Article(id=1250834196445479472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250646, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755705600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1759507200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-04, onlineDate=1776151711808, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151711808, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151711808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151711808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1956, endPage=1974, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834198085452367, articleId=1250834196445479472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Synergistic metabolic mechanisms of sludge microbial communities in the biodegradation of polystyrene and polypropylene, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To obtain microbial communities capable of degrading polystyrene microplastics (PS) and polypropylene microplastics (PP) and analyze their degradation efficiency and synergistic mechanisms, thus providing resources and theoretical support for the in-situ bioremediation and enriching our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the synergistic degradation of complex pollutants by microbial communities. Methods The microbial communities capable of degrading PS and PP were enriched from plastic-contaminated activated sludge of enterprises. A 60-day degradation experiment was carried out to evaluate the degradation efficiency of the microbial communities on the two microplastics based on the weight loss rate. The surface structures, hydrophobicity, and molecular weight changes of microplastics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and GC-MS were employed to analyze the degradation products and metabolic pathways of microplastics. The dominant groups, core functional bacteria, and their encoded related enzymes in the microbial communities were clarified through metagenomic analysis, on the basis of which the synergistic degradation mechanisms of the microbial communities were explored. Results The enriched microbial communities were dominated by Bacillota and Pseudomonadota. Bacillus initiated the initial degradation and Achromobacter participated in the intermediate metabolism, forming an “initiation-metabolism” synergistic network. PS and PP could be degraded without pretreatment within 60 days, with weight loss rates of (13.4±2.3)% and (23.2±2.4)%, respectively. Characterization confirmed that the microplastics during degradation presented damaged surfaces, reduced hydrophobicity, and decreased molecular weights. FTIR and GC-MS revealed that PS generated phenols and aldehydes through benzene ring hydroxylation and other processes, and entered the tricarboxylic acid cycle through the aromatic degradation pathway; PP were metabolized through the fatty acid degradation pathway via the oxidation chain of hydroxylation→carbonylation→esterification. The functional annotation of metagenomic data revealed that the genes encoding primary degradative enzymes and metabolic enzymes from Bacillus and Achromobacter exhibited complementary functions, forming the molecular basis for efficient degradation. Conclusion The microbial communities identified in this study efficiently degrade PS and PP. It is hypothesized that their core functional bacteria, Bacillus and Achromobacter, achieve degradation of both microplastics through a synergistic “initiation-metabolism” network and functionally complementary enzyme systems. This provides insights for managing residual microplastics after source control and deepens our understanding of the mechanisms underlying microbial synergistic degradation of complex pollutants.

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目的 获取可降解聚苯乙烯(polystyrene, PS)和聚丙烯微塑料(polypropylene, PP)的微生物菌群,解析其降解效能与协同机制,为二者原位生物修复提供资源与理论支撑,深化对菌群协同降解复杂污染物机制的理解。 方法 从受塑料污染的企业活性污泥中富集可降解PS和PP的微生物菌群;通过60 d降解实验,结合质量损失率评估菌群对2种微塑料的降解效果;利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)、水接触角(water contact angle, WCA)、凝胶渗透色谱(gel permeation chromatography, GPC)等技术表征微塑料的表面结构、疏水性及分子量变化;借助傅里叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析微塑料的降解产物及代谢途径;通过宏基因组分析明确菌群的优势类群、核心功能菌及其编码的相关酶,探究菌群协同降解机制。 结果 富集菌群以芽孢杆菌门和假单胞菌门为优势类群,芽孢杆菌属启动初始降解,无色杆菌属参与中间代谢,形成“启动-代谢”协同网络;60 d内无需预处理即可降解PS和PP,质量损失率分别达(13.4±2.3)%和(23.2±2.4)%;表征证实微塑料表面被破坏、疏水性降低、分子量下降;FTIR与GC-MS揭示PS经苯环羟基化等生成酚类和醛类,通过芳香族途径进入三羧酸循环(TCA循环),PP经“羟基化→羰基化→酯化”氧化链,通过脂肪酸代谢途径;宏基因组功能注释显示,芽孢杆菌属与无色杆菌属基因编码的初始降解酶、代谢酶功能互补,构成高效降解的分子基础。 结论 本研究发现的微生物菌群可高效降解PS和PP,推测其核心功能菌芽孢杆菌属和无色杆菌属通过“启动-代谢”的协同网络及功能互补的酶系实现对2种微塑料的降解,为源头控制后残留微塑料的治理提供参考,同时加深了对菌群协同降解复杂污染物机制的认识。

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作者贡献声明

周颖:调查研究、数据整理、撰写初稿;顾卫华:研究方法、审阅与修改、项目管理;白建峰:监督指导、资源支持、项目管理;王瑞雪:形式化分析;张承龙:数据整理;郭耀广:软件开发、研究方法;卢聪:资源支持;陈善平:调查研究。

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A: PS and PP metabolic pathways; B: Functional gene contribution in the PS metabolic pathway; C: Functional gene contribution in the PP metabolic pathway., figureFileSmall=ihchUtLsWeYGR7+MKqjmqA==, figureFileBig=3gXtQyxHOSqukMJlQVQ1BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879417325662727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196445479472, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PSPP生物降解代谢路径及功能基因特征, figureFileSmall=ihchUtLsWeYGR7+MKqjmqA==, figureFileBig=3gXtQyxHOSqukMJlQVQ1BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879417468269075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196445479472, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Molecular weight parameters of microplastics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupingPolystyrene (PS)Polypropylene (PP)
