Article(id=1250834199733810012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250624, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754928000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757865600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-15, onlineDate=1776151712592, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151712592, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151712592, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151712592, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1871, endPage=1889, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834200237126539, articleId=1250834199733810012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enhances the drought tolerance of oat plants by regulating the expression of plant growth-promoting genes, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the growth-promoting properties and mechanisms of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DGL1 isolated from arid sandy soils of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on oat plants under drought stress, thus providing a high-quality microbial resource and a theoretical basis for developing microbial fertilizers suitable for arid regions. Methods The growth-promoting effects of strain DGL1 on oat root length, plant height, and fresh weight under drought stress were determined. The degree of cell membrane lipid peroxidation and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in oat plants under drought stress were measured. The genome and transcriptome of strain DGL1 were sequenced via high-throughput technology. Results Strain DGL1 significantly increased the root length, plant height, and fresh weight of oat plants under drought stress. It markedly elevated the activities of antioxidant enzymes [(superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)] while reducing the content of malondialdehyde and H2O2. Genomic analysis revealed that DGL1 carried the genes related to oxidative stress (gpx encoding glutathione peroxidase, opuD encoding glycine-betaine transporter, and ahpF encoding alkyl hydroperoxide reductase), synthesis of the IAA precursor l-tryptophan (trpA, trpB, and trpC), and flagellar biosynthesis (FliP, FliQ, and FliR). Transcriptome sequencing further revealed that genes associated with biofilm formation, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, material and energy metabolism, and auxin precursor synthesis—all crucial for root colonization—presented upregulated expression under drought stress. The strain might enhance plant drought tolerance via these pathways. Conclusion Strain DGL1 can enhance the drought tolerance of oat plants and has great potential for application in developing bio-inoculants for arid land agriculture.

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E-mail: XIE Yongli,
ZHOU Guoying,
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目的 探究分离自青藏高原干旱沙地的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) DGL1对干旱胁迫下燕麦(Avena sativa)的促生特性及机制,以期为适用于干旱地区的菌肥研发提供优质菌源和理论基础。 方法 测定干旱胁迫下菌株DGL1对燕麦根长、株高、鲜重的促生效果,测定燕麦在干旱胁迫下的细胞膜过氧化程度及抗氧化酶活性,并利用高通量测序技术对菌株DGL1进行全基因组测序和转录组学测序。 结果 研究发现DGL1显著增加了干旱胁迫下燕麦的根长、株高和鲜重,显著提高了燕麦抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)的活性,降低了丙二醛和H2O2的含量。全基因组测序表明,DGL1具有谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶编码基因gpx、甘氨酸甜菜碱转运蛋白编码基因OpuD、烷基过氧化氢还原酶编码基因ahpF等与氧化应激相关的基因,还具有IAA前体l-色氨酸基因trpAtrpBtrpC等,以及鞭毛生物合成蛋白编码基因FliPFliQFliR等。此外,通过转录组测序发现,干旱胁迫下与根定殖相关的生物膜形成、氮磷吸收利用及物质能量代谢、生长素前体合成等相关基因均上调表达,菌株可能通过这些途径增强了植物对干旱胁迫的耐受能力。 结论 菌株DGL1能够增强燕麦对干旱的适生性,具有在旱地研发生物制剂的潜能。

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作者贡献声明

杨雪:方法论、数据收集与监管、数据分析、验证、撰写文章;李嘉楠、王博、马慧媛:数据分析;谢永丽、周国英:获取基金、提供资源、监督管理、审阅。

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A: Growth period of strain DGL1 in culture medium; B: Effect of DGL1 inoculation on plant growth under drought stress; C: H2O2 content; D: Malondialdehyde content; E: SOD content; F: POD content; G: CAT content. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=s5lP3V7WDSDGlvCWZKN5cw==, figureFileBig=8xpfOD0+wu5AcSOjZy8iZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415488557446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株DGL1在干旱胁迫下促燕麦幼苗生长生理特性, figureFileSmall=s5lP3V7WDSDGlvCWZKN5cw==, figureFileBig=8xpfOD0+wu5AcSOjZy8iZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415765381532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Circos genomic circle diagram. The outermost circle of the circular map indicates the genome size; The second and third circles represent the CDS (coding sequences) on the positive strand and negative strand respectively, where different colors correspond to different COG (clusters of orthologous groups) functional categories of the CDS; The fourth circle shows rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA); The fifth circle represents the G+C content., figureFileSmall=tGVzYvCMvxEJ2I9Zxp9ULQ==, figureFileBig=zFgCssmiGKgbffzY3Dn/dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415866044837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Circos基因组圈图, figureFileSmall=tGVzYvCMvxEJ2I9Zxp9ULQ==, figureFileBig=zFgCssmiGKgbffzY3Dn/dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415962513835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Statistical analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A: Gene annotation result diagram; B: Box plot of gene expression levels; C: Volcano plot of DEGs (differentially expressed genes), where the abscissa is the fold change of expression, the ordinate is the P value, red dots represent significantly up-regulated genes, yellow dots represent significantly down-regulated genes, and gray dots represent non-significant genes; D: Upset plot of differentially expressed genes, with red representing up-regulation, blue representing down-regulation, and green representing the total number of differentially expressed genes., figureFileSmall=pSSbBs5pulOyHJLrslzACQ==, figureFileBig=g5XNKVlG2/V2M1wrJEc9rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416092537269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=CN, label=图3, caption=差异基因统计分析, figureFileSmall=pSSbBs5pulOyHJLrslzACQ==, figureFileBig=g5XNKVlG2/V2M1wrJEc9rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416214172098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Functional classification analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A: KEGG functional classification between the drought stress group (LP) and the control group (CK); B: GO functional enrichment results of DEGs; C: GO functional classification result diagram; D: qRT-PCR., figureFileSmall=n8pMxpCgXOq5hHNvuIEc1Q==, figureFileBig=un+qrReC/2P27Sr+6ErZ/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416365167054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=CN, label=图4, caption=差异基因功能分类分析, figureFileSmall=n8pMxpCgXOq5hHNvuIEc1Q==, figureFileBig=un+qrReC/2P27Sr+6ErZ/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416587465177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
16S rRNA gene

Forward: TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT

Reverse: AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG

flgC

Forward: CGAGAGCGAAGCAGGTAAAT

Reverse: GCTTCCTGTTCCGTTCATCT

nasD

Forward: CGGTGAAACAGTCATCAAAGTC

Reverse: CCCGGAATCGGAAGGATAAA

BglA

Forward: ATTGACCCGACCGGTTTAC

Reverse: TGAACCGTCCTCTTCTAATGTG

PatA

Forward: CGAAGGGAAGAGACATCAATCC

Reverse: TCTTCAGCCAGCATCACATC

), ArticleFig(id=1250879416730071524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
16S rRNA gene

