Article(id=1250834196554527397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250840, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762704000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1766592000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-25, onlineDate=1776151711834, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151711834, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151711834, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151711834, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1704, endPage=1725, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834198043505358, articleId=1250834196554527397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Biocontrol effect assessment and whole genome sequencing of Bacillus sp. YH7-4 from salt lake against soybean root rot, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fusarium proliferatum is a critical pathogenic fungus causing soybean root rot. A halotolerant biocontrol strain Bacillus sp. YH7-4 was isolated from the Yuncheng Salt Lake. Objective To investigate strain YH7-4 in terms of the effect on soybean growth and the control efficacy against soybean root rot. Additionally, we sought to elucidate the antifungal mechanisms of this strain and identify antimicrobial genes through whole genome sequencing. Methods The plate dual-culture method was adopted to assess the antifungal activity of strain YH7-4. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the safety of the strain to soybean seedlings and the control efficacy against root rot. Illumina and PacBio platforms were used for whole genome sequencing of YH7-4. Subsequent analyses included metabolic system assessment, virulence factor prediction, transporter analysis, identification of genes related to biocontrol functions, comparative genomics, and biochemical assays. Results Strain YH7-4 demonstrated the inhibition rates exceeding 75.00% against several plant pathogens, including F. proliferatum, Phytophthora sojae, Colletotrichum truncatum, and Phomopsis longicolla. Pot experiments showed that at the OD600 value of 0.8, YH7-4 suspension significantly increased the root length and dry weight of soybean seedlings, while excessively high concentrations abolished this effect. The control efficacy of YH7-4 against F. proliferatum-induced soybean root rot reached 56.02%. Whole genome sequencing revealed a genome of 3 945 352 bp with the G+C content of 46.51% and 3 756 predicted coding genes. These genes were annotated against databases including NR, Swiss-Prot, Pfam, COG, GO, and KEGG, with 3 753, 3 537, 3 358, 3 082, 1 756, and 2 845 sequences successfully annotated, respectively. Among the proteins encoded by these genes, 130 proteins belonged to the CAZy family. Twelve secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were identified, including eight known biosynthetic gene clusters for antibiotics (surfactin, macrolactin H, bacillaene, fengycin, difficidin, bacillibactin, bacilysin, and butirosin A/butirosin B) and four gene clusters with unknown functions. Additionally, two siderophore-related genes, one gene encoding 2,3-butanediol (associated with induced systemic resistance), and 15 genes involved in biofilm formation were identified. Comparative genomics analysis indicated that YH7-4 was a strain of Bacillus velezensis and shared 2 898 orthologous core gene clusters. Biochemical characterization showed that YH7-4 had the ability to produce amylase, protease, pectinase, and cellulase. Conclusion The halotolerant strain B. velezensis YH7-4 isolated from the Yuncheng Salt Lake shows excellent control efficacy against soybean root rot. Its genome harbors genes linked to biocontrol traits and antimicrobial substance production, which makes this strain a promising candidate for managing soybean root rot and other plant fungal diseases. This study applies salt lake-derived bacteria to plant roots, demonstrating their influence on soybean growth while providing a theoretical basis for further elucidating the antifungal mechanisms of B. velezensis YH7-4.

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层出镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum)是大豆根腐病的一种重要病原菌,前期从运城盐湖中分离到一株耐盐生防芽孢杆菌YH7-4。 目的 探究菌株YH7-4对大豆生长的影响及对根腐病的防治效果,并从全基因组层面解析其抑菌机理、挖掘抗菌基因。 方法 采用平板对峙培养检测YH7-4的抑菌效果;利用盆栽接种试验测定YH7-4对大豆幼苗的安全性和对根腐病的防效等;利用Illumina和PacBio平台相结合的测序技术对菌株YH7-4进行全基因组测序,并进行代谢系统分析、毒力基因预测、转运蛋白分析、与生防作用相关基因分析、比较基因组学分析以及生化测定等。 结果 菌株YH7-4对大豆根腐病层出镰孢菌、大豆疫霉、炭疽菌、拟茎点种腐病菌等病原菌的抑菌率均达到75.00%以上。盆栽试验结果显示,YH7-4菌悬液在OD600为0.8时对大豆幼苗的根长和干重有显著促进作用,浓度过高则失去促进作用;其对层出镰孢菌引起的大豆根腐病的防治效果达到56.02%。全基因组测序结果显示,其基因组全长为3 945 352 bp,G+C含量为46.51%,预测到3 756个编码基因。将预测得到的基因序列分别与NR、Swiss-Prot、Pfam、COG、GO、KEGG等数据库比对,分别有3 753、3 537、3 358、3 082、1 756和2 845个基因得到注释。其中,有130个蛋白质结构域属于CAZy家族;12个次级代谢产物基因簇,包括:8个已知抗生素合成基因簇(surfactin、macrolactin H、bacillaene、fengycin、difficidin、bacillibactin、bacilysin和butirosin A/butirosin B)和4个未知功能基因簇。此外,还发现2个与铁离子转运相关的基因、1个与诱导抗性相关的基因以及15个与生物膜形成相关的基因。比较基因组分析结果显示,YH7-4属于贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),直系同源核心基因簇有2 898个。生化特征结果表明,YH7-4具有产生淀粉酶、蛋白酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶等特性。 结论 从运城盐湖中分离到的耐盐贝莱斯芽孢杆菌YH7-4对大豆根腐病具有较好的防治效果,且含有与生防特性相关的基因以及产生多种抗菌物质的基因,为植物真菌病害的防治提供了应用材料。本研究将盐湖中分离到的细菌菌液应用于植物根部,对大豆生长产生了一定影响,为进一步解析贝莱斯芽孢杆菌YH7-4的抑菌机制提供了理论基础。

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作者贡献声明

杨瑾:实验构思和设计、数据收集、论文撰写和修改;李珍华:实验构思、数据分析;王传旭:提供技术支持;冯宝珍:提供草莓灰霉病菌菌株;李培谦:指导实验设计;刘缙:实验构思、数据监管、提供资源。

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A, B: F. proliferatum; C, D: P. sojae; E, F: C. truncatum; G, H: P. longicolla; I, J: B. dothidea; K, L: A. alternate; M, N: B. cinerea LK-7. A, C, E, G, I, K and M: CK; B, D, F, H, J, L and N: YH7-4., figureFileSmall=I2I7+SxD2QQrDMrp3/yCpw==, figureFileBig=dRGaAQpsU+WrT2HozAmbPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407406138171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株YH7-4的抑菌谱测定, figureFileSmall=I2I7+SxD2QQrDMrp3/yCpw==, figureFileBig=dRGaAQpsU+WrT2HozAmbPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407557133131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Germination rate and growth index of soybean seedlings after different concentration treatments of YH7-4 suspension. A: Root length of soybean; B: Plant height; C: Germination rate; D: Dry weight (20 seedlings). Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at P<0.05 level by Duncan’s new multiple range test., figureFileSmall=c7LLlMG5IcKqGMKZ6fpoKg==, figureFileBig=DPz8KEA5AiaVyPkRMZdwkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407695545177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株YH7-4不同浓度菌液处理后大豆发芽及幼苗生长情况, figureFileSmall=c7LLlMG5IcKqGMKZ6fpoKg==, figureFileBig=DPz8KEA5AiaVyPkRMZdwkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407901066094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Circular maps of the complete genome of strain YH7-4. The circular map contains six circles. Marked information is displayed from the outer circle to the innermost circle, as follows: genome size, CDSs on the forward strand, CDSs on the reverse strand (Different colors indicate the functional classification of CDSs into different COGs), rRNA and tRNA, G+C content, and G+C skew., figureFileSmall=abi1L93jR9XJci7DFc0X3g==, figureFileBig=8lN7ekKWTiitPbZyBA9WHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879408064643961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株YH7-4基因组圈图, figureFileSmall=abi1L93jR9XJci7DFc0X3g==, figureFileBig=8lN7ekKWTiitPbZyBA9WHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879408190473096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=GO and KEGG functional classification of strain YH7-4. Gene ontology (GO) (A) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) annotation of YH7-4 (B)., figureFileSmall=h4V5MVNhdXhmE0PPzZJC7g==, figureFileBig=iicJ0Lbp/kazT9e9enc3bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879408437937055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株YH7-4基因组GOKEGG分类统计, figureFileSmall=h4V5MVNhdXhmE0PPzZJC7g==, figureFileBig=iicJ0Lbp/kazT9e9enc3bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879408588932004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The classification diagram of virulent factors in YH7-4., figureFileSmall=H4f5VKJ06hIlUZgeLZhF9A==, figureFileBig=maE3M9TtYgU4krE6iftAPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879408710566831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株YH7-4毒力基因分类图, figureFileSmall=H4f5VKJ06hIlUZgeLZhF9A==, figureFileBig=maE3M9TtYgU4krE6iftAPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879408836395961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Functional classification diagram of transport proteins in YH7-4., figureFileSmall=lM7QQ4SXK5kdKcTndWkY0A==, figureFileBig=EsGcx4coc4mDMbE/GrE4IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879408962225093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=图6, caption=YH7-4转运蛋白功能分类图, figureFileSmall=lM7QQ4SXK5kdKcTndWkY0A==, figureFileBig=EsGcx4coc4mDMbE/GrE4IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409104831440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 31 house-keeping gene sequences of strain YH7-4 with closely related type species., figureFileSmall=NxQhkEYqKqrxvDJqs2IjVg==, figureFileBig=A9KzB2+BLmC39l9MIMlHvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409234854876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于31个看家基因构建的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=NxQhkEYqKqrxvDJqs2IjVg==, figureFileBig=A9KzB2+BLmC39l9MIMlHvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409419404262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Venn diagram of the orthologous gene clusters in the whole genome of the strain YH7-4., figureFileSmall=adtoCTwUtX2o+azmmHcCcg==, figureFileBig=VmXmrciglzvPPFXc+Gnq7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409553622001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=图8, caption=菌株YH7-4全基因组直系同源基因簇分析的韦恩图, figureFileSmall=adtoCTwUtX2o+azmmHcCcg==, figureFileBig=VmXmrciglzvPPFXc+Gnq7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409809473536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Enzyme activity results of strain YH7-4. A: Protease; B: Cellulase; C: Amylase; D: Pectinase., figureFileSmall=Av6F9dDCXfYyyqp/F4Sugw==, figureFileBig=+dwO0aZbQmVI0caSgngJyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410035965972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=图9, caption=菌株YH7-4的产酶活性, figureFileSmall=Av6F9dDCXfYyyqp/F4Sugw==, figureFileBig=+dwO0aZbQmVI0caSgngJyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410279235623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Antimicrobial effect of YH7-4 against six pathogens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathogenic fungiControl colony diameter (cm)Treatment colony diameter (cm)Inhibition rate (%)
P. sojae P64978.53±0.141.67±0.19*80.42±2.68a
C. truncatum4.63±0.141.13±0.14*75.53±3.30a
P. longicolla7.07±0.371.33±0.14*81.19±3.36a
B. dothidea8.83±0.263.80±0.09*56.95±1.81c
A. alternate7.10±0.323.77±0.23*46.93±2.95d
B. cinerea LK-76.00±0.441.90±0.24*68.24±4.55b
), ArticleFig(id=1250879410430230577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株YH7-46种供试菌株的拮抗效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathogenic fungiControl colony diameter (cm)Treatment colony diameter (cm)Inhibition rate (%)
P. sojae P64978.53±0.141.67±0.19*80.42±2.68a
C. truncatum4.63±0.141.13±0.14*75.53±3.30a
P. longicolla7.07±0.371.33±0.14*81.19±3.36a
B. dothidea8.83±0.263.80±0.09*56.95±1.81c
A. alternate7.10±0.323.77±0.23*46.93±2.95d
B. cinerea LK-76.00±0.441.90±0.24*68.24±4.55b
), ArticleFig(id=1250879410556059713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of YH7-4 suspension on soybean root rot caused by Fusarium proliferatum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentRoot length (cm)Plant height (cm)Fresh weight (g)Dry weight (g)Disease index (%)Control efficiency (%)
CK10.71±0.10b26.08±0.33a1.95±0.04b0.23±0.01b--
YH7-410.84±0.09a24.28±0.15b2.19±0.09a0.26±0.03a--
Fp6-15.27±0.42d10.32±0.58c0.95±0.01c0.11±0.01d69.44±2.55a-
YH7-4+Fp6-110.02±0.49c23.73±0.77b1.89±0.02b0.20±0.01c30.56±1.92b56.02±1.38
), ArticleFig(id=1250879410702860365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株YH7-4对层出镰孢菌引起的大豆根腐病的防治效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentRoot length (cm)Plant height (cm)Fresh weight (g)Dry weight (g)Disease index (%)Control efficiency (%)
CK10.71±0.10b26.08±0.33a1.95±0.04b0.23±0.01b--
YH7-410.84±0.09a24.28±0.15b2.19±0.09a0.26±0.03a--
Fp6-15.27±0.42d10.32±0.58c0.95±0.01c0.11±0.01d69.44±2.55a-
YH7-4+Fp6-110.02±0.49c23.73±0.77b1.89±0.02b0.20±0.01c30.56±1.92b56.02±1.38
), ArticleFig(id=1250879410832883801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis table of secondary metabolite gene clusters of the strain YH7-4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cluster IDTypeMIBiG accessionSimilar clusterSimilarity (%)Gene No.
Cluster 1NRPSBGC0000433Surfactin8240
Cluster 2PKS-likeBGC0000693Butirosin A/butirosin B741
Cluster 3Terpene---23
Cluster 4Lanthipeptide-class-ii---30
Cluster 5TransAT-PKSBGC0000181Macrolactin H10044
Cluster 6TransAT-PKSBGC0001089Bacillaene10044
Cluster 7NRPSBGC0001095Fengycin10063
Cluster 8Terpene---22
Cluster 9T3PKS---50
Cluster 10TransAT-PKSBGC0000176Difficidin10040
Cluster 11NRPSBGC0000309Bacillibactin10045
Cluster 12OtherBGC0001184Bacilysin10042
), ArticleFig(id=1250879411009044586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

菌株YH7-4次级代谢产物基因簇分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cluster IDTypeMIBiG accessionSimilar clusterSimilarity (%)Gene No.