MnMwMzMnMwMz
Control118 720311 465651 33650 226322 539966 247
Experiment104 325288 989514 25436 941221 175845 777
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417648624161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196445479472, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微塑料的分子量参数

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GroupingPolystyrene (PS)Polypropylene (PP)
MnMwMzMnMwMz
Control118 720311 465651 33650 226322 539966 247
Experiment104 325288 989514 25436 941221 175845 777
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污泥微生物菌群在聚苯乙烯与聚丙烯塑料生物降解中的协同代谢机制
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周颖 1 , 顾卫华 1 , 白建峰 1 , 王瑞雪 1 , 张承龙 1 , 郭耀广 1 , 卢聪 2 , 陈善平 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1956-1974
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1956-1974
污泥微生物菌群在聚苯乙烯与聚丙烯塑料生物降解中的协同代谢机制
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周颖1, 顾卫华1 , 白建峰1, 王瑞雪1, 张承龙1, 郭耀广1, 卢聪2, 陈善平3
作者信息
  • 1.上海第二工业大学 资源与环境工程学院,上海
  • 2.上海东方国际集团环境科技有限公司,上海
  • 3.上海清宁环境规划设计有限公司,上海
Synergistic metabolic mechanisms of sludge microbial communities in the biodegradation of polystyrene and polypropylene
Ying ZHOU1, Weihua GU1 , Jianfeng BAI1, Ruixue WANG1, Chenglong ZHANG1, Yaoguang GUO1, Cong LU2, Shanping CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
  • 2.Orient International Holding Shanghai Environmental Technology Co. , Ltd. , Shanghai, China
  • 3.Shanghai Qingning Environmental Planning and Design Co. , Ltd. , Shanghai, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250646
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目的 获取可降解聚苯乙烯(polystyrene, PS)和聚丙烯微塑料(polypropylene, PP)的微生物菌群,解析其降解效能与协同机制,为二者原位生物修复提供资源与理论支撑,深化对菌群协同降解复杂污染物机制的理解。 方法 从受塑料污染的企业活性污泥中富集可降解PS和PP的微生物菌群;通过60 d降解实验,结合质量损失率评估菌群对2种微塑料的降解效果;利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)、水接触角(water contact angle, WCA)、凝胶渗透色谱(gel permeation chromatography, GPC)等技术表征微塑料的表面结构、疏水性及分子量变化;借助傅里叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析微塑料的降解产物及代谢途径;通过宏基因组分析明确菌群的优势类群、核心功能菌及其编码的相关酶,探究菌群协同降解机制。 结果 富集菌群以芽孢杆菌门和假单胞菌门为优势类群,芽孢杆菌属启动初始降解,无色杆菌属参与中间代谢,形成“启动-代谢”协同网络;60 d内无需预处理即可降解PS和PP,质量损失率分别达(13.4±2.3)%和(23.2±2.4)%;表征证实微塑料表面被破坏、疏水性降低、分子量下降;FTIR与GC-MS揭示PS经苯环羟基化等生成酚类和醛类,通过芳香族途径进入三羧酸循环(TCA循环),PP经“羟基化→羰基化→酯化”氧化链,通过脂肪酸代谢途径;宏基因组功能注释显示,芽孢杆菌属与无色杆菌属基因编码的初始降解酶、代谢酶功能互补,构成高效降解的分子基础。 结论 本研究发现的微生物菌群可高效降解PS和PP,推测其核心功能菌芽孢杆菌属和无色杆菌属通过“启动-代谢”的协同网络及功能互补的酶系实现对2种微塑料的降解,为源头控制后残留微塑料的治理提供参考,同时加深了对菌群协同降解复杂污染物机制的认识。

聚苯乙烯  /  聚丙烯  /  微生物菌群  /  生物降解  /  协同代谢  /  宏基因组学

Objective To obtain microbial communities capable of degrading polystyrene microplastics (PS) and polypropylene microplastics (PP) and analyze their degradation efficiency and synergistic mechanisms, thus providing resources and theoretical support for the in-situ bioremediation and enriching our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the synergistic degradation of complex pollutants by microbial communities. Methods The microbial communities capable of degrading PS and PP were enriched from plastic-contaminated activated sludge of enterprises. A 60-day degradation experiment was carried out to evaluate the degradation efficiency of the microbial communities on the two microplastics based on the weight loss rate. The surface structures, hydrophobicity, and molecular weight changes of microplastics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and GC-MS were employed to analyze the degradation products and metabolic pathways of microplastics. The dominant groups, core functional bacteria, and their encoded related enzymes in the microbial communities were clarified through metagenomic analysis, on the basis of which the synergistic degradation mechanisms of the microbial communities were explored. Results The enriched microbial communities were dominated by Bacillota and Pseudomonadota. Bacillus initiated the initial degradation and Achromobacter participated in the intermediate metabolism, forming an “initiation-metabolism” synergistic network. PS and PP could be degraded without pretreatment within 60 days, with weight loss rates of (13.4±2.3)% and (23.2±2.4)%, respectively. Characterization confirmed that the microplastics during degradation presented damaged surfaces, reduced hydrophobicity, and decreased molecular weights. FTIR and GC-MS revealed that PS generated phenols and aldehydes through benzene ring hydroxylation and other processes, and entered the tricarboxylic acid cycle through the aromatic degradation pathway; PP were metabolized through the fatty acid degradation pathway via the oxidation chain of hydroxylation→carbonylation→esterification. The functional annotation of metagenomic data revealed that the genes encoding primary degradative enzymes and metabolic enzymes from Bacillus and Achromobacter exhibited complementary functions, forming the molecular basis for efficient degradation. Conclusion The microbial communities identified in this study efficiently degrade PS and PP. It is hypothesized that their core functional bacteria, Bacillus and Achromobacter, achieve degradation of both microplastics through a synergistic “initiation-metabolism” network and functionally complementary enzyme systems. This provides insights for managing residual microplastics after source control and deepens our understanding of the mechanisms underlying microbial synergistic degradation of complex pollutants.

