Article(id=1250834198215475807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758816000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765382400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-11, onlineDate=1776151712229, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151712229, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151712229, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151712229, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1989, endPage=2006, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834199289217711, articleId=1250834198215475807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation and identification of a Salmonella phage and antibacterial effect evaluation of the phage combined with antibiotics, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent decades, the extensive and inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a serious threat to human health. Phage therapy has emerged as a promising approach for preventing and treating infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria, garnering considerable research interest. However, the rapid development of phage-resistant bacterial strains complicates the effectiveness of phage therapy. The phage steering strategy holds promise for addressing this challenge. Objective To isolate virulent phages specific to Salmonella that are suitable for phage steering therapy. Methods Specific virulent phages for Salmonella S503 were isolated and purified from wastewater samples collected from a wet market via the double agar overlay method. Their fundamental biological characteristics, antibacterial efficacy, genomic information, and in vitro biological safety were analyzed. Phage-resistant strains were generated through co-culturing Salmonella S503 with the phages. Subsequently, growth curve analysis, bacterial virulence testing, and antibiotic sensitivity assays were employed to systematically compare the characteristics of the wild-type strain and its phage-resistant counterpart. Results The isolated Salmonella phage was designated HK-1. This phage exhibited strong antibacterial properties, high stability, and confirmed biological safety in vitro. Compared with the wild-type strain Salmonella S503, the phage-resistant strain Salmonella S503-R displayed slow growth, significantly reduced virulence, and increased susceptibility to 11 different antibiotics. Furthermore, phage HK-1 demonstrated synergistic bactericidal effects when being combined with rifampicin, ampicillin, fosfomycin, and gentamicin. Notably, the combinations of HK-1 with ampicillin, fosfomycin, and gentamicin effectively inhibited the growth of Salmonella S503 within 24 h. Conclusion We successfully isolated a virulent phage from wastewater samples. This phage is suitable for phage steering therapy and offers potential for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail: LI Juanjuan,
TANG Yanqiong,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hongda ZHOU, Xue CHI, Hong LI, Xiang MA, Yanqiong TANG, Juanjuan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1250834203311555466, articleId=1250834198215475807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一株沙门氏菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及其与抗生素联用抑菌效果, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近几十年来,由于抗生素广泛使用甚至滥用,抗生素耐药(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)细菌对人类健康构成巨大威胁。噬菌体疗法在防治耐药细菌感染方面具有巨大潜力,已成为新的研究热点。然而,噬菌体抗性细菌的快速出现使得噬菌体疗法的疗效难以保障,“噬菌体转向”策略有望解决这一难题。 目的 分离适用于“噬菌体转向”疗法的沙门氏菌(Salmonella)烈性噬菌体。 方法Salmonella S503作为宿主菌,利用双层平板法从农贸市场污水样品中分离纯化烈性噬菌体,分析该噬菌体的基本生物学特性、抑菌能力、基因组信息及体外生物安全性;利用细菌-噬菌体共培养法分离出噬菌体抗性菌株并进行验证,随后采用生长曲线测定、细菌毒力测试和抗生素敏感性测试等实验,系统比较野生型菌株和噬菌体抗性菌株的特性差异。 结果 将分离得到的1株沙门氏菌烈性噬菌体命名为HK-1,该噬菌体抑菌能力强、稳定性好,且在体外具有良好的生物安全性。与野生型菌株Salmonella S503相比,噬菌体抗性菌株Salmonella S503-R生长速度放缓,毒力显著降低,对11种抗生素的敏感性增强。噬菌体HK-1与利福平、氨苄西林、磷霉素和庆大霉素存在协同杀菌作用,其中噬菌体分别与氨苄西林、磷霉素和庆大霉素联用均能在24 h内完全抑制Salmonella S503的生长。 结论 本研究从污水样品中分离得到1株沙门氏菌烈性噬菌体,该噬菌体适用于“噬菌体转向”疗法,可用于AMR沙门氏菌的防治。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vzU3pqrxZCNdc9VoCgXM0g==, magXml=o3lAkaXMtZPjeq8/Mhqqvg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=dRKB5p1hJ74QD1p5NJgabA==, pdfFileSize=2654464, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=vOz8bCuSxm47s9rBqKQKcQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=KnV8bLhyCJwYubQDIWWrZQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