Cluster 1NRPSBGC0000433Surfactin8240
Cluster 2PKS-likeBGC0000693Butirosin A/butirosin B741
Cluster 3Terpene---23
Cluster 4Lanthipeptide-class-ii---30
Cluster 5TransAT-PKSBGC0000181Macrolactin H10044
Cluster 6TransAT-PKSBGC0001089Bacillaene10044
Cluster 7NRPSBGC0001095Fengycin10063
Cluster 8Terpene---22
Cluster 9T3PKS---50
Cluster 10TransAT-PKSBGC0000176Difficidin10040
Cluster 11NRPSBGC0000309Bacillibactin10045
Cluster 12OtherBGC0001184Bacilysin10042
), ArticleFig(id=1250879411126485114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Biocontrol characteristics-related genes of YH7-4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NR annotationGene IDIdentity (%)
SiderophoreGene 0411100.0
Gene 1000100.0
2,3-butanediolGene 0653100.0
Biofilm formationGene 012234.8
Gene 023328.8
Gene 083628.7
Gene 166528.3
Gene 264430.4
Gene 281138.6
Gene 290632.3
Gene 318725.3
Gene 323329.0
Gene 333133.1
Gene 340336.7
Gene 347047.4
Gene 362428.8
Gene 366426.5
Gene 379937.5
), ArticleFig(id=1250879411340394636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

生防特性相关基因分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NR annotationGene IDIdentity (%)
SiderophoreGene 0411100.0
Gene 1000100.0
2,3-butanediolGene 0653100.0
Biofilm formationGene 012234.8
Gene 023328.8
Gene 083628.7
Gene 166528.3
Gene 264430.4
Gene 281138.6
Gene 290632.3
Gene 318725.3
Gene 323329.0
Gene 333133.1
Gene 340336.7
Gene 347047.4
Gene 362428.8
Gene 366426.5
Gene 379937.5
), ArticleFig(id=1250879411474612379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

ANI and dDDH values between strain YH7-4 and related species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesGene IDANI (%)dDDH (%)
B. amyloliquefaciens DSM7GCF_000196735.193.9955.50
B. nakamurai NRRL B-41091GCF_001584325.186.4730.90
B. pumilus 36R_ATNSALGCF_002744245.170.4318.50
B. siamensis KCTC 13613(T)GCF_000262045.194.3556.70
B. tequilensis 13622(T)GCF_000507145.177.3821.00
B. velezensis NRRL B-41580GCF_001461825.198.2784.50
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菌株YH7-4与其近缘物种之间的ANI值和dDDH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesGene IDANI (%)dDDH (%)
B. amyloliquefaciens DSM7GCF_000196735.193.9955.50
B. nakamurai NRRL B-41091GCF_001584325.186.4730.90
B. pumilus 36R_ATNSALGCF_002744245.170.4318.50
B. siamensis KCTC 13613(T)GCF_000262045.194.3556.70
B. tequilensis 13622(T)GCF_000507145.177.3821.00
B. velezensis NRRL B-41580GCF_001461825.198.2784.50
), ArticleFig(id=1250879411751436469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Orthologous clusters in the whole genomes of the strains YH7-4 and similar species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesProteinsClustersSingletons
YH7-43 7563 572141
B. amyloliquefaciens DSM7 (GCF_000196735.1)3 9223 586253
B. nakamurai NRRL B-41091 (GCF_001584325.1)3 5263 243256
B. siamensis KCTC 13613(T) (GCF_000262045.1)3 6913 521146
B. velezensis NRRL B-41580 (GCF_001461825.1)3 7903 546207
), ArticleFig(id=1250879411906625733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

菌株YH7-4与其相似种的全基因组直系同源分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesProteinsClustersSingletons
YH7-43 7563 572141
B. amyloliquefaciens DSM7 (GCF_000196735.1)3 9223 586253
B. nakamurai NRRL B-41091 (GCF_001584325.1)3 5263 243256
B. siamensis KCTC 13613(T) (GCF_000262045.1)3 6913 521146
B. velezensis NRRL B-41580 (GCF_001461825.1)3 7903 546207
), ArticleFig(id=1250879412049232085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The biochemical characteristics of YH7-4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacteristicsResults
Protease+
Cellulase+
Amylase+
Pectinase+
Chitosanase-
Glucanase-
Catalase test+
Methyl test-
V-P test+
), ArticleFig(id=1250879412217004257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196554527397, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

菌株YH7-4生化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacteristicsResults
Protease+
Cellulase+
Amylase+
Pectinase+
Chitosanase-
Glucanase-
Catalase test+
Methyl test-
V-P test+
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一株盐湖生防芽孢杆菌YH7-4对大豆根腐病的防效测定及全基因组测序分析
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杨瑾 , 李珍华 , 王传旭 , 冯宝珍 , 李培谦 , 刘缙
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1704-1725
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1704-1725
一株盐湖生防芽孢杆菌YH7-4对大豆根腐病的防效测定及全基因组测序分析
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杨瑾, 李珍华, 王传旭, 冯宝珍, 李培谦, 刘缙
作者信息
  • 运城学院 生命科学系,山西 运城
