Article(id=1250834199196939044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250633, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755187200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1758470400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-22, onlineDate=1776151712463, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151712463, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151712463, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151712463, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1819, endPage=1838, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834199763170142, articleId=1250834199196939044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification, and application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from backcross inbred rice populations with tolerance to low nitrogen and low phosphorus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To isolate and characterize plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the roots of the rice variety YTZ and the backcross progeny H8 with tolerance to low nitrogen and low phosphorus, and evaluate the potential of PGPR in promoting the growth of rice seedlings. Methods Bacterial strains were isolated by plate streaking and taxonomically identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Functional traits, including phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, were assessed for strain selection. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to mine functional genes and elucidate potential molecular mechanisms of target strains. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate strain effects on the physicochemical properties of soil and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) uptake of seedlings, while 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was employed to analyze rhizosphere microbial community dynamics. In addition, synthetic microbial consortia and carrier combinations were developed and assessed for application feasibility. Results Seven strains with phosphate-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing capabilities were obtained, and their IAA production was quantitatively determined. Five representative strains were selected for pot experiments. Among them, B. altitudinis Hxx04 exhibited the strongest plant growth-promoting effect, increasing the fresh weight by 47.2% and plant height by 48.6%, while significantly enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus uptake efficiency of rice seedlings. Inoculation with Hxx04 led to marked reductions in soil total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus, indicating improved nutrient uptake by rice plants. Rhizosphere community analysis revealed increased microbial abundance following inoculation, which supported the nitrogen supply for seedling growth. Furthermore, a synthetic microbial consortium centered on B. altitudinis Hxx04 performed optimally when being inoculated with the carrier combination of bentonite and straw. Conclusion B. altitudinis Hxx04 demonstrated high efficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus utilization and significantly promoted rice growth (evidenced by increased fresh weight and plant height), thereby reducing chemical fertilizer dependence. Its dual contribution to yield enhancement and environmental sustainability highlights its potential as a valuable microbial resource for green agriculture, supporting the goal of coordinating nutrient use efficiency with ecological conservation in rice production.

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目的 从低氮磷处理的耐低氮磷水稻品种YTZ和耐低氮磷水稻回交子代品种H8的根系组织中分离并筛选出具有促生功能的水稻根际促生菌。 方法 采用平板划线法分离纯化菌株;利用16S rRNA基因测序等方法进行菌种鉴定;通过解磷、固氮、产吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)等功能指标筛选促生菌株;对目标菌株进行全基因组测序分析,挖掘其功能基因,揭示其分子机制。通过盆栽试验测定根际相关土壤理化性质,探究目标菌株对水稻苗期氮、磷吸收效率的促进作用;利用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分析其对水稻根际微生物群落结构的影响,结合菌群构建及菌群载体效果评价探索菌剂的应用潜力。 结果 共筛选出7株具有解磷、固氮能力的菌株,并对其IAA产生能力进行定量分析,最终筛选出5株具代表性的菌株进行盆栽试验。其中,高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis) Hxx04的促生效果最为显著,使水稻植株鲜重增加47.2%,株高增加48.6%,显著提升了水稻苗期氮、磷吸收效率。根际土壤中全氮、碱解氮、全磷及有效磷含量均显著降低,表明目标菌株促进了水稻对氮磷养分的吸收。群落分析显示,接入目标菌株后根际群落呈现高丰度分布,为水稻生长提供了氮素营养支持。在以B. altitudinis Hxx04为核心菌株的两两联合接种(双菌组合)评估中“膨润土+秸秆”载体组合效果最佳。 结论 菌株B. altitudinis Hxx04能高效利用氮磷并显著促进水稻生长,使水稻在鲜重和株高方面均有显著提升,同时减少了对化肥的依赖,兼具增产与环境保护效益。本研究为绿色农业提供了新的微生物资源与理论支持,有助于实现水稻氮磷高效利用与生态环境保护的协同目标。

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作者贡献声明

张馨蕾:论文撰写、修改润色,数据收集、处理及分析;范雨欣:研究构思和论文撰写,数据收集、处理;蒋昕彤:数据收集和分析,论文撰写、修改润色;杨玉玺:数据收集和处理,论文修改润色;沈红艳:数据收集,论文修改润色;庄姗:提出概念,实验与论文指导;王建衡:实验与论文指导(数据处理及分析指导);刘欣语:论文指导;白净:实验与论文指导(实验指导);齐彦杰:论文指导(方法论指导);韩东飞:提出概念,获取基金,项目管理,提供资源,实验与论文指导、修改润色。

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On the carrier selection of immobilized microorganism technology by embedding method[J]. 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A: Determination of auxin concentration of different strains; B: Comparison of rice plant height after 15 days of pot experiment (dashed line indicates the median value)., figureFileSmall=VnoqLbWM4xMs//vmMg8wew==, figureFileBig=HFpIhDHvn5UxdOcck9Cz1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411269091461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同菌株的生长素产生能力及其对水稻生长的影响, figureFileSmall=VnoqLbWM4xMs//vmMg8wew==, figureFileBig=HFpIhDHvn5UxdOcck9Cz1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411516555424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Distribution of OTUs in rice roots and rhizosphere soil and analysis of microbial community differences. A, B: Represent the Venn diagrams of OTUs distribution in rice roots and rhizosphere soil; C, D: Represent the species richness index and microbial diversity index; E: Represents PLS-DA analysis; F: Represents the microbial relative enrichment heatmap. R: Denotes root samples; RS: Denotes rhizosphere soil samples; CK: Denotes the uninoculated control group., figureFileSmall=S+D3GNyW6VrMsAWtKfCiUQ==, figureFileBig=LyDCEyGckThmNV+nwvRucA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411671744688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水稻根及根际土OTUs分布及微生物群落差异分析, figureFileSmall=S+D3GNyW6VrMsAWtKfCiUQ==, figureFileBig=LyDCEyGckThmNV+nwvRucA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411805962429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Phylogenetic tree of Bacillus altitudinis Hxx04 and 19 other Bacillus strains based on whole-genome sequences. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the whole-genome sequences of 20 Bacillus strains. Numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap support values, and the scale bar (0.1) represents evolutionary distance., figureFileSmall=b4dbb9zSZJm75SOMgfU71A==, figureFileBig=ZI5Uxe6LpVe80MeW+Gf1TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411927597256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于全基因组序列的 Bacillus 系统发育树, figureFileSmall=b4dbb9zSZJm75SOMgfU71A==, figureFileBig=ZI5Uxe6LpVe80MeW+Gf1TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412070203606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=KEGG annotation., figureFileSmall=7Z0rcJAWKTttcQaNN8K36g==, figureFileBig=oO0hfNjrjvmGFmz4oPQIEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412229587172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=图4, caption=KEGG注释图, figureFileSmall=7Z0rcJAWKTttcQaNN8K36g==, figureFileBig=oO0hfNjrjvmGFmz4oPQIEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412338639084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of synthetic microbial communities and different carriers on rice plant height. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.05), while identical letters indicate no significant difference., figureFileSmall=QcvW2ds1uP2DSDxn9B9juQ==, figureFileBig=I6rRyyDX07vmprTp6+qAhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412649017596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=图5, caption=双菌组合微生物群落与载体对水稻株高的影响, figureFileSmall=QcvW2ds1uP2DSDxn9B9juQ==, figureFileBig=I6rRyyDX07vmprTp6+qAhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412770652423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strain names and sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameOrigin
Priestia sp. strain Hxx02YTZ-1-1
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx03H8-L-N
B. altitudinis Hxx04YTZ-L-P
Priestia sp. strain Hxx05YTZ-L-P
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx07H8-L-P
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx09YTZ-L-N
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx10YTZ-L-N
), ArticleFig(id=1250879412917453075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株名称及来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameOrigin
Priestia sp. strain Hxx02YTZ-1-1
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx03H8-L-N
B. altitudinis Hxx04YTZ-L-P
Priestia sp. strain Hxx05YTZ-L-P
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx07H8-L-P
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx09YTZ-L-N
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx10YTZ-L-N
), ArticleFig(id=1250879413093613864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Promotion of bacterial strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameIP1OP2Nitrogen fixation3IAA4
Priestia sp. strain Hxx02++++
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx03-+++
B. altitudinis Hxx04++++
Priestia sp. strain Hxx05++++
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx07++++
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx09++++
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx10++++
), ArticleFig(id=1250879413324300599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株促生情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameIP1OP2Nitrogen fixation3IAA4
Priestia sp. strain Hxx02++++
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx03-+++
B. altitudinis Hxx04++++
Priestia sp. strain Hxx05++++
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx07++++
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx09++++
Bacillus sp. strain Hxx10++++
), ArticleFig(id=1250879413534015817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fresh weight of aboveground parts of potted experimental plants per plant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group1 (g)2 (g)3 (g)Average value (g)
CK0.550.560.490.53±0.03
Hxx030.600.600.580.59±0.01
Hxx040.790.770.790.78±0.01
Hxx050.610.630.660.63±0.02
Hxx090.660.670.700.68±0.02
Hxx100.600.650.570.60±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1250879413680816470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

盆栽试验植株地上部分单株鲜重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group1 (g)2 (g)3 (g)Average value (g)
CK0.550.560.490.53±0.03
Hxx030.600.600.580.59±0.01
Hxx040.790.770.790.78±0.01
Hxx050.610.630.660.63±0.02
Hxx090.660.670.700.68±0.02
Hxx100.600.650.570.60±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1250879413911503205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of soil physical and chemical properties before and after potting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProjectInitial valueMean of the control groupMean of the experimental group
TN (mg/kg)1 650.00±1.501 640.00±0.601 620.00±3.60
AN (mg/kg)116.50±0.66110.37±0.83105.73±0.25
TP (mg/kg)570.00±6.50540.00±5.80470.00±20.00
AP (mg/kg)17.50±0.0616.67±0.0615.10±0.53
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414217687413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

盆栽前后土壤理化性质对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProjectInitial valueMean of the control groupMean of the experimental group
TN (mg/kg)1 650.00±1.501 640.00±0.601 620.00±3.60
AN (mg/kg)116.50±0.66110.37±0.83105.73±0.25
TP (mg/kg)570.00±6.50540.00±5.80470.00±20.00
AP (mg/kg)17.50±0.0616.67±0.0615.10±0.53
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414406431110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Functional genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FunctionGene IDGene nameFull name
Phosphorus-solubilizingctg_02753phoRPhosphate metabolism sensor kinase
ctg_02754phoPPhosphate metabolism regulator
ctg_01376arlRAntibiotic resistance regulator
Nitrogen fixationctg_02628nifSNitrogen fixation sulfur carrier
ctg_00401glnKGlutamine synthetase regulatory protein K
ctg_01807glnAGlutamine synthetase
ctg_02324norRNitric oxide reductase regulator
IAA-producingctg_01019amiFABC transporter of multiple peptides F
ctg_00282amiEAcetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase E
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414595174801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

功能基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FunctionGene IDGene nameFull name
Phosphorus-solubilizingctg_02753phoRPhosphate metabolism sensor kinase
ctg_02754phoPPhosphate metabolism regulator
ctg_01376arlRAntibiotic resistance regulator
Nitrogen fixationctg_02628nifSNitrogen fixation sulfur carrier
ctg_00401glnKGlutamine synthetase regulatory protein K
ctg_01807glnAGlutamine synthetase
ctg_02324norRNitric oxide reductase regulator
IAA-producingctg_01019amiFABC transporter of multiple peptides F
ctg_00282amiEAcetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase E
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414876193182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Plant height (cm) of rice treated with combination of synthetic microbial communities and different vectors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupVectorSynthetic microbial communitiesMean±SDSignificance analysis