周鸿达:实验及论文撰写;迟雪:实验方案设计,提供技术支持;李宏:数据处理与分析;马香:论文讨论与修改;唐燕琼:提供技术支持;李娟娟:论文构思与设计,数据监管。

, authorsList=周鸿达, 迟雪, 李宏, 马香, 唐燕琼, 李娟娟)}, authors=[Author(id=1250879409633309608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1250879409805276081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879409633309608, language=EN, stringName=Hongda ZHOU, firstName=Hongda, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1250879409989825474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879409633309608, language=CN, stringName=周鸿达, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879409461343127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409503286170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409520063389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口)])]), Author(id=1250879410254066646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1250879410467976172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879410254066646, language=EN, stringName=Xue CHI, firstName=Xue, middleName=null, lastName=CHI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1250879410635747328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879410254066646, language=CN, stringName=迟雪, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879409461343127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409503286170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409520063389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口)])]), Author(id=1250879410761576465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1250879410891599899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879410761576465, language=EN, stringName=Hong LI, firstName=Hong, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1250879410979680295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879410761576465, language=CN, stringName=李宏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879409461343127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409503286170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409520063389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口)])]), Author(id=1250879411235532854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1250879411327807554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879411235532854, language=EN, stringName=Xiang MA, firstName=Xiang, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1250879411474608207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879411235532854, language=CN, stringName=马香, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879409461343127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409503286170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409520063389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口)])]), Author(id=1250879411705294946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=990804@hainanu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1250879411881455738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879411705294946, language=EN, stringName=Yanqiong TANG, firstName=Yanqiong, middleName=null, lastName=TANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1250879412061810827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879411705294946, language=CN, stringName=唐燕琼, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879409461343127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409503286170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409520063389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口)])]), Author(id=1250879412246360218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lijuanjuan@hainanu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1250879412472852658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879412246360218, language=EN, stringName=Juanjuan LI, firstName=Juanjuan, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1250879412623847613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, authorId=1250879412246360218, language=CN, stringName=李娟娟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879409461343127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409503286170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409520063389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1250879412904866002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Salmonella), Keyword(id=1250879413034889443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=phage), Keyword(id=1250879413148135659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=phage steering), Keyword(id=1250879413466902779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=phage safety), Keyword(id=1250879413697589515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=resistant strain), Keyword(id=1250879413945053471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=沙门氏菌), Keyword(id=1250879414163157292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=噬菌体), Keyword(id=1250879414381261114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=噬菌体转向), Keyword(id=1250879414561616197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=噬菌体安全性), Keyword(id=1250879414683251021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=抗性菌株)], refs=[Reference(id=1250879419238265494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=2464, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Wang LP, Zhou SX, Wang X, Lu QB, Shi LS, Ren X, Zhang HY, Wang YF, Lin SH, Zhang CH, Geng MJ, Zhang XA, Li J, Zhao SW, Yi ZG, Chen X, Yang ZS, Meng L, Wang XH, Liu YL, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang LP, Zhou SX, Wang X, Lu QB, Shi LS, Ren X, Zhang HY, Wang YF, Lin SH, Zhang CH, Geng MJ, Zhang XA, Li J, Zhao SW, Yi ZG, Chen X, Yang ZS, Meng L, Wang XH, Liu YL, et al. Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 2464., articleTitle=Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879419418620574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=12, issue=10, pageStart=1267, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Soliani L, Rugna G, Prosperi A, Chiapponi C, Luppi A, journalName=Pathogens, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Soliani L, Rugna G, Prosperi A, Chiapponi C, Luppi A. Salmonella infection in pigs: disease, prevalence, and a link between swine and human health[J]. Pathogens, 2023, 12(10): 1267., articleTitle=Salmonella infection in pigs: disease, prevalence, and a link between swine and human health, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879419552838316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=19, issue=5, pageStart=106, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=杨琴, 黄浩, 毕润, 冉李燕, journalName=中国畜禽种业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨琴, 黄浩, 毕润, 冉李燕. 一起蛋鸡沙门氏菌病的临床诊断与治疗[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2023,19(5): 106-109., articleTitle=一起蛋鸡沙门氏菌病的临床诊断与治疗, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879419695444664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=400, issue=10369, pageStart=2221, pageEnd=2248, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators, journalName=The Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019[J]. The Lancet, 2022, 400(10369): 2221-2248., articleTitle=Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879419850633915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=392, issue=10159, pageStart=1736, pageEnd=1788, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators, journalName=The Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J]. The Lancet, 2018, 392(10159): 1736-1788., articleTitle=Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879420005823173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=2372364, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Wang ZN, Zhou HY, Liu YH, Huang CH, Chen JQ, Siddique A, Yin R, Jia CH, Li Y, Zhao GP, Yue M, journalName=Emerging Microbes & Infections, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang ZN, Zhou HY, Liu YH, Huang CH, Chen JQ, Siddique A, Yin R, Jia CH, Li Y, Zhao GP, Yue M. Nationwide trends and features of human salmonellosis outbreaks in China[J]. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 2024, 13(1): 2372364., articleTitle=Nationwide trends and features of human salmonellosis outbreaks in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879420173595344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=404, issue=10459, pageStart=1199, pageEnd=1226, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators, journalName=The Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050[J]. The Lancet, 2024, 404(10459): 1199-1226., articleTitle=Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879420622385891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=4611, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Wang YN, Xu XB, Jia SL, Qu MQ, Pei YH, Qiu SF, Zhang JM, Liu Y, Ma SF, Lyu N, Hu YF, Li JL, Zhang EQ, Wan B, Zhu BL, Gao GF, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang YN, Xu XB, Jia SL, Qu MQ, Pei YH, Qiu SF, Zhang JM, Liu Y, Ma SF, Lyu N, Hu YF, Li JL, Zhang EQ, Wan B, Zhu BL, Gao GF. A global atlas and drivers of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella during 1900-2023[J]. Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 4611., articleTitle=A global atlas and drivers of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella during 1900-2023, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879420769186541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=10, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Wang YN, Liu Y, Lyu N, Li ZY, Ma SF, Cao DM, Pan YL, Hu YF, Huang H, Gao GF, Xu XB, Union BL, Zhu BL, journalName=National Science Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang YN, Liu Y, Lyu N, Li ZY, Ma SF, Cao DM, Pan YL, Hu YF, Huang H, Gao GF, Xu XB, Union BL, Zhu BL. The temporal dynamics of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica and predominant serovars in China[J]. National Science Review, 2022, 10(3): nwac269., articleTitle=The temporal dynamics of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica and predominant serovars in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879420890821364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=5, issue=5, pageStart=413, pageEnd=422, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Li H, Wu YL, Feng D, Jiang QG, Li SK, Rong J, Zhong L, Methner U, Baxter L, Ott S, Falush D, Li ZP, Deng XY, Lu X, Ren Y, Kan B, Zhou ZM, journalName=Nature Food, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li H, Wu YL, Feng D, Jiang QG, Li SK, Rong J, Zhong L, Methner U, Baxter L, Ott S, Falush D, Li ZP, Deng XY, Lu X, Ren Y, Kan B, Zhou ZM. Centralized industrialization of pork in Europe and America contributes to the global spread of Salmonella enterica [J]. Nature Food, 2024, 5(5): 413-422., articleTitle=Centralized industrialization of pork in Europe and America contributes to the global spread of Salmonella enterica, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879421092147972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=5109, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Li ST, He YS, Mann DA, Deng XY, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li ST, He YS, Mann DA, Deng XY. Global spread of Salmonella Enteritidis via centralized sourcing and international trade of poultry breeding stocks[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 5109., articleTitle=Global spread of Salmonella Enteritidis via centralized sourcing and international trade of poultry breeding stocks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879421205394187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=3, issue=8, pageStart=e567, pageEnd=e577, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Da Silva KE, Tanmoy AM, Pragasam AK, Iqbal J, Sajib MSI, Mutreja A, Veeraraghavan B, Tamrakar D, Qamar FN, Dougan G, Bogoch I, Seidman JC, Shakya J, Vaidya K, Carey ME, Shrestha R, Irfan S, Baker S, Luby SP, Cao YJ, journalName=The Lancet Microbe, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Da Silva KE, Tanmoy AM, Pragasam AK, Iqbal J, Sajib MSI, Mutreja A, Veeraraghavan B, Tamrakar D, Qamar FN, Dougan G, Bogoch I, Seidman JC, Shakya J, Vaidya K, Carey ME, Shrestha R, Irfan S, Baker S, Luby SP, Cao YJ, et al. The international and intercontinental spread and expansion of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi: a genomic epidemiology study[J]. The Lancet Microbe, 2022, 3(8): e567-e577., articleTitle=The international and intercontinental spread and expansion of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi: a genomic epidemiology study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879421339611923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=388, issue=16, pageStart=1491, pageEnd=1500, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=John J, Bavdekar A, Rongsen-Chandola T, Dutta S, Gupta M, Kanungo S, Sinha B, Srinivasan M, Shrivastava A, Bansal A, Singh A, Koshy RM, Jinka DR, Thomas MS, Alexander AP, Thankaraj S, Ebenezer SE, Karthikeyan AS, Kumar D, Njarekkattuvalappil SK, journalName=New England Journal of Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=John J, Bavdekar A, Rongsen-Chandola T, Dutta S, Gupta M, Kanungo S, Sinha B, Srinivasan M, Shrivastava A, Bansal A, Singh A, Koshy RM, Jinka DR, Thomas MS, Alexander AP, Thankaraj S, Ebenezer SE, Karthikeyan AS, Kumar D, Njarekkattuvalappil SK, et al. Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in India[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2023, 388(16): 1491-1500., articleTitle=Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in India, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879421448663837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=34, issue=null, pageStart=100769, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Nichols M, Stapleton GS, Rotstein DS, Gollarza L, Adams J, Caidi H, Chen J, Hodges A, Glover M, Peloquin S, Payne L, Norris A, Delancey S, Donovan D, Dietrich S, Glaspie S, Mcwilliams K, Burgess E, Holben B, Pietrzen K, journalName=The Lancet Regional Health-Americas, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nichols M, Stapleton GS, Rotstein DS, Gollarza L, Adams J, Caidi H, Chen J, Hodges A, Glover M, Peloquin S, Payne L, Norris A, Delancey S, Donovan D, Dietrich S, Glaspie S, Mcwilliams K, Burgess E, Holben B, Pietrzen K, et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections in people linked to pig ear pet treats, United States, 2015-2019: results of a multistate investigation[J]. The Lancet Regional Health-Americas, 2024, 34: 100769., articleTitle=Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections in people linked to pig ear pet treats, United States, 2015-2019: results of a multistate investigation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879421557715748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=4, issue=5, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Bagcchi S, journalName=The Lancet Microbe, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bagcchi S. AMR in bacteria from humans, animals, and food in Europe[J]. The Lancet Microbe, 2023, 4(5): e299., articleTitle=AMR in bacteria from humans, animals, and food in Europe, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879421679350576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=null, pageStart=100972, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Zhang C, Fu XH, Liu YQ, Zhao H, Wang GQ, journalName=The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang C, Fu XH, Liu YQ, Zhao H, Wang GQ. Burden of infectious diseases and bacterial antimicrobial resistance in China: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019[J]. The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific, 2024, 43: 100972., articleTitle=Burden of infectious diseases and bacterial antimicrobial resistance in China: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879421754848056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=17, issue=5, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Long L, You L, Wang D, Wang M, Wang JH, Bai GH, Li JH, Wei XY, Li SJ, journalName=PLoS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Long L, You L, Wang D, Wang M, Wang JH, Bai GH, Li JH, Wei XY, Li SJ. Highly prevalent MDR frequently carrying virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-isolates from Guizhou Province, China[J]. PLoS One, 2022, 17(5): e0266443., articleTitle=Highly prevalent MDR frequently carrying virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-isolates from Guizhou Province, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879421859705666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=13, issue=6, pageStart=278, pageEnd=284, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Breitbart M, Rohwer F, journalName=Trends in Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Breitbart M, Rohwer F. Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2005, 13(6): 278-284., articleTitle=Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879421943591755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=9, issue=6, pageStart=1397, pageEnd=1398, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Advocating for phage therapy[J]. Nature Microbiology, 2024, 9(6): 1397-1398., articleTitle=Advocating for phage therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422056837972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=583, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The promise of phages[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2023, 41(5): 583., articleTitle=The promise of phages, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422161695578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=9, issue=6, pageStart=1434, pageEnd=1453, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Pirnay JP, Djebara S, Steurs G, Griselain J, Cochez C, de Soir S, Glonti T, Spiessens A, Vanden Berghe E, Green S, Wagemans J, Lood C, Schrevens E, Chanishvili N, Kutateladze M, de Jode M, Ceyssens PJ, Draye JP, Verbeken G, de Vos D, journalName=Nature Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pirnay JP, Djebara S, Steurs G, Griselain J, Cochez C, de Soir S, Glonti T, Spiessens A, Vanden Berghe E, Green S, Wagemans J, Lood C, Schrevens E, Chanishvili N, Kutateladze M, de Jode M, Ceyssens PJ, Draye JP, Verbeken G, de Vos D, et al. Personalized bacteriophage therapy outcomes for 100 consecutive cases: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective observational study[J]. Nature Microbiology, 2024, 9(6): 1434-1453., articleTitle=Personalized bacteriophage therapy outcomes for 100 consecutive cases: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective observational study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422287524708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=631585, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Tan X, Chen HS, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Jiang YC, Liu XY, Huang W, Ma YF, journalName=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tan X, Chen HS, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Jiang YC, Liu XY, Huang W, Ma YF. Clinical experience of personalized phage therapy against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lung infection in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021, 11: 631585., articleTitle=Clinical experience of personalized phage therapy against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lung infection in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422375605098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=2451048, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Duan XK, Liu WF, Xiao YY, Rao M, Ji LY, Wan XF, Han SH, Lin ZX, Liu HC, Chen PF, Qiao K, Zheng MB, Shen JY, Zhou Y, Asakawa T, Xiao MF, Lu HZ, journalName=Emerging Microbes & Infections, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Duan XK, Liu WF, Xiao YY, Rao M, Ji LY, Wan XF, Han SH, Lin ZX, Liu HC, Chen PF, Qiao K, Zheng MB, Shen JY, Zhou Y, Asakawa T, Xiao MF, Lu HZ. Exploration of the feasibility of clinical application of phage treatment for multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens-induced pulmonary infection[J]. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 2025, 14(1): 2451048., articleTitle=Exploration of the feasibility of clinical application of phage treatment for multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens-induced pulmonary infection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422484657007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=28, issue=2, pageStart=85, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Gurney J, Brown SP, Kaltz O, Hochberg ME, journalName=Trends in Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gurney J, Brown SP, Kaltz O, Hochberg ME. Steering phages to combat bacterial pathogens[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2020, 28(2): 85-94., articleTitle=Steering phages to combat bacterial pathogens, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422576931701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=503, pageEnd=524, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Oromí-Bosch A, Antani JD, Turner PE, journalName=Annual Review of Virology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Oromí-Bosch A, Antani JD, Turner PE. Developing phage therapy that overcomes the evolution of bacterial resistance[J]. Annual Review of Virology, 2023, 10(1): 503-524., articleTitle=Developing phage therapy that overcomes the evolution of bacterial resistance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422719538045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=62, issue=10, pageStart=4008, pageEnd=4018, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=张洁琼, 沈俊涛, 莫洛菲, 马迎飞, 尤晓颜, journalName=微生物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张洁琼, 沈俊涛, 莫洛菲, 马迎飞, 尤晓颜. 一株铅黄肠球菌噬菌体的生物学特性和全基因组分析[J]. 微生物学报, 2022, 62(10): 4008-4018., articleTitle=一株铅黄肠球菌噬菌体的生物学特性和全基因组分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422832784259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=62, issue=10, pageStart=4008, pageEnd=4018, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Zhang JQ, Shen JT, Mo LF, Ma YF, You XY, journalName=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang JQ, Shen JT, Mo LF, Ma YF, You XY. Characterization of a novel phage specifically infecting Enterococcus casseliflavus [J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2022, 62(10): 4008-4018 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422958613383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=9, issue=7, pageStart=1155, pageEnd=1171, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Lin SS, Xie GC, He J, Meng L, Pang Y, Liu JY, journalName=Nature Biomedical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin SS, Xie GC, He J, Meng L, Pang Y, Liu JY. Enhancing phage therapy by coating single bacteriophage-infected bacteria with polymer to preserve phage vitality[J]. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2025, 9(7): 1155-1171., articleTitle=Enhancing phage therapy by coating single bacteriophage-infected bacteria with polymer to preserve phage vitality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423067665291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=李兆雪, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李兆雪. 肠炎沙门氏菌噬菌体JD01和JD02生物学特性及食品安全生物防控制剂的潜在应用研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2022., articleTitle=肠炎沙门氏菌噬菌体JD01和JD02生物学特性及食品安全生物防控制剂的潜在应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423206077330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Li ZX, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li ZX. Characterization and potential application of food safety biocontrol agents of Salmonella enteritidis phage JD01 and JD02[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2022 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423336100762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=30, authorNames=刘鑫, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘鑫. 肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及基因组分析[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2021., articleTitle=肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及基因组分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423432569759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Liu X, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu X. Isolation, identification and genomic analysis of bacteriophages of Klebsiella pneumoniae [D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2021 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423554204587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=256, issue=null, pageStart=115019, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Yang W, Zheng XY, Jia DX, Weng AZ, Jia YJ, Chen X, Zhang YX, Yu Q, journalName=Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang W, Zheng XY, Jia DX, Weng AZ, Jia YJ, Chen X, Zhang YX, Yu Q. Engineered nanoplatform with DNase-mimetic catalysis and photothermal ablation for synergistic biofilm eradication[J]. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2025, 256: 115019., articleTitle=Engineered nanoplatform with DNase-mimetic catalysis and photothermal ablation for synergistic biofilm eradication, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423642284977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=33, authorNames=张玉华, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张玉华. 鸽源沙门氏菌的分离鉴定、耐药性分析及致病性研究[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2024., articleTitle=鸽源沙门氏菌的分离鉴定、耐药性分析及致病性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423768114105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Zhang YH, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang YH. Isolation, identification, antimicrobial resistance analysis, and pathogenicity of Salmonella from pigeons[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2024 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423881360320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=35, authorNames=唐新月, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐新月. 布鲁氏菌S2Δbp26株的构建及iELISA鉴别检测方法的建立[D]. 北京: 中国兽医药品监察所, 2024., articleTitle=布鲁氏菌S2Δbp26株的构建及iELISA鉴别检测方法的建立, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423969440712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Tang XY, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang XY. Construction of S2Δbp26 strain of Brucella and establishment of an indirect ELISA differential detection method[D]. Beijing: Master’s Thesis of China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, 2024 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879424078492620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=37, authorNames=韩鹏军, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩鹏军. 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌噬菌体的杀菌特性及噬菌体DNA聚合酶的活性研究[D]. 北京: 北京化工大学, 2024., articleTitle=嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌噬菌体的杀菌特性及噬菌体DNA聚合酶的活性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879424200127442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Han PJ, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han PJ. Bactericidal properties of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia phages and study on the activity of phage DNA polymerase[D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 2024 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879424342733786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=21, issue=10, pageStart=686, pageEnd=700, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Georjon H, Bernheim A, journalName=Nature Reviews Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Georjon H, Bernheim A. The highly diverse antiphage defence systems of bacteria[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2023, 21(10): 686-700., articleTitle=The highly diverse antiphage defence systems of bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879424426619873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=388, issue=6745, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Zeng ZF, Hu ZY, Zhao RL, Rao JK, Mestre MR, Liu YQ, Liu SH, Feng H, Chen Y, He H, Chen N, Zheng JS, Peng DH, Luo M, She QX, Pinilla-Redondo R, Han WY, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zeng ZF, Hu ZY, Zhao RL, Rao JK, Mestre MR, Liu YQ, Liu SH, Feng H, Chen Y, He H, Chen N, Zheng JS, Peng DH, Luo M, She QX, Pinilla-Redondo R, Han WY. Base-modified nucleotides mediate immune signaling in bacteria[J]. Science, 2025, 388(6745): eads6055., articleTitle=Base-modified nucleotides mediate immune signaling in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879424527283172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=188, issue=8, pageStart=2127, pageEnd=2140.e21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Li YP, Guan LL, Becher I, Makarova KS, Cao XL, Hareendranath S, Guan JW, Stein F, Yang SQ, Boergel A, Lapouge K, Remans K, Agard D, Savitski M, Typas A, Koonin EV, Feng Y, Bondy-Denomy J, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li YP, Guan LL, Becher I, Makarova KS, Cao XL, Hareendranath S, Guan JW, Stein F, Yang SQ, Boergel A, Lapouge K, Remans K, Agard D, Savitski M, Typas A, Koonin EV, Feng Y, Bondy-Denomy J. Jumbo phage killer immune system targets early infection of nucleus-forming phages[J]. Cell, 2025, 188(8): 2127-2140.e21., articleTitle=Jumbo phage killer immune system targets early infection of nucleus-forming phages, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879424632140778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=200, issue=null, pageStart=107327, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Jiang ZH, Yaqoob MU, Xu YH, Siddique A, Lin SQ, Hu SY, Ed-Dra A, Yue M, journalName=Microbial Pathogenesis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang ZH, Yaqoob MU, Xu YH, Siddique A, Lin SQ, Hu SY, Ed-Dra A, Yue M. Isolation, characterization, and genome sequencing analysis of a novel phage HBW-1 of Salmonella [J]. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2025, 200: 107327., articleTitle=Isolation, characterization, and genome sequencing analysis of a novel phage HBW-1 of Salmonella, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879424716026862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=12, issue=12, pageStart=2400, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Jin XX, Sun XX, Lu Q, Wang Z, Zhang ZG, Ling XC, Xu YP, Liang RQ, Yang JJ, Li L, Zhang TF, Luo QP, Cheng GF, journalName=Microorganisms, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jin XX, Sun XX, Lu Q, Wang Z, Zhang ZG, Ling XC, Xu YP, Liang RQ, Yang JJ, Li L, Zhang TF, Luo QP, Cheng GF. Salmonella phage vB_SpuM_X5: a novel approach to reducing Salmonella biofilms with implications for food safety[J]. Microorganisms, 2024, 12(12): 2400., articleTitle=Salmonella phage vB_SpuM_X5: a novel approach to reducing Salmonella biofilms with implications for food safety, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879424804107251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=64, issue=10, pageStart=3670, pageEnd=3684, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=44, authorNames=贺丽莎, 杨灼, 冉蕾, 陈红伟, 杨洪早, journalName=微生物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=贺丽莎, 杨灼, 冉蕾, 陈红伟, 杨洪早. 噬菌体防治细菌生物被膜相关感染的研究进展[J]. 微生物学报, 2024, 64(10): 3670-3684., articleTitle=噬菌体防治细菌生物被膜相关感染的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879424925742073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=64, issue=10, pageStart=3670, pageEnd=3684, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=45, authorNames=He LS, Yang Z, Ran L, Chen HW, Yang HZ, journalName=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He LS, Yang Z, Ran L, Chen HW, Yang HZ. Research progress of phages in prevention and treatment of bacterial biofilm-associated infections[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024, 64(10): 3670-3684 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879425030599678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=5, issue=5, pageStart=e489, pageEnd=e499, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Fang QQ, Yin X, He YL, Feng Y, Zhang LW, Luo H, Yin G, Mcnally A, Zong ZY, journalName=The Lancet Microbe, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fang QQ, Yin X, He YL, Feng Y, Zhang LW, Luo H, Yin G, Mcnally A, Zong ZY. Safety and efficacy of phage application in bacterial decolonisation: a systematic review[J]. The Lancet Microbe, 2024, 5(5): e489-e499., articleTitle=Safety and efficacy of phage application in bacterial decolonisation: a systematic review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879425122874370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=8, pageStart=e208, pageEnd=e220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Uyttebroek S, Chen BX, Onsea J, Ruythooren F, Debaveye Y, Devolder D, Spriet I, Depypere M, Wagemans J, Lavigne R, Pirnay JP, Merabishvili M, de Munter P, Peetermans WE, Dupont L, van Gerven L, Metsemakers WJ, journalName=The Lancet Infectious Diseases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Uyttebroek S, Chen BX, Onsea J, Ruythooren F, Debaveye Y, Devolder D, Spriet I, Depypere M, Wagemans J, Lavigne R, Pirnay JP, Merabishvili M, de Munter P, Peetermans WE, Dupont L, van Gerven L, Metsemakers WJ. Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review[J]. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2022, 22(8): e208-e220., articleTitle=Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879425278062595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=122, issue=20, pageStart=15767, pageEnd=15821, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Di Lorenzo F, Duda KA, Lanzetta R, Silipo A, de Castro C, Molinaro A, journalName=Chemical Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Di Lorenzo F, Duda KA, Lanzetta R, Silipo A, de Castro C, Molinaro A. A journey from structure to function of bacterial lipopolysaccharides[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2022, 122(20): 15767-15821., articleTitle=A journey from structure to function of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879425378725896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=44, issue=9, pageStart=2473, pageEnd=2500, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Tsai CE, Wang FQ, Yang CW, Yang LL, Nguyen TV, Chen YC, Chen PY, Hwang IS, Ting SY, journalName=The EMBO Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tsai CE, Wang FQ, Yang CW, Yang LL, Nguyen TV, Chen YC, Chen PY, Hwang IS, Ting SY. Surface-mediated bacteriophage defense incurs fitness tradeoffs for interbacterial antagonism[J]. The EMBO Journal, 2025, 44(9): 2473-2500., articleTitle=Surface-mediated bacteriophage defense incurs fitness tradeoffs for interbacterial antagonism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879425466806284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=18, issue=10, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Mutalik VK, Adler BA, Rishi HS, Piya D, Zhong C, Koskella B, Kutter EM, Calendar R, Novichkov PS, Price MN, Deutschbauer AM, Arkin AP, journalName=PLoS Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mutalik VK, Adler BA, Rishi HS, Piya D, Zhong C, Koskella B, Kutter EM, Calendar R, Novichkov PS, Price MN, Deutschbauer AM, Arkin AP. High-throughput mapping of the phage resistance landscape in E. coli [J]. PLoS Biology, 2020, 18(10): e3000877., articleTitle=High-throughput mapping of the phage resistance landscape in E. coli, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879425584246798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=7971, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Shaer Tamar E, Kishony R, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shaer Tamar E, Kishony R. Multistep diversification in spatiotemporal bacterial-phage coevolution[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13: 7971., articleTitle=Multistep diversification in spatiotemporal bacterial-phage coevolution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879425672327189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=79, issue=10, pageStart=4227, pageEnd=4239, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Kong QK, Yang J, Liu Q, Alamuri P, Roland KL, Curtiss R 3rd, journalName=Infection and Immunity, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kong QK, Yang J, Liu Q, Alamuri P, Roland KL, Curtiss R 3rd. Effect of deletion of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide core and O-antigen synthesis on virulence and immunogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium[J]. Infection and Immunity, 2011, 79(10): 4227-4239., articleTitle=Effect of deletion of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide core and O-antigen synthesis on virulence and immunogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879425802350620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=16, issue=12, pageStart=760, pageEnd=773, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Nobrega FL, Vlot M, de Jonge PA, Dreesens LL, Beaumont HJE, Lavigne R, Dutilh BE, Brouns SJJ, journalName=Nature Reviews Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nobrega FL, Vlot M, de Jonge PA, Dreesens LL, Beaumont HJE, Lavigne R, Dutilh BE, Brouns SJJ. Targeting mechanisms of tailed bacteriophages[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2018, 16(12): 760-773., articleTitle=Targeting mechanisms of tailed bacteriophages, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1250879417334051337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=32260020, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879417472463381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=32260020, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32260020), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879417568932375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=22206152, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(22206152), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879417724121637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=22206152, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(22206152), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879417921253935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=32460244, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460244), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879418063860284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=32460244, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32460244), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879418185495111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=32260028, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260028), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879418319712847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=32260028, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32260028), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879418453930585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=ZDYF2024XDNY164, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Special Fund of Hainan Province(ZDYF2024XDNY164), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879418609119844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=ZDYF2024XDNY164, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省科技专项(ZDYF2024XDNY164), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879418781086324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=ZDYF2025SHFZ029, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Special Fund of Hainan Province(ZDYF2025SHFZ029), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879418902721150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, awardId=ZDYF2025SHFZ029, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省科技专项(ZDYF2025SHFZ029), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879409461343127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409503286170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409520063389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, companyId=1250879409461343127, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1250879415173984631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Biological characteristics of phage HK-1. A: Phage plaques on LB agar plate; B: TEM image of phage; C: Determination of optimal MOI, data are represented as mean±SD (n=3); D: pH stability, data are represented as mean±SD (n=3); E: Thermal stability, data are represented as mean±SD (n=3); F: One-step growth curve, data are represented as mean±SD (n=3); G: The ability of phage to clear biofilms, data are represented as mean±SD (n=6), P values were determined using Student’s t-test in SPSS; H: The antibacterial ability of phage HK-1 in LB liquid medium, data are represented as mean±SD (n=5)., figureFileSmall=oANQsPxBH2MTAv6e/5ddew==, figureFileBig=i/Wwjh/l9VH+NYhLR2UuEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415316590976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, label=图1, caption=噬菌体HK-1的生物学特性, figureFileSmall=oANQsPxBH2MTAv6e/5ddew==, figureFileBig=i/Wwjh/l9VH+NYhLR2UuEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415538889099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Genome analysis and safety evaluation of phage HK-1. A: Genomic map; B: Phylogenetic tree; C: Hemocompatibility evaluation of different treatment groups (PBS, ddH2O, 106, 107 and 108 PFU/mL) on RBCs; D: Cell viability of Caco-2 cells treated with varying phage concentrations, data are represented as mean±SD (n=3). P values were determined using one-way ANOVA and Turkey’s multiple range test in SPSS. The significance level was set at P≤0.05., figureFileSmall=1Hi3ZWRW5zvMrdb9XZ1JJw==, figureFileBig=9opYUIlS3hqy+RGPQ8v1qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415765381531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, label=图2, caption=噬菌体HK-1的基因组分析和安全性评估, figureFileSmall=1Hi3ZWRW5zvMrdb9XZ1JJw==, figureFileBig=9opYUIlS3hqy+RGPQ8v1qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415928959402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Isolation and phenotypic identification of Salmonella S503-R, a phage HK-1 resistant strain. A: PCR electrophoresis results of the 16S rRNA gene of Salmonella S503-R (Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lane N: Negative control; Lane 1: Salmonella S503 PCR product; Lane 2: Salmonella S503-R PCR product); B: Spot tests of phage HK-1 on Salmonella S503 and Salmonella S503-R; C: Crystal violet staining test; D: Thermal agglutination test; E: Acridine yellow coagulation test., figureFileSmall=ie167NoQxqlB5ESNXv4VEA==, figureFileBig=+lkQZkvkPTMutHq1svb52w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416050594227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, label=图3, caption=噬菌体HK-1抗性菌株 Salmonella S503-R的分离和表型鉴定, figureFileSmall=ie167NoQxqlB5ESNXv4VEA==, figureFileBig=+lkQZkvkPTMutHq1svb52w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416138674621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Comparison of characteristics of wild-type strain Salmonella S503 and phage-resistant strain Salmonella S503-R. A: Growth curves, data are represented as mean±SD (n=5); B: Virulence test; C: Inhibition circle of Salmonella S503 and Salmonella S503-R by different antibiotics, data are represented as mean±SD (n=3). NEO: Neomycin; RIF: Rifampicin; CEF: Cefotaxime; KAN: Kanamycin; CEP: Cephalothin; CHL: Chloramphenicol; AMP: Ampicillin; FOS: Fosfomycin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; TET: Tetracycline; GEN: Gentamicin; STR: Streptomycin; and compound SUL: Sulfamethoxazole., figureFileSmall=mtcLO4sZsuhzrLdNuVDHoA==, figureFileBig=ivA0eGBF3dugxqBPaZVidA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416260309446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, label=图4, caption=野生型菌株 Salmonella S503和噬菌体抗性菌株 Salmonella S503-R的特性比较, figureFileSmall=mtcLO4sZsuhzrLdNuVDHoA==, figureFileBig=ivA0eGBF3dugxqBPaZVidA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416415498704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The synergistic antibacterial effect of bacteriophage HK-1 and antibiotics. A: The combination of bacteriophages and rifampicin; B: The combination of bacteriophages and ampicillin; C: The combination of bacteriophages and fosfomycin; D: The combination of bacteriophages and ciprofloxacin; E: The combination of bacteriophages and gentamicin. Data are represented as mean±SD (n=3)., figureFileSmall=LeAPJVskAB+q2MgQe5UJ9g==, figureFileBig=L/Tops4TzKCFXeGKSx/1qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416683934177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, label=图5, caption=噬菌体HK-1与抗生素的协同抑菌作用, figureFileSmall=LeAPJVskAB+q2MgQe5UJ9g==, figureFileBig=L/Tops4TzKCFXeGKSx/1qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416826540519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Host range of bacteriophage HK-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsSpot testSerotype