Biocontrol effect assessment and whole genome sequencing of Bacillus sp. YH7-4 from salt lake against soybean root rot
Jin YANG, Zhenhua LI, Chuanxu WANG, Baozhen FENG, Peiqian LI, Jin LIU
Affiliations
  • Life Sciences Department, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250840
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层出镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum)是大豆根腐病的一种重要病原菌,前期从运城盐湖中分离到一株耐盐生防芽孢杆菌YH7-4。 目的 探究菌株YH7-4对大豆生长的影响及对根腐病的防治效果,并从全基因组层面解析其抑菌机理、挖掘抗菌基因。 方法 采用平板对峙培养检测YH7-4的抑菌效果;利用盆栽接种试验测定YH7-4对大豆幼苗的安全性和对根腐病的防效等;利用Illumina和PacBio平台相结合的测序技术对菌株YH7-4进行全基因组测序,并进行代谢系统分析、毒力基因预测、转运蛋白分析、与生防作用相关基因分析、比较基因组学分析以及生化测定等。 结果 菌株YH7-4对大豆根腐病层出镰孢菌、大豆疫霉、炭疽菌、拟茎点种腐病菌等病原菌的抑菌率均达到75.00%以上。盆栽试验结果显示,YH7-4菌悬液在OD600为0.8时对大豆幼苗的根长和干重有显著促进作用,浓度过高则失去促进作用;其对层出镰孢菌引起的大豆根腐病的防治效果达到56.02%。全基因组测序结果显示,其基因组全长为3 945 352 bp,G+C含量为46.51%,预测到3 756个编码基因。将预测得到的基因序列分别与NR、Swiss-Prot、Pfam、COG、GO、KEGG等数据库比对,分别有3 753、3 537、3 358、3 082、1 756和2 845个基因得到注释。其中,有130个蛋白质结构域属于CAZy家族;12个次级代谢产物基因簇,包括:8个已知抗生素合成基因簇(surfactin、macrolactin H、bacillaene、fengycin、difficidin、bacillibactin、bacilysin和butirosin A/butirosin B)和4个未知功能基因簇。此外,还发现2个与铁离子转运相关的基因、1个与诱导抗性相关的基因以及15个与生物膜形成相关的基因。比较基因组分析结果显示,YH7-4属于贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),直系同源核心基因簇有2 898个。生化特征结果表明,YH7-4具有产生淀粉酶、蛋白酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶等特性。 结论 从运城盐湖中分离到的耐盐贝莱斯芽孢杆菌YH7-4对大豆根腐病具有较好的防治效果,且含有与生防特性相关的基因以及产生多种抗菌物质的基因,为植物真菌病害的防治提供了应用材料。本研究将盐湖中分离到的细菌菌液应用于植物根部,对大豆生长产生了一定影响,为进一步解析贝莱斯芽孢杆菌YH7-4的抑菌机制提供了理论基础。

大豆根腐病  /  全基因组测序  /  贝莱斯芽孢杆菌  /  次级代谢合成基因簇  /  比较基因组

Fusarium proliferatum is a critical pathogenic fungus causing soybean root rot. A halotolerant biocontrol strain Bacillus sp. YH7-4 was isolated from the Yuncheng Salt Lake. Objective To investigate strain YH7-4 in terms of the effect on soybean growth and the control efficacy against soybean root rot. Additionally, we sought to elucidate the antifungal mechanisms of this strain and identify antimicrobial genes through whole genome sequencing. Methods The plate dual-culture method was adopted to assess the antifungal activity of strain YH7-4. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the safety of the strain to soybean seedlings and the control efficacy against root rot. Illumina and PacBio platforms were used for whole genome sequencing of YH7-4. Subsequent analyses included metabolic system assessment, virulence factor prediction, transporter analysis, identification of genes related to biocontrol functions, comparative genomics, and biochemical assays. Results Strain YH7-4 demonstrated the inhibition rates exceeding 75.00% against several plant pathogens, including F. proliferatum, Phytophthora sojae, Colletotrichum truncatum, and Phomopsis longicolla. Pot experiments showed that at the OD600 value of 0.8, YH7-4 suspension significantly increased the root length and dry weight of soybean seedlings, while excessively high concentrations abolished this effect. The control efficacy of YH7-4 against F. proliferatum-induced soybean root rot reached 56.02%. Whole genome sequencing revealed a genome of 3 945 352 bp with the G+C content of 46.51% and 3 756 predicted coding genes. These genes were annotated against databases including NR, Swiss-Prot, Pfam, COG, GO, and KEGG, with 3 753, 3 537, 3 358, 3 082, 1 756, and 2 845 sequences successfully annotated, respectively. Among the proteins encoded by these genes, 130 proteins belonged to the CAZy family. Twelve secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were identified, including eight known biosynthetic gene clusters for antibiotics (surfactin, macrolactin H, bacillaene, fengycin, difficidin, bacillibactin, bacilysin, and butirosin A/butirosin B) and four gene clusters with unknown functions. Additionally, two siderophore-related genes, one gene encoding 2,3-butanediol (associated with induced systemic resistance), and 15 genes involved in biofilm formation were identified. Comparative genomics analysis indicated that YH7-4 was a strain of Bacillus velezensis and shared 2 898 orthologous core gene clusters. Biochemical characterization showed that YH7-4 had the ability to produce amylase, protease, pectinase, and cellulase. Conclusion The halotolerant strain B. velezensis YH7-4 isolated from the Yuncheng Salt Lake shows excellent control efficacy against soybean root rot. Its genome harbors genes linked to biocontrol traits and antimicrobial substance production, which makes this strain a promising candidate for managing soybean root rot and other plant fungal diseases. This study applies salt lake-derived bacteria to plant roots, demonstrating their influence on soybean growth while providing a theoretical basis for further elucidating the antifungal mechanisms of B. velezensis YH7-4.