polystyrene  /  polypropylene  /  microbial communities  /  biodegradation  /  synergistic metabolism  /  metagenomics
周颖, 顾卫华, 白建峰, 王瑞雪, 张承龙, 郭耀广, 卢聪, 陈善平. 污泥微生物菌群在聚苯乙烯与聚丙烯塑料生物降解中的协同代谢机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1956 -1974 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250646
Ying ZHOU, Weihua GU, Jianfeng BAI, Ruixue WANG, Chenglong ZHANG, Yaoguang GUO, Cong LU, Shanping CHEN. Synergistic metabolic mechanisms of sludge microbial communities in the biodegradation of polystyrene and polypropylene[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1956 -1974 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250646
塑料制品已广泛渗透至现代生活的各个领域,塑料产量持续攀升,预计到2050年其产量甚至可能超过8亿t[1]。塑料具有强疏水性,这一特性使其成为疏水性污染物的理想载体,同时微塑料具有可迁移性,会扩大病原体传播范围,叠加其疏水性带来的污染物富集效应[2]。这些特性使得塑料废物成为传播有害污染物、威胁人类健康的重要媒介[3]。在外力作用(如紫外线照射)下,塑料会分解成微小颗粒,即微塑料(microplastics, MP,直径小于5 mm)。基于其微小的尺寸,微塑料在环境中表现出更高的耐久性,且容易被生物体摄入[4]。因此,塑料废物,尤其是微塑料,被视是一种新出现的且近乎永久性的环境污染物[5]
聚苯乙烯(polystyrene, PS)和聚丙烯(polypropylene, PP)是全球应用最为广泛的塑料之一,广泛应用于服装、通信、建筑、交通、食品等多个领域[6-8]。二者均为长碳链高分子结构,具有极强的化学稳定性和抗环境降解性[6,8]。近年来,在众多塑料降解方式中生物降解技术因其环境友好、可持续等优势而备受关注[9]。目前,对塑料降解微生物的研究仍较为有限,大多集中在实验室分离的纯菌株或特定生态系统的研究[10]。研究人员已从土壤、垃圾填埋场、活性污泥、湖泊沉积物、海水、昆虫肠道等环境中分离筛选出多种能够降解PS和PP的微生物菌株,如从土壤中分离出的酯芳香微杆菌,21 d后对PS的降解率为13.2%[11];从垃圾填埋场分离出的假单胞菌和赖氨酸芽孢杆菌,30 d后对PS的降解率分别为2.3%和7.0%[12];从超级蠕虫肠道中分离出的铜绿假单胞菌,30 d后PS表面形成生物膜[13];从湖泊沉积物中分离到的蜡状芽孢杆菌,50 d降解后PS的失重率为10.7%[14];从通迪海岸海水中分离出的热带芽孢杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、嗜酸性寡养单胞菌、假中间布鲁氏菌和在拉梅斯瓦拉姆海岸海水中分离的蜡状芽孢杆菌,28 d降解后处理组PP的失重率分别为(51.5±0.5)%、(47.5±0.5)%、(33.0±1.0)%、(28.5±0.5)%和(35.5±0.5)%[15];从垃圾填埋场分离出的嗜热菌属,90 d后对PP的生物降解效率可达12.7%-20.3%,且分子量显著增加[16];从红树林沉积物中分离出的芽孢杆菌和红球菌,培养40 d后对PP的降解率分别为4.0%和6.4%[17]。然而,纯微生物培养物在原位应用时存在诸多局限,如环境适应性差、难以存活定殖,功能单一、缺乏协同代谢,遗传稳定性不足、存在生态风险以及应用成本较高等[18]。纯培养物如同“单兵作战”的功能单元,受个体能力边界的限制;而微生物菌群则是一个“协同作战”的生态系统,通过群体协作突破功能极限,相较于纯培养物,微生物菌群的核心优势体现在其系统性协同效应与生态适配能力[19-20]。目前,针对PS和PP的“双降解”菌群研究较少,其协同机制尚不明确。
本研究聚焦于受塑料污染的企业活性污泥,通过富集培养获得可高效降解PS和PP的微生物菌群,明确微生物菌群的核心功能菌及群落特征。利用多维度手段验证微生物菌群的塑料降解能力揭示菌群对2种微塑料的降解路径及协同代谢机制。研究结果不仅有助于深化对微生物菌群驱动的PS和PP降解过程的理解,为源头控制后残留微塑料的治理提供参考,更期望为废弃塑料生物解聚资源化提供微生物资源与分子机制的理论支撑。
本研究的活性污泥样品采集自中国浙江省宁波市(30°15′N,121°33′E)一家受各类塑料废弃物污染的塑料生产企业。考虑到该区域长期存在塑料污染暴露史,推测其污泥中可能存在能适应塑料污染环境的微生物。为保证样品的代表性,从3个不同点位采集污泥后将其混合均匀,装入无菌容器,于-80 ℃避光条件下保存,以备后续实验使用。
