Article(id=1250834196017656479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250992, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770307200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineDate=1776151711705, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151711705, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151711705, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151711705, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1675, endPage=1690, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834198517461737, articleId=1250834196017656479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Culturable bacterial diversity and characteristic strains from saline-alkaline environments in Xinjiang, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The saline-alkaline habitats in Xinjiang harbor rich and unique microbial resources. This study employed the culture-dependent way to explore the culturable microbial resources and reveal their diversity and potential functions from seven different saline-alkaline habitats, including Barkol Lake and Aiding Lake in Xinjiang. Methods Soil and sediment samples were collected from the seven saline-alkaline habitats. Thirteen modified media were designed and used for strain isolation via the gradient dilution plating method. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and multi-condition culture were employed to analyze the taxonomic positions, suitable media, and salinity adaptability of the strains. Furthermore, potential novel taxa, anaerobic strains, and exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strains were screened. Results A total of 935 bacterial strains were isolated and identified as 310 species belonging to 125 genera, 54 families, 25 orders, 8 classes of 4 phyla, including 20 strains representing 15 potential novel taxa. The dominant culturable taxa were Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, and Actinomycetota. In addition, 52 strains (20 species) of anaerobic bacteria were obtained, with the genus Halomonas being dominant. The microbial resources varied significantly among different media, and R2A was the most effective medium, screening out 108 species. Bacillus was dominant under no salt stress (0 NaCl), and Marinobacter was one of the important genera under moderate salt stress (5% NaCl). However, the genus Halomonas kept being dominant under low-salt (0 NaCl), moderate-salt (5% NaCl), or high-salt (10% NaCl) stress. To obtain the functional strains with extremely strong stress resistance, we screened 15 EPS-producing strains under high-salt and high-alkali conditions. Among them, Marivirga harenae EGI S10258 and Halomonas alkaliantarctica EGI S10283 showed the highest EPS titer, which reached 4.5 g/L. Conclusion The saline-alkaline habitats in Xinjiang were rich with culturable microbial resources. The application of a multi-condition culture approach significantly enhances the depth and breadth of microbial resource exploration. This study provides important microbial resources and data support for subsequent research on systematic taxonomy, ecological adaptation mechanisms, and resource utilization by getting potential novel species and functional strains.

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E-mail: LIU Yonghong,
LI Wenjun,
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目的 新疆盐碱生境蕴藏着丰富且独特的微生物资源,为系统挖掘新疆典型盐碱环境的可培养微生物资源,揭示其多样性及潜在应用价值,本研究对巴里坤湖、艾丁湖等7个不同盐碱生境开展了系统性分离培养。 方法 采集盐湖沉积物和盐碱土样品,选用13种差异化培养基,通过梯度稀释涂