soybean root rot  /  whole genome sequencing  /  Bacillus velezensis  /  secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters  /  comparative genomics
杨瑾, 李珍华, 王传旭, 冯宝珍, 李培谦, 刘缙. 一株盐湖生防芽孢杆菌YH7-4对大豆根腐病的防效测定及全基因组测序分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1704 -1725 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250840
Jin YANG, Zhenhua LI, Chuanxu WANG, Baozhen FENG, Peiqian LI, Jin LIU. Biocontrol effect assessment and whole genome sequencing of Bacillus sp. YH7-4 from salt lake against soybean root rot[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1704 -1725 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250840
镰孢菌根腐病是全球几乎所有大豆产区最具破坏性的土传病害之一,它不仅导致大豆产量大幅下降,还会造成重大经济损失。据报道,2015-2019年美国和加拿大安大略省因镰孢菌属(Fusarium spp.)真菌引发的大豆枯萎和根腐病,估计5年减产约520 887 kg[1]。通过探究大豆连作和间作模式下大豆根腐病的发生情况发现,2018年连作模式下大豆根腐病发病率高达61.02%,间作模式下为24.28%[2]。层出镰孢菌(F. proliferatum)是其中一种重要的病原菌,同时也是玉米[3]、小麦[4]、高粱[5]、香蕉[6]、番茄[7]等多种植物的主要致病菌,可引起叶腐、根腐、茎腐、穗腐、果实腐烂等症状。其侵染作物后,不仅会导致减产,还会使侵染的种子携带真菌毒素。然而,目前对于层出镰孢菌的研究主要集中于产毒种类和产毒能力领域,对于其防治方法的研究较少。生物防治可缓解化学污染、生物杀灭剂抗性、生物多样性丧失、栖息地破坏等全球性环境变化问题[8]
目前,用于生物防治的微生物种类主要有细菌、真菌、放线菌和病毒。其中,芽孢杆菌具有易于从土壤、植物及动物尸体中获得,生长速度快,产生的芽孢抗逆性强,易于产业化,易于在环境中存活、定殖与繁殖等优点[9],在生物防治领域占有重要地位。刘冬等[10]分离获得一株芽孢杆菌JDF3,该菌株能有效地抑制大豆疫霉菌丝的生长和孢子囊的形成,对细极链格孢、小麦全蚀病菌和西瓜炭疽病菌的抑制率高于70%;盆栽结果显示,细菌JDF3对大豆疫病的防治率为70.7%。芽孢杆菌的作用机理主要包括竞争作用、抑菌作用、促生作用及诱导植物产生抗性[10-12]。陈爽等[11]发现贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HM3-3对大豆具有促生作用,对大豆根腐病有显著防治作用,并且解析了生防菌HM3-3可诱导大豆体内防御酶的活性,还能通过分泌相关溶解致病菌的酶类,破坏致病菌的细胞壁。王芳等[12]筛选鉴定的暹罗芽孢杆菌20-8对于防治禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)引起的大豆根腐病具有良好的防治效果,且该菌株具有解磷、解钾、固氮以及产铁载体及多种胞外酶的功能。
生防菌的生防功能机制解析与应用潜力挖掘是目前研究的热点。基因组测序技术的飞速发展为生防菌研究提供了高效、精准的技术支撑,极大地推动了生防菌的分类鉴定[13]、功能基因挖掘、代谢通路解析、生防机制阐明[14]及生防菌遗传改良等方面的研究。从中国贵州炭疽病发病田块中种植的健康辣椒植株根际土壤中分离出贝莱斯芽孢杆菌GUAL210菌株,并对其进行全基因组测序,预测该菌株的生防机制可能与具有抗真菌活性的次级代谢产物相关[15]。对生防菌绿针假单胞菌ZL3进行全基因组测序分析,成功筛选出与萜类和聚酮类代谢途径相关基因atoB,并构建了重组菌株大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)/pET32-atoB,该重组菌株对7种病原菌具有较好抑菌效果,且提高了樱桃过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、几丁质酶(chitinase, CHI)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine aminolyase, PAL)活性,明确了菌株ZL3对灰葡萄孢的抑菌机理[16]。通过全基因组测序,在贝莱斯芽孢杆菌S161菌株中鉴定出3个与几丁质降解相关的基因,分别编码几丁质酶ChiA、ChiB以及裂解性多糖单加氧酶(lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, LPMO10);在大肠埃希氏菌中对ChiA、其截短突变体ChiA2以及ChiB蛋白进行异源表达,纯化的酶可高效降解胶体几丁质,并能抑制指状青霉的孢子萌发[17]。通过全基因组测序技术来研究生防菌的抑菌机理已被广泛应用。
研究表明,高温[18-19]、低温[20]、干旱[21]、生物土壤结皮[22]、盐湖[23-25]等极端环境中含有丰富的具有抗菌活性的微生物。前期从运城盐湖中分离到一株耐盐生防芽孢杆菌YH7-4[26],该菌株对层出镰孢菌具有显著的抑制作用。本研究进一步探究其对大豆根腐病的生防效果及促生特性,并基于全基因组测序预测其促生相关基因及抑菌活性物质,以期为解析其抑菌机理提供生物信息学基础,为防治大豆根腐病提供生物防治材料。
层出镰孢菌(F. proliferatum) Fp6-1、大豆拟茎点种腐病菌(Phomopsis longicolla)、炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum truncatum)、大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae) P6497等菌株由南京农业大学植物保护学院王源超教授提供;草莓灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea) LK-7由运城学院生命科学系冯宝珍教授分离提供;葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、链格孢菌(Alternaria alternate)由本实验室分离保存。
蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、几丁质酶、果胶酶和葡聚糖酶测定培养基等的配制方法参考娄向弟等[27]的研究方法。
采用平板对峙法,将菌株YH7-4分别与供试菌株对峙培养。将直径为5 mm的待测菌菌盘接种在PDA平板中央,其中大豆疫霉菌接种在V8培养基平板中央。YH7-4于28 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h后,在每个平板上距离中心菌盘25 mm处对称放置2个直径5 mm的无菌滤纸片,在无菌滤纸片上滴加5 μL菌液,28 ℃恒温培养箱培养6 d,测量菌落直径,每个处理设3个重复,并进行3次独立重复实验,按公式(1)计算抑菌率。
抑菌率=(对照菌落直径-处理菌落直径)/对照菌落直径×100%
YH7-4菌液对大豆幼苗的安全性测定方法参考曾钰涵等[28]的研究方法。挑选健康、大小一致的中黄13大豆种子,用3%次氯酸钠溶液处理3 min,再用无菌水冲洗3次,用灭菌滤纸擦净种子表面残留水分,播种于盛有灭菌蛭石的高10 cm、直径15 cm的花盆中,每盆播种10粒种子。将YH7-4接种于200 mL LB液体培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h,随后5 000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清,收集菌体;用PBS缓冲液悬浮菌体,获得OD600值分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0的YH7-4菌悬液,同时以PBS缓冲液为对照(CK),分别用不同OD600的菌悬液连续3 d浇灌在灭菌蛭石中播种的大豆种子。每个处理30粒种子,每天各处理浇灌菌悬液30 mL。各处理于25 ℃、16 h光/8 h暗条件下培养4 d后,统计发芽率,之后观察大豆幼苗生长状况,各处理发芽率的计算如公式(2)所示。
发芽率=(种子总数量-未发芽种子数量)/种子总数量×100%
每盆保留5株长势相近的幼苗,每个处理4盆,共20株,每株浇灌10 mL菌液,继续浇灌菌液3次后,每隔4 d浇水。从播种开始15 d后,将大豆幼苗小心移出,洗净根部,吸干水分,测量各处理20株大豆幼苗的株高、根长、鲜重、干重等,明确各菌悬液处理对大豆幼苗生长的影响。
将菌株YH7-4接种于200 mL LB液体培养基,28 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h,5 000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清,收集菌体;用PBS缓冲液悬浮菌体,获得OD600值为0.8的YH7-4菌悬液。大豆的播种方法同上,每盆播种10粒种子,每个处理设3盆,播种当天开始用OD600为0.8的YH7-4菌悬液灌根,同时以PBS缓冲液为对照(CK),按照每粒种子1 mL,连续灌根3 d。将在直径为9 cm的PDA培养基上生长5-7 d的层出镰孢菌用灭菌超纯水每隔0.5 h反复冲洗,冲洗6次后,加20 mL灭菌超纯水于25 ℃黑暗放置,5 h后收集孢子悬浮液,经两层纱布过滤除菌丝后,在显微镜下计数,并用无菌水稀释分生孢子浓度为1×106个/mL的孢子悬浮液。播种第4天,用层出镰孢菌分生孢子悬浮液灌根,同时以灌蒸馏水为对照,按照每棵幼苗10 mL,连续灌根3 d。