1 (g)2 (g)3 (g)4 (g)5 (g)
Hxx04+Hxx03Bentonite22.021.121.120.921.421.30±0.43ab
Straw21.520.420.420.219.920.50±0.61bc
Bentonite+Straw22.722.021.721.921.722.00±0.41a
Hydrogel19.819.619.919.219.519.60±0.27cd
No carrier18.818.517.818.920.018.80±0.80d
Hxx04+Hxx05Bentonite22.722.523.021.521.122.16±0.82b
Straw20.620.720.420.720.320.54±0.18c
Bentonite+Straw24.724.124.523.824.524.32±0.36a
Hydrogel20.120.020.320.220.220.16±0.11cd
No carrier19.919.319.519.419.819.58±0.26d
Hxx04+Hxx10Bentonite19.619.319.019.419.519.36±0.23b
Straw18.318.118.518.217.918.20±0.22c
Bentonite+Straw21.521.721.621.921.621.66±0.15a
Hydrogel18.218.017.717.517.317.74±0.36c
No carrier17.016.816.717.117.216.96±0.21d
Uninoculated controlBentonite15.415.415.616.015.315.54±0.28b
Straw15.014.414.214.814.614.60±0.32c
Bentonite+Straw16.616.516.817.717.417.00±0.52a
Hydrogel14.914.614.314.514.714.60±0.22c
No carrier14.014.214.514.113.614.08±0.33c
), ArticleFig(id=1250879415148822955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834199196939044, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同载体盆栽组合处理后水稻株高

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupVectorSynthetic microbial communitiesMean±SDSignificance analysis
1 (g)2 (g)3 (g)4 (g)5 (g)
Hxx04+Hxx03Bentonite22.021.121.120.921.421.30±0.43ab
Straw21.520.420.420.219.920.50±0.61bc
Bentonite+Straw22.722.021.721.921.722.00±0.41a
Hydrogel19.819.619.919.219.519.60±0.27cd
No carrier18.818.517.818.920.018.80±0.80d
Hxx04+Hxx05Bentonite22.722.523.021.521.122.16±0.82b
Straw20.620.720.420.720.320.54±0.18c
Bentonite+Straw24.724.124.523.824.524.32±0.36a
Hydrogel20.120.020.320.220.220.16±0.11cd
No carrier19.919.319.519.419.819.58±0.26d
Hxx04+Hxx10Bentonite19.619.319.019.419.519.36±0.23b
Straw18.318.118.518.217.918.20±0.22c
Bentonite+Straw21.521.721.621.921.621.66±0.15a
Hydrogel18.218.017.717.517.317.74±0.36c
No carrier17.016.816.717.117.216.96±0.21d
Uninoculated controlBentonite15.415.415.616.015.315.54±0.28b
Straw15.014.414.214.814.614.60±0.32c
Bentonite+Straw16.616.516.817.717.417.00±0.52a
Hydrogel14.914.614.314.514.714.60±0.22c
No carrier14.014.214.514.113.614.08±0.33c
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耐低氮磷回交系水稻群体中根际促生菌的筛选、鉴定及其应用探索
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张馨蕾 1 , 范雨欣 1 , 蒋昕彤 1 , 杨玉玺 1 , 沈红艳 1 , 庄姗 2 , 王建衡 1 , 刘欣语 1 , 白净 3 , 齐彦杰 1 , 韩东飞 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1819-1838
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1819-1838
耐低氮磷回交系水稻群体中根际促生菌的筛选、鉴定及其应用探索
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张馨蕾1, 范雨欣1, 蒋昕彤1, 杨玉玺1, 沈红艳1, 庄姗2, 王建衡1, 刘欣语1, 白净3, 齐彦杰1, 韩东飞1
作者信息
  • 1.苏州科技大学 环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州
  • 2.中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京
  • 3.苏州科技大学 化学与生命科学学院,江苏 苏州
Isolation, identification, and application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from backcross inbred rice populations with tolerance to low nitrogen and low phosphorus
Xinlei ZHANG1, Yuxin FAN1, Xintong JIANG1, Yuxi YANG1, Hongyan SHEN1, Shan ZHUANG2, Jianheng WANG1, Xinyu LIU1, Jing BAI3, Yanjie QI1, Dongfei HAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250633
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目的 从低氮磷处理的耐低氮磷水稻品种YTZ和耐低氮磷水稻回交子代品种H8的根系组织中分离并筛选出具有促生功能的水稻根际促生菌。 方法 采用平板划线法分离纯化菌株;利用16S rRNA基因测序等方法进行菌种鉴定;通过解磷、固氮、产吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)等功能指标筛选促生菌株;对目标菌株进行全基因组测序分析,挖掘其功能基因,揭示其分子机制。通过盆栽试验测定根际相关土壤理化性质,探究目标菌株对水稻苗期氮、磷吸收效率的促进作用;利用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分析其对水稻根际微生物群落结构的影响,结合菌群构建及菌群载体效果评价探索菌剂的应用潜力。 结果 共筛选出7株具有解磷、固氮能力的菌株,并对其IAA产生能力进行定量分析,最终筛选出5株具代表性的菌株进行盆栽试验。其中,高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis) Hxx04的促生效果最为显著,使水稻植株鲜重增加47.2%,株高增加48.6%,显著提升了水稻苗期氮、磷吸收效率。根际土壤中全氮、碱解氮、全磷及有效磷含量均显著降低,表明目标菌株促进了水稻对氮磷养分的吸收。群落分析显示,接入目标菌株后根际群落呈现高丰度分布,为水稻生长提供了氮素营养支持。在以B. altitudinis Hxx04为核心菌株的两两联合接种(双菌组合)评估中“膨润土+秸秆”载体组合效果最佳。 结论 菌株B. altitudinis Hxx04能高效利用氮磷并显著促进水稻生长,使水稻在鲜重和株高方面均有显著提升,同时减少了对化肥的依赖,兼具增产与环境保护效益。本研究为绿色农业提供了新的微生物资源与理论支持,有助于实现水稻氮磷高效利用与生态环境保护的协同目标。

水稻根际促生菌  /  高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis)  /  氮磷利用  /  菌株鉴定  /  促生作用  /  绿色农业

Objective To isolate and characterize plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the roots of the rice variety YTZ and the backcross progeny H8 with tolerance to low nitrogen and low phosphorus, and evaluate the potential of PGPR in promoting the growth of rice seedlings. Methods Bacterial strains were isolated by plate streaking and taxonomically identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Functional traits, including phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, were assessed for strain selection. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to mine functional genes and elucidate potential molecular mechanisms of target strains. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate strain effects on the physicochemical properties of soil and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) uptake of seedlings, while 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was employed to analyze rhizosphere microbial community dynamics. In addition, synthetic microbial consortia and carrier combinations were developed and assessed for application feasibility. Results Seven strains with phosphate-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing capabilities were obtained, and their IAA production was quantitatively determined. Five representative strains were selected for pot experiments. Among them, B. altitudinis Hxx04 exhibited the strongest plant growth-promoting effect, increasing the fresh weight by 47.2% and plant height by 48.6%, while significantly enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus uptake efficiency of rice seedlings. Inoculation with Hxx04 led to marked reductions in soil total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus, indicating improved nutrient uptake by rice plants. Rhizosphere community analysis revealed increased microbial abundance following inoculation, which supported the nitrogen supply for seedling growth. Furthermore, a synthetic microbial consortium centered on B. altitudinis Hxx04 performed optimally when being inoculated with the carrier combination of bentonite and straw. Conclusion B. altitudinis Hxx04 demonstrated high efficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus utilization and significantly promoted rice growth (evidenced by increased fresh weight and plant height), thereby reducing chemical fertilizer dependence. Its dual contribution to yield enhancement and environmental sustainability highlights its potential as a valuable microbial resource for green agriculture, supporting the goal of coordinating nutrient use efficiency with ecological conservation in rice production.