Forward: TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT

Reverse: AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG

flgC

Forward: CGAGAGCGAAGCAGGTAAAT

Reverse: GCTTCCTGTTCCGTTCATCT

nasD

Forward: CGGTGAAACAGTCATCAAAGTC

Reverse: CCCGGAATCGGAAGGATAAA

BglA

Forward: ATTGACCCGACCGGTTTAC

Reverse: TGAACCGTCCTCTTCTAATGTG

PatA

Forward: CGAAGGGAAGAGACATCAATCC

Reverse: TCTTCAGCCAGCATCACATC

), ArticleFig(id=1250879416843317737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The effect of DGL1 on oat probiotic activity under drought stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentAverage root length (cm)

Average plant height

(cm)

Fresh weight (g)
No stress7.91±1.13bc17.90±1.11b0.29±0.02b
No stress+DGL112.30±2.09a20.86±1.97a0.38±0.03a
Moderate stress9.41±0.83b14.42±1.99c0.21±0.02c
Moderate stress+DGL113.75±1.14a16.73±1.14bc0.26±0.03b
Severe stress5.47±0.82c10.72±0.75d0.14±0.02d
Severe stress+DGL18.65±1.49b14.46±0.63c0.19±0.03c
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417015284212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

干旱胁迫下DGL1对燕麦促生活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentAverage root length (cm)

Average plant height

(cm)

Fresh weight (g)
No stress7.91±1.13bc17.90±1.11b0.29±0.02b
No stress+DGL112.30±2.09a20.86±1.97a0.38±0.03a
Moderate stress9.41±0.83b14.42±1.99c0.21±0.02c
Moderate stress+DGL113.75±1.14a16.73±1.14bc0.26±0.03b
Severe stress5.47±0.82c10.72±0.75d0.14±0.02d
Severe stress+DGL18.65±1.49b14.46±0.63c0.19±0.03c
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417157890555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Filtered reads quality statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample namesRaw readsRaw Q20 (%)Raw Q30 (%)Clean readsClean Q20 (%)Clean Q30 (%)
LB123 663 77497.8994.4023 486 79098.2194.85
LB222 515 57297.9294.4922 344 85898.2594.95
LB322 665 05097.9094.3922 498 38898.2394.85
LP121 062 89697.7894.1820 876 86298.1694.72
LP223 555 68697.9794.6423 370 58298.3095.12
LP323 641 92697.7194.0723 360 33898.1394.62
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417266942466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

过滤后的reads质量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample namesRaw readsRaw Q20 (%)Raw Q30 (%)Clean readsClean Q20 (%)Clean Q30 (%)
LB123 663 77497.8994.4023 486 79098.2194.85
LB222 515 57297.9294.4922 344 85898.2594.95
LB322 665 05097.9094.3922 498 38898.2394.85
LP121 062 89697.7894.1820 876 86298.1694.72
LP223 555 68697.9794.6423 370 58298.3095.12
LP323 641 92697.7194.0723 360 33898.1394.62
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417459880465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Differentiation-promoting genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metabolic pathwayGenesLB vs. LP
Biofilm synthesisGenes encoding basal body rod structure proteins (FlgB, FlgC), and genes encoding flagellar biosynthesis proteins (FliY, FliH, FliG, FliF, FliE, FliJ, FliI); Cellobiose transporters; Subcellulase family glycoside hydrolases; 6-phospho-β-glucosidase; Sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolaseUp-regulated expression
Nitrogen fixationSynthesis pathway genes encoding nitrate transporter (NarK), genes encoding nitrate reductase (narG, narI, narH), gene encoding nitrite reductase (nasD), gene encoding nitrite reductase (nirB)Up-regulated expression
Phosphate-specific transport systemPst-encoding genes (PstA, PstB, PstC); Phosphate ABC transporter-encoding gene (PatA)Up-regulated expression
Pentose phosphate pathwayHexulose-6-phosphate isomerase-encoding gene (hclB); NADP-dependent gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding gene (gndA); Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase-encoding gene (hxlA); Gluconate kinase-encoding gene (gntK)Up-regulated expression
Organic acid metabolism pathwayAspartate kinase-encoding gene; Histidine dehydrogenase-encoding gene (hisD); Serine hydroxymethyltransferase-encoding gene (glyA)Up-regulated expression
Tryptophan metabolism pathwayCytochrome P450-encoding geneUp-regulated expression
Glycolytic pathwayNADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase-encoding gene; Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase-encoding gene (ipdA); 6-phospho-β-glucosidase-encoding gene (licH); 6-phospho-β-glucosidase-encoding gene (bglA)Up-regulated expression
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417640235551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199733810012, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