病害评估与数据记录:播种15 d后,将大豆幼苗从基质中取出,用流动自来水冲洗干净,随后评估其根腐病症状及病害严重程度。病害严重程度采用0-4级分级标准(参照Chang等[2]的方法并稍作修改)。0级:无任何症状;1级:轻微症状(仅出现变色,无可见病斑);2级:明显病斑(严重变色,侧根数量减少);3级:严重病斑(主根和侧根均出现严重病斑,植株生长势减弱);4级:茎部腐烂,植株死亡。同时,按公式(3)计算病情指数(disease severity index, DSI),按公式(4)计算防治效果,并记录大豆幼苗的株高和鲜重。重复3次。
病情指数=∑(各级病株数×对应级数)/(调查总数×最高级别值)×100%
防治效果=(对照病情指数-处理病情指数)/(对照病情指数)×100%
将菌株YH7-4在LB培养基上纯化5代后,转接至LB液体培养基中,于28 ℃、200 r/min培养10 h,将300 mL菌液转移至旋盖尖底离心管中,于室温下14 000×g离心5 min,弃上清,将沉淀的菌体转移到1.5 mL的灭菌离心管中(沉淀称重0.5-1.0 g),送往上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行全基因组测序。
采用PacBio+Illumina测序平台,进行从头组装,利用PacBio HiFi reads和Illumina PE150的测序数据,通过生物信息学手段从头组装得到基因组序列。采用RepeatMasker 4.1.5软件,对散在重复序列进行分类,利用TRF 4.09.1 (参数:Match=2,Mismatch=7,Delta=7,PM=80,PI=10,MinScore=80,MaxPeriod=500)对串联重复序列进行分析,用TransposonPSI对转座子进行分析,用Infernal 1.1.5预测sRNA,用Barrnap 0.9预测rRNA,用IslandPath-DIMOB 1.0.0对基因组岛进行分析。通过Circos 0.69.6软件绘制基因组圈图。
利用Prodigal 2.6.3和GeneMarkS 4.3软件对基因组中的编码序列(coding sequence, CDS)进行预测。将预测得到的基因序列分别与NR (ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/nrdb/)、Swiss-Prot (https://www.uniprot.org/)、Pfam (http://pfam.xfam.org/)、COG (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/)、GO (https://geneontology.org/)、KEGG (https://www.kegg.jp/)等数据库进行比对(E-value≤1×10-5),以完成基因注释。
通过与CAZy (http://www.cazy.org/)数据库比对(E-value≤1×10-5)分析碳水化合物相关情况。利用antiSMASH 7.0.0软件对样本的次级代谢产物合成基因簇进行预测。使用Diamond 0.8.35软件与VFDB Database 20240301数据库(http://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/main.htm)进行比对以预测毒力基因。与TCDB Database v20240820数据库(http://www.tcdb.org/)进行比对以预测转运蛋白。
通过菌株YH7-4的31个看家基因序列(dnaGfrrinfCnusApgkpyrGrplArplBrplCrplDrplErplFrplKrplLrplMrplNrplPrplSrplTrpmArpoBrpsBrpsCrpsErpsIrpsJrpsKrpsMrpsSsmpBtsf),筛选出与其系统发育关系接近的6个标准菌株,包括Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM7 (GCF_000196735.1)、Bacillus nakamurai NRRL B-41091 (GCF_001584325.1)、Bacillus pumilus 36R_ATNSAL (GCF_002744245.1)、Bacillus siamensis KCTC 13613(T) (GCF_000262045.1)、Bacillus tequilensis 13622(T) (GCF_000507145.1)和Bacillus velezensis NRRL B-41580 (GCF_001461825.1)。使用MEGA 6.0软件选择邻接(neighbor-joining, NJ)法构建系统发育树。从NCBI genome数据库获取该6株菌株的完整基因组序列及蛋白质序列。通过ANI calculator在线工具(https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani)计算平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)分数。使用GGDC 3.0在线工具(https://ggdc.dsmz.de/ggdc_background.php),通过计算同一性与高分片段对(high-scoring segment pair, HSP)长度的比值确定菌株YH7-4与标准菌株的数字DNA-DNA杂交(digital DNA-DNA hybridization, dDDH)值[29]
基于OrthoVenn3 (https://orthovenn3.bioinfo toolkits.net/task/create)对菌株YH7-4与最相似菌株B. amyloliquefaciens DSM7 (GCF_000196735.1)、B. nakamurai NRRL B-41091 (GCF_001584325.1)、B. siamensis KCTC 13613(T) (GCF_000262045.1)和B. velezensis NRRL B-41580 (GCF_001461825.1)进行全基因组直系同源基因簇分析,将5株菌株的基因组序列和蛋白质序列上传至OrthoVenn3,分析其核心基因簇、非必需基因簇以及特异基因簇。
挑取活化好的菌落分别在蛋白酶、淀粉酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶、几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶测定培养基上点接和划线[27],28 ℃培养48 h,重复3次,观察相应培养基上菌落周围是否有透明圈产生;测定淀粉酶活性的培养基长出菌斑后,加入碘液,观察菌落周围是否有透明圈;在长出菌斑的纤维素酶、果胶酶和几丁质酶测定培养基中倒入0.5%的刚果红染料,染色50 min后倒出染料,加入5%的NaCl溶液,浸泡1 h后倒出,观察菌落周围有无透明圈。接触酶实验、甲基红实验和V-P测试参照东秀珠等[30]的细菌生化特征测定方法。
前期研究筛选到1株细菌生防菌YH7-4,通过与层出镰孢菌(F. proliferatum) Fp6-1对峙培养,结果显示菌株YH7-4对Fp6-1有明显的抑制作用,抑菌率达到84.96% (图1B)。将菌株YH7-4分别与大豆疫霉菌(P. sojae) P6497、大豆拟茎点种腐病菌(P. longicolla)、大豆炭疽病菌(C. truncatum)、草莓灰霉病菌(B. cinerea) LK-7、月季黑斑病葡萄座腔菌(B. dothidea)和链格孢菌(A. alternate)等对峙培养,结果显示YH7-4对这6种病菌具有不同程度的拮抗作用(图1表1)。其中,对大豆拟茎点种腐病菌的抑菌率最高,高达81.19% (图1H);其次是大豆疫霉,抑菌率达到80.42% (图1D)。
采用不同浓度的YH7-4菌悬液对表面消毒的大豆种子连续浇灌3 d,统计其对大豆种子发芽率的影响。结果表明,与对照组(PBS处理)相比,不同菌悬液浇灌处理对种子发芽率无显著影响,发芽率为83.67%-94.22% (图2C)。各处理组的大豆幼苗生长15 d后,统计20株幼苗的根长、株高和干重。与对照组相比,OD600为0.6和0.8的处理组对大豆幼苗的株高具有显著的抑制作用(图2B),对根长有促进作用(图2A),对发芽率无显著影响,但使大豆幼苗的鲜重和干重明显提高(图2D表2)。
室内盆栽试验测定YH7-4对大豆根腐病的防效,结果显示,与单独接种根腐病层出镰孢菌Fp6-1处理相比,YH7-4预防处理的大豆幼苗根长、鲜重和干重均显著提高。YH7-4影响了大豆幼苗生长及根系发育,降低了大豆根腐病的病情指数,其防效达到56.02% (表2)。结果表明,YH7-4对根腐病预防治疗效果显著。
对菌株YH7-4进行全基因组测序后,采用Circos v0.69.6软件绘制基因组圈图,全面展示YH7-4基因组的特征。其基因组全长为3 945 352 bp,G+C含量为46.51%,其中预测到3 756个CDS,占基因组总长度的88.29%。含有tRNA基因91个,5S rRNA、16S rRNA和23S rRNA基因各10个(图3)。基因组中有sRNA 82个,短分散重复序列(short interspersed nuclear elements, SINEs) 17个,长分散重复序列(long interspersed nuclear elements, LINEs) 26个,长末端重复序列(long terminal repeat, LTR) 3个,串联重复序列(tandem repeat, TR) 70个,DNA转座子2个。基因组中存在基因组岛(gene island, GI) 31个,前噬菌体(prophage) 1个。将菌株YH7-4测序数据上传至NCBI,获得基因登录号CP199915。