实验所用的聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯塑料颗粒(中国石油化工股份有限公司茂名分公司)为60目白色球形颗粒,纯度不低于95%。塑料颗粒使用前经体积分数为75%的乙醇超声清洗3次(每次10 min),再用254 nm、30 W的紫外灭菌30 min,确认灭菌前后质量无显著变化,以备后续分析。
实验所用培养基分为2类,其中无机盐培养基(minimal salt medium, MSM)用于塑料降解菌的筛选及降解实验,营养肉汤培养基(nutrient broth, NB)用于该类菌群的富集培养[21]。无机盐培养基(g/L):硫酸铵1.5,氯化钠0.5,磷酸二氢钾1.5,磷酸氢二钾0.5,七水硫酸镁0.2,pH 7.0。营养肉汤培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,牛肉浸出粉3.0,氯化钠5.0,pH 7.0。所有化学试剂均购自泰坦科技探索平台,且培养基均经121 ℃灭菌20 min冷却后使用。
取1 g污泥样品,加入50 mL无菌去离子水,25 ℃、180 r/min振荡1 h,静置20 min,取1 mL上清液接种至50 mL含1 g PS或PP的MSM中(塑料为唯一碳源和能源),30 ℃、140 r/min培养7 d。取1 mL培养物转接至新鲜MSM中,重复富集3次,获得稳定的PS-degradation和PP-degradation菌群[22]。将富集菌群接种至NB培养基,30 ℃、140 r/min培养至对数期(OD600=0.7),取1 mL菌液分别接种至50 mL含1 g PS或PP的MSM中,30 ℃、140 r/min培养60 d。设置3组平行实验,对照组为仅含1 g微塑料不含菌群的MSM。实验期间通过酶标仪[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]定期测定OD600值,监测微生物生长。
为研究微生物及其功能基因,选取原始污泥(CK),以及生物降解能力最优的PS-degradation菌群和PP-degradation菌群,采用FastPure Stool DNA Isolation Kit (上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司)提取总DNA,用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA完整性,用Qubit 4.0定量(浓度≥50 ng/μL)。使用超声破碎仪(中国基因科技有限公司)将DNA片段化为350 bp左右,超声破碎条件为:功率200 W,工作3 s,间隔5 s,循环30次;构建Illumina PE文库,通过Illumina NovaSeqTM X Plus平台(上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司)进行宏基因组测序。
基因序列处理方面,原始测序数据经Trimmomatic (v0.39)过滤[去除接头、低质量reads (Q<20)],获得高质量clean reads;使用CD-HIT (http://weizhongli-lab.org/cd-hit/,v4.7)对预测基因进行聚类(90%一致性、90%覆盖率),构建非冗余基因集;通过SOAPaligner软件(https://github.com/ShujiaHuang/SOAPaligner,vsoap2.21 release)将clean reads与非冗余基因集比对,计算基因丰度;采用Diamond (https://github.com/bbuchfink/diamond,v2.0.13)将基因序列与NR数据库(v2023.03)比对进行物种注释,与KEGG数据库(v99.0)比对进行功能注释(KO编号、代谢通路);所有分析在Majorbio Cloud Platform (http://www.majorbio.com)平台完成。
培养60 d后,将培养液以8 000 r/min离心10 min实现固液分离,收集各组微塑料。回收的塑料颗粒依次经质量体积分数为2%的十二烷基硫酸钠溶液(SDS)浸泡2 h、超声清洗30 min,再用75%乙醇浸泡1 h,用无菌去离子水冲洗3次,50 ℃烘干至恒重[23-24]。使用精度达0.000 1 g[25]的分析天平称量降解前后干燥塑料的质量,以此计算降解程度,并通过一级动力学模型计算降解速率常数和半衰期[17],如公式(1)-(3)所示。
质量损失=(W0-W1)W0×100%                    
速率常数K=-1t(lnW1W0)                                    
半衰t1/2=ln2K                                                   
式中:W0为塑料颗粒的初始质量,W1为塑料颗粒的残余质量,t为塑料颗粒发生质量变化或反应所经历的时间,K为每天塑料吸收的一级速率常数。
取对照组和处理组微塑料样品,在观察前于氩气氛围下用溅射镀膜仪(Quorum Technologies公司)镀金,使用扫描电子显微镜[日立(中国)有限公司]观察表面形貌,加速电压15 kV,在放大倍数3 500×下进行二次电子成像。