促生差异基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metabolic pathwayGenesLB vs. LP
Biofilm synthesisGenes encoding basal body rod structure proteins (FlgB, FlgC), and genes encoding flagellar biosynthesis proteins (FliY, FliH, FliG, FliF, FliE, FliJ, FliI); Cellobiose transporters; Subcellulase family glycoside hydrolases; 6-phospho-β-glucosidase; Sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolaseUp-regulated expression
Nitrogen fixationSynthesis pathway genes encoding nitrate transporter (NarK), genes encoding nitrate reductase (narG, narI, narH), gene encoding nitrite reductase (nasD), gene encoding nitrite reductase (nirB)Up-regulated expression
Phosphate-specific transport systemPst-encoding genes (PstA, PstB, PstC); Phosphate ABC transporter-encoding gene (PatA)Up-regulated expression
Pentose phosphate pathwayHexulose-6-phosphate isomerase-encoding gene (hclB); NADP-dependent gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding gene (gndA); Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase-encoding gene (hxlA); Gluconate kinase-encoding gene (gntK)Up-regulated expression
Organic acid metabolism pathwayAspartate kinase-encoding gene; Histidine dehydrogenase-encoding gene (hisD); Serine hydroxymethyltransferase-encoding gene (glyA)Up-regulated expression
Tryptophan metabolism pathwayCytochrome P450-encoding geneUp-regulated expression
Glycolytic pathwayNADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase-encoding gene; Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase-encoding gene (ipdA); 6-phospho-β-glucosidase-encoding gene (licH); 6-phospho-β-glucosidase-encoding gene (bglA)Up-regulated expression
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解淀粉芽孢杆菌增强燕麦干旱适生性及促生基因分析
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杨雪 1 , 李嘉楠 1 , 王博 1 , 马慧媛 1 , 谢永丽 2 , 周国英 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1871-1889
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1871-1889
解淀粉芽孢杆菌增强燕麦干旱适生性及促生基因分析
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杨雪1, 李嘉楠1, 王博1, 马慧媛1, 谢永丽2 , 周国英1
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,青海 西宁
  • 2.青海大学 农牧学院,青海 西宁
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enhances the drought tolerance of oat plants by regulating the expression of plant growth-promoting genes
Xue YANG1, Jianan LI1, Bo WANG1, Huiyuan MA1, Yongli XIE2 , Guoying ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 2.College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250624
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目的 探究分离自青藏高原干旱沙地的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) DGL1对干旱胁迫下燕麦(Avena sativa)的促生特性及机制,以期为适用于干旱地区的菌肥研发提供优质菌源和理论基础。 方法 测定干旱胁迫下菌株DGL1对燕麦根长、株高、鲜重的促生效果,测定燕麦在干旱胁迫下的细胞膜过氧化程度及抗氧化酶活性,并利用高通量测序技术对菌株DGL1进行全基因组测序和转录组学测序。 结果 研究发现DGL1显著增加了干旱胁迫下燕麦的根长、株高和鲜重,显著提高了燕麦抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)的活性,降低了丙二醛和H2O2的含量。全基因组测序表明,DGL1具有谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶编码基因gpx、甘氨酸甜菜碱转运蛋白编码基因OpuD、烷基过氧化氢还原酶编码基因ahpF等与氧化应激相关的基因,还具有IAA前体l-色氨酸基因trpAtrpBtrpC等,以及鞭毛生物合成蛋白编码基因FliPFliQFliR等。此外,通过转录组测序发现,干旱胁迫下与根定殖相关的生物膜形成、氮磷吸收利用及物质能量代谢、生长素前体合成等相关基因均上调表达,菌株可能通过这些途径增强了植物对干旱胁迫的耐受能力。 结论 菌株DGL1能够增强燕麦对干旱的适生性,具有在旱地研发生物制剂的潜能。