Salmonella S503

Salmonella S505

Salmonella S504

Salmonella S516

Salmonella S508

Salmonella S513

Salmonella S509

Salmonella S510

Salmonella S515

Escherichia coli DH5α

Escherichia coli K12

Escherichia coli K88

Aeromonas veronii C4

Enterobacter cloacae Ent31

Bacillus subtilis CICC 10732

Staphylococcus aureus

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Salmonella Paratyphi B

Salmonella Paratyphi B

Salmonella Typhimurium

Salmonella Typhimurium

Salmonella Newlands

Salmonella Newlands

Salmonella Dublin

Salmonella Dublin

Salmonella Dublin

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

), ArticleFig(id=1250879417002701297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834198215475807, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

噬菌体HK-1的宿主谱

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsSpot testSerotype

Salmonella S503

Salmonella S505

Salmonella S504

Salmonella S516

Salmonella S508

Salmonella S513

Salmonella S509

Salmonella S510

Salmonella S515

Escherichia coli DH5α

Escherichia coli K12

Escherichia coli K88

Aeromonas veronii C4

Enterobacter cloacae Ent31

Bacillus subtilis CICC 10732

Staphylococcus aureus

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Salmonella Paratyphi B

Salmonella Paratyphi B

Salmonella Typhimurium

Salmonella Typhimurium

Salmonella Newlands

Salmonella Newlands

Salmonella Dublin

Salmonella Dublin

Salmonella Dublin

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1192105720683257860, delFlag=0, nameCn=微生物学报, nameEn=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0001-6209, eissn=null, cn=11-1995/Q, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=tNA7JigLZj/rxynSmzKgDQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1762149752067, updatedTime=1762150746905, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=tNA7JigLZj/rxynSmzKgDQ==, picEn=R/d5eSUu8/o5mAGWCF3M5Q==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1192109893441171829, language=CN, name=微生物学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1762150746928, updatedTime=1762150746928, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1192109893512474998, language=EN, name=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1762150746944, updatedTime=1762150746944, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/author/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/editor/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn/actamicrocn/reviewer/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1192105938417971205, websiteList=[Website(id=1192106105867223981, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1192105938417971205, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1762149843899, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1762149888800, updateBy=18614031015, name=微生物学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=微生物学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1192107120863626198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1762150085893, updateTime=1762150085893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120834266067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1762150085886, updateTime=1762150085886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120892986329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150085900, updateTime=1762150085900, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120825877458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=FOz4Ks7dC79FYnCEBIlMdw==, createTime=1762150085884, updateTime=1762150085884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120905569243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150085903, updateTime=1762150085903, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120846848981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1762150085889, updateTime=1762150085889, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120897180634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150085901, updateTime=1762150085901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120842654676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1762150085888, updateTime=1762150085888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120872014807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1762150085895, updateTime=1762150085895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107120880403416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106105867223981, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1762150085897, updateTime=1762150085897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1192106106018218929, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1192105938417971205, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1762149843935, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1762149925242, updateBy=18614031015, name=微生物学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1192107140455220192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1762150090564, updateTime=1762150090564, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140434248669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1762150090559, updateTime=1762150090559, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140476191715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150090569, updateTime=1762150090569, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140425860060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=FOz4Ks7dC79FYnCEBIlMdw==, createTime=1762150090557, updateTime=1762150090557, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140484580325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150090571, updateTime=1762150090571, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140451025887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1762150090563, updateTime=1762150090563, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140480386020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1762150090570, updateTime=1762150090570, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140442637278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1762150090561, updateTime=1762150090561, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140463608801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1762150090566, updateTime=1762150090566, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1192107140467803106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1192106106018218929, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1762150090567, updateTime=1762150090567, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=微生物学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://actamicro.ijournals.cn, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=tNA7JigLZj/rxynSmzKgDQ==, journalPhotoEn=R/d5eSUu8/o5mAGWCF3M5Q==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/PDF/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/EN/PDF/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
一株沙门氏菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及其与抗生素联用抑菌效果
收藏切换
PDF下载
周鸿达 , 迟雪 , 李宏 , 马香 , 唐燕琼 , 李娟娟
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1989-2006
收起
收藏切换
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1989-2006
一株沙门氏菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及其与抗生素联用抑菌效果
全屏
周鸿达, 迟雪, 李宏, 马香, 唐燕琼 , 李娟娟
作者信息
  • 海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口
Isolation and identification of a Salmonella phage and antibacterial effect evaluation of the phage combined with antibiotics
Hongda ZHOU, Xue CHI, Hong LI, Xiang MA, Yanqiong TANG , Juanjuan LI
Affiliations
  • Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Life and Health, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730
文章导航
收藏切换

近几十年来,由于抗生素广泛使用甚至滥用,抗生素耐药(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)细菌对人类健康构成巨大威胁。噬菌体疗法在防治耐药细菌感染方面具有巨大潜力,已成为新的研究热点。然而,噬菌体抗性细菌的快速出现使得噬菌体疗法的疗效难以保障,“噬菌体转向”策略有望解决这一难题。 目的 分离适用于“噬菌体转向”疗法的沙门氏菌(Salmonella)烈性噬菌体。 方法Salmonella S503作为宿主菌,利用双层平板法从农贸市场污水样品中分离纯化烈性噬菌体,分析该噬菌体的基本生物学特性、抑菌能力、基因组信息及体外生物安全性;利用细菌-噬菌体共培养法分离出噬菌体抗性菌株并进行验证,随后采用生长曲线测定、细菌毒力测试和抗生素敏感性测试等实验,系统比较野生型菌株和噬菌体抗性菌株的特性差异。 结果 将分离得到的1株沙门氏菌烈性噬菌体命名为HK-1,该噬菌体抑菌能力强、稳定性好,且在体外具有良好的生物安全性。与野生型菌株Salmonella S503相比,噬菌体抗性菌株Salmonella S503-R生长速度放缓,毒力显著降低,对11种抗生素的敏感性增强。噬菌体HK-1与利福平、氨苄西林、磷霉素和庆大霉素存在协同杀菌作用,其中噬菌体分别与氨苄西林、磷霉素和庆大霉素联用均能在24 h内完全抑制Salmonella S503的生长。 结论 本研究从污水样品中分离得到1株沙门氏菌烈性噬菌体,该噬菌体适用于“噬菌体转向”疗法,可用于AMR沙门氏菌的防治。

沙门氏菌  /  噬菌体  /  噬菌体转向  /  噬菌体安全性  /  抗性菌株

In recent decades, the extensive and inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a serious threat to human health. Phage therapy has emerged as a promising approach for preventing and treating infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria, garnering considerable research interest. However, the rapid development of phage-resistant bacterial strains complicates the effectiveness of phage therapy. The phage steering strategy holds promise for addressing this challenge. Objective To isolate virulent phages specific to Salmonella that are suitable for phage steering therapy. Methods Specific virulent phages for Salmonella S503 were isolated and purified from wastewater samples collected from a wet market via the double agar overlay method. Their fundamental biological characteristics, antibacterial efficacy, genomic information, and in vitro biological safety were analyzed. Phage-resistant strains were generated through co-culturing Salmonella S503 with the phages. Subsequently, growth curve analysis, bacterial virulence testing, and antibiotic sensitivity assays were employed to systematically compare the characteristics of the wild-type strain and its phage-resistant counterpart. Results The isolated Salmonella phage was designated HK-1. This phage exhibited strong antibacterial properties, high stability, and confirmed biological safety in vitro. Compared with the wild-type strain Salmonella S503, the phage-resistant strain Salmonella S503-R displayed slow growth, significantly reduced virulence, and increased susceptibility to 11 different antibiotics. Furthermore, phage HK-1 demonstrated synergistic bactericidal effects when being combined with rifampicin, ampicillin, fosfomycin, and gentamicin. Notably, the combinations of HK-1 with ampicillin, fosfomycin, and gentamicin effectively inhibited the growth of Salmonella S503 within 24 h. Conclusion We successfully isolated a virulent phage from wastewater samples. This phage is suitable for phage steering therapy and offers potential for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella.