rice growth-promoting rhizobacteria  /  Bacillus altitudinis  /  nitrogen and phosphorus utilization  /  strain identification  /  plant growth-promoting effect  /  green agriculture
张馨蕾, 范雨欣, 蒋昕彤, 杨玉玺, 沈红艳, 庄姗, 王建衡, 刘欣语, 白净, 齐彦杰, 韩东飞. 耐低氮磷回交系水稻群体中根际促生菌的筛选、鉴定及其应用探索. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1819 -1838 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250633
Xinlei ZHANG, Yuxin FAN, Xintong JIANG, Yuxi YANG, Hongyan SHEN, Shan ZHUANG, Jianheng WANG, Xinyu LIU, Jing BAI, Yanjie QI, Dongfei HAN. Isolation, identification, and application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from backcross inbred rice populations with tolerance to low nitrogen and low phosphorus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1819 -1838 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250633
水稻作为我国三大主要粮食作物之一,在粮食生产及消费中占据着绝对重要的地位[1]。为满足人口不断增长的需求,对水稻产量提出了更高要求。在一定程度上,水稻产量与土壤中氮磷的利用程度呈正相关,因此施用氮肥和磷肥更易实现高产。然而,氮肥和磷肥的大量施用往往会造成严重的资源浪费和环境破坏,尤其是磷资源的利用问题愈发受到关注。与氮素不同,磷元素无法像氮气那样通过固氮作用转化为生物可利用形态,其主要来源是有限的矿石磷酸盐,开采后难以再生和回收,因而被视为不可再生资源[2]。农业生产中过量施用磷肥不仅会造成资源流失,还会引发水体富营养化等环境问题[3]。为解决水稻产量与环境保护之间的矛盾,最大程度减轻氮肥和磷肥过度使用对环境的破坏,找到平衡两者关系的方法是关键。近年来研究发现植物根际微生物在水稻营养吸收方面发挥着重要作用[4]。通过对耐低氮磷水稻品种根际微生物进行筛选分析并加以利用,有望从调节根际微生物群落结构的角度提高水稻耐低氮磷特性。微生物对植物生长过程极为重要,具有提高植物生产力和可持续性的潜力。Edwards等[5]研究表明,在稻田土壤中产甲烷菌、甲烷氧化菌、合成菌和甲烷循环类群一般作为甲烷循环的功能菌群。此外,氮循环中的细菌,如亚硝基单胞菌也发挥重要作用[6]。Ding等[7]研究发现,由于水稻根际具有缺氧特性,在促生过程中更有利于厌氧功能微生物的生长,如铁还原菌属(Geobacter)和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfococcus)等。Ding等[8]利用δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)的营养有效性在促进水稻生长的同时抑制病害。Yang等[9]利用水稻根系与丛枝菌根的共生关系显著提升了水稻根系对磷的吸收。Rios-Ruiz等[10]通过对比水稻根和茎鲜重研究芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和普里斯特菌属(Priestia)在根和茎中的内生定殖作用,发现菌株暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis) TUR07-02b和巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium) SMBH14-02具有显著固氮能力,可配制成新型接种剂以减少氮肥使用,是潜在的微生物资源。
Rui等[11]研究发现氮磷养分在丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)共生中的复杂作用,低氮磷条件下通过诱导苜蓿中菌根标记基因MtPT4和MtBCP1的表达促使AM水平增加。Chen等[12]研究表明,具有较大根系的超级杂交稻在低氮条件下有利于提高氮素的吸收效率。Das等[13]发现在水稻中OsPHR2对菌根定殖、菌根磷吸收和产量至关重要。卫甜等[14]筛选出2株高地芽孢杆菌,分别为B. altitudinis JYW21和B. altitudinis JYW26,研究发现二者不仅具有防治稻瘟病等多种真菌病害的潜在应用价值,还可通过增加水稻叶片叶绿素含量有效促进水稻生长。
为缓解长期施用化肥农药的不良影响,提升作物产量与品质,微生物制剂及微生物肥料应运而生。微生物制剂是一种含有活微生物的物质,可与植物根瘤或内部结合,增加宏量和微量营养素的供应,微生物制剂指含活性微生物的产品,可定殖于植物根际或体内,促进宏量与微量营养素的供应。依据Singh等[15]的定义,微生物肥料则是含特定微生物的培养物,旨在活化土壤养分并增强其植物有效性。因此,微生物制剂在农业生产中日益成为研究重点[16]。Chen等[17]研究表明,对小麦施用菌剂后可显著提高产量并增加土壤有效氮含量;Sarabia等[18]发现根际酵母不仅能够改善玉米枝条和根系生长,还能在一定程度上提升土壤肥力;Al Methyeb等[19]研究指出,在酸性和养分缺乏的土壤中微生物菌剂与有机肥联合施用能显著提高植物产量与养分吸收;Shen等[20]研究发现,微生物菌剂能提高玉米根系多胺、有机酸和醛类含量,增强其抗酸、抗旱能力并促进茎叶发育;Shah等[21]研究表明,用Bacillus处理番茄能提高番茄种子的发芽率、幼苗活力指数及株高、根长、鲜重等生长参数。综上所述,微生物菌剂在农业中的应用不仅有利于改善农作物产量和品质,还能改善土壤环境,缓解化肥长期过量施用带来的不良影响。
我国生物肥料的研发与应用已有数十年,但产业化进程仍相对缓慢。关键制约因素在于:实验室筛选的菌株常表现优异,而在温室或田间实际应用中其效应易受复杂土壤环境、土著微生物竞争及载体特性差异等因素影响,表现出波动性[22]。细菌在自然环境中常依赖生物膜附着于各类表面,这对环境适应及进化至关重要[23]。Bais等[24]研究表明,生物膜形成是其稳定定殖于植物根际的关键机制,通过构建致密结构增强定殖密度,进而发挥促生与生防功能。微生物制剂通常由特定菌株群(或单菌)与固态/液态载体、保护剂及黏附剂构成。其功效受载体理化特性(如粒径)、施用对象(土壤/作物类型)、施用方式以及养分植物有效性等因素综合影响。例如,以海藻酸盐为基础的枯草芽孢杆菌生物制剂可促进豆类和莴苣生长[17]
尽管在水稻根际促生菌培养研究中已成功分离出不少菌株,但成功分离的种类仍远少于水稻根际中潜在存在的数量,且多数研究集中于单一功能菌株的探索,如单独考察解磷菌、固氮菌或产吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)菌株的促生效果,而对多功能菌株的系统研究仍然有限。现有报道普遍缺乏对同时具备解磷、固氮及产IAA能力的复合型菌株的深入评估,也鲜有涉及其在绿色载体体系中的稳定性与应用潜力。本研究将提供一种新的水稻根际促生菌B. altitudinis Hxx04 (全基因数据收录于NCBI数据库中,Genome accession ID:CP180628-CP180629),该菌株兼具解磷、固氮及产IAA的多促生特性,能够显著提升水稻对氮、磷的吸收效率和生长表现。此外,本研究探索了“膨润土+秸秆”复合载体对Hxx04的负载和施用效果,评估其在固态环境下的生存稳定性及促生功能,为微生物肥料的制剂化和绿色农业推广提供了新思路。本研究旨在丰富水稻根际促生菌研究内容,同时为实现氮磷高效利用与减肥增效提供新的理论与应用支撑。
