表明其在反应中作为关键辅因子支持能量与电子传递。上述基因的协同表达模式共同构建了一条完整的ETH微生物降解途径,即菌株DQ78可能通过“氧化开环-中间产物转化-彻底矿化”的级联反应降解ETH:双加氧酶/单加氧酶先催化ETH芳香环羟基化与开环,去甲基化酶参与乙氧基的脱除,脱氢酶、水解酶及脱羧酶则进一步转化开环产物,辅酶则为反应供能,最终实现ETH的彻底矿化。
除代谢相关基因外,多个调控与防御相关基因也显著上调,包括一些信号感知和转导蛋白(如Peg.4155、Peg.2797)、转录因子(如Peg.1849、Peg.4245),转运蛋白(如Peg.2126、Peg.2012)和氧化防御相关的过氧化物酶(如Peg.5684、Peg.3980)等(图8),这些基因可能也参与对乙氧基苯胺胁迫时的防御和解毒机制。这些基因可形成协同调控网络:信号蛋白感知ETH信号并启动转导,转录因子调控降解基因表达,转运蛋白介导底物和产物跨膜运输,过氧化物酶清除氧化应激产物,共同支撑菌株抗逆与降解功能。
为了验证转录组数据的可靠性,本研究选取5个与ETH降解及胁迫响应相关的候选基因进行RT-qPCR分析。所选基因包括参与芳香环羟基化与开环的芳香环羟基化双加氧酶基因(peg.1846peg.1847)、催化内酯键水解的内酯水解酶基因(peg.5642)、参与氧化反应的脱氢酶基因(peg.1843),以及响应氧化胁迫的过氧化氢酶基因(peg.5488)。结果显示,上述基因在ETH胁迫下的表达量均显著上调,增幅约为5-11倍(图9),其表达趋势与转录组测序结果高度一致。该验证结果不仅证实了转录组数据的可靠性,也进一步表明菌株DQ78在ETH胁迫中激活了包括芳香环开环、中间产物转化与氧化防御在内的多类功能基因,共同参与ETH的降解与胁迫适应过程。
对乙氧基苯胺作为一种广泛应用于化工与制药工业的潜在致癌物质,已在多个国家被列为限用或禁用的有害物质。因此,开发高效、低成本的微生物降解技术具有重要现实意义。本研究采用唯一碳源筛选法,以ETH作为目标底物,从活性污泥样品中经富集、分离与纯化,获得1株具有高效降解能力的假单胞菌DQ78;该菌株在28 ℃的适宜培养温度下连续培养40 h,即可完成对ETH的完全生物降解。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)作为一种革兰氏阴性杆菌,在自然界中分布广泛,具有较强的环境适应性与降解多样性。该属自Winslow等建立“假单胞菌科”并于1980年获《国际细菌命名法规》正式确认以来[23],已有多个菌株被报道可降解多种胺类污染物。例如,Zhu等[24]发现假单胞菌CA-1可完全降解对氯苯胺。Jun等[25]从湖水沉积物样品中分离到的假单胞菌X1和X2发现具有很强的氨氮降解能力。假单胞菌作为环境修复模式菌株,其降解ETH的研究可填补专属功能菌株空白。ETH作为高毒性污染物,常用作染料和医药中间体,生产使用中存在潜在污染风险。其降解研究不仅初步揭示了乙氧基侧链降解的分子机制,完善了芳香胺降解理论,还能为同类污染物治理提供技术范式与基因靶点,兼具现实治理价值与科学应用意义。
不同的培养条件会影响菌株的生长活性,当菌株生长环境适宜、营养条件充分时,菌株生长活性高才能充分降解污染物[26]。因此,本研究系统优化了菌株DQ78在不同时间、温度及pH条件下的生长与降解性能,明确了其最适降解环境。
微生物的自适应过程涉及基因表达调控,通过激活或抑制特定基因的表达使微生物适应不同的环境条件[27-28]。本研究通过对琥珀酸和ETH处理条件下菌株DQ78的转录组分析对比发现,共有3 380个DEGs,其中1 609个基因上调,1 771个基因下调。进一步分析发现,这些DEGs可明确归为两大类:一类是环境胁迫适应相关基因,涵盖能量代谢、氧化还原、胞外聚合物生成、运动趋化及非必需蛋白合成调控相关基因;另一类是芳香族化合物降解直接相关基因,包括双加氧酶基因、脱羧酶基因、水解酶基因等关键降解酶编码基因。菌株DQ78通过协同芳香族化合物代谢、运动趋化、调控能量代谢、氧化还原及胞外聚合物生成等多条通路,并适度精简非必需蛋白合成,构建了一个高效降解ETH及应对ETH胁迫的分子应答网络。