Salmonella  /  phage  /  phage steering  /  phage safety  /  resistant strain
周鸿达, 迟雪, 李宏, 马香, 唐燕琼, 李娟娟. 一株沙门氏菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及其与抗生素联用抑菌效果. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1989 -2006 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730
Hongda ZHOU, Xue CHI, Hong LI, Xiang MA, Yanqiong TANG, Juanjuan LI. Isolation and identification of a Salmonella phage and antibacterial effect evaluation of the phage combined with antibiotics[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1989 -2006 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730
沙门氏菌是一种革兰氏阴性、杆状且兼性厌氧的细菌。作为最常见的食源性病原菌之一,其致病能力较强,可引发人和动物急性胃肠炎。沙门氏菌感染一般具有自限性,多数人一周左右便可自愈。然而,对于免疫力较低的患者,症状严重时可能引发败血症、菌血症和脑膜炎等并发症,进而导致死亡。近年来,大规模沙门氏菌感染暴发的病例逐年增多,给公共卫生和养殖业带来了较大威胁[1-3]。据世界卫生组织统计数据显示,每年约有1.15亿人因感染沙门氏菌患病,其中37万人因此死亡,可见沙门氏菌病已成为危害公众生命健康和阻碍社会经济发展的重要影响因素[4-5]。在我国,由沙门氏菌引起的感染严重挤占了医疗资源,亟待解决[1,6]
如今,“后抗生素时代”即将来临,随着抗生素耐药性(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)细菌日益流行,人类面临无药可用的窘迫局面。研究表明,2021年因AMR细菌感染直接导致114万人死亡,且间接造成471万例相关死亡[7]。沙门氏菌作为一种人畜共患病原菌,传播途径多样化,耐药菌传播速度更快,必须引起足够重视[8-11]。AMR沙门氏菌已在世界各地蔓延,在2024年,世界卫生组织将耐氟喹诺酮类伤寒沙门氏菌和非伤寒沙门氏菌列入高度优先级预警清单,这表明部分耐药沙门氏菌呈现出难以预防、难以治疗的趋势,造成了巨大的疾病负担[12-15]。在中国,AMR沙门氏菌同样严重威胁民众生命健康。Zhang等[16]调查发现,2019年由伤寒沙门氏菌、副伤寒沙门氏菌和侵入性非伤寒沙门氏菌造成的死亡人数约1 173人,其中由AMR沙门氏菌引起的死亡人数约541人。多项临床数据表明,AMR沙门氏菌在我国广东、浙江、四川、云南和贵州等地日益流行[6,17]。可见,当前沙门氏菌对常用的一线治疗药物,如氯霉素、阿奇霉素、氟喹诺酮类抗生素和β-内酰胺类抗生素等均出现了耐药性,说明AMR沙门氏菌逐渐成为危害公共健康的潜在隐患,急需找到新的治疗方法。
噬菌体是专门寄生在细菌、古菌等原核微生物体内的病毒,是地球上数量最多的生命体,据估计其数量高达1030-1032个,广泛存在于各种水体、土壤、空气和动物肠道内等多种环境中[18]。噬菌体疗法,即用病毒治病,很可能成为后抗生素时代的希望,各国研究人员多次呼吁使用噬菌体治疗多重耐药病原菌引起的感染,将其作为抗生素的替代疗法之一[19-20]。噬菌体疗法作为一种同情疗法,已逐渐向临床推广,给许多AMR病原菌感染的患者及其家人带来了希望[21]。目前,我国也正在积极开展噬菌体疗法临床研究。2022年,上海噬菌体与耐药研究所完成了23例噬菌体治疗,均取得了良好效果。此外,深圳市第三人民医院努力推进噬菌体疗法走向临床,成功治愈了多名被“超级细菌”感染的病人[22-23]。然而,细菌能够快速产生噬菌体抗性,这被认为是导致噬菌体治疗失败的主要原因,也是噬菌体疗法进一步推广应用的巨大挑战。因此,在实际临床治疗中多采用噬菌体鸡尾酒或噬菌体-抗生素组合方法,该策略能够延缓甚至完全抑制噬菌体耐受细菌的出现,但前提是需要筛选出具有协同作用的“噬菌体-噬菌体或噬菌体-抗生素”组合,这同样也是一个难题。值得注意的是,近年来科研人员新提出的“噬菌体转向”策略,即利用裂解性噬菌体杀死大部分敏感细菌后,某些噬菌体可能导致有益的适应性权衡,使噬菌体耐受细菌对抗生素的敏感性增加以及细菌毒力减弱,即使不能完全清除病原菌,也可用于引导细菌群体朝着更易于治疗的表型发展。这一发现为噬菌体疗法提出了新的见解,进一步推动了噬菌体疗法在临床上的应用[24-25]
本研究以沙门氏菌(Salmonella)S503作为宿主菌,从农贸市场污水样品中分离出一株沙门氏菌烈性噬菌体,并对其生物学特性、基因组信息、生物安全性和噬菌体抗性细菌的特性进行研究,以期为AMR沙门氏菌的治疗和防控提供经验。
Salmonella S503由海南大学生命健康学院实验室保存。噬菌体HK-1分离自海南省海口市琼山区龙塘镇龙塘集贸市场采集的污水样品。
LB液体培养基(g/L):称取酵母提取物5.0,胰蛋白胨10.0,氯化钠10.0,加入1 L超纯水,用玻璃棒搅拌均匀分装,121 ℃灭菌20 min;LB半固体培养基:含5 g/L琼脂粉的LB液体培养基;LB固体培养基:含15 g/L琼脂粉的LB液体培养基。
PBS缓冲液、细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒,武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司;DMEM高糖培养基,思拓凡生物科技(杭州)有限公司;结晶紫粉末,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;大蜡螟幼虫,河南省济源白云实业有限公司;药敏纸片,常德比克曼生物科技有限公司。
生物安全柜,青岛海尔特种电器有限公司;恒温摇床,上海旻泉仪器有限公司;恒温培养箱、二氧化碳培养箱,上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;倒置显微镜,麦克奥迪实业集团有限公司;透射电子显微镜,株式会社日立制作所。
采集50 mL污水样品,10 ℃、10 000×g离心5 min,收集上清液过0.22 μm滤膜,去除污水中的杂质和细菌。将宿主菌Salmonella S503接种至LB液体培养基中,在37 ℃、180 r/min培养至对数生长期前期(OD600=0.5),然后在超净工作台中加入上一步过滤后的污水样品,继续在摇床中培养过夜。次日,取培养液于10 ℃、10 000×g离心5 min,收集上清液并过滤。随后取2 mL处于对数期的宿主菌液,与4 mL半固体培养基(45 ℃左右)混合后倒在含固体培养基的平板上,干燥5 min后滴加10 μL上清液,在超净工作台中静置30 min自然风干,将平板封口,倒置在37 ℃恒温培养箱中过夜。之后利用双层平板法取单噬菌斑连续纯化3-5次,直至噬菌斑大小一致。
准备效价在1011 PFU/mL以上的噬菌体液,取100 μL滴在200目铜网上,静置25 min,用滤纸吸去多余液体,等待5 min自然风干后,将铜网浸入100 μL浓度为2%的磷钨酸中负染3 min,随后用滤纸吸掉铜网上的染液,待干燥后用透射电子显微镜观察,放大倍数为×25.0 k,加速电压为80.0 kV。
参考文献[26]测定噬菌体的最佳感染复数。取处于对数期的宿主菌,在15 ℃、5 000 r/min离心3 min,去上清,用新鲜LB液体培养基调整细菌浓度,每个无菌试管中加入3×108 CFU宿主菌,按照感染复数为10、1、0.1、0.01、0.001和0.000 1加入对应数量的噬菌体,总体积为5 mL,每个处理组设置3个平行重复。在37 ℃、180 r/min摇床中培养4 h后,立即在10 ℃、10 000×g离心5 min,取上清液过0.22 μm滤膜,获得噬菌体液,利用双层平板法计算各组噬菌体的效价,效价最高组对应的感染复数即为最佳感染复数。
利用盐酸和氢氧化钠溶液调整PBS缓冲液pH值分别为2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0和12.0,取180 μL不同pH的上述溶液,加入20 μL效价为109 PFU/mL的噬菌体液,使最终浓度为108 PFU/mL,在室温下孵育4 h。每个pH值设置3个重复。4 h后立即用PBS缓冲液将各个处理组稀释1 000倍,之后用双层平板法计算噬菌体效价。
用PBS缓冲液调整噬菌体HK-1的效价至109 PFU/mL,取500 μL噬菌体液加入2 mL EP管中,分别在4、37、40、50、60、70、80 ℃各个温度下孵育4 h,每个温度设置3个平行重复。4 h后利用双层平板法计算噬菌体效价。
参考文献[26]测定噬菌体的一步生长曲线。将宿主菌培养至对数生长期,取108 CFU宿主菌,按最佳感染复数加入噬菌体,将二者加入2 mL离心管中吹打混匀,在37 ℃孵育5 min后,10 000×g离心1 min,弃上清。沉淀用1 mL LB液体培养基重悬,随后加入含19 mL LB液体培养基的锥形瓶中,放置在37 ℃、160 r/min摇床中培养,设置3个平行重复。每隔10 min取1次样,直至100 min。最后用双层平板法计算噬菌体效价,绘制噬菌体HK-1的一步生长曲线。
参考Lin等[27]清除生物被膜部分的实验方法,并稍作修改。取对数生长期的Salmonella S503,调整浓度为106 CFU/mL。取100 μL上述浓度的菌液加入96孔板中,放入37 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养108 h。培养结束后,噬菌体处理组加入100 μL效价为108 PFU/mL的噬菌体液,溶剂为LB液体培养基,对照组加入100 μL不含噬菌体的LB培养基,在37 ℃下静置孵育3 h。到时间后吸弃液体,用PBS缓冲液清洗3次。待96孔板干燥后,加入200 μL 0.1%的结晶紫染液,避光静置孵育40 min后吸弃结晶紫染液,用PBS缓冲液清洗3次;最后加入200 μL 95%乙醇溶解,放在微孔板振荡器下轻轻振荡30 min,利用酶标仪测定OD570值。每个处理设置6个生物学重复。
将宿主菌培养至对数生长期,调整浓度为107 CFU/mL,取100 μL菌液加入96孔板中;噬菌体处理组加入100 μL相应滴度的噬菌体液,溶剂为LB液体培养基,对照组加入100 μL LB液体培养基,利用酶标仪测定OD600值,绘制噬菌体抑菌曲线。设置5个生物学重复。
将宿主菌培养至对数生长期,用PBS缓冲液将噬菌体滴度调整至108 PFU/mL,将用于测试宿主谱的各个菌株培养至OD600=0.5,取200 μL菌液涂布在LB平板上,在超净工作台中干燥10 min后,点滴5 μL噬菌体液,干燥30 min,随后将平板倒置放入37 ℃培养箱中培养过夜,次日观察结果。
根据李兆雪[28]的方法提取噬菌体基因组。在噬菌体液中分别加入RNase A和DNase I,调整终浓度分别为3 μg/mL和1 μg/mL,混匀后37 ℃过夜孵育,目的是去除宿主菌核酸污染。次日利用酚-氯仿抽提法提取噬菌体基因组DNA,用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,若噬菌体基因组主条带清晰,无杂质污染,且未发生降解,则保存于-20 ℃,送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司,使用Illumina双端测序技术测定噬菌体HK-1的全基因组序列。数据评估及质控:对测序的原始数据通过FastQC进行质量评估;通过Trimmomatic对Illumina测序数据进行质量剪切,得到相对准确的有效数据。基因组拼接:使用SPAdes采用无参或有参拼接二代测序数据;采用GapFiller对拼接得到的contig补GAP;利用PrInSeS-G进行序列矫正,修正拼接过程中的碱基错误及小片段的插入缺失。基因组分析:使用Prokka预测基因元件,包括基因、tRNA、rRNA等;采用RepeatMasker鉴定基因组上的重复序列。基因注释:采用NCBI Blast+将基因蛋白序列与CDD、KOG、COG、NR、NT、PFAM、Swiss-Prot、TrEMBL等多个数据库进行比对,得到其功能注释信息;根据基因与Swiss-Prot、TrEMBL的注释结果得到GO功能注释信息;利用KAAS得到基因KEGG注释信息。
参照刘鑫[29]的方法,使用在线网站VFDB (http://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/,2025年9月10日)检测噬菌体基因组中是否含有细菌毒力相关基因。使用在线网站ResFinder 4.7.2 (http://genepi.food.dtu.dk/resfinder,2025年9月10日)检测噬菌体基因组中是否含有抗生素抗性基因。
根据一致性高低,从NCBI数据库中提取17株噬菌体的全基因组序列,使用MAFFT软件,将其与噬菌体HK-1的全基因组进行序列比对,随后使用MEGA 11软件,采用邻接法构建系统发育树。
采用Yang等[30]设计的溶血实验方法,并稍作修改。本研究动物实验已通过海南大学动物伦理委员会批准,编号为HNUAUCC-2024-00252。取昆明小鼠眼眶血,立即将收集的血液在15 ℃、5 000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清,用PBS轻轻洗涤。重复上述步骤2-3次直至上清液澄清,弃上清,得到红细胞沉淀。用PBS缓冲液配制4%红细胞悬浮液。取500 μL的4%红细胞悬浮液,在15 ℃、3 000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清,分别用1 mL ddH2O、PBS缓冲液和噬菌体液(106、107、108 PFU/mL,溶剂为PBS缓冲液)轻轻重悬混匀,在37 ℃恒温培养箱中静置孵育2 h,随后在5 000 r/min离心10 min,吸取200 μL上清液至96孔板中,利用酶标仪测定在OD577处的吸光度,溶血率计算如公式(1)所示。
溶血率=OD577(噬菌体处理组)-OD577(PBS)OD577(ddH2O)-OD577(PBS)×100%
每个处理组设置3个平行重复。所用噬菌体溶液的纯化方法:将宿主菌-噬菌体共培养过夜,取培养液在10 ℃、10 000×g离心5 min,取上清过0.22 μm滤膜;然后用无菌PBS缓冲液将效价为1011 PFU/mL的噬菌体液稀释至108 PFU/mL,除去脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS),4 ℃保存备用。
将Caco-2细胞用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM完全培养基调整至浓度为5×104个/mL的单细胞悬液,往96孔板中接种100 μL,放入细胞培养箱中培养12 h后,加入用完全培养基稀释的100 μL效价分别为106、107、108 PFU/mL的噬菌体液,对照组加入等量的完全培养基,继续培养24 h。24 h后吸弃培养基,用PBS清洗3次,加入10% CCK-8避光孵育45 min,利用酶标仪测定OD450处的吸光度。每个处理组设置3个平行重复。所用噬菌体溶液的纯化方法同1.7.1节所述。
取1 mL宿主菌液(108 CFU/mL)和等量噬菌体液(108 PFU/mL)充分混匀后加入含50 mL LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min摇床培养24 h。准备含有噬菌体的平板(取100 μL效价为109 PFU/mL的噬菌体液涂布,放在超净工作台中干燥20 min),取适量培养的细菌-噬菌体培养液涂布在含有噬菌体的平板上,干燥5 min后,放入37 ℃培养箱中倒置培养。次日,挑取单菌落连续传代3次,然后用噬菌体液点板验证,若不产生空斑说明噬菌体抗性菌分离成功。细菌16S rRNA基因PCR扩增参考文献[31]完成,用细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAG TTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTT ACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)进行菌落PCR扩增验证,将符合目的片段大小且阴性对照无污染的阳性PCR产物交至铂尚生物技术(上海)有限公司测序,测序结果在NCBI数据库BLAST中进行在线比对分析。