采用接触角测量仪(成都领度仪器有限公司)测定静态水接触角(WCA)。将干燥的微塑料均匀铺展在洁净玻璃载玻片上,滴加5 μL去离子水,30 s后拍摄图像,使用FAMAS软件计算接触角,每组测定5个不同位置,取平均值[26]
精确称取(10.0±0.1) mg干燥微塑料,PS样品溶于10 mL色谱纯四氢呋喃(tetrahydrofuran, THF),PP样品溶于10 mL色谱纯三氯苯(150 ℃),磁力搅拌24 h至完全溶解,经0.22 μm有机相滤膜过滤。采用凝胶渗透色谱仪[安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司]测定分子量:PS使用PLgel 5 μm MIXED-C色谱柱(300 mm×7.5 mm),柱温35 ℃,THF为流动相(流速1.0 mL/min);PP使用PLgel 10 μm MIXED-B色谱柱(300 mm×7.5 mm),柱温150 ℃,三氯苯为流动相(流速1.0 mL/min)。以窄分布聚苯乙烯标准品(500-200 000 Da)校准,计算数均分子量(Mn)、重均分子量(Mw)和尺寸平均分子量(Mz)。
取1 mg干燥微塑料100 mg溴化钾(KBr)混合研磨至粉末,在10 MPa压力下压片30 s,使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]扫描,波数范围4 000-500 cm-1,分辨率4 cm-1,扫描32次,背景扣除空气干扰[27]
取50 mL培养液,25 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,用等体积色谱纯二氯甲烷萃取3次,合并有机相并用无水硫酸钠脱水,经0.22 μm有机相滤膜过滤,35 ℃氮吹浓缩至1 mL,取1 μL进样。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(毛细管柱,30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm,安捷伦公司)检测:载气为高纯氦气(99.999%),流速1.0 mL/min,分流比10:1;进样口温度280 ℃,传输线温度280 ℃,离子源(electron ionization, EI)温度230 ℃,四极杆温度150 ℃;程序升温:50 ℃保持2 min,以10 ℃/min升至280 ℃,保持15 min;扫描范围m/z 50-500,溶剂延迟3 min。通过NIST 2020数据库比对鉴定代谢产物,匹配度>80%视为有效鉴定,采用面积归一化法计算相对含量[28]
图1呈现了从门到属水平,污泥样本及培养物中微生物菌群的分类情况[29]。在门水平上(图1A),CK中芽孢杆菌门占绝对优势(99.5%),假单胞菌门仅占0.3%。在PS-degradation和PP-degradation菌群中芽孢杆菌门仍然是最主要的门类,但在PS-degradation中其相对丰度下降至59.6%,在PP-degradation中下降至76.9%。已有研究证实,芽孢杆菌门因能分泌多种降解酶(如氧化酶、水解酶),在多种难降解有机污染物的生物降解过程中发挥关键作用[30]。假单胞菌门相对丰度显著上升,且在PS-degradation和PP-degradation中成为第二丰富的门类,占比分别为40.4%和23.1%。放线菌门在污泥样本中占比极低,仅为0.02%,经60 d降解后,在PS-degradation和PP-degradation微生物菌群中占比降至0.000 5%和0.000 1%,揭示其对PS或PP环境适应性差。与原始污泥相比,假单胞菌门丰度增加,反映其对环境中PS和PP存在的适应性增强;而芽孢杆菌门丰度下降,则暗示着PS和PP的存在对该菌生长有负面影响。
在科水平上(图1B),CK中芽孢杆菌科(98.1%)、类芽孢杆菌科(0.2%)、链球菌科(1.1%)和未分类的有尾噬菌体目科(0.2%)是最丰富的类群。在3个微生物菌群中芽孢杆菌科丰度均较高(均>50.0%)。在属水平上(图1C),芽孢杆菌属同样占最高丰度。已有研究证实了芽孢杆菌属在塑料降解中的应用,它可作为多种聚合物的潜在塑料降解菌。Yuan等[14]从湖泊沉积物中分离出蜡状芽孢杆菌,经50 d降解,PS失重10.7%,平均降解速率达0.967 mg/d;Jeyavani等[15]从塑料污染沿海地区的土壤和水样中分离出热带芽孢杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌,28 d后对PP的降解率分别达(51.5±0.5)%和(47.5±0.5)%。此外,芽孢杆菌属还被用于降解聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)[31-32]、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)[33]、聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride, PVC)[34]和聚氨酯(polyurethane, PU)[35]。值得关注的是,无色杆菌属作为PS-degradation和PP-degradation微生物菌群(隶属产碱杆菌科)中的主要属,在两者中占比分别为38.8%和22.4%,但在原始污泥样本中几乎不存在。类芽孢杆菌属隶属类芽孢杆菌科,是PS-degradation中第三大丰富属,占3.1%,而在原始污泥样品和PP-degradation中仅占0.1%。类芽孢杆菌属作为一种具有降解碳氢化合物和聚合物的典型属,虽然尚无研究指出其降解PS和PP,但已有研究指出该属生物降解聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯[poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene terephthalate, PBST][36]、PE[37-38]的能力。