解淀粉芽孢杆菌  /  燕麦  /  干旱胁迫  /  抗氧化酶  /  促生活性  /  促生基因

Objective To investigate the growth-promoting properties and mechanisms of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DGL1 isolated from arid sandy soils of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on oat plants under drought stress, thus providing a high-quality microbial resource and a theoretical basis for developing microbial fertilizers suitable for arid regions. Methods The growth-promoting effects of strain DGL1 on oat root length, plant height, and fresh weight under drought stress were determined. The degree of cell membrane lipid peroxidation and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in oat plants under drought stress were measured. The genome and transcriptome of strain DGL1 were sequenced via high-throughput technology. Results Strain DGL1 significantly increased the root length, plant height, and fresh weight of oat plants under drought stress. It markedly elevated the activities of antioxidant enzymes [(superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)] while reducing the content of malondialdehyde and H2O2. Genomic analysis revealed that DGL1 carried the genes related to oxidative stress (gpx encoding glutathione peroxidase, opuD encoding glycine-betaine transporter, and ahpF encoding alkyl hydroperoxide reductase), synthesis of the IAA precursor l-tryptophan (trpA, trpB, and trpC), and flagellar biosynthesis (FliP, FliQ, and FliR). Transcriptome sequencing further revealed that genes associated with biofilm formation, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, material and energy metabolism, and auxin precursor synthesis—all crucial for root colonization—presented upregulated expression under drought stress. The strain might enhance plant drought tolerance via these pathways. Conclusion Strain DGL1 can enhance the drought tolerance of oat plants and has great potential for application in developing bio-inoculants for arid land agriculture.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  /  oat  /  drought stress  /  antioxidant enzyme  /  plant growth-promoting properties  /  plant growth-promoting genes
杨雪, 李嘉楠, 王博, 马慧媛, 谢永丽, 周国英. 解淀粉芽孢杆菌增强燕麦干旱适生性及促生基因分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1871 -1889 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250624
Xue YANG, Jianan LI, Bo WANG, Huiyuan MA, Yongli XIE, Guoying ZHOU. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enhances the drought tolerance of oat plants by regulating the expression of plant growth-promoting genes[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1871 -1889 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250624
燕麦(Avena sativa)是青藏高原高寒牧区主要的粮饲兼用作物,它不仅能为高寒牧区增加饲草产量,还能有效减少水土流失,满足生态和畜牧业发展的需求[1]。青藏高原地处世界屋脊,地形复杂,气候类型独特,年均降水量少,紫外线辐射强,常年遭受大风、雪灾等自然灾害,致使该地区极度干旱,因此干旱胁迫成为高寒地区燕麦高产和稳产的主要限制因素[2]。据报道,干旱胁迫会严重抑制燕麦生产,特别是在关键的生长期,干旱会降低光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,最终导致燕麦单株粒重、有效穗数、千粒重降低,籽粒萎缩,造成大幅度减产[3-4]
干旱是制约作物生产的主要非生物胁迫之一,它通过扰乱植物细胞正常的生理代谢,诱导产生过量的氧自由基,导致活性氧和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)积累,打破氧自由基产生和清除系统间的平衡,加剧膜系统的损伤,破坏植物体内蛋白质、脂质和核酸的结构与功能,最终造成作物减产和品质下降[5-6]。Gui等[7]研究表明,干旱胁迫下小麦营养器官的干物质积累会受到显著限制,同化物向籽粒的转运效率降低,最终导致产量下降。为缓解干旱等非生物胁迫对作物的影响,推动农业绿色可持续发展,应用有益微生物已成为有效手段。耐逆微生物可通过增强植物抗氧化潜力、改善养分获取、预防植物真菌或细菌病害、调节植物激素、诱导系统抗性等多种方式,提高植物对非生物胁迫的适应能力,从而增加植物生物量和作物产量[8]。其中,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)具有抗逆芽胞,能够适应低氧、强辐射、干旱、高盐碱等多种不利环境,且具有良好的根际定殖能力,对环境安全无害,目前已在全球范围内实现商业应用,因此将芽孢杆菌生物菌剂应用于农业生产符合绿色农业的发展理念[9]