将野生型菌株Salmonella S503与噬菌体抗性菌株Salmonella S503-R菌液平板划线,在37 ℃培养过夜,然后取0.5%结晶紫染色液覆盖菌落,染色1 min,随后用PBS轻轻洗涤3次,弃去液体,立即检查菌落颜色并拍照保存[32]
分别取OD600=0.4的Salmonella S503菌液与Salmonella S503-R菌液各5 mL加入2支干净试管中,放入提前预热至80 ℃的水浴锅中,孵育2 h,到时间后观察细菌沉淀情况。
准备OD600=0.5的Salmonella S503与Salmonella S503-R菌液,各取5 mL在15 ℃、5 000 r/min离心3 min,弃上清,用1 mL生理盐水重悬菌体沉淀,分别加入2支干净的试管中,每支试管再补加1 mL 0.1%的吖啶黄素溶液,放入摇床充分混匀1 min后观察。然后转移至37 ℃培养箱中静置6 h,观察凝集情况并拍照保存[32]
Salmonella S503与Salmonella S503-R培养至对数生长期,在15 ℃、5 000 r/min离心3 min,弃上清,用PBS清洗细菌沉淀3次,用LB液体培养基调整细菌浓度为5×106 CFU/mL,取200 μL菌液加入96孔板中,利用酶标仪测定OD600值,绘制细菌的生长曲线,设置5个生物学重复。
大蜡螟作为一种非哺乳动物的真核生物已被广泛用于测试细菌的毒力,本研究使用大蜡螟模型考察Salmonella S503和Salmonella S503-R的毒力。参照韩鹏军[33]的实验方法,并稍作修改。从河南省科云生物农药有限公司购买大蜡螟幼虫(350±50) mg,实验前将它们放入90 mm培养皿中,在37 ℃、无食物且黑暗的条件下静置24 h。之后将大蜡螟分为5组,每组10只,第1组每个大蜡螟注射20 μL的PBS,第2组每个大蜡螟注射20 µL的Salmonella S503菌液(106 CFU/mL),第3组每个大蜡螟注射20 µL的Salmonella S503菌液(109 CFU/mL),第4组每个大蜡螟注射20 µL的Salmonella S503-R菌液(106 CFU/mL),第5组每个大蜡螟注射20 µL的Salmonella S503-R菌液(109 CFU/mL)。5组均在大蜡螟左前足进行血腔内注射,最后将大蜡螟置于37 ℃、无食物且黑暗的条件下培养7 d,每天观察并记录幼虫死亡数量。
参照临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI M100第34版)指南,采用Kirby-Bauer (K-B)药敏纸片法对野生型菌株Salmonella S503与噬菌体抗性菌株Salmonella S503-R进行药敏测试。取Salmonella S503和Salmonella S503-R菌液,在15 ℃、5 000 r/min离心3 min,去上清,用无菌生理盐水将菌体沉淀浓度调至108 CFU/mL,用无菌棉花棒蘸取菌液,沿离心管内壁挤压至不滴水,在平板上涂布,旋转60°涂布1次,再旋转60°涂布1次,将平板均匀涂满,在超净工作台中干燥5 min。然后将新霉素(10 μg/片)、利福平(10 μg/片)、头孢噻肟(10 μg/片)、卡那霉素(10 μg/片)、头孢噻吩钠(10 μg/片)、氯霉素(10 μg/片)、氨苄西林(10 μg/片)、磷霉素(10 μg/片)、环丙沙星(10 μg/片)、四环素(10 μg/片)、庆大霉素(10 μg/片)、链霉素(10 μg/片)、复方磺胺甲恶唑(10 μg/片)的药敏纸片轻压放置于平板上,每个平板放3片相同药敏纸片,纸片中心距离不小于24 cm,最后将平板倒置于37 ℃培养20-24 h,测量抑菌圈直径。
为了探究抗生素和噬菌体的协同抑菌效果,将使噬菌体抗性菌株敏感性增强的5种抗生素和噬菌体HK-1联用,测定其抑菌曲线。将宿主菌培养至对数生长期,调整浓度为107 CFU/mL备用。设置4个处理组,5 μg/mL抗生素组:100 μL 107 CFU/mL菌液+100 μL 10 μg/mL抗生素(溶剂为LB液体培养基);10 μg/mL抗生素组:100 μL 107 CFU/mL菌液+100 μL 20 μg/mL抗生素(溶剂为LB液体培养基);5 μg/mL抗生素+噬菌体组:100 μL 107 CFU/mL菌液+100 μL 107 PFU/mL的噬菌体液(溶剂为10 μg/mL抗生素的LB液体培养基);10 μg/mL抗生素+噬菌体组:100 μL 107 CFU/mL菌液+100 μL 107 PFU/mL的噬菌体液(溶剂为20 μg/mL抗生素的LB液体培养基)。利用酶标仪测定OD600值,绘制抑制曲线。设置3个生物学重复。
使用SPSS 27进行数据分析,所有结果均重复3次以上,结果采用mean±SD表示。对2个独立组进行的统计比较使用Student’s t检验,多重比较使用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)并采用Turkey’s multiple range事后检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2024年5月,从海南省海口市多地收集污水样品,以实验室保存的Salmonella S503作为宿主菌,对噬菌体进行分离筛选。在全部24个取样地点中成功分离噬菌体的比率为37.5%。研究发现农贸市场污水中较容易分离出噬菌体,这可能是由于市场污水汇集了多种清洗废水,尤其是屠宰及肉类加工过程中冲洗胴体水的聚集处。从龙塘集贸市场污水中分离得到一株噬菌体,命名为HK-1,并对其进行后续研究。噬菌体HK-1在双层琼脂平板上形成清晰透亮、直径约为1 mm的噬菌斑(图1A)。利用透射电子显微镜观察噬菌体形态结构(图1B),噬菌体HK-1具有二十面体的头部,头部长度为(70.10±2.47) nm,宽度为(64.34±2.75) nm;还有一条长(186.50±5.07) nm的尾巴,属于有尾噬菌体目长尾噬菌体科。
通过将噬菌体HK-1与宿主菌以不同比例共培养来研究其最佳感染复数。当噬菌体与宿主菌的初始数量比为0.01时,在37 ℃,180 r/min共培养4 h后,在各个感染复数条件下产生的子代噬菌体数量最多,为1.30×1010 PFU/mL (图1C),因此噬菌体HK-1的最佳感染复数为0.01。
通过设计pH值为2.0-12.0的梯度PBS溶液,与噬菌体孵育4 h后计算噬菌体效价,研究噬菌体的pH稳定性。如图1D所示,当pH处于4.0-10.0区间时噬菌体HK-1的效价基本维持不变;当pH为3.0或11.0时噬菌体效价大幅度降低;当pH为2.0或12.0时噬菌体完全失活。实验结果表明,噬菌体HK-1具有良好的酸碱耐受性。
将噬菌体分别置于4、37、40、50、60、70、80 ℃水浴中4 h后,计算噬菌体效价,研究其热稳定性。如图1E所示,噬菌体HK-1具有较好的温度稳定性,在4 ℃和37 ℃时噬菌体的活性不受影响;在40 ℃时噬菌体效价开始下降,50 ℃时效价下降明显;而在60 ℃和70 ℃时噬菌体的效价大幅度降低,80 ℃时噬菌体彻底失活。因此,噬菌体HK-1有良好的温度耐受性,能够满足用于动物体内治疗或环境消杀的需求。
按最佳感染复数0.01的比例将噬菌体和宿主菌混合,每间隔10 min取样1次,测定噬菌体效价,绘制出噬菌体的一步生长曲线。可知,噬菌体HK-1的潜伏期约为10 min,在60 min以后进入平台期,裂解量大约为12 PFU/cell (图1F)。
为研究HK-1的体外抑菌能力,分别对噬菌体的抑菌曲线和清除生物被膜的能力进行了评价。在LB液体培养基中,与只含细菌的对照组相比,噬菌体HK-1在不同感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)下均能有效地抑制Salmonella S503的生长。在MOI=0.1-1 000时,前8 h噬菌体几乎完全抑制了细菌的生长,展现出了较强的抑菌效果。随后,具有噬菌体抗性的细菌出现,并开始增长(图1H)。同时,利用结晶紫染色法测定了噬菌体HK-1清除生物被膜的能力,在噬菌体处理3 h后,与对照组相比,生物膜减少量为25.12% (图1G)。
为明确噬菌体HK-1的宿主范围,通过点板法实验确定了噬菌体的宿主谱。如表1所示,噬菌体HK-1能裂解4株沙门氏菌,其中2株属于乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌,2株属于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,但不能裂解剩余的沙门氏菌和其他细菌。这说明噬菌体具有宿主专一性,用于治疗时不会破坏正常菌群。
利用二代测序技术Illumina测定噬菌体HK-1的全基因组,注释后存入GenBank数据库,登录号为PX060293.1。全基因组分析结果显示(图2A),噬菌体HK-1的遗传物质为线性双链DNA,基因组全长为86 040 bp,G+C含量为38.73%。整个基因组包含146个推定的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF),其中正链上有115个ORFs,负链上有31个ORFs。在所有的ORFs中仅有7个ORFs被预测为功能蛋白,且均属于DNA复制相关蛋白。此外,噬菌体HK-1基因组中还鉴定出24个tRNA基因。
为评估噬菌体HK-1在基因组水平上的安全性,利用在线网站ResFinder和VFDB对噬菌体基因组进行检测,结果表明噬菌体HK-1的基因组中不存在耐药及毒力基因,在基因层面是安全的。
将噬菌体HK-1的全基因组上传至NCBI数据库,进行Nucleotide BLAST比对,结果显示最大相似度为97.88%。根据一致性高低,从数据库中下载17株噬菌体的全基因组序列,使用MEGA 11软件将其与噬菌体HK-1的全基因组进行序列比对,随后采用邻接法绘制系统发育树。如图2B所示,噬菌体HK-1与Salmonella phage BPS15S6的进化关系最近,依据国际病毒分类委员会关于噬菌体的分类标准,噬菌体HK-1可归属为Felixounavirus BPS17W1种中的1株噬菌体。
通过溶血实验和细胞毒性实验评价HK-1的体外生物相容性。与ddH2O孵育导致红细胞完全裂解不同,PBS和噬菌体颗粒(106、107、108 PFU/mL,溶剂为PBS缓冲液)孵育2 h后溶血率均低于3% (图2C),这表明噬菌体颗粒不会引起溶血。如图2D所示,分别调整噬菌体浓度为106、107、108 PFU/mL,与Caco-2细胞共培养24 h后,实验结果表明噬菌体完全不影响细胞活力,无细胞毒性。因此,噬菌体HK-1是安全的,可进一步应用于动物体内的相关研究。
为研究噬菌体抗性细菌的生物学特性,将宿主菌与噬菌体HK-1共培养24 h后,分离其抗性细菌,经3轮单菌落纯化后进行验证。如图3A所示,分离菌株用16S rRNA基因通用引物进行扩增,PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,目的条带位于1 500 bp处,符合预期条带大小。测序结果经比对分析显示,分离的抗性细菌为沙门氏菌。因此,成功分离得到噬菌体HK-1的一株抗性细菌,命名为Salmonella S503-R。点板实验显示,噬菌体HK-1已不能裂解抗性细菌Salmonella S503-R (图3B)。随后,通过结晶紫染色实验、热凝集实验和吖啶黄凝集实验鉴定噬菌体抗性细菌Salmonella S503-R的表型。结果表明,与原始的Salmonella S503相比,结晶紫染色后Salmonella S503-R的菌落被染成紫色;在热凝集实验和吖啶黄凝集实验中Salmonella S503-R菌悬液出现凝集,试管底部有沉淀,上清较清亮,而原始的Salmonella S503不存在上述变化(图3C-3E)。这说明在获得噬菌体HK-1抗性后,Salmonella S503的菌落形态由光滑型变为粗糙型。
为探究Salmonella S503-R获得抵抗噬菌体HK-1的能力后自身是否会发生明显变化,对Salmonella S503和Salmonella S503-R进行了一系列的测试。对比生长状况(图4A),与Salmonella S503相比,噬菌体抗性菌株Salmonella S503-R的生长速度明显减缓。对比细菌毒性,建立大蜡螟幼虫感染模型,结果如图4B所示,以相同数量的Salmonella S503和Salmonella S503-R分别进行攻毒,24 h后统计大蜡螟幼虫的存活率,噬菌体抗性菌株低浓度攻毒组(106 CFU/mL)和高浓度攻毒组(109 CFU/mL)的存活率均为100%;野生型菌株低浓度攻毒组(106 CFU/mL)存活率为30%,高浓度攻毒组(109 CFU/mL)的大蜡螟幼虫全部死亡。连续观察7 d,各组大蜡螟幼虫的存活率与第1天结果一致,未再出现新的死亡情况,这表明噬菌体抗性菌株Salmonella S503-R的毒力明显减弱。选取13种常用抗生素测试Salmonella S503和Salmonella S503-R对抗生素的敏感性,结果表明(图4C),与野生型菌株Salmonella S503相比,噬菌体抗性菌株Salmonella S503-R对所测试的11种抗生素的抑菌圈直径出现不同程度的增大,其中对利福平、氨苄西林、庆大霉素、磷霉素和环丙沙星的敏感性改变程度最大,而对氯霉素和链霉素的敏感性不变。点板实验验证了抗性菌株尚未丧失抵抗噬菌体的能力(图4C)。综上所述,噬菌体抗性菌株Salmonella S503-R的生长速率和毒力下降,且对某些抗生素的敏感性有不同程度的增加,这说明Salmonella S503-R获得抵抗噬菌体HK-1的能力需要付出一定代价。
在发现噬菌体HK-1抗性细菌对所测试的大部分抗生素敏感性增强后,选择敏感性增强最大的前5种抗生素,包括利福平、氨苄西林、磷霉素、环丙沙星和庆大霉素来探究其与噬菌体HK-1 (MOI=1)是否存在协同抑菌作用。结果表明,利福平和庆大霉素单独使用时抑菌效果不佳。然而,5 μg/mL的利福平和噬菌体HK-1联用后,抗性细菌的出现推迟了8 h;10 μg/mL的利福平和噬菌体HK-1联用后,抗性细菌的出现推迟了10 h (图5A);5 μg/mL的庆大霉素和噬菌体HK-1联用后,抗性细菌的出现推迟了9 h,而10 μg/mL的庆大霉素和噬菌体HK-1联用后,24 h内无抗性细菌出现(图5E)。5 μg/mL的氨苄西林和磷霉素单独使用时不能完全抑制Salmonella S503的生长,与噬菌体联用后,24 h内完全抑制了细菌的生长(图5B5C)。由于Salmonella S503对环丙沙星较为敏感,5 μg/mL和10 μg/mL的环丙沙星单独使用或与噬菌体联用,在24 h内均能完全抑制细菌的生长(图5D)。综上所述,噬菌体HK-1与利福平、氨苄西林、磷霉素和庆大霉素联用时具有协同抑菌效果,且合适浓度的氨苄西林、磷霉素和庆大霉素与噬菌体联用,在24 h内可完全抑制Salmonella S503的生长,具有显著的抑菌效果。
AMR病原菌的出现和扩散是公共卫生领域面临的一项重大挑战,亟需探寻新的治疗方法。近年来,噬菌体在防治AMR细菌感染方面展现出巨大的应用潜力。然而,在细菌-噬菌体的长期共进化过程中,细菌获得了多种抵御噬菌体的方法,导致在治疗过程中细菌易发生快速变异,产生噬菌体抗性,这也成为阻碍噬菌体疗法向临床推广的主要障碍[34-36]。因此,对噬菌体抗性细菌展开研究十分必要。“噬菌体转向”策略为噬菌体疗法提供了新的见解和方法,在裂解性噬菌体杀死大部分敏感细菌后,进化出的抗性细菌会伴随显著的“适应性代价”,如对部分抗生素重新敏感以及毒力减弱等,这表明这类噬菌体在临床应用中具有更大的潜在价值[24-25]。因此从自然环境中分离筛选适用于“噬菌体转向”疗法的噬菌体,丰富噬菌体库,是推进“噬菌体转向”疗法向临床转化的重要基础。