综上所述,本研究以PS和PP为唯一碳源富集污泥中的降解菌群,过程中群落结构发生适应性筛选,而这种经富集形成的稳定功能菌群是保障后续微塑料降解代谢及种间协同作用的基础[39]。其中,假单胞菌门与无色杆菌属等类群的丰度上升,体现了它们对PS或PP污染环境的适应性;芽孢杆菌属作为优势类群,可能在PS与PP的降解过程中发挥核心作用,进而驱动功能基因的表达变化[40]
在60 d的降解周期内,以特定时间间隔(0-8 d每1 d、8-20 d每2 d、20-30 d每5 d、30-60 d每10 d)对无机盐培养基中培养物的生长情况进行光谱分析,得到生长曲线。以PS和PP为唯一碳源的培养物生长模式具有相似性,均呈现先大量增殖,随后下降并趋于稳定的特征。PS处理组和PP处理组菌群的OD600值均在培养16-20 d达到峰值[分别为(0.184±0.012)和(0.175±0.009)] (图2A)。这一阶段的增长暗示着,此时期有助于微生物细胞膜与微塑料之间产生相互作用,进而加快代谢进程,可能会对微塑料的生物降解产生推动作用[41]。在暴露于PS的第16天和暴露于PP的第20天后,培养物的生长出现急剧下滑,推测这可能是由于营养物质的耗尽,或者是培养基中存在抑制性产物所造成的。
质量损失是衡量PS和PP降解程度的直观指标,相关结果如图2B所示[42]。60 d后,PS质量损失率为(13.4±2.3)%,PP为(23.2±2.4)%,显著高于对照组。这一结果表明,富集培养物对PS和PP具有降解作用。此外,通过测定PS和PP的降解速率常数和半衰期发现,PS的降解速率为0.002 4 d-1,半衰期为288.8 d;而PP的降解速率常数为0.004 4 d-1,半衰期则为157.5 d。这表明PP的降解效率比PS高,可能是由于PP的化学结构相对简单,其分子链上的侧基较少,更容易被微生物分泌的酶攻击和分解。相比之下,PS的分子结构较为复杂,含有较多的苯环结构,这可能增加了其抗降解性,导致其降解速率较慢,半衰期较长[43]。然而,微塑料的降解是一个复杂的过程,受多种因素的影响,因此还需要进一步优化降解条件,提高降解效率以实现对微塑料污染的有效治理。
SEM分析结果进一步印证了微生物菌群对PS和PP的降解作用,具体体现为表面形态的改变(图2C)。处理组表面出现明显的生物侵蚀特征,如不规则裂纹、密集凹坑及片状剥落,这可能是微生物分泌的降解酶(如酯酶、氧化酶等)断裂聚合物碳链,加之菌群定殖与代谢活动加剧表面磨损的结果[44];而对照组表面则保持相对光滑均匀的原始状态,排除了非生物因素的干扰,证实微生物菌群对破坏塑料表面物理完整性的关键作用。这种表面损伤与质量损失相呼应,表明表面侵蚀是降解的重要起始步 骤——它增加了塑料与微生物及酶的接触面积,为深度降解创造条件,从微观层面印证了微生物的降解潜力,也与菌群结构分析呼应,提示芽孢杆菌属、无色杆菌属等优势菌群可能是引发表面侵蚀的关键类群[45]
PS的WCA从(113.8±0.6)°降至(99.1±0.4)°,PP从(110.4±0.4)°降至(106.3±0.9)° (图2D)。2种塑料经微生物处理后疏水性均降低,这可能是由于微生物降解过程中塑料表面被引入羟基、羧基等极性基团,改变了表面化学特性,使亲水性增强[46]。该结果与质量损失、SEM观察到的表面侵蚀现象相呼应,从表面性质变化角度进一步证实了富集微生物菌群对PS和PP的降解潜力[47]
为验证微生物菌群对塑料的生物降解及解聚效能,实验对比了处理前后PS和PP的数均分子量(Mn)、重均分子量(Mw)与尺寸均分子量(Mz) (表1)。结果显示,经微生物菌群作用后,2种塑料的上述分子量参数均较对照组显著降低,与质量损失结果形成呼应,且PP的降解效果更优。结合Mw分布曲线(图2E)可见,处理后的PS和PP在低分子量区域信号增强,高分子量区域占比减少,表明长链聚合物经微生物解聚作用断裂为小分子片段[16]。这一变化印证了微生物菌群通过破坏聚合物长链结构、生成低分子量产物实现降解的机制[48],且与SEM观察到的表面侵蚀、水接触角反映的疏水性下降等结果共同构成证据链,进一步证实了菌群对PS和PP的降解能力。