芽孢杆菌可通过多种机制增强植物对干旱胁迫的适应性。一方面,它能增强植物的抗氧化能力,抑制氧自由基积累,减轻氧化应激对植物机体的损伤[10]。据报道,接种巨大芽孢杆菌(B. megaterium) BOFC15可显著提高拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)生物量,改善根系结构,促进了光合作用,增强了拟南芥超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)的活性,与未接种植物相比,表现出更强的抗旱能力[11]。另一方面,芽孢杆菌可通过色氨酸依赖性生物合成途径合成吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA),刺激根细胞的增殖与伸长生长,从而促进根系对水分和养分的获取,增强植物对严重干旱胁迫的适应性[12]。据报道,枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis) PM49在干旱条件下仍能高产IAA以此诱导根长增加,形成深根系统以提高水分获取[13]。此外,芽孢杆菌还能通过提高养分利用率、诱导系统抗性提高植物的抗逆性。芽孢杆菌与植物形成良好互作关系的先决条件是细菌具有根定殖能力,芽孢杆菌通过周生鞭毛进行明显的游泳和群移运动,这对根系定殖、生物膜形成、芽胞形成等具有重要作用[14]。据报道,枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis)的鞭毛基因hag和鞭毛运动编码基因motA突变后会导致枯草芽孢杆菌无法定殖根部[15],这表明鞭毛运动是定殖过程所必需的。因此,优良的定殖能力与多重抗逆机制的协同作用,使芽孢杆菌成为增强作物抗旱性和推动农业可持续发展的重要微生物资源。
随着第三代测序技术的不断发展,利用核苷酸序列进行功能组学的研究,能够系统挖掘其特定功能基因,解析生物体内基因的表达调控机制,进而为菌剂研发提供精确指导。课题组前期对青海高原多个典型生境进行根际促生菌的分离及筛选,发现DGL1具有固氮、溶磷能力,能够分泌胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide, EPS)、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸氧化酶(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, ACC),展现出优异的促生活性[16-17]。因此,本研究用DGL1菌悬液对不同干旱胁迫下的燕麦进行灌根处理,通过测定燕麦幼苗生长指标、植物组织丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性、过氧化氢浓度,探究芽孢杆菌DGL1增强燕麦干旱适生性的情况,并对菌株DGL1进行基因组及转录组学测序,解析菌株的功能序列,探究菌株在干旱条件下与促生及抗逆相关的功能基因及其表达模式,以期为适用于干旱地区菌肥的研发提供理论基础。
菌株DGL1源自海拔3 010 m的青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州大格勒乡干旱沙地白刺根际土壤。燕麦‘青燕1号’由青海省畜牧兽医科学院提供。
将消毒后的种子(20株/盆)播于穴盆(营养土:蛭石=1:1,体积比),在光照培养箱中培养至种子发芽(25 ℃,16 h光照/8 h黑暗)。取30 mL浓度为106 CFU/mL的DGL1菌悬液(将培养过夜的DGL1菌体用无菌水悬浮制备成菌悬液)进行灌根[18]。培养10 d后,分别采用15%、25% PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫[19]。共设置6个处理组,每个处理重复3次。A:对照组(Control);B:中度胁迫处理组,采用15% PEG-6000处理;C:重度胁迫处理组,采用25% PEG-6000处理;D:菌液组(DGL1);E:中度胁迫处理+菌液,菌液+15% PEG-6000;F:重度胁迫处理+菌液,菌液+25% PEG-6000。处理10 d后,采集植物样品测定根长、株高、鲜重等生理指标。
取0.1 g燕麦叶片组织冰浴匀浆后,采用CheKineTM微量法试剂盒[亚科因(武汉)生物技术有限公司]进行过氧化氢含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的测定,详细操作步骤见说明书。
将培养12 h的菌体经液氮速冻后收集,纯化DGL1基因组DNA,送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司。采用二代+三代即Illumina+PacBio的测序方式开展细菌基因组完成图的测序,构建基因组测序文库。在后续分析中采用Circos绘制基因组圈图,采用Blast2GO[20]、KEGG[21]和eggNOG[22]进行基因功能的注释。
将菌株DGL1接种于20 mL LB液体培养基(对照组)和含15% PEG-6000的LB培养基的三角瓶中,37 ℃、200 r/min条件下培养6 h,4 ℃、4 000 r/min离心5 min取菌体,液氮冷冻后放置-80 ℃超低温冰箱。使用TRIzol®试剂[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]提取解淀粉芽孢杆菌DGL1的总RNA,送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行转录组测序,使用TruSeqTM RNA Sample Prep Kit (Illumina公司)进行RNA文库构建,将mRNA随机断裂成200 bp左右的小片段,反转录合成双链cDNA,然后消除cDNA第二链,使文库中只包含cDNA的第一链,最后使用Illumina HiSeq×Ten进行RNA-seq双端测序。
将拼接好的数据剪切后得到的高质量reads,将每个样本中的高质量reads与参考基因组进行对比(参考基因组已上传至NCBI,登录号为CP05539)。用FPKM方法衡量表达水平,以正常LB培养基培养的DGL1为对照(LB),在15% PEG-6000干旱胁迫下培养的DGL1为试验组(LP),对2组样本进行差异表达分析,显著性标准为P-adjust<0.05、|log2 fold change|≥1,基于差异基因表达数据库GO (http://geneontology.org/)和KEGG (https://www.kegg.jp/)寻找干旱胁迫相关表达基因。
为了验证RNA-seq数据,以芽孢杆菌编码基因16S rRNA为内参基因,挑选基体杆状结构蛋白编码基因flgC、亚硝酸还原酶编码基因nasD、6-磷酸-β-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因BglA、磷酸盐ABC转运蛋白编码基因PatA (LP vs. LB)分别进行实时荧光定量逆转录PCR (real-time RT-PCR, RT-qPCR)分析,利用PerlPrimer软件设计引物,序列如表1所示。按照1.5节方法提取DGL1在干旱下条件和对照组的总RNA,然后将其反转录为cDNA模板。RT-qPCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Universal Blue SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix 12.5 μL,上、下游引物(2.5 μmol/L)各1.0 μL,DNA模板1.0 μL,ddH2O 9.5 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。每次PCR分析重复3次,利用相对定量法2-ΔΔCt分析基因的相对表达量。
表2所示,随着胁迫强度的增加,燕麦根长先升高后下降,低浓度的干旱胁迫可促进燕麦根系的伸长生长。在不同处理条件下,菌株DGL1均显著提高了燕麦的根长,在无胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫处理组中根长分别提高了55.50%、46.12%、58.14%;随着胁迫强度的增加,燕麦株高逐渐降低,在无胁迫处理和重度胁迫处理条件下,菌株DGL1显著提高了燕麦的株高,分别提高16.54%、34.89%;在重度胁迫下,菌株DGL1虽提高了燕麦的株高,但差异并不显著。随着干旱程度的增加,燕麦的鲜重也随之降低,菌株DGL1显著提高了燕麦的鲜重,在无胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫处理组中鲜重分别提高了31.03%、23.81%、35.71%。因此,菌株DGL1能够促进燕麦在干旱胁迫下生长。