本研究的水稻根系样品来自中国农业科学院作物科学研究所。选取高用明研究员及其团队[25-27]培育的耐低氮磷子代(BC2F4群体)、我国当前生产上大面积推广应用且生理性状良好的籼稻恢复系‘明恢86’ (MH86)和‘蜀恢527’ (SH527)作为轮回亲本,耐低氮低磷环境的籼稻品种‘爷驼崽’ (YTZ)和2004为供体亲本,分别进行杂交配组。然后以轮回亲本‘明恢86’和‘蜀恢527’与F1回交产生BC1F1,从每个组合BC1F1后代中随机选择25个单株,继续与轮回亲本回交得到BC2F1,加代繁殖并混收其自交种子得到BC2F群体。2010年夏,在安徽宣城地区的低氮磷红壤土田块种植BC2F2群体,每个群体在不施氮肥和磷肥的条件下各种植1 000株。蜡熟期通过田间产量性状鉴定,选留产量性状优良的单株(‘蜀恢527’/‘爷驼崽’群体60个、‘明恢86’/‘爷驼崽’群体54个、‘蜀恢527’/2004群体40个和‘明恢86’/2004群体42个),获得4个BC2F3耐低磷低氮选择导入系群体。2010年冬季于海南加代繁殖并按单株收获,获BC2F4群体(H8)[27]。本研究选用回交系材料,主要目的在于保证遗传背景相对统一,同时保留供体亲本的低氮低磷耐受性,有助于评估促生菌株在不同宿主基因型下的定殖与促生效果,为微生物资源与作物遗传改良的结合提供依据。
本研究中盆栽用土来自相城区望亭镇迎湖村(31.409 909°N,120.416 408°E),土壤样品检测分析得到其pH值为6.9、有机质35.70 g/kg、全氮1.65 g/kg、有效磷11.72 mg/kg、速效钾131.0 mg/kg、缓效钾260.0 mg/kg。
R2A培养基(含琼脂,BD公司) (g/L):胰蛋白胨0.25,酸水解酪蛋白0.5,酵母浸粉0.5,可溶性淀粉0.5,磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4) 0.3,硫酸镁(MgSO4) 0.1,丙酮酸钠0.3,C6H12O6 0.25,pH 7.2±0.2;LB固体与液体培养基(g/L):酵母提取物5.0,蛋白胨10.0,氯化钠(NaCl) 10.0,pH 7.0,配制固体培养基时加入琼脂15.0 g/L;阿须贝(Ashby)无氮培养基(g/L):硫酸钙(CaSO4) 0.1,磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4) 0.2,NaCl 0.2,碳酸钙(CaCO3) 5.0,硫酸镁(MgSO4) 0.2,葡萄糖(C6H12O6)10.0,琼脂15.0,pH 7.0;解有机磷细菌培养基(g/L):植酸钙1.0,C6H12O6 30.0,硝酸铵(NH4NO3) 5.0,MgSO4 0.5,硫酸锰(MnSO4) 0.05,硫酸亚铁(FeSO4) 0.5,氯化钾(KCl) 0.5,琼脂15.0,pH 7.0;NBRIP无机磷培养基(g/L):C6H12O6 10.0,磷酸三钙[Ca3(PO4)2] 5.0,氯化镁六水合物(MgCl2·6H2O) 5.0,硫酸镁七水合物(MgSO4·7H2O) 0.25,KCl 0.2,硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4] 0.1,琼脂15.0,pH 7.0。
所有培养基在使用前均经高压蒸汽灭菌处理:R2A、LB及Ashby培养基在121 ℃下灭菌15 min;解磷细菌培养基在116 ℃下灭菌30 min。
水稻根用自来水清洗干净,切成约3 cm小段,吸干水分;称取1 g水稻根部组织,进行表面消毒[28],用5%次氯酸钠浸泡消毒1 min后,用75%乙醇浸泡消毒1 min,再用无菌水清洗2-3次至消毒液彻底洗掉,用灭菌滤纸将水分吸干;将根部组织转移到已灭菌的研钵中磨碎,加入1 mL无菌水研磨,制成原浆,在原浆中补加8 mL无菌水并混匀,即获得浓度为10-1的菌悬液。根据稀释分离程序制成10-3、10-4、10-5、10-6不同浓度梯度菌液,同时为验证分离的是根系内生菌而非表面杂菌,保留了最后1次清洗液用于涂布平板观察是否无菌落,其余稀释菌液分别取20 μL菌悬液涂布于R2A、LB、1/10 LB 3种平板上,每稀释度3个重复;另取2种平板各涂20 μL最后1次清洗的无菌水作为对照,28 ℃培养箱中培养24-48 h观察菌落生长动态。待有细菌菌落产生,选取平板上菌落形态和颜色特征不同的单个菌落,分别编号,用接种环刮取单菌落在LB固体培养基上进行划线培养。挑选形态不同的单菌落在LB固体培养基上用平板划线法获得纯培养菌落,纯培养物接种到LB培养基中培养1 d,重复2次,得到分离菌株。将单菌落划线纯化后制成菌悬液,把菌液和50%的灭菌甘油按1:1的比例于-80 ℃下保存,备用。
从单菌落上挑取菌体制成菌悬液,采用沸水浴法制备DNA粗提溶液[29]。以提取的DNA粗提溶液为模板,用通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTT TGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTAC CTTGTTACGACTT-3′)对16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Taq Plus Master Mix II 25 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板2 μL,ddH2O 21 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,56 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,共25个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。
扩增产物经凝胶电泳检测,在2 500 bp左右出现明亮单条带。其余产物送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。测得序列上传至NCBI数据库并进行BLAST比对(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov),并选取相似度最高的前10个菌株序列,利用MEGA 11.0软件构建系统发育树,分析菌株的亲缘关系。
将5 μL菌悬液点接于阿须贝氏培养基上,于28 ℃恒温培养箱中培养,观察菌落生长情况。若该菌株能够在阿须贝氏(固氮)培养基中生长,则证明其具有固氮能力。
将5 μL菌悬液点接于无机磷(NBRIP)固体培养基上,28 ℃培养3 d,能够产生透明溶磷圈则证明该菌株具有降解无机磷的能力。
将同时具有固氮和解无机磷功能的菌株悬液点接在解有机磷菌株鉴定培养基上,25 ℃、200 r/min培养4 d,菌株在该培养基上产生明显降解圈,证明该菌株具有降解有机磷(植酸钙)功能。
配制LB培养基(含100 mg/L 2-色氨酸),灭菌后将菌悬液按体积比1:100接种,设置3个重复,设置不接种菌悬液的LB培养基作为空白对照;28 ℃、120 r/min避光培养5 d,取发酵液2 528 r/min离心5 min;吸取上清液和Salkowski显色剂各2 mL在比色管中避光反应30 min,以LB+Salkowski显色剂作为空白对照。以50 mg/L IAA标准溶液+Salkowski显色剂作为阳性对照,观察溶液颜色变化,变为粉红即表示菌株能够分泌IAA。
配制LB培养基(含100 mg/L 2-色氨酸),灭菌后将菌悬液按体积比1:100接种,设置3个重复,设置不接种菌悬液的LB培养基作为空白对照。在28 ℃、120 r/min避光培养5 d,取发酵液10 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液+Salkowski各2 mL在比色管中避光反应30 min,测定其OD530值,纯水对照调零。根据IAA标准溶液0-25 mg/L的校准曲线计算IAA浓度。
在扦插盆中加入600 g土壤,并使用纯水湿润测量初始株高,将前期处理所得幼苗移栽,每盆10株,设置3组重复试验。盆栽试验过程中分别在第1天与第8天时使用菌悬液进行灌根处理(每株苗灌根1 mL)。培养期间每天观察存活株数,并在第15天时测量株高及地上部分鲜重,计算株高平均值。盆栽种植前后分别测定土壤中全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷的浓度。