在ETH胁迫条件下,菌株DQ78启动了一系列适应性应激响应。除增强能量代谢、氧化还原平衡以及胞外聚合物合成等基础防御机制外,本研究特别观察到鞭毛组装通路被特异性显著激活。这一现象表明,菌株可能通过调控鞭毛合成以主动规避高浓度ETH环境。刘煜耿等[29]指出细菌趋化系统依赖鞭毛实现“浓度梯度感知-定向运动”的偶联机制,而该通路的激活由顶端调节因子FlhDC调控[30]。此外,Gupta等[31]发现微生物捕获污染物的分子转运机制是污染物生物修复的重要前提。基于此,推测在ETH胁迫下,菌株DQ78可能通过激活FlhDC表达,启动鞭毛合成的级联反应,进而借助鞭毛介导的趋化行为主动迁移至ETH浓度较低的区域。这一趋化能力不仅有助于菌株逃离毒性胁迫,也可能促进其对污染物的有效捕获与定位,为后续降解反应提供底物基础。因此,鞭毛系统的激活不仅是应激行为的具体体现,也可能在微生物修复过程中具有重要的生态功能,即通过趋化策略实现污染物定位与降解的协同。
在适应胁迫环境后,菌株特异性上调芳香族化合物降解相关基因,其中双加氧酶基因、脱羧酶基因及水解酶基因显著高表达,可分别催化ETH的苯环羟基化、侧链脱羧及环断裂等关键步骤,直接推动ETH的分步代谢。这表明菌株在保障存活的同时,精准启动针对ETH的降解通路,实现“胁迫适应-高效降解”的协同调控。此外,FlhDC对鞭毛组装的核心调控作用及降解关键酶基因的特异性表达特征,可作为后续优化ETH污染生物修复效率的潜在靶点。
尤为关键的是,芳香族化合物代谢通路中多个关键基因显著上调,包括双加氧酶、单加氧酶、去甲基化酶、脱氢酶、水解酶、脱羧酶及相关辅酶合成基因。这些酶基因与辅酶基因的协同上调,暗示其通过催化芳香环氧化、官能团转化等步骤接力降解ETH,构成核心代谢网络。已有研究表明,这些酶基因在芳香族化合物降解中具有重要作用。例如,Qiu等[32]发现,在面对不同多环芳烃化合物时萘双加氧酶显著上调,并参与多种芳香族化合物的催化氧化,如萘、菲、芴等。双加氧酶的存在显著提高了细菌对复杂芳香族化合物的降解效率。此外,某些细菌通过特定的去甲基酶作用可降解各种木质素相关化合物,产生邻二醇,并释放甲醇或甲醛等[33]。刘丽娟等[34]研究也表明单加氧酶对芳香族化合物的催化具有重要意义。水解酶能够帮助将复杂的底物分解为简单的分子,从而促进芳香化合物的降解和代谢[35]。在面对芳香化合物污染时,脱羧酶能够催化芳香羧酸脱去羧基,生成相应的芳香烃或其他中间代谢产物,将有害物质转化为无害或低毒的物质[36]。然而,辅酶也参与多种生物化学反应,促进芳香化合物的转化和降解[37]。本研究中上述各类酶及辅酶基因的上调表达模式,与已报道的芳香族化合物降解机制高度契合,进一步佐证其通过协同催化构建ETH降解通路。
截至目前,关于ETH生物降解的直接研究尚未见文献报道,其具体降解路径、关键功能酶及功能菌群特征仍缺乏系统的科学数据支撑。然而,鉴于ETH与苯胺在结构上高度相似,均为芳香胺类化合物,其生物降解过程可参考苯胺的已知途径进行合理推测:首先,微生物分泌的单加氧酶或双加氧酶催化苯环上乙氧基的脱烷基化反应生成羟基或直接去除乙氧基,或直接对芳香环进行羟基化活化[38];随后,在环羟基氧化酶的特异性催化下,于苯环邻位或对位引入羟基官能团,转化为邻苯二酚(catechol)、原儿茶酸(protocatechuic acid)等中心代谢中间体[39];最终,这些中间体通过邻位或对位开环途径被进一步降解,逐步矿化为二氧化碳、水和氨等无机物,完成生物转化过程。上述基于结构相似性的代谢路径推测,为开展ETH高效降解菌筛选、降解机制解析及代谢产物鉴定等研究提供了重要的理论参考框架,为该菌株高效降解ETH的功能特性提供了有力的基因层面支撑。菌株DQ78可能通过“芳香环羟基化—开环—官能团修饰—彻底矿化”的级联反应实现ETH的降解,其代谢框架与已知的苯胺好氧降解机制高度吻合。综合本研究转录组分析与已有报道,可进一步明确芳香族化合物代谢通路中多种功能基因在ETH降解中的协同作用,为解析ETH生物降解机制提供了转录层面的支撑。
本研究通过整合转录组与质谱分析数据,初步揭示了ETH的分子降解机制。在降解产物结构鉴定层面,本研究受限于检测技术与产物特性,尚未实现全产物的精准结构解析:产物P2、P3浓度低于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS)的检测下限,仅能通过分子通式比对及同属菌株代谢规律分析,初步判断其为苯三酚类与己二烯二酸类衍生物,尚缺乏核磁共振波谱(1H-NMR/13C-NMR)的结构确证;另一方面,对开环后的小分子未通过衍生化处理与标准品保留时间比对完成定性,无法区分其同分异构体的构型差异如产物P4、P5,导致产物的代谢归宿尚未完全明确。后续将采用制备型高效液相色谱对微量中间体进行靶向富集,结合高分辨率质谱(HRMS)与核磁波谱完成结构精准鉴定;利用13C标记的对乙氧基苯胺开展示踪实验,追踪碳元素在代谢网络中的流向,最终形成的完整降解途径验证体系,为对乙氧基苯胺的生物修复技术提供更坚实的理论支撑。