随着干旱胁迫强度的不断增加,燕麦H2O2含量呈现不断增加的趋势。菌株DGL1能够显著降低燕麦H2O2的含量,在无胁迫处理时H2O2含量由662.85 nmol/g降低至557.07 nmol/g,降低了15.96%;在中度干旱胁迫时接种菌株DGL1,燕麦H2O2含量由1 096.78 nmol/g降低至847.11 nmol/g,降低了22.76%;在重度干旱时接种菌株DGL1,燕麦H2O2含量由1 368.85 nmol/g降低至964.49 nmol/g,降低了29.54% (图1C)。这说明在干旱胁迫下接种DGL1的燕麦与对照组相比生长效果更好,氧化应激损伤较小。随着干旱胁迫强度的不断增加,燕麦丙二醛含量呈现不断增加的趋势。菌株DGL1能够显著降低干旱胁迫下燕麦丙二醛的含量,在无胁迫处理时菌株DGL1虽降低了燕麦丙二醛含量,但差异并不显著;在中度干旱胁迫时接种菌株DGL1,燕麦丙二醛含量由34.15 nmol/g降低至25.71 nmol/g,降低了24.71%;在重度干旱时接种菌株DGL1,燕麦丙二醛含量由46.63 nmol/g降低至29.53 nmol/g,降低了36.67%。这说明接种DGL1能够缓解干旱胁迫对燕麦细胞膜的损伤(图1D)。
随着干旱胁迫强度的不断增加,燕麦SOD含量呈现不断增加的趋势。菌株DGL1能够增加燕麦SOD的含量,在无胁迫处理条件下,接种菌株DGL1较对照组,燕麦SOD含量小幅上升但差异并不显著;在中度干旱胁迫条件下接种菌株DGL1,燕麦SOD含量由373.18 U/g增加至429.65 U/g,增加了15.13%;在重度干旱条件下接种菌株DGL1,燕麦SOD含量由474.70 U/g增加至644.52 U/g,增加了35.77% (图1E)。这表明在干旱胁迫下,接种菌株DGL1能够显著提高燕麦SOD含量。随着干旱胁迫强度的不断增加,燕麦POD含量呈现不断上升的趋势。在不同处理条件下,菌株DGL1均能够显著增加燕麦POD的含量,在无胁迫处理条件下接种菌株DGL1,燕麦POD含量由451.33 U/g增加至875.67 U/g,增加了94.02%;在中度干旱胁迫条件下接种菌株DGL1,燕麦POD含量由681.33 U/g增加至1 074.00 U/g,增加了57.63%;在重度干旱条件下接种菌株DGL1,燕麦POD含量由962.67 U/g增加至1 241.33 U/g,增加了28.95% (图1F)。随着干旱胁迫强度的不断增加,燕麦CAT含量呈现先上升再下降的趋势。菌株DGL1能够显著增加燕麦CAT的含量,在无胁迫处理条件下接种菌株DGL1,燕麦CAT含量由16.92 μmol/L增加至26.58 μmol/L,增加了57.09%;在中度干旱胁迫条件下接种菌株DGL1,燕麦CAT含量由20.70 μmol/L增加至27.20 μmol/L,增加了31.40%;在重度干旱条件下接种菌株DGL1,燕麦CAT含量由14.96 μmol/L增加至18.34 μmol/L,增加了22.59% (图1G)。
DGL1的染色体为一条长3 915 550 bp的环形结构,基因的平均G+C含量为47.27%,预测编码基因3 972个,基因总长度为3 483 438 bp (图2)。采用GO、KEGG和COG数据库对细菌基因组进行快速注释,分别注释到2 926、2 160、2 970个编码基因。DGL1基因组序列已上传至NCBI,登录号为CP05539。
通过基因组分析发现,DGL1具有氧化应激相关基因,包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶编码基因gpx、烷基过氧化氢还原酶编码基因ahpF、过氧化氢酶编码基因katE,这些基因编码的蛋白质作为氧化剂的清除剂,能够帮助DGL1减缓氧自由基对细胞的损伤。甘氨酸甜菜碱转运蛋白编码基因OpuD能够帮助细菌从外界吸收离子或通过生物合成来维持胞内的高渗透压,以帮助细胞适应胁迫环境。同时,还筛选出冷休克蛋白编码基因cspA、热休克蛋白编码基因HtpG,这些基因的存在能帮助菌株DGL1更好地适应不同的生境。细胞色素P450编码基因pksS能够帮助细菌转化各种生物活性物质,具有为机体提供能量、维持调节等重要作用。此外,DGL1基因组还具有亚精胺合成相关基因,即N1-乙酰基转移酶编码基因speG及亚精胺合酶编码基因speE
DGL1可能通过诱导IAA合成相关的多个信号转导途径,促进燕麦在干旱胁迫下的生长发育。研究发现,在菌株DGL1中筛选到参与IAA前体色氨酸合成的编码基因,包括trpA (色氨酸合成酶α亚基)、trpB (色氨酸合成酶β亚基)、trpC (吲哚-3-甘油磷酸合成酶)、trpD (邻氨基苯甲酸磷酸核糖转移酶)、trpE (邻氨基苯甲酸合成酶)、trpF (磷酸核糖邻氨基苯甲酸异构酶)、trpS (色氨酸-tRNA连接酶)。另外,发现多条色氨酸合成IAA途径的多个编码基因,如在IpyA (吲哚丙酮酸)途径中筛选到参与吲哚丙酮酸脱羧反应的磷酸吡哆醛依赖性氨基转移酶编码基因patBbioA,以及在TAM (色胺)途径中参与色氨酸脱羧反应的脱羧酶编码基因padCyclB;同时在IPyA途径和TAM途径中筛选到吲哚-3-乙醛脱氢酶编码基因aldXdhaS;在IAN (吲哚-3-乙腈)途径中筛选出腈化酶基因yhcX;在非色氨酸依赖途径中筛选到色氨酸乙酰转移酶基因ysnE
DGL1可能通过形成生物膜提高燕麦对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。研究发现DGL1的基因组存在48个与细胞运动相关的基因,包括编码鞭毛丝形成的基因FilDFlgKFlgLHag,其中主丝蛋白编码基因Hag是鞭毛组装必需基因,基体由4种杆状结构蛋白编码基因FlgBFlgCFlgGFlgF组成。此外,还包括鞭毛马达蛋白编码基因MotAMotB,以及鞭毛生物合成蛋白编码基因FliPFliQFliRFlhBFlhA。生物膜主要由胞外多糖和蛋白质组成,基因组分析发现,菌株DGL1存在多糖生物合成编码基因、纤维素合酶编码基因bcsA、生物膜形成主要调控因子sinR、邻氨基苯甲酸合酶编码基因trpE、感应蛋白激酶kinB、调控基因spo0Aspo0FdegUdegS等。
本研究共检测到3 697个表达基因,其中已知表达基因3 657个,新表达基因33个,表达smallRNA 7个。6组样本的clean data均达到3.07 Gb以上,Q30碱基百分比在94.62%以上,表明数据测序错误率较低,测序质量较好(表3)。使用SeqPrep软件去除接头序列、低质量及含N过多的reads后,组装得到基因组大小为3 915 550 bp,含有3 731个CDS,G+C含量为46.47%。将UniGene比对到六大功能数据库进行功能注释,最终分别有3 711个(NR: 99.46%)、3 507个(Swiss-Prot: 94.00%)、3 128个(COG: 83.84%)、2 374个(KEGG: 63.63%)、2 841个(GO: 76.15%)以及3 393个(Pfam: 90.94%)基因获得功能注释(图3A)。
利用FPKM法计算6个样本中基因的表达,根据表达量信息,采取盒形图展示样品基因表达量分布的整体水平(图3B),表明各样本基因表达的整体水平较为一致。使用DESeq2软件对比较组间表达差异的基因/转录本进行统计分析,默认参数:P-adjust<0.05、|log2 fold change|≥1,以在LB培养基中的芽孢杆菌DGL1为对照,筛选出在干旱胁迫下芽孢杆菌DGL1发生差异性表达的基因。结果表明,相较于CK对照组,芽孢杆菌DGL1共有224个基因发生上调表达,300个基因发生下调表达(图3C3D)。
对干旱胁迫组LP与CK对照组间的表达基因进行GO功能富集分析。在生物学过程中,基因显著富集于新IMP生物合成过程、嘌呤核苷代谢过程、IMP代谢过程相关;在细胞组分中,基因显著富集于硝酸还原酶复合物、外部封装结构、氧化还原酶复合物相关;在分子功能过程中,基因显著富集水解酶活性、转运体活性相关(图4A)。
对干旱胁迫组LP与CK对照组间的表达基因进行KEGG功能富集分析。结果表明,差异表达基因显著富集于非核糖体肽结构、组氨酸代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、细菌趋化性、鞭毛组装、嘌呤代谢、色氨酸代谢、ABC转运、氮代谢(图4A)。