将预测得到的3 756个编码基因序列分别与NR、Swiss-Prot、Pfam、COG、GO和KEGG等数据库进行比对,开展基因注释。其中,在NR数据库中得到功能注释的基因最多,有3 753个,占基因总数的99.92%;在Swiss-Prot、Pfam、COG、GO和KEGG数据库中得到功能注释的基因分别为3 537、3 358、3 082、1 756和2 845个。
COG基因功能注释结果共分为23类(图3),其中氨基酸运输和代谢(amino acid transport and metabolism)的注释结果最为丰富,有308个,占注释基因数的9.99%;其次是转录基因(transcription),有294个,可能调控生防相关基因的表达;次级代谢物生物合成、运输与分解(secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism)的基因有79个;无机离子运输和代谢(inorganic ion transport and metabolism)基因有176个,可能与高盐环境下的离子平衡调控有关。GO注释从细胞组分(cellular component)、生物学过程(biological process)、基因的分子功能(molecular function) 3个类别对编码蛋白进行了注释。其中,与分子功能相关的基因数量最多,有1 428个基因,依次为ATP结合(ATP binding)、DNA结合(DNA binding)和金属离子结合(metal ion binding)等功能的基因数量较多;1 122个基因参与细胞组分,1 026个基因参与生物学过程(图4A)。KEGG注释结果显示,2 845个基因共被关联到43条通路中,其中代谢(metabolism)关联基因(2 159个)占比最高(75.89%),说明菌株YH7-4代谢活跃,可高效合成抗菌物质、降解植物残体获取能量,为其在植物根际的生存及生防作用提供保障(图4B)。
将基因组序列与CAZy数据库进行比对,发现菌株YH7-4的基因组中共有130个蛋白质结构域属于CAZy家族,分别为44个糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolases, GH)、41个糖基转移酶(glycosyl transferases, GT)、31个碳水化合物酯酶(carbohydrate esterases, CE)、9个辅助氧化还原酶(auxiliary activities, AA)、3个多糖裂解酶(polysaccharide lyases, PL)和2个碳水化合物结合模块(carbohydrate-binding modules, CBD)。对碳水化合物的功能注释对于揭示YH7-4在盐湖生境中对碳水化合物的代谢机制具有非常重要的意义。
用antiSMASH软件对菌株YH7-4基因组进行次级代谢产物合成分析,预测得到483个基因,分属于12个次级代谢产物基因簇,包括:6个抗生素合成基因簇(macrolactin H、bacillaene、fengycin、difficidin、bacillibactin和bacilysin),与已知基因簇相似度达到100%;1个基因簇,与surfactin基因簇相似度为82%;1个相似度仅为7%的butirosin A/butirosin B基因簇;4个未知功能的基因簇(表3)。这表明菌株YH7-4中可能存在产生新型抑菌物质的基因簇。
毒力因子是促进微生物自身侵染并引起特定宿主疾病的物质,传统毒力因子包括分泌型蛋白质,如蛋白质毒素和酶类,以及细胞表面结构,如荚膜多糖、脂多糖和外膜蛋白,这些物质可直接参与疾病发生过程[31]。在YH7-4菌株中预测到476个毒力基因,对注释到的毒力因子进行分类,其中免疫调节(immune modulation)相关基因数量最多,占24.37%;其次是营养/代谢因子(nutritional/metabolic factor),占21.01%;此外还有运动性(motility)、外毒素(exotoxin)、调控(regulation)、效应子传递系统(effector delivery system)、胁迫存活(stress survival)、黏附作用(adherence)、生物膜(biofilm)、胞外酶(exoenzyme)、入侵(invasion)、翻译后修饰(post-translational modification)、抗菌活性/竞争优势(antimicrobial activity/competitive advantage)以及其他类别(图5)。这些毒力因子可能参与菌株在盐湖环境中获取营养,在遭遇胁迫环境(如高盐、营养缺乏等不利条件)时通过启动自身生理调控机制,或帮助其构建微生物群落生态系统,或分泌抗菌物质抑制周边其他微生物生长,进而在群落竞争中获得竞争优势等。
膜转运蛋白是一类多样性丰富的蛋白质,它们构成复杂的网络,该网络包含通道蛋白、载体蛋白、泵蛋白、基团转移酶以及电子传递载体,这些组分共同决定细胞的分子组成和能量状态;这类蛋白质约占所有细胞蛋白质的10%,负责将营养物质、代谢终产物、有毒物质、大分子物质、信号分子、药物、电子等从来源处转运至作用靶点,最终实现细胞对各类化合物及能量来源的摄取与排出[32]。已有研究表明其在多种生物应对常见胁迫的过程中发挥作用[33-34],通过将YH7-4基因组测序结果与TCDB数据库进行比对,共预测到822个转运蛋白。这些转运蛋白被分为以下7个不同类别:初级主动转运蛋白(primary active transporters)、电化学势驱动的转运蛋白(electrochemical potential-driven transporters)、未完全表征的转运系统(incompletely characterized transport systems)、基团转运蛋白(group translocators)、通道/孔道(channels/pores)、参与转运的辅助因子(accessory factors involved in transport)和跨膜电子载体(transmembrane electron carriers)。其中,初级主动转运蛋白的数量最多,注释的基因数达到288个(图6);而跨膜电子载体的基因数最少,仅占注释到的基因数量的1.09%。前期研究表明,YH7-4对10%的NaCl具有耐盐性[26],转运蛋白的注释有助于深入理解菌株YH7-4的化学物质和信号分子的转运机制,对于解析其对盐湖生境高盐的适应能力至关重要。
在YH7-4的NR注释结果中检索与促生、诱导植物抗性和生物膜形成相关的基因,并比较其与NR库中比对到的目标序列的相似度。结果显示,在菌株YH7-4中发现2个与铁离子(siderophore)转运相关的基因;与诱导抗性相关的基因仅检索到一个2,3-丁二醇(2,3-butanediol)合成基因,与目标序列相似度为100.0%;15个基因与生物膜的形成(biofilm formation)相关(表4)。这表明菌株YH7-4具有一定的促生和诱导抗性的能力,且能通过在植物根际形成生物膜达到防治病害的目的。
通过16S rRNA基因序列比对发现,YH7-4与芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)菌株具有高度相似性,其中与解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)和贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B. velezensis)的相似性均超过99%。因此,采用各样本的31个看家基因对该菌株进行进一步分类,并构建系统发育树(图7)。结果显示,菌株YH7-4与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B. velezensis)位于同一节点。同时开展了ANI与dDDH分析。结果显示,YH7-4与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B. velezensis) NRRL B-41580 (GCF_001461825.1)菌株对比时,ANI值超过95.00%,dDDH值高于70.00%;与之相反,其他芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)菌株与YH7-4的ANI值均低于95.00%,dDDH值均低于70.00% (表5)。依据已确立的物种界定阈值(ANI≥95.00%且dDDH≥70.00%)[35],可将YH7-4归为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B. velezensis)。
基于31个看家基因序列比对结果,选择与菌株YH7-4序列相似度较高的芽孢杆菌属的4株标准菌株进行全基因组比较。所选菌株包括B. amyloliquefaciens DSM7 (GCF_000196735.1)、B. nakamurai NRRL B-41091 (GCF_001584325.1)、B. siamensis KCTC 13613(T) (GCF_000262045.1)、B. velezensis NRRL B-41580 (GCF_001461825.1)。对5株菌株进行全基因组直系同源基因簇分析,结果显示共18 685条蛋白序列,形成3 887个基因簇,2 857个单拷贝基因簇,1 003个单拷贝基因(表6)。
基于5个菌株的蛋白和基因组序列进行核心基因簇分析,发现YH7-4和菌株B. amyloliquefaciens DSM7、B. nakamurai NRRL B-41091、B. siamensis KCTC 13613(T)、B. velezensis NRRL B-41580的核心基因簇有2 898个,4个菌株共有的基因簇有390个,3个菌株共有的基因簇有236个,2个菌株共有的基因簇有324个,1个菌株特有的基因簇有39个,然而YH7-4特有的基因簇仅有2个(图8)。
通过点接法和划线法分别检测YH7-4的产酶活性,结果显示菌株能够在淀粉酶、蛋白酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶测定培养基上生长并产生透明圈(图9),在几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶测定培养基上能生长但不产生透明圈,接触酶实验和V-P测试阳性,甲基红实验阴性(表7)。这表明菌株YH7-4能够产生丰富的酶类活性物质,这为其具有广谱的拮抗活性奠定了基础。