本研究通过转录组分析筛选出了一些潜在的关键基因,如peg.1846peg.1847peg.1850,但由于野生型菌株中固有的限制修饰系统,未能通过基因敲除和功能回补等实验直接验证相关基因在降解途径中的具体功能,这构成了当前研究的主要局限。为克服这一技术障碍,后续工作将采用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术构建精准突变株,或尝试在敲除宿主限制修饰系统的基础上进行框内缺失突变。值得指出的是,本研究尝试对候选基因进行异源表达时,其在体外对ETH及其中间代谢物均表现出显著的催化活性(数据未显示)。基于上述结果,后续研究将重点解析相关酶的催化特性与动力学参数,系统阐明其在ETH降解途径中的具体作用,从而完善ETH的分子降解机制模型。
本研究以假单胞菌DQ78为对象,在ETH生物降解领域取得了重要进展,但也存在明确的局限。本研究结果发现:一是填补了ETH降解研究的空白,通过整合转录组与质谱数据构建了“芳香环羟基化—开环—官能团修饰—矿化”的级联代谢框架,并阐明了多类功能酶基因的协同调控模式;二是揭示了独特的调控机制,发现菌株可通过FlhDC调控鞭毛组装,实现“毒性规避+底物捕获”的趋化功能,从而建立了“胁迫适应-底物定位-高效降解”的协同调控网络。然而,该研究仍存在若干不足,例如降解产物缺乏核磁共振确证、关键基因的体内功能未经验证、碳流向尚未追踪等。此外,受限于菌株耐受阈值、基因编辑技术手段以及原位验证的缺失,其在工程化应用与深层机制解析方面仍面临显著挑战。
本研究从活性污泥筛选分离出具有ETH高效降解能力的菌株DQ78,鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。菌株DQ78以ETH为唯一碳源生长。最佳生长降解条件为pH 8.0、ETH初始浓度1-4 mmol/L、温度28 ℃,降解率可达100%。通过RNA-seq转录组分析发现,在ETH胁迫条件下,共有3 380个DEGs,其中1 609个上调基因和1 771个下调基因,GO、KEGG富集分析表明,差异基因主要富集于芳香族化合物代谢、能量代谢、运动趋化和氧化应激响应等通路,揭示了菌株通过重构代谢网络、调整能量分配策略来应对ETH胁迫和主动降解ETH。为开发ETH污染的生物修复技术提供了优良菌种资源和理论依据。然而,研究仍存在一些不足:首先,ETH降解过程中的中间产物尚未完全鉴定,降解途径有待进一步验证;其次,虽然通过转录组分析筛选出潜在的关键降解基因,但其具体功能仍需通过基因敲除和异源表达等实验加以确认;此外,菌株在实际污染环境中的应用效果及其生态安全性仍需进一步评估。后续研究将围绕上述问题展开以完善ETH生物降解的理论体系,推动其在实际修复中的应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32102769)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金(2022CFB403)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250869
  • 接收时间:2025-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-20
  • 录用日期:2025-12-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102769)
国家自然科学基金(32102769)
Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2022CFB403)
湖北省自然科学基金(2022CFB403)
作者信息
    1.武汉轻工大学 生命科学与技术学院,湖北 武汉
    2.生态环境部珠江流域南海海域生态环境监督管理局,生态环境监测与科学研究中心,广东 广州
    3.中国科学院水生生物研究所,湖北 武汉
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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