根据差异基因检测结果,本研究对差异表达基因进行GO功能分类。对干旱胁迫组与CK对照组间的差异表达基因进行GO功能分析,在分子功能中筛选到与ATP结合相关基因49个,跨膜转运蛋白活性相关基因23个,金属离子结合相关基因23个;在细胞组分中筛选到与膜的组成部分相关基因127个,与质膜相关基因59个,与细胞质相关基因36个;在生物学过程中,筛选到与碳水化合物代谢过程相关基因12个,从头开始的IMP生物合成过程相关基因12个,蛋白水解相关基因10个(图4C)。
在生物膜合成途径中DGL1在干旱胁迫下与鞭毛组件合成编码基因均上调表达,包括基体杆状结构蛋白编码基因FlgBFlgC,鞭毛生物合成蛋白编码基因FliYFliHFliGFliFFliEFliJFliI。此外,ABC转运蛋白、单糖转运蛋白、多糖、脂多糖生物合成和转运相关的蛋白质,如纤维二糖转运蛋白、亚纤维素酶家族糖基水解酶、6-磷酸-β-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖-6-磷酸水解酶等多个基因均上调表达,可能促进干旱胁迫下的生物膜形成和根定殖。
通过转录组分析发现,在干旱胁迫下菌株DGL1的氮代谢通路中参与硝酸盐还原、氨同化过程的硝酸盐转运蛋白编码基因NarK上调表达2.1倍,硝酸还原酶编码基因narG上调表达1.2倍,narI上调表达1.6倍,narH上调表达1.7倍,亚硝酸还原酶编码基因nasD上调表达2.0倍,亚硝酸盐还原酶编码基因nirB上调表达1.4倍。这些基因的差异性表达可能提高了植物对氮素的吸收利用。在细菌中主要由磷酸盐特殊转运系统(phosphate specific transport, Pst)和磷酸盐转运系统(Pi transport, Pit)完成对无机磷酸盐(inorganic phosphates, Pi)的吸收和利用。通过转录组分析发现,在干旱胁迫下,菌株DGL1的Pst编码基因PstAPstBPstC及磷酸盐ABC转运蛋白编码基因PatA均显著上调表达,分别上调4.6、3.4、3.8、4.6倍。干旱胁迫下,菌株DGL1转录组发现磷酸戊糖途径代谢中参与异构化反应不可或缺的6-磷酸己酮糖异构酶 hclB、葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因gdh、NADP依赖性葡萄糖酸磷酸脱氢酶编码基因gndA、6-磷酸己酮糖合成酶编码基因hxlA、葡萄糖酸激酶编码基因gntK均上调表达,分别上调3.2、3.1、1.5、1.2、3.2倍。
在有机酸代谢途径中天冬氨酸激酶编码基因、组氨酸脱氢酶编码基因hisD、丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶编码基因glyA均上调表达有机酸代谢对微生物的生长和代谢具有重要影响,菌株DGL1在干旱胁迫下可能通过有机酸代谢途径为微生物提供生命活动的能量。在色氨酸代谢途径中细胞色素P450编码基因显著上调表达,色氨酸作为吲哚乙酸的前体物质对植物的生长具有促进作用。在糖酵解途径中NADP依赖性醇脱氢酶编码基因上调表达1.5倍、二氢脂酰脱氢酶编码基因ipdA上调表达1.4倍、6-磷酸-β-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因licH上调表达1.5倍、6-磷酸-β-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因bglA上调表达2.8倍,因此推测菌株DGL1在干旱胁迫下诱导了糖酵解信号转导途径,从而释放更多的能量维持正常的生命活动(表4)。
利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测基体杆状结构蛋白编码基因flgC、亚硝酸还原酶编码基因nasD、6-磷酸-β-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因BglA、磷酸盐ABC转运蛋白编码基因PatA在干旱胁迫下的表达模式(图4D),结果表明4个基因均呈现上调表达趋势,与RNA-seq结果一致,证明了测序数据的可靠性。
植物能够耐受一定限度内的水分胁迫,超过该限度,产量会严重下降。有报道称芽孢杆菌能够通过提高植物抗氧化酶活性、产IAA、固氮等多个途径增强植物的耐逆性,且对环境安全无污染,有助于农业实现可持续发展[23]。本研究测定了DGL1在干旱胁迫下对燕麦的促生活性,研究发现菌株DGL1显著提高了燕麦的根长和鲜重。在无胁迫处理和重度胁迫处理条件下,菌株DGL1显著提高了燕麦的株高;在中度胁迫下,菌株DGL1虽提高了燕麦的株高,但差异并不显著。综上所述,菌株DGL1能够增强燕麦的干旱适生性,这些结果与邢媛[24]、张顺顺等[25]、Batool等[26]的研究结果一致,即芽孢杆菌能够增强番茄和马铃薯的耐旱性,提高植物产量。
SOD、POD和CAT是清除ROS的主要酶,这些抗氧化酶存在于植物细胞的不同位置,并协同清除机体的ROS[27]。干旱胁迫能够改变植物抗氧化酶的活性,本研究发现在干旱胁迫下,燕麦抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性随着干旱程度的加重均呈现逐渐上升的趋势,CAT活性呈现先上升后下降的现象,说明燕麦在一定胁迫范围内可以通过激活自身抗氧化酶防御系统,增强植物自身抗性,维护膜系统的稳定性。菌株DGL1处理后,无胁迫和干旱胁迫条件下燕麦抗氧化酶活性均显著提高,说明DGL1能减轻燕麦膜脂过氧化程度,进而提高燕麦对干旱的适应性。燕麦随着干旱胁迫的加重,H2O2和MDA含量随之升高,表明PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对燕麦的细胞膜系统造成不同程度的伤害,干旱胁迫下接种DGL1导致燕麦MDA含量、H2O2显著降低,表明芽孢杆菌DGL1能够减轻干旱下氧自由基对燕麦细胞的损伤,该结果与张妙玲[28]关于解淀粉芽孢杆菌提升紫花苜蓿抗氧化能力、缓解氧化损伤的发现高度一致,进一步阐明了DGL1通过强化植物内源抗氧化系统增强燕麦干旱适应性的机制。
吲哚乙酸(IAA)作为信号分子,参与调控植物生长发育的诸多方面。它通过改善植物根系的发育,增加根系表面积,促进植物更好地吸收水分和养分,从而导致植物产量的增加[29]。有益微生物能够通过产生植物激素直接影响植物,或通过诱导宿主信号传导间接发挥作用,从而参与调控植物对逆境胁迫的响应。当植物暴露在干旱胁迫时其体内生长素的合成、代谢、运输和活性会发生改变,研究发现在干旱胁迫下,植物生长素反应因子(ARF)直接与生长素响应基因的启动子结合,激活下游信号通路,进而增强植物的抗旱性,该研究结果已在番茄中得到验证,其抗旱能力显著提升[30]。此外,Armada等[31]发现苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)可以通过合成IAA促进薰衣草(Lavandula)和鼠尾草(Salvia officinalis)侧根和根毛的生长,从而提高吸水能力和抗旱性。色氨酸是色氨酸依赖途径中IAA生物合成的关键前体,细菌合成的IAA除了调节自身生理功能外,还作为信号转导分子参与微生物与植物的相互作用,据报道从伊朗中部沙漠分离出的根际促生菌可以产生IAA,增强了玉米和小麦种子在萌发过程中的耐盐性[32]。本研究通过基因组分析发现,DGL1具有参与IAA前体l-色氨酸合成的编码基因trpAtrpBtrpCtrpDtrpEtrpFtrpSpatB,以及吲哚-3-丙酮酸途径的关键酶吲哚-3-丙酮酸脱羧酶编码基因ipdC。此外,从菌株DGL1中筛选到多条色氨酸合成IAA途径的多个编码基因,包括在IPyA途径中磷酸吡哆醛依赖性氨基转移酶编码基因patBbioA;TAM途径中的脱羧酶编码基因padCyclB;IPyA和TAM途径中吲哚-3-乙醛脱氢酶编码基因aldXdhaS;IAN途径中的腈化酶基因yhcX以及非色氨酸依赖途径合成途径中的色氨酸乙酰转移酶基因ysnE。转录组测序表明,在色氨酸代谢途径中细胞色素P450编码基因在干旱胁迫下显著上调表达,色氨酸作为吲哚乙酸的前体物质,不仅对植物的生长具有促进作用,而且有报道称吲哚作为细胞间信号分子可通过对芽孢形成、耐药性、生物膜形成发挥重要作用从而影响微生物群落[33]。因此推测DGL1能够通过多条途径合成IAA,诱导植物IAA合成信号转导途径,促进燕麦根系发育,增强燕麦对干旱胁迫适应性。