为了更全面地分析PS和PP生物降解过程中的代谢产物,本研究结合傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR) (图3)和GC-MS技术(图4),从官能团演变和代谢产物鉴定2个维度展开分析。聚合物的生物降解通常始于官能团氧化[49]。对于PS的红外光谱图,对照组和处理组均呈现出特征峰,其中2 923 cm-1和2 852 cm-1处的CH2对称及不对称伸缩峰,与GC-MS检测到的十四烷(C14H30)、二十烷(C20H42)等长链烷烃相印证,表明PS主链或侧链烷烃发生断裂并生成小分子烷烃产物[50];697、755、907、1 449、1 493 cm-1显示出的苯环特征峰,表明苯环骨架未完全断裂,但存在官能团修饰[51-52]。经微生物菌群处理后,PS-degradation在3 672 cm-1出现-OH宽峰,说明生物降解过程中产生了羟基;与对照组相比,1 374 cm-1的-OH弯曲峰强度降低,暗示羟基可能参与后续氧化反应。这与GC-MS检测到的2,4-二叔丁基苯酚(C14H22O,保留时间20.5 min)直接对应,该物质含酚羟基结构,证实PS在微生物作用下发生羟基化修饰,且酚类产物可能是羟基进一步转化的前体。FTIR在1 600 cm-1附近存在-C=O羰基伸缩吸收,对应醛、酮类代谢产物[12],而GC-MS中2,4-二甲基苯甲醛(C9H10O,保留时间15.3 min)的醛基(-CHO)结构为此峰提供了物质基础,说明PS苯环侧链的甲基经微生物脱氢氧化生成醛基。值得注意的是,在1 245 cm-1处显示了一个额外的-C-O伸缩峰,说明存在含C-O键的代谢产物(醇、羧酸、酯和醚)[53]。检测到的二十烷基乙酸酯(C22H44O2,保留时间31.4 min)的酯基(-COO-)直接对应酯类产物,2,2′-亚甲基双(6-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚) (C23H32O2,保留时间37.9 min)的酚醚结构也对该峰有贡献,与之前的研究结果一致,证实了微生物可降解PS。
FTIR分析显示,对照组PP在2 954、2 919、2 838 cm-1存在CH烷基伸缩吸收,在1 460 cm-1和1 375 cm-1处的峰则归因于CH2亚甲基弯曲和CH3甲基弯曲[54-55]。然而,降解后的PP中出现了羟基、羰基等新官能团,其中3 732.98 cm-1的羟基(-OH)峰,表明了微生物通过酶促反应将PP分子转化为醇类中间产物,羰基官能团被认为是酶促反应的基本化学证据,并且羰基形成被认为是聚烯烃塑料生物降解过程中的基本步骤[56]。醇类可进一步与羧酸酯化生成酯,成为微生物储存或解毒的形式[57];同时,1 598 cm-1出现的羰基(-C=O)吸收带,表明醇经过氧化形成醛或酮,也暗示醛可能进一步氧化为羧酸后再酯化[58]。这与GC-MS中检测出的丙二酸癸基4-甲基戊-2-基酯(C20H38O4,保留时间10.9 min)等长链羧酸酯共同构建了“羟基化→羰基化→酯化”的代谢链条,清晰呈现了微生物对PP的氧化修饰与产物转化路径。1994年Iwamoto和Tokiwa[59]、2006年Alariqi等[60]在研究PP的生物降解时也观察到新基团的形成。总之,微生物菌群无需经过氧化预处理就能利用PS和PP,在较长的培养时间内破坏聚合物链,增强降解效果。
微生物菌群对PS和PP的降解效能源于其代谢通路与功能基因的种间协同表达。基于KEGG数据库解析(https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/)与宏基因组功能预测,推测两类微塑料虽化学结构迥异,但可能均通过“初始激活-中间代谢-终端矿化”的三级代谢网络实现降解,且核心功能基因呈现高度特化的种间分工。
对于PS,其芳香环结构的裂解依赖双重代谢分支的协同作用(图5A5B):主路径中结合基因注释结果推测,苯乙烯单体可能经苯乙烯双加氧酶(EC:1.14.12.-)催化发生苯环羟基化,进而可能生成苯乙烯-顺式-2,3-二氢二醇[61],该关键酶的编码基因主要源自芽孢杆菌属,与其在菌群中的高丰度(>50%)形成功能适配,印证其作为芳香族底物初始降解“启动者”的核心地位;后续代谢中无色杆菌属中预测的顺式-乙二醇脱氢酶(TodD,EC:1.3.1.19)与邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶(XylE,EC:1.13.11.2)接力催化,可能通过开环反应生成2-羟基粘康酸-半醛[62];再经布鲁氏杆菌属、无色杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属贡献的2-羟基粘康酸-半醛水解酶(XylF,EC:3.7.1.9)等水解酶转化为乙醛、丙烯酸和丙酮酸等中心代谢途径的中间产物[16];乙醛通过类芽孢杆菌属贡献的乙醛脱氢酶(MhpF,EC:1.2.1.10)、丙烯酸通过无色杆菌属贡献的谷胱甘肽辅酶A转移酶(GctA,EC:2.8.3.12)、丙酮酸通过类芽孢杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属贡献的丙酮酸脱氢酶(PdhA/PdhB,EC:1.2.7.11)进一步转化为乙酰辅酶A[63],进入TCA循环,参与琥珀酸等生物质合成及聚羟基脂肪酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoate, PHA)积累[64]。次路径中含醛基的芳香族衍生物在无色杆菌属贡献的苯甲醛脱氢酶(NAD,EC:1.2.1.28)的作用下,醛基(-CHO)被氧化为羧基(-COOH),氧化为羧基化合物,再由无色杆菌属贡献的苯甲酸盐/甲苯酸盐1,2-双加氧酶亚基a (BenA-xylX,EC:1.14.12.10)介导进一步羟基化,最终通过苯甲酸降解路径完成矿化[65]。宏基因组预测结果初步提示,此过程可能呈现严格的“芽孢杆菌属启动-无色杆菌属代谢”功能链:芽孢杆菌属主导苯环开环的初始催化,无色杆菌属则通过xylFgctA等基因接力中间产物转化,类芽孢杆菌属、布鲁氏杆菌属等菌属可能通过少量贡献异构酶与羧化酶基因弥补代谢缺口。