大豆根腐病是一种常见病害,其病原种类较多,在不同地区具有不同的优势菌群。层出镰孢菌是大豆根腐病的一种重要病原菌[36-38],且是多种植物病害的致病菌,然而目前针对层出镰孢菌的生物防治研究较少。近年来,对盐湖(如死海)微生物群落多样性以及有益微生物的探索逐年增多[39]。运城盐湖作为高盐的特殊生态环境,微生物资源极为丰富[40-41]
前期研究从运城盐湖中分离到一株耐盐芽孢杆菌YH7-4,发现其对大豆根腐病的层出镰孢菌、大豆疫霉、大豆拟茎点种腐病菌、大豆炭疽病菌均有显著的拮抗作用,表明该菌株具备防治大豆根腐病的潜力。此外,该菌株对草莓灰霉病病菌、月季黑斑病的病原菌葡萄座腔菌和链格孢菌也均具有较强的抑菌活性,这表明该菌株具有广谱的抑菌活性,有防治多种植物真菌病害的应用潜力。曾钰涵等[28]筛选到一株大豆根际细菌IRHB 47,发现处理浓度过高会抑制大豆幼苗的株高和根长。与此类似,将YH7-4菌液浇灌于大豆根部,发现当浓度在OD600=0.6和0.8时对大豆植株的根长以及干重有促进作用;而浓度过高时则失去促进作用,但无明显抑制作用。这可能是因为菌株YH7-4分离自盐湖,并非大豆根际促生菌,但由于其基因组中含有与促生相关的基因(表4),从而对大豆的根长和干重有一定的促进作用。通过室内盆栽试验测定菌株YH7-4对层出镰孢菌引起的大豆根腐病的防治效果,防效达到56.02%。王传旭等[42]从运城盐湖中分离到一株芽孢杆菌AF-1,其对尖孢镰孢菌有较好的抑菌作用;邵高祥等[23]从茶卡盐湖中筛选到13株细菌,对13种真菌病害均有显著抑菌作用。这表明盐湖微生物资源中存在大量广谱生防菌资源,具有在高盐地区应用的潜力。
为解析盐湖菌株YH7-4的抑菌机制,对其进行全基因组测序分析。YH7-4基因组大小为3 945 352 bp,G+C含量为46.51%,含有3 756个编码基因。在NR、Swiss-Prot、Pfam、COG、GO和KEGG数据库中得到功能注释的基因数量分别为3 753个(99.92%)、3 537个(94.17%)、3 358个(89.40%)、3 082个(82.06%)、1 756个(46.75%)和2 845个(75.74%)。菌株VJH504的基因组大小为3 980 733 bp,G+C含量为46.46%,包含4 104个编码基因,被NR、Swiss-Prot、COG、GO和KEGG数据库注释到的基因数量分别为4 068个(99.12%)、3 545个(86.38%)、3 137个(76.44%)、3 094个(75.39%)和2 251个(54.85%)[13]。菌株GX0002980基因组中分别有2 962个(75.23%)、2 328个(59.13%)和2 511个(63.77%)基因在COG、GO和KEGG数据库中获得注释[43]。与之相比,YH7-4的编码基因在GO数据库中的注释率较低,提示该菌株可能含有大量未知功能基因,这些基因可能是其适应极端生境或具备独特功能的关键因子。通过与CAZy数据库比对,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌YA215共预测到127个碳水化合物活性酶[14],而菌株YH7-4共预测到130个蛋白质属于碳水化合物活性酶。YH7-4基因组中12.86%的基因与次级代谢产物合成相关。从中国新疆盐碱土中分离的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌C4341菌株的完整基因组大小为3 963 750 bp,G+C含量为46.4%,包含4 019个开放阅读框(ORFs),其中有5.9%的基因与次级代谢产物合成相关[44]。与菌株C4341相比,YH7-4具有更丰富的次级代谢产物。
对菌株YH7-4的次级代谢产物进行分析,发现该菌株次级代谢产物包含12个基因簇。相似度较高的化合物基因簇包括丰原素(fengycin)、大环内酯素H (macrolactin H)、地非西丁(difficidin)、杆菌烯(bacillaene)、儿茶酚型嗜铁素(bacillibactin)、杆菌溶素(bacilysin)和脂肽类化合物表面活性素(surfactin)等次级代谢产物,这些化合物均对细菌或真菌具有显著的抗菌活性[43]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌主要通过产生脂肽类和聚酮类抗生素发挥其抗菌作用,脂肽类物质的抗菌机制主要作用于细胞壁与细胞膜,其中脂肽类化合物表面活性素(surfactin)和丰原素(fengycin)具有广谱抗菌活性,在抑制真菌生长方面表现优异,表面活性素因具备显著的表面活性剂功能,且兼具抗真菌、抗支原体及抗病毒作用,已受到广泛关注[45]。大环内酯素H (macrolactin H)是具有大环内酯结构特征的一类物质,通过I型聚酮合成酶(type I polyketide synthase, PKS)途径进行生物合成,并伴随环氧化、糖基化、酰基化等不同修饰步骤,具有强效抗细菌活性[46]。地非西丁(difficidin)已被证实对多种植物病原菌具有强效抑制作用,并能增强植物的抗性[47]。杆菌烯(bacillaene)是由芽孢杆菌菌株产生的一种线性聚酮/非核糖体肽类物质,它凭借复杂的化学结构、独特的生物合成机制、强效的生物活性,以及在生物竞争中发挥的重要作用,成为抵御其他微生物、维持根际最佳环境的理想“抗生素武器”[48]。杆菌溶素(bacilysin)是一种二肽类抗生素化合物,对真菌和细菌均具有广谱抑制活性,该物质在微生物体内的合成途径十分复杂,这使其成为近年来天然产物领域的研究热点化合物[49]。儿茶酚型嗜铁素(bacillibactin)是一种对三价铁离子(Fe3+)具有强结合亲和力的铁载体,它能通过限制病原菌正常代谢所需铁元素的供应,从而抑制病原菌的生长[50]。许多研究表明贝莱斯芽孢杆菌具有合成多种次级代谢产物的能力[14,43,51-53]。此外,菌株YH7-4还有一个相似度仅为7%的butirosin A/butirosin B基因簇和4个未知功能的基因簇。Butirosin A/butirosin B基因簇属于氨基糖苷类抗生素,主要是由芽孢杆菌属细菌产生的天然抗菌代谢产物,常用于抑制革兰氏阴性菌等病原微生物[54]。菌株GX0002980的全基因组测序结果显示,该菌株基因组中包含14个抗菌物质生物合成基因簇,包括与YH7-4相同功能分类的12个基因簇,还包括kijanimicin和plantazolicin 2种活性物质[43],其抗菌活性物质比YH7-4更多。YH7-4中预测到12个次级代谢产物基因簇类型,与陆富海等[55]的研究结果相似。这表明菌株YH7-4含有丰富的抗菌活性物质,并且具有合成新型抑菌物质的潜力。
生物膜是由分化细胞群构成的微生物群落,这些细胞群被自身合成的胞外基质包裹[56]。目前普遍认为,在自然环境、临床场景及工业环境中绝大多数微生物均以生物膜的形式附着于非生物表面和生物表面[57]。许多枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis)菌株能够在植物根部表面形成生物膜,且这种能力在抑制植物病原菌的过程中至关重要,生物膜的形成不仅能提高细胞的定殖效率,还能提升根部周围抗生素的局部浓度,这些抗生素中部分可能发挥信号分子的作用,从而进一步刺激生物膜的形成[58]。许多芽孢杆菌具有促进植物生长和诱导植物抗性的特性[13,59-62]。本研究在基因注释的基础上对菌株的毒力因子、转运蛋白和与生防促生特性相关的基因进行了分析,发现有15个基因与生物膜的形成相关,这为解析菌株YH7-4在植物根系的定殖[63]以及对病原真菌的抑制作用提供了重要依据。此外,将菌株YH7-4与其同源菌株进行全基因组比较分析发现,YH7-4特有的基因簇仅有2个,这2个基因簇中的4个基因可能与其对高盐环境的适应性相关。
综上所述,从运城盐湖中分离到的耐盐贝莱斯芽孢杆菌YH7-4在室内盆栽试验中对大豆根腐病具有显著的防治效果,且含有促生和产生多种抗菌物质的基因,有望为大豆根腐病及其他植物真菌病害的防治提供应用材料。本研究将从盐湖中分离到的细菌应用于植物根部,结果显示该菌株的菌液对植物的生长产生了一定的影响。同时,本研究为进一步解析贝莱斯芽孢杆菌YH7-4的抑菌机制提供了理论基础。
  • 山西省基础研究计划(自由探索类)(202203021212176)
  • 山西省基础研究计划(自由探索类)(20210302124526)
  • 运城市基础研究计划(自由探索类)(YCKJ-2023031)
  • 运城学院博士科研启动基金(YQ-2020002)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250840
  • 接收时间:2025-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-10
  • 录用日期:2025-12-25
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Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province (Free Exploration)(202203021212176)
山西省基础研究计划(自由探索类)(202203021212176)
Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province (Free Exploration)(20210302124526)
山西省基础研究计划(自由探索类)(20210302124526)
Yuncheng Basic Research Program (Free Exploration)(YCKJ-2023031)
运城市基础研究计划(自由探索类)(YCKJ-2023031)
Doctoral Scientific Research Program of Yuncheng University(YQ-2020002)
运城学院博士科研启动基金(YQ-2020002)
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    运城学院 生命科学系,山西 运城
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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