本研究从海口市龙塘集贸市场污水中分离得到一株沙门氏菌噬菌体,命名为HK-1。该噬菌体在双层平板上形成直径约1 mm的噬菌斑,且清晰透亮。通过透射电镜观察发现,噬菌体HK-1属于有尾噬菌体目长尾噬菌体科。实验结果表明,噬菌体HK-1的最佳感染复数为0.01,潜伏期约为10 min,裂解量大约为12 PFU/cell。噬菌体HK-1具有良好的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性,在50 ℃水浴4 h后仍有1/4的噬菌体具备活性;在pH 4.0-10.0的溶液中孵育4 h后噬菌体效价保持不变,这与其他研究者分离出的沙门氏菌噬菌体基本一致,说明该噬菌体易于储存,且具备用于环境消杀和体内治疗的潜力[37-38]。随后,测定了噬菌体HK-1在体外的抑菌能力,在MOI=0.1-1 000时,前8 h噬菌体几乎完全抑制了细菌的生长,展现出较强的抑菌效果。同时,噬菌体HK-1还具备清除生物被膜的能力,这为其开发成为防治生物被膜相关感染的生物制剂提供了机会[39]
噬菌体疗法的安全性也是阻碍其向临床推广的主要问题之一。Fang等[40]和Uyttebroek等[41]的研究团队分别汇总了近几十年来噬菌体应用于动物体内研究和临床治疗的情况,结果表明噬菌体疗法有效且安全,但仍有一些不良事件发生。因此,噬菌体应用于体内治疗时在体外评估其安全性十分必要。本研究在基因组水平和体外实验中评估了噬菌体HK-1的安全性,结果表明噬菌体HK-1的基因组不存在耐药及毒力基因;在宿主谱测定实验中噬菌体HK-1仅能裂解沙门氏菌,不能裂解其他细菌,说明该噬菌体具有宿主专一性,在应用于体内治疗时不会破坏正常菌群;同时,测定了噬菌体HK-1的生物相容性,发现该噬菌体不会引起红细胞溶血,且不影响Caco-2细胞活力,具有良好的血液相容性和细胞相容性,可进一步用于体内研究。
为了研究噬菌体抗性细菌的生物学特性,本研究分离了噬菌体HK-1的一株抗性细菌,通过菌落结晶紫染色、热凝集和吖啶黄凝集试验对抗性细菌的表型进行了分析,发现Salmonella S503获得抵抗噬菌体的能力后,表型由“光滑型”转变为“粗糙型”。在革兰氏阴性菌中这种菌落表观形态的变化通常与LPS的结构相关[42];结合文献[43-45],LPS核心多糖主链的waaJwaaL基因是噬菌体抗性细菌频繁发生突变的2个位点,经测序后序列比对发现,噬菌体HK-1抗性细菌Salmonella S503-R的waaL基因并未发生改变,但waaJ基因中存在一处单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)突变,该位点出现C→T的碱基替换,由编码谷氨酰胺的密码子CAG突变为终止密码子TAG,导致翻译提前终止。在沙门氏菌中waaJ基因编码脂多糖1,2-葡萄糖基转移酶,负责LPS核心多糖主链结构的合成[46]Salmonella S503为了抵抗噬菌体而产生的无义突变可能会造成LPS结构缺失,LPS是沙门氏菌较常见的吸附受体[47],噬菌体HK-1的受体可能位于LPS上,因此推测细菌通过修饰或截短LPS来获得噬菌体抗性。随后,进一步分析了这株噬菌体抗性细菌Salmonella S503-R在生长状况、细菌毒性及对抗生素敏感性方面的变化,结果表明与野生型Salmonella S503相比,Salmonella S503-R的生长速率减缓,细菌毒性显著降低,对11种抗生素的敏感性增加,且这些抗生素的作用机制涵盖了抑制RNA合成、抑制细胞壁合成、抑制DNA合成与复制和抑制蛋白质合成;进一步选择抗性细菌Salmonella S503-R增强敏感性最大的前5种抗生素与噬菌体HK-1联用,结果表明合适浓度的氨苄西林、磷霉素和庆大霉素与噬菌体具有协同抑菌作用,在24 h内能够完全抑制Salmonella S503的生长,具有良好的抗菌效果。综上所述,噬菌体HK-1在防治AMR沙门氏菌方面具备众多优势,适用于“噬菌体转向”疗法,具有临床应用的潜力。
需要注意的是,尽管噬菌体HK-1在体外展现出较强的抑菌效果和良好的生物相容性,但在实际应用于体内治疗时所面对的微环境更加复杂多变,其有效性与安全性仍需通过体内实验进一步探究,为实际应用提供更加科学可靠的依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32260020)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22206152)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32460244)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32260028)
  • 海南省科技专项(ZDYF2024XDNY164)
  • 海南省科技专项(ZDYF2025SHFZ029)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Wang LP, Zhou SX, Wang X, Lu QB, Shi LS, Ren X, Zhang HY, Wang YF, Lin SH, Zhang CH, Geng MJ, Zhang XA, Li J, Zhao SW, Yi ZG, Chen X, Yang ZS, Meng L, Wang XH, Liu YL, et al. Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 2464.
[2]
Soliani L, Rugna G, Prosperi A, Chiapponi C, Luppi A. Salmonella infection in pigs: disease, prevalence, and a link between swine and human health[J]. Pathogens, 2023, 12(10): 1267.
[3]
杨琴, 黄浩, 毕润, 冉李燕. 一起蛋鸡沙门氏菌病的临床诊断与治疗[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2023,19(5): 106-109.
[4]
GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019[J]. The Lancet, 2022, 400(10369): 2221-2248.
[5]
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J]. The Lancet, 2018, 392(10159): 1736-1788.
[6]
Wang ZN, Zhou HY, Liu YH, Huang CH, Chen JQ, Siddique A, Yin R, Jia CH, Li Y, Zhao GP, Yue M. Nationwide trends and features of human salmonellosis outbreaks in China[J]. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 2024, 13(1): 2372364.
[7]
GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050[J]. The Lancet, 2024, 404(10459): 1199-1226.
[8]
Wang YN, Xu XB, Jia SL, Qu MQ, Pei YH, Qiu SF, Zhang JM, Liu Y, Ma SF, Lyu N, Hu YF, Li JL, Zhang EQ, Wan B, Zhu BL, Gao GF. A global atlas and drivers of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella during 1900-2023[J]. Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 4611.
[9]
Wang YN, Liu Y, Lyu N, Li ZY, Ma SF, Cao DM, Pan YL, Hu YF, Huang H, Gao GF, Xu XB, Union BL, Zhu BL. The temporal dynamics of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica and predominant serovars in China[J]. National Science Review, 2022, 10(3): nwac269.
[10]
Li H, Wu YL, Feng D, Jiang QG, Li SK, Rong J, Zhong L, Methner U, Baxter L, Ott S, Falush D, Li ZP, Deng XY, Lu X, Ren Y, Kan B, Zhou ZM. Centralized industrialization of pork in Europe and America contributes to the global spread of Salmonella enterica [J]. Nature Food, 2024, 5(5): 413-422.
[11]
Li ST, He YS, Mann DA, Deng XY. Global spread of Salmonella Enteritidis via centralized sourcing and international trade of poultry breeding stocks[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 5109.
[12]
Da Silva KE, Tanmoy AM, Pragasam AK, Iqbal J, Sajib MSI, Mutreja A, Veeraraghavan B, Tamrakar D, Qamar FN, Dougan G, Bogoch I, Seidman JC, Shakya J, Vaidya K, Carey ME, Shrestha R, Irfan S, Baker S, Luby SP, Cao YJ, et al. The international and intercontinental spread and expansion of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi: a genomic epidemiology study[J]. The Lancet Microbe, 2022, 3(8): e567-e577.
[13]
John J, Bavdekar A, Rongsen-Chandola T, Dutta S, Gupta M, Kanungo S, Sinha B, Srinivasan M, Shrivastava A, Bansal A, Singh A, Koshy RM, Jinka DR, Thomas MS, Alexander AP, Thankaraj S, Ebenezer SE, Karthikeyan AS, Kumar D, Njarekkattuvalappil SK, et al. Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in India[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2023, 388(16): 1491-1500.
[14]
Nichols M, Stapleton GS, Rotstein DS, Gollarza L, Adams J, Caidi H, Chen J, Hodges A, Glover M, Peloquin S, Payne L, Norris A, Delancey S, Donovan D, Dietrich S, Glaspie S, Mcwilliams K, Burgess E, Holben B, Pietrzen K, et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections in people linked to pig ear pet treats, United States, 2015-2019: results of a multistate investigation[J]. The Lancet Regional Health-Americas, 2024, 34: 100769.
[15]
Bagcchi S. AMR in bacteria from humans, animals, and food in Europe[J]. The Lancet Microbe, 2023, 4(5): e299.
[16]
Zhang C, Fu XH, Liu YQ, Zhao H, Wang GQ. Burden of infectious diseases and bacterial antimicrobial resistance in China: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019[J]. The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific, 2024, 43: 100972.
[17]
Long L, You L, Wang D, Wang M, Wang JH, Bai GH, Li JH, Wei XY, Li SJ. Highly prevalent MDR frequently carrying virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-isolates from Guizhou Province, China[J]. PLoS One, 2022, 17(5): e0266443.
[18]
Breitbart M, Rohwer F. Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2005, 13(6): 278-284.
[19]
Advocating for phage therapy[J]. Nature Microbiology, 2024, 9(6): 1397-1398.
[20]
The promise of phages[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2023, 41(5): 583.
[21]
Pirnay JP, Djebara S, Steurs G, Griselain J, Cochez C, de Soir S, Glonti T, Spiessens A, Vanden Berghe E, Green S, Wagemans J, Lood C, Schrevens E, Chanishvili N, Kutateladze M, de Jode M, Ceyssens PJ, Draye JP, Verbeken G, de Vos D, et al. Personalized bacteriophage therapy outcomes for 100 consecutive cases: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective observational study[J]. Nature Microbiology, 2024, 9(6): 1434-1453.
[22]
Tan X, Chen HS, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Jiang YC, Liu XY, Huang W, Ma YF. Clinical experience of personalized phage therapy against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lung infection in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021, 11: 631585.
[23]
Duan XK, Liu WF, Xiao YY, Rao M, Ji LY, Wan XF, Han SH, Lin ZX, Liu HC, Chen PF, Qiao K, Zheng MB, Shen JY, Zhou Y, Asakawa T, Xiao MF, Lu HZ. Exploration of the feasibility of clinical application of phage treatment for multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens-induced pulmonary infection[J]. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 2025, 14(1): 2451048.