使用E.Z.N.A. Soil DNA Kit (Omega Bio-Tek公司)试剂盒提取土壤样本的基因组DNA,通过NanoDrop 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)检测基因组DNA质量和浓度。
使用通用引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGG AGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGG GTWTCTAAT-3′)扩增细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区。在上游引物和下游引物的5′末端各添加8 bp的barcode序列,以区分不同的样本。最后合成带有barcode序列的通用引物在PCR仪(Applied Biosystems公司)上进行扩增。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Taq Plus Master Mix 12.5 μL,牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA, 2 ng/μL) 3 μL,上、下游引物(5 μmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板2 μL,ddH2O 5.5 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性45 s,55 ℃退火50 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,共28个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。
使用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增目的条带大小(170 V、30 min)。产物使用核酸纯化试剂盒进行自动化纯化。
对PCR纯化后的产物进行末端修复和加A尾处理,连接接头形成“Y”形结构。使用磁珠纯化并去除接头自连片段后,对接头连接的DNA片段进行PCR扩增和富集,获得测序文库。
采用Illumina平台的边合成边测序(sequencing-by-synthesis, SBS)技术。文库片段一端与流动槽表面的寡核苷酸引物互补并固定,另一端随机退火形成“桥”结构,经桥式扩增形成簇。测序过程中,DNA聚合酶逐轮掺入带有可逆终止基团和荧光标记的核苷酸,激光扫描捕获荧光信号后切除终止基团,恢复3′端活性并进入下一轮合成,直至获得完整模板序列。
将高质量的非冗余序列(clean tags)按相似性进行聚类,生成OTUs。聚类方法使用UPARSE聚类法[30],降噪法为unoise3方法。
Chao1指数[31]:即菌种丰富度指数,用以估计群落中的OTU数目,计算如公式(1)所示。
SChao1=Sobs+n1(n1-1)/2(n2+1)
式中:SChao1为估计的OTU数,Sobs为观测到的OTU数,n1为只有1条序列的OTU数目,n2为只有2条序列的OTU数目。
Simpson指数[32]:用于估算样品中微生物多样性指数之一,结果以1-D表示,计算如公式(2)所示。
1-D=1-(Ni/N)2
式中:D值反映的是在同一样本中随机抽取2个个体来自同一类的概率。
Simpson指数兼顾丰富度和均匀度,其中的D值反映的是在同一个样本中随机地抽取2个个体,这2个个体来自同一个类的概率。即D值是发现的某一特定物种的个体的总数(Ni)除以发现的个体总数(N)。D值在0-1之间,0表示无限多样,1表示无多样性。因此1-D值越大,则说明群落多样性越高。
使用R (v3.6.0)的reshape2、ggplot2包对属水平物种组成进行分析和作图。使用R (v3.6.0)的vegan、vegdist和hclust包进行距离矩阵计算和聚类分析。距离矩阵算法:Bray-Curtis;聚类方法:Complete。使用R (v3.6.0)的ade4、ggplot2、ggrepel、grid、mixOmics包进行分析和作图。
基于Nanopore三代测序技术平台和二代测序技术平台进行测序,三代测序通过GuPPy (version 5.0.16)进行Base calling后转换为Fastq格式。将原始测序数据进行质量过滤(Q≥7)和长度过滤(length≥1 600 bp)得到有效数据,用于后续组装分析。二代原始测序数据经Fastp (version 0.23.2)过滤后,得到有效测序数据(clean data)共1 973 535 504 bp。过滤标准如下:当任一测序reads中N含量超过该reads碱基数的10%时去除此paired reads;当任一测序reads中含有的低质量(Q≤5)碱基数超过该条reads碱基数的50%时去除此paired reads。
使用Unicycler (version 0.5.0)软件对过滤后的reads进行组装:首先使用高准确度的Illumina数据(Q30>85%)进行组装,得到高质量的细菌基因组骨架(contig);然后再使用Nanopore数据将高质量contig连接成完成图。该策略组装得到的细菌完成图,准确度由Illumina数据的准确度决定,而且可以有效避免Nanopore数据拆分错误引入的序列污染。最后使用Pilon软件利用二代数据进一步对组装基因组进行纠错,得到最终准确度更高的基因组。在NCBI数据库中下载固氮、解磷以及产IAA过程中功能基因的样本序列,使用Linux Shell (L)整合并导入TBtools (v2.1)建库比对,筛选功能基因。
组装后共获得2条contigs,其中主contig长度为3 730 917 bp,次contig长度为5 318 bp;G+C含量分别为41.41%和35.95%,且2条contigs均为闭合环状;由于组装结果仅包含2条contigs,其中1条长度为3.73 Mb,占据绝大部分基因组,因此N50=3 730 917 bp;主contig测序深度:Illumina平均覆盖深度522.76×;Nanopore平均覆盖深度382.22×,次contig测序深度:Illumina平均覆盖深度1 777.24×;Nanopore平均覆盖深度1 540.44×,高测序深度确保了组装的可靠性。
分别选取粒径为2-4 mm的秸秆和膨润土,取30 cm3秸秆-膨润土复合水凝胶作为菌剂载体,加入5 mL (OD600≈1.0)的菌液,混匀后用于后续固定化实验。
设计3组合成微生物群落,分别为Hxx03+Hxx04、Hxx04+Hxx05、Hxx04+Hxx10;同时设置未接种菌剂的空白对照;并选择4种载体,分别为膨润土、秸秆、膨润土+秸秆、海藻酸钠水凝胶,同时设置无载体空白对照。对上述所得双菌组合微生物群落及载体进行盆栽试验验证,通过观察15 d内水稻苗期的株高进行验证,对盆栽种植结束后株高进行测量,1、2、3、4、5分别为5组平行实验。
实验选取了正常生长的、经低氮、磷处理后的水稻品种YTZ (YTZ-1-1、YTZ-L-N、YTZ-L-P)及经低氮、磷处理的水稻品种H8 (H8-L-N、H8-L-P),使用R2A、固体LB、1/10固体LB培养基进行筛菌。初筛得到20株纯培养菌株,通过凝胶电泳及16S rRNA基因测序分析最终得到7株纯培养菌株,经比对后命名,如表1所示。
将7株菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列比对后,由于Bacillus等分类群的16S rRNA基因相似度通常>99%,因此对筛选后的代表性菌株B. altitudinis strain Hxx04进行全基因组测序。在GTDB (genome taxonomy database)网站下载B. altitudinis的模式菌株——B. altitudinis strain GR-8,与菌株B. altitudinis Hxx04进行基因组比对,通过模型计算得ANI值为98.48,dDDH值为96.70。高ANI值与dDDH值表明二者基因组在核苷酸水平上高度相似,菌株关系紧密,属于同一物种。
对上述所得7株菌进行促生情况测定,分别从解无机磷、解有机磷、固氮、促进IAA产生4个指标进行了测定,所得实验结果如表2所示。
对以上7株菌使用液体LB培养制备菌悬液,7 d后对菌悬液上清液中的生长素浓度进行定量测定,重复多组后对其产生生长素能力进行定量评估。所得生长素浓度如图1A所示。