鞭毛运动对于细菌在植物根部的定殖、生物膜形成以及与宿主互作过程至关重要。其中,生物膜的形成为细菌提供了保护,使其免受各种环境胁迫的伤害。同时,生物膜可促进细菌在植物根系的定殖,提高植物对逆境胁迫的抵抗能力[34]。基因组分析发现,DGL1存在48个与细胞运动相关的基因,包括编码鞭毛丝形成的基因FilDFlgKFlgLHag,基体由4种杆状结构蛋白编码基因FlgBFlgCFlgGFlgF组成,鞭毛马达蛋白编码基因MotAMotB,以及鞭毛生物合成蛋白编码基因FliPFliQFliRFlhBFlhA。据报道,固氮弓菌(Azoarcus sp.) BH72突变体因鞭毛合成受损导致根系定殖能力大幅减弱[35]。因此,推测芽孢杆菌DGL1可能通过群移运动增强根系定殖能力。细菌附着于植物根系后会形成成熟的生物膜,生物膜成为抵御外部有害刺激的物理屏障。生物膜主要由多糖、水和蛋白质等组成,基因组分析发现菌株DGL1存在多糖生物合成编码基因、纤维素合酶编码基因bcsA、生物膜形成主要调控因子sinR、邻氨基苯甲酸合酶组分1编码基因trpE、感应蛋白激酶kinB、调控基因spo0Aspo0FdegUdegS等,揭示其具备合成生物膜主要成分及调控生物膜形成的分子基础。通过转录组分析发现,DGL1在干旱胁迫下与鞭毛组件合成相关的编码基因均上调表达,包括基体杆状结构蛋白编码基因FlgBFlgC,鞭毛生物合成蛋白编码基因FliYFliHFliGFliFFliEFliJFliI。这也说明干旱条件下菌株仍具有产IAA活性。此外,ABC转运蛋白、单糖转运蛋白、多糖、脂多糖生物合成和转运相关的蛋白质,如纤维二糖转运蛋白、亚纤维素酶家族糖基水解酶、6-磷酸-β-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖-6-磷酸水解酶等多个基因均上调表达,这些基因促进干旱胁迫下的生物膜形成和根定殖。由此可以推断,DGL1诱导根系定殖,进而增强寄主植物对干旱胁迫的耐受性。因此,推断DGL1能够通过形成生物膜,提高燕麦对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。
通过基因组分析发现,DGL1具有氧化应激相关基因,包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶编码基因gpx、甘氨酸甜菜碱转运蛋白编码基因OpuD、烷基过氧化氢还原酶编码基因ahpF、过氧化氢酶编码基因katE。这些蛋白作为氧化剂的清除剂,能够帮助DGL1减缓氧自由基对细胞的损伤,提高其对干旱胁迫的适应能力。同时,还筛选出低亲和性钾转运蛋白编码基因mscLputP,冷休克蛋白编码基因cspA,热休克蛋白编码基因HtpG以及细胞色素P450编码基因pksS,这些基因的存在有助于菌株DGL1在干旱胁迫下更好地生存,促进细菌的生长繁殖及次生代谢物生产。此外,DGL1基因组还具有亚精胺合成相关基因,即N1-乙酰基转移酶编码基因speG、亚精胺合酶编码基因speE。亚精胺是细菌主要合成的多胺类物质,据报道,芽孢杆菌产生的亚精胺能够提高植物的耐旱性,还对生物膜形成起至关重要的作用[36]
据报道,细菌的Pst系统能够通过改变磷酸酶的活性影响微生物的溶磷作用,加速分解土壤中植物难以吸收利用的含磷有机化合物,促进磷素释放,从而提高植物体内磷素的含量[37]。此外,磷酸盐转运系统对细菌生物膜形成和黏附性具有重要作用。Liang等[38]报道,克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii) BAA-894中缺失pst操纵子的突变体Δpst在低磷酸盐培养基中生长的细胞表现出更强的自聚集性、更少的生物膜形成和更高的黏附能力。本研究发现菌株DGL1显著上调了Pst编码基因PstAPstBPstC的表达,推测干旱胁迫下DGL1激活了磷酸盐转运信号转导通路,从而提高了干旱条件下芽孢杆菌的溶磷能力,增强了植物对可溶性磷酸盐的吸收和利用。土壤微生物积极参与生物地球化学氮循环,促进农业生态系统中植物氮的获取。氮代谢是微生物代谢的核心,它通过行使复杂的内部调控网络使细菌能够自主地对不同的外部氮环境作出反应,保持理想状态,绝大多数芽孢杆菌能够在固氮酶作用下将N2转化为生物可利用的NH3,以此提高作物对氮素的吸收利用[39]。Li等[40]报道,在土壤中施用菌剂后,土壤速效氮(46.7%)和速效磷(88.6%)显著增加。此外,参与氮循环的关键基因amohaonar显著上调表达,受刺激的土壤微生物有助于增强养分转化,最终改善植物生长,显著增加养分可用性。通过转录组分析发现,在干旱胁迫下菌株DGL1的氮代谢通路中参与硝酸盐还原、氨同化过程的硝酸盐转运蛋白编码基因NarK表达上调2.1倍、硝酸还原酶编码基因narG表达上调1.2倍、narI表达上调1.6倍、narH表达上调1.7倍、亚硝酸还原酶编码基因nasD表达上调2.0倍、亚硝酸盐还原酶编码基因nirB表达上调1.4倍。这些基因的差异性表达可能提高了植物的对氮素的吸收利用。因此,菌株DGL1可能在干旱胁迫下通过氮代谢途径为植物提供营养物质,促进植物生长发育。
磷酸戊糖途径是细胞内主要能量来源,产生的NADPH不仅参与DNA合成、电子传递等多个过程,而且NADPH可作为还原剂清除细胞内产生的氧自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤,同时磷酸戊糖途径的产物包括5-磷酸核糖、5-磷酸木酮糖、6-磷酸果糖等也会参与氨基酸代谢等多个生物化学过程[41]。在本研究中干旱胁迫下的菌株DGL1参与磷酸戊糖途径中的编码基因hclBgntKgdhgndAhxlA均表达上调,因此菌株DGL1可能在干旱胁迫下通过磷酸戊糖途径增强其代谢通量,产生更多的还原力NADPH,增加的NADPH对于清除干旱胁迫诱导产生的活性氧(ROS)至关重要,可有效缓解氧化应激对菌体造成的损伤。此外在有机酸代谢途径中的hisDglyA,以及糖酵解途径中的ipdAlicHbglA等基因均表达上调,表明菌株DGL1在干旱胁迫下诱导了糖酵解信号转导途径,释放更多能量维持正常生命活动。
本研究筛选出的芽孢杆菌DGL1展现出显著的植物抗逆性与促生潜能,是一种极具开发前景的优质微生物菌剂。为推动其实际应用,后续研究应着重评估DGL1在真实田间环境下的定殖效率与效应稳定性,同时深入解析其代谢物组成及其与植物互作的分子调控网络,为应用提供坚实的理论基础。
芽孢杆菌DGL1能够促进燕麦在干旱条件下的根长、株高和鲜重。与未接种处理组相比,DGL1能够显著提高燕麦在干旱胁迫下的抗氧化酶活性,降低了MDA、H2O2含量,表明DGL1增强了燕麦的干旱适生性。结合基因组与转录组分析发现,DGL1具备多重功能机制,可通过多条途径合成IAA,促进燕麦根系发育;借助鞭毛运动与生物膜形成增强根系定殖能力;通过激活磷酸戊糖途径、氮代谢及磷酸盐转运系统等,提升自身在干旱环境中的生存能力与养分供给效率。同时,其基因组中含有的氧化应激相关基因及亚精胺合成基因也为增强植物抗逆性提供了支撑。这些结果共同揭示了芽孢杆菌DGL1增强高寒牧草燕麦干旱适生性的综合作用机制,不仅为旱区农业微生物制剂的研发提供了优质菌种资源,更为其实际应用奠定了重要的理论与实验基础。
  • 青海省自然科学基金团队项目(2023-ZJ-902T)
  • 青海省科技厅应用基础研究项目(2023-ZJ-709)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250624
  • 接收时间:2025-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-12
  • 录用日期:2025-09-15
基金
Team Project of Qinghai Natural Science Foundation(2023-ZJ-902T)
青海省自然科学基金团队项目(2023-ZJ-902T)
Applied Basic Research Project of Qinghai Science and Technology Department(2023-ZJ-709)
青海省科技厅应用基础研究项目(2023-ZJ-709)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,青海 西宁
    2.青海大学 农牧学院,青海 西宁
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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