PP的降解则遵循“氧化链延伸”策略(图5A5C):长链烷烃经初始解聚后,低分子聚合物可能在芽孢杆菌属编码的NADPH-细胞色素P450还原酶(CypD_E,EC:1.14.14.1)催化下发生末端、亚末端及链中羟化,促使烷烃链氧化[66-68];此后,低分子聚合物开启3条氧化分支,羟化后的烷烃转化为仲醇和伯醇[69],随后,无色杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属中预测的醇脱氢酶(EC:1.1.1.1)将其氧化为醛,再经氧化还原酶(EC:1.14.15.31)、羧酸酯酶(Yvak,EC:3.1.1.1)和醛脱氢酶(ALDH,EC:1.2.1.3)协同转化为乙酸酯与长链脂肪酸[70]。这些产物推测分别经酰基辅酶A脱氢酶(Acd,EC:2.3.1.9)和长链酰基辅酶A合成酶(FadD,EC:6.2.1.3)作用,最终进入β-氧化循环和TCA循环[68,71]。功能基因溯源显示,PP降解的高效性依赖“芽孢杆菌属羟化-无色杆菌属氧化”的协同表达:芽孢杆菌属提供初始羟化的关键酶基因,无色杆菌属则通过高丰度的醇/醛脱氢酶基因保障氧化链的连续延伸,二者中共同预测到的酰基辅酶A合成酶基因(FadD,EC:6.2.1.3)可能是连接脂肪酸代谢与β-氧化的核心节点。
综上所述,PS与PP的降解机制预测了微生物菌群对复杂底物的适应性演化:PS的芳香族结构依赖“启动-接力”式功能链破解苯环稳定性,PP的烷烃链则通过“羟化-氧化”连续反应实现逐步解聚。两类过程中,芽孢杆菌属与无色杆菌属可能通过功能基因的互补性表达形成核心代谢单元,辅以其他菌属的功能补充,构建了覆盖“解聚-转化-矿化”全流程的协同降解网络,为微生物菌群高效代谢难降解塑料提供了分子层面的解释。
与过往研究中多聚焦单一塑料类型降解、降解效率较低,或依赖复杂预处理与特定环境条件不同,本研究从长期受塑料污染企业的活性污泥中成功富集出可高效降解聚苯乙烯塑料(PS)和聚丙烯塑料(PP)的微生物菌群。该菌群以芽孢杆菌门和假单胞菌门为优势类群,其中芽孢杆菌属作为核心功能菌负责启动降解,无色杆菌属则参与中间代谢过程。实验证实该菌群对PP的降解效率显著高于PS,SEM、WCA和GPC等表征手段证实了其降解效果。由代谢机制研究推测,PS通过苯环羟基化进入芳香族降解途径,而PP则经由“羟基化→羰基化→酯化”的氧化链完成代谢。本研究不仅揭示了微生物协同降解塑料的分子机制,更为开发基于活性污泥的微塑料污染生物修复技术提供了重要理论支撑和实践指导。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42571076)
  • 上海市科委地方院校能力提升计划(23010500500)
  • 上海市科学技术委员会基金(23DZ1201503)
  • 上海市浦东新区民生科研项目(PKJ2023-C07)
  • 上海市浦东新区民生科研项目(PKJ2024-C02)
  • 贵州省重点科技研发计划(QKHZC(2024)153)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250646
  • 接收时间:2025-08-21
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-21
  • 录用日期:2025-10-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42571076)
国家自然科学基金(42571076)
Local College Capacity Building Project(23010500500)
上海市科委地方院校能力提升计划(23010500500)
Science and Technology Committee Foundation of Shanghai(23DZ1201503)
上海市科学技术委员会基金(23DZ1201503)
Shanghai Pudong New Area Livelihood Research Project(PKJ2023-C07)
上海市浦东新区民生科研项目(PKJ2023-C07)
Shanghai Pudong New Area Livelihood Research Project(PKJ2024-C02)
上海市浦东新区民生科研项目(PKJ2024-C02)
Guizhou Provincial Key Technology Research and Development Program(QKHZC(2024)153)
贵州省重点科技研发计划(QKHZC(2024)153)
作者信息
    1.上海第二工业大学 资源与环境工程学院,上海
    2.上海东方国际集团环境科技有限公司,上海
    3.上海清宁环境规划设计有限公司,上海
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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