根据促生定性及生长素定量实验,本研究选取了5株具有代表性的菌株进行后续盆栽种植,分别为:Hxx03、Hxx04、Hxx05、Hxx09、Hxx10。
水稻盆栽试验15 d株高测定结果可看出(图1B),Hxx04对水稻苗期的株高有明显的促进作用,株高最多增加了47.2%。同时,结合表3的单株鲜重数据,本研究选取鲜重显著增加48.6%的菌株Hxx04进行后续实验。
待15 d盆栽种植结束后收集盆栽试验所得的水稻根系组织、根际土、根相关土,分别测定土壤氮磷和群落物种组成。
本研究测定了盆栽种植前后土壤中的全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP) 4个指标,其中初始值为未种植土壤背景值,对照组为未接入菌株组,实验组为接入Hxx04菌株组,所得结果如表4所示。
表4盆栽前后土壤理化性质数据对比可观察到:接入菌株Hxx04的实验组4个指标相较于对照组均有明显降低,表明接入Hxx04的水稻组别对氮、磷的吸收显著提高。
图2A2B所示,R为根内生组织群落数据,RS为根际土群落数据,CK为未接入菌株的空白组。对微生物组测序结果进行分析发现,接入菌株Hxx04与对照组相比,其微生物组多样性和丰富度具有明显差异。其中接入Hxx04的组别根里的多样性显著高于对照组(图2C2D)。如图2E所示,为PLS-DA分析所得,由图可判断各个组别之间存在一定差异,误差值在正常范围内。如图2F所示,微生物相对富集热图中主要富集微生物为Bacillaceae,相关度可达63.413,SphingomonadaceaeRhizobiaceae次之。
对代表性菌株B. altitudinis Hxx04的全基因组测序结果进行分析,组装后基因组总长度为3.73 Mb,平均G+C含量为41.41%。根据全基因组数据绘制全基因组发育树,如图3所示。
为获取全面的基因功能信息,本研究利用八大数据库对预测编码基因进行功能注释与分类,包括通用蛋白资源库(universal protein resource, UniProt)、京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)及KEGG通路数据库(KEGG pathway)、GO (gene ontology)、蛋白家族数据库(protein families database, Pfam)、直系同源蛋白簇数据库(clusters of orthologous groups of proteins, COG)、TIGRFAMs (the institute for genomic research protein families)、参考序列数据库(reference sequence database, RefSeq)和非冗余蛋白序列数据库(non-redundant protein sequence database, NR),用于对预测编码基因进行功能注释和分类。KEGG是一个用于系统分析基因产物在细胞中的代谢途径(pathway)以及这些基因产物功能的主要公共数据库。对基因进行KEGG注释后,根据其参与的KEGG代谢通路进行分类,结果如图4所示。
Hxx04的关键功能基因注释比对结果显示其包含解磷、固氮/氮代谢及IAA相关基因,如表5所示。
水凝胶可为微生物提供柔软、适宜的生存环境,膨润土则提供稳定的支撑和吸附能力,秸秆中含有纤维素和有机质,可为菌体提供碳源并改善孔隙结构。三者相互结合可提高载体的保水、缓释和吸附性能,为微生物提供养分和附着空间,形成类似土壤“有机-无机”复合体的结构,更利于菌剂在其中存活和发挥作用。使用双菌组合微生物群落与菌剂处理,进行为期15 d的水稻盆栽试验,记录盆栽试验前后水稻苗期的株高(图1B),并将不同载体盆栽种植后的水稻株高数据整理记录,如表6所示。对以上数据进行显著性分析,结果如图5所示。
由上述数据知,以B. altitudinis Hxx04为核心菌株筛选出较优的双菌组合微生物为Hxx04+Hxx05,进行筛选验证得出最优载体为膨润土+秸秆,可构建出以生产为导向的微生物制剂。
本研究筛选出7株具有解磷、固氮能力的菌株,并对其产IAA能力进行定量测定分析,筛选出5株具有代表性的菌株进行盆栽水稻种植实验。最终确定Hxx04促生能力优良,经鉴定为B. altitudinis Hxx04。在IAA定量测定实验中Hxx04与其他菌株相比具有显著性差异;在盆栽水稻种植实验中Hxx04表现出对苗期水稻株高的显著提高效果,并促进水稻植株在苗期对氮、磷的吸收和利用。因此,本研究后续对B. altitudinis Hxx04进行了全基因组测序及分析。
芽孢杆菌属是植物促生的关键菌属,常伟娜等[33]研究指出B. altitudinis可通过产生生长素、具备解有机磷和无机磷能力、抑制病原菌,从而促进水稻等农作物生长并改善作物品质。本研究分别从土壤全氮、碱解氮、全磷以及有效磷4个指标分析测定盆栽试验前后土壤理化性质,明显发现与对照组相比,接入本研究菌株B. altitudinis Hxx04后的土壤中所测得数值显著降低,这说明水稻植株吸收增强。此外,本研究测定了盆栽试验后植株地上部分单株鲜重,发现菌株B. altitudinis Hxx04对水稻苗期株高有明显的直接促进作用,相较于对照组,盆栽平行实验中植株高度最多提高了48.6%,直接印证了该菌株对水稻生长的促进作用。
水稻根系微生物组具有多样性且每个根室中可能有不同的微生物菌种参与,不同菌种对水稻植株生长有针对性地发挥不同有益功能[8],因此需要同时培养多个菌株才能对水稻起到多功能促生作用。Rios-Ruiz等[10]通过对比水稻穗长、每穗粒数以及产量等农艺参数,证明了菌种对水稻生长的固氮作用显著,因而可减少氮肥施用,而本研究从低磷处理后的水稻品种爷驼崽根际中筛选得到菌株B. altitudinis Hxx04,该菌株同时具有解磷、固氮、产IAA的功能,丰富了水稻根际促生菌的资源。根据对群落的影响实验数据分析,结果显示芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)为主要富集微生物,其次为鞘氨醇单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)、根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae),二者均能为植物提供氮素营养,从而促进植物的生长和发育。Liu等[34]研究发现大豆根可分泌代谢物以增加Sphingomonadaceae在大豆根际中的积累,同时显著促进对氮素的吸收。常伟娜等[33]研究发现菌株Sphingomonas sp.CL01有高效解磷能力,最大解磷量可达642.60 mg/L,可分泌IAA,且对西瓜根系形态起一定优化作用。由此可见,SphingomonadaceaeRhizobiaceae是固氮体系中的高效菌群,本研究中检测到这2种菌群在根际土壤中大量富集,可将空气中的氮气转化为氨盐供土壤中作物吸收生长,对水稻生长有良好的固氮作用,促进水稻生长。
根据群落分析结果,BacillaceaeSphingomonadaceaeRhizobiaceae在根际均有较高丰度,三者的功能可能具有互补与协同关系。Bacillaceae主要通过分泌有机酸和磷酸酶溶解难溶性磷,并产生IAA等激素促进根系生长,同时释放抗生素抑制病原菌[35]Sphingomonadaceae能分泌胞外多糖、改善根际环境并与其他促生菌形成生物膜,增强养分利用和病害抑制;Rhizobiaceae则通过固氮酶将大气氮转化为可利用氮源[36]。本研究推测三者在根际可形成“溶磷-固氮-微环境调节”的功能互补网络,共同提升氮磷供应、病害抑制和植株生长,是合成促生菌群的重要核心类群。
解磷基因(phosphate solubilizing gene)是指参与土壤中难溶性磷转化为可溶性磷的基因,该类基因编码的酶或蛋白质能够分解有机磷或溶解无机磷,从而提高植物对磷的吸收效率。在本基因组分析中phoRphoP基因为主要功能基因,二者共同构成双组分调控系统并相互作用,调控微生物对磷的需求[37]。前者通过感应环境磷浓度进行信号传递,后者则是基因表达的调控者,以激活解磷相关基因的表达促进磷的释放和吸收。此外,如arlR基因,可通过调控有机酸合成基因调节磷酸盐饥饿响应机制,从而影响解磷作用[38]