[24]
Gurney J, Brown SP, Kaltz O, Hochberg ME. Steering phages to combat bacterial pathogens[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2020, 28(2): 85-94.
[25]
Oromí-Bosch A, Antani JD, Turner PE. Developing phage therapy that overcomes the evolution of bacterial resistance[J]. Annual Review of Virology, 2023, 10(1): 503-524.
[26]
张洁琼, 沈俊涛, 莫洛菲, 马迎飞, 尤晓颜. 一株铅黄肠球菌噬菌体的生物学特性和全基因组分析[J]. 微生物学报, 2022, 62(10): 4008-4018.
Zhang JQ, Shen JT, Mo LF, Ma YF, You XY. Characterization of a novel phage specifically infecting Enterococcus casseliflavus [J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2022, 62(10): 4008-4018 (in Chinese).
[27]
Lin SS, Xie GC, He J, Meng L, Pang Y, Liu JY. Enhancing phage therapy by coating single bacteriophage-infected bacteria with polymer to preserve phage vitality[J]. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2025, 9(7): 1155-1171.
[28]
李兆雪. 肠炎沙门氏菌噬菌体JD01和JD02生物学特性及食品安全生物防控制剂的潜在应用研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2022.
Li ZX. Characterization and potential application of food safety biocontrol agents of Salmonella enteritidis phage JD01 and JD02[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2022 (in Chinese).
[29]
刘鑫. 肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及基因组分析[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2021.
Liu X. Isolation, identification and genomic analysis of bacteriophages of Klebsiella pneumoniae [D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2021 (in Chinese).
[30]
Yang W, Zheng XY, Jia DX, Weng AZ, Jia YJ, Chen X, Zhang YX, Yu Q. Engineered nanoplatform with DNase-mimetic catalysis and photothermal ablation for synergistic biofilm eradication[J]. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2025, 256: 115019.
[31]
张玉华. 鸽源沙门氏菌的分离鉴定、耐药性分析及致病性研究[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2024.
Zhang YH. Isolation, identification, antimicrobial resistance analysis, and pathogenicity of Salmonella from pigeons[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2024 (in Chinese).
[32]
唐新月. 布鲁氏菌S2Δbp26株的构建及iELISA鉴别检测方法的建立[D]. 北京: 中国兽医药品监察所, 2024.
Tang XY. Construction of S2Δbp26 strain of Brucella and establishment of an indirect ELISA differential detection method[D]. Beijing: Master’s Thesis of China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, 2024 (in Chinese).
[33]
韩鹏军. 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌噬菌体的杀菌特性及噬菌体DNA聚合酶的活性研究[D]. 北京: 北京化工大学, 2024.
Han PJ. Bactericidal properties of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia phages and study on the activity of phage DNA polymerase[D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 2024 (in Chinese).
[34]
Georjon H, Bernheim A. The highly diverse antiphage defence systems of bacteria[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2023, 21(10): 686-700.
[35]
Zeng ZF, Hu ZY, Zhao RL, Rao JK, Mestre MR, Liu YQ, Liu SH, Feng H, Chen Y, He H, Chen N, Zheng JS, Peng DH, Luo M, She QX, Pinilla-Redondo R, Han WY. Base-modified nucleotides mediate immune signaling in bacteria[J]. Science, 2025, 388(6745): eads6055.
[36]
Li YP, Guan LL, Becher I, Makarova KS, Cao XL, Hareendranath S, Guan JW, Stein F, Yang SQ, Boergel A, Lapouge K, Remans K, Agard D, Savitski M, Typas A, Koonin EV, Feng Y, Bondy-Denomy J. Jumbo phage killer immune system targets early infection of nucleus-forming phages[J]. Cell, 2025, 188(8): 2127-2140.e21.
[37]
Jiang ZH, Yaqoob MU, Xu YH, Siddique A, Lin SQ, Hu SY, Ed-Dra A, Yue M. Isolation, characterization, and genome sequencing analysis of a novel phage HBW-1 of Salmonella [J]. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2025, 200: 107327.
[38]
Jin XX, Sun XX, Lu Q, Wang Z, Zhang ZG, Ling XC, Xu YP, Liang RQ, Yang JJ, Li L, Zhang TF, Luo QP, Cheng GF. Salmonella phage vB_SpuM_X5: a novel approach to reducing Salmonella biofilms with implications for food safety[J]. Microorganisms, 2024, 12(12): 2400.
[39]
贺丽莎, 杨灼, 冉蕾, 陈红伟, 杨洪早. 噬菌体防治细菌生物被膜相关感染的研究进展[J]. 微生物学报, 2024, 64(10): 3670-3684.
He LS, Yang Z, Ran L, Chen HW, Yang HZ. Research progress of phages in prevention and treatment of bacterial biofilm-associated infections[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024, 64(10): 3670-3684 (in Chinese).
[40]
Fang QQ, Yin X, He YL, Feng Y, Zhang LW, Luo H, Yin G, Mcnally A, Zong ZY. Safety and efficacy of phage application in bacterial decolonisation: a systematic review[J]. The Lancet Microbe, 2024, 5(5): e489-e499.
[41]
Uyttebroek S, Chen BX, Onsea J, Ruythooren F, Debaveye Y, Devolder D, Spriet I, Depypere M, Wagemans J, Lavigne R, Pirnay JP, Merabishvili M, de Munter P, Peetermans WE, Dupont L, van Gerven L, Metsemakers WJ. Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review[J]. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2022, 22(8): e208-e220.
[42]
Di Lorenzo F, Duda KA, Lanzetta R, Silipo A, de Castro C, Molinaro A. A journey from structure to function of bacterial lipopolysaccharides[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2022, 122(20): 15767-15821.
[43]
Tsai CE, Wang FQ, Yang CW, Yang LL, Nguyen TV, Chen YC, Chen PY, Hwang IS, Ting SY. Surface-mediated bacteriophage defense incurs fitness tradeoffs for interbacterial antagonism[J]. The EMBO Journal, 2025, 44(9): 2473-2500.
[44]
Mutalik VK, Adler BA, Rishi HS, Piya D, Zhong C, Koskella B, Kutter EM, Calendar R, Novichkov PS, Price MN, Deutschbauer AM, Arkin AP. High-throughput mapping of the phage resistance landscape in E. coli [J]. PLoS Biology, 2020, 18(10): e3000877.
[45]
Shaer Tamar E, Kishony R. Multistep diversification in spatiotemporal bacterial-phage coevolution[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13: 7971.
[46]
Kong QK, Yang J, Liu Q, Alamuri P, Roland KL, Curtiss R 3rd. Effect of deletion of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide core and O-antigen synthesis on virulence and immunogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium[J]. Infection and Immunity, 2011, 79(10): 4227-4239.
[47]
Nobrega FL, Vlot M, de Jonge PA, Dreesens LL, Beaumont HJE, Lavigne R, Dutilh BE, Brouns SJJ. Targeting mechanisms of tailed bacteriophages[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2018, 16(12): 760-773.
2026年第66卷第4期
PDF下载
141
61
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730
  • 接收时间:2025-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-26
  • 录用日期:2025-12-11
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260020)
国家自然科学基金(32260020)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22206152)
国家自然科学基金(22206152)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460244)
国家自然科学基金(32460244)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260028)
国家自然科学基金(32260028)
Science and Technology Special Fund of Hainan Province(ZDYF2024XDNY164)
海南省科技专项(ZDYF2024XDNY164)
Science and Technology Special Fund of Hainan Province(ZDYF2025SHFZ029)
海南省科技专项(ZDYF2025SHFZ029)
作者信息
    海南大学 生命健康学院,全健康研究重点实验室,生命与健康协同创新中心,海南 海口
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250730
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