固氮基因(nitrogen fixation genes)是一类编码固氮酶及相关调控因子的基因簇,在本基因组分析中以nifS基因编码为首的蛋白质将半胱氨酸分解为丙氨酸和硫化物(S2-),生成能够为固氮酶传递电子的铁硫簇(Fe-S clusters),维持固氮酶的活性。glnKglnA基因在固氮作用中也扮演了关键角色,前者可通过感知细胞内的氮状态(如α-酮戊二酸/谷氨酰胺比例)和能量状态(ATP/ADP)来协调固氮酶的活性[39]。此外,一些其他基因如norR基因,通过调控一氧化氮(NO)代谢,减轻NO对固氮酶的毒性,间接支持微生物的固氮功能。
IAA是一种可调控植物种子萌发、根系发育、生长代谢的植物激素[40]。产IAA的主要功能基因为YUCAA基因家族与TAA1/TAR基因家族,通过与IAA样本功能基因的比对,本基因组序列中未发现与二者相匹配的基因。然而,在本基因组序列中发现部分基因如amiFamiE基因,虽未直接参与生长素的合成与代谢,但可能通过参与氨基酸代谢从而间接影响生长素的合成。因此,该菌可能具有产IAA的功能。
在本研究中已对B. altitudinis Hxx04的解磷、固氮及产IAA的功能进行了实验,观察到该菌株在无机磷固体培养基中能够产生透明溶磷圈,在有机磷固体培养基中产生明显降解圈,在阿须贝氏(固氮)培养基中具备生长能力,在加有Salkowski显色剂的菌悬液中发现溶液变粉红色,因此得出结论该菌株具备促进分泌IAA的能力。
选取3种载体对微生物制剂进行固定化,分别为膨润土、秸秆、海藻酸钠水凝胶。膨润土载体微生物固定化试剂目前被广泛使用于微生物废水处理及污染土壤修复方面[41-43];秸秆载体微生物固定化试剂目前大多用于对富营养水体的脱氮研究[44]、降解正构烷烃、含Cr废水的微生物固定化处理[45]等;海藻酸钠水凝胶市面上多用于医用敷料(促糖尿病感染创面愈合),海藻酸钠具有安全无毒、价格低廉、固定化操作简单、反应条件温和等优点,对包埋微生物损伤小,非常适合固定化操作,而且以海藻酸钠为载体材料制备的小球传质性较好且生物活性较高[46]
本研究创新性地将医用及环保领域相对成熟的载体(如海藻酸钠、水凝胶和膨润土)引入农业微生物制剂领域,开发出环境友好、低成本且可生物降解的专用载体,为解决菌剂田间效果不稳定问题提供了新方案。从低氮磷处理的籼稻根际分离筛选获得1株多功能协同菌株B. altitudinis Hxx04,该菌株集高效解磷、生物固氮与分泌IAA能力于一体。在全基因组测序分析中鉴定出调控解磷(phoRphoP)、固氮(nifS)及IAA合成(amiEamiF等)的关键基因簇,从分子层面揭示了其多功能协同机制。同时,通过根际微生物组分析和盆栽试验证实,该菌株Hxx04能高效定殖并同步激活“解磷-固氮-促根”功能网络,显著提升水稻氮磷吸收效率,使地上部单株鲜重和株高最高分别增加47.2%和48.6%,从“微生物-土壤-植物”系统层面阐明了其驱动氮磷协同增效的路径与效能,为水稻氮磷养分高效利用提供了特色微生物资源和理论基础。
采用15 d的盆栽试验系统验证了B. altitudinis Hxx04对水稻苗期氮磷吸收及株高、鲜重等性状的显著促进作用,但仍存在一些局限性如实验周期较短,尚未涵盖水稻整个生育期的动态变化,尤其未涉及产量相关性状(如穗粒数、千粒重等)的考察。因此,研究结论主要局限于早期生长阶段,不能完全代表水稻成熟期的整体表现。此外,盆栽条件与田间环境仍存在差异,如土壤微生物群落、气候因子和长期养分供需等方面均可能对结果产生影响。后续研究需要在田间开展长期定位试验,并结合不同生育期的表型及产量指标,以验证和补充本研究的发现,从而更全面、客观地评估其对水稻生产的实际意义。
本研究将菌株Hxx04与回交系水稻相结合,探索了微生物-宿主互作对养分吸收的促进效应,为不同遗传背景下促生菌株的精准利用提供了思路。这一策略有助于揭示水稻基因型对菌株定殖及促生效率的影响,为水稻育种与微生物资源协同利用开辟新途径。此外,本研究尝试通过双菌联合接种评估菌株组合的促生潜力,这在当前促生研究中仍相对较少涉及。相比单菌株,合理设计的微生物组合能够模拟根际更真实的群落结构,可能产生功能互补或代谢协同效应,从而增强氮磷吸收及植物生长反应。未来可结合群落生态学、宏基因组学等手段,解析组合中菌株的分工、互作网络与信号通路,构建更稳定、高效的“合成促生菌群”。在载体层面,本研究通过将“膨润土+秸秆”的复合载体进行固定化实验,菌株表现出良好的存活率和促生效果,但其理化性质和田间适应性仍需进一步评估。然而,本研究中分离菌株主要依赖液体培养基,而其群落特征可能与原位土壤微生物多样性存在差异。一方面,人工培养基的营养组成与根际土壤复杂基质不同,可能导致部分难培养或依赖共生的微生物未被检出;另一方面,液体培养缺乏土壤团聚体所提供的孔隙、氧化还原梯度及微环境保护效应,难以完全再现微生物在土壤中的空间分布与功能状态。因此,未来需结合高通量测序和基于土壤微环境的培养技术,以更全面解析根际微生物多样性与生态功能。
综上所述,本研究通过盆栽试验验证了B. altitudinis Hxx04对水稻苗期氮磷吸收和生长的显著促进作用,并探索了其与回交系水稻的互作效应及双菌组合的应用潜力。结果表明,合理设计的菌群比单菌更能增强养分利用和促生反应;“膨润土+秸秆”复合载体为菌株提供了稳定、养分友好的固定化环境,提升了菌剂在固态体系下的生存与促生效果。未来需通过长期田间试验及基于生态学的群落设计,进一步完善氮磷高效利用与绿色减肥增效的应用前景。
本研究从低磷处理后的水稻品种‘爷驼崽’根组织内筛选到1株B. altitudinis Hxx04,丰富了水稻根际促生菌的资源。该菌株具备解磷、固氮和产IAA等功能,并在实验中得到了系统验证;同时完成了其全基因组测序与功能预测分析。盆栽试验结果表明,接种B. altitudinis Hxx04可显著促进水稻苗期氮、磷的吸收,植株鲜重至多提高47.2%,株高至多提高48.6%。对盆栽试验前后土壤理化性质的分析显示,接入该菌株后土壤全氮、碱解氮、全磷及有效磷含量显著降低,进一步验证了其促生效应。观察到该菌株在根际土壤中保持较高丰度,其生物促生功能为水稻生长提供了重要营养支持,从而显著提升了植株生长性能。本研究为绿色农业发展提供了新的菌株资源与理论支撑,有助于减少氮、磷化肥的过量施用及其对环境的负面影响。同时,该菌株在不同土壤类型(如酸性红壤、盐碱土等)中的适应性仍有待深入系统验证,不同土壤理化特性可能影响其定殖效率与促生效果。未来需结合长期田间试验及多区域、多类型土壤的应用探索,全面评估其在复杂生态环境中的稳定性与功能表现,从而拓展其在多样化农业生态系统中的应用潜力。
  • 姑苏领军人才计划(ZXL2024372)
  • 江苏省大学生创新创业训练计划(202310332004Z)
  • 苏州市关键核心技术攻关项目(SNG2023018)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250633
  • 接收时间:2025-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-15
  • 录用日期:2025-09-22
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Gusu Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Program(ZXL2024372)
姑苏领军人才计划(ZXL2024372)
Jiangsu Provincial College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202310332004Z)
江苏省大学生创新创业训练计划(202310332004Z)
Science and Technology Program of Suzhou(SNG2023018)
苏州市关键核心技术攻关项目(SNG2023018)
作者信息
    1.苏州科技大学 环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州
    2.中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京
    3.苏州科技大学 化学与生命科学学院,江苏 苏州
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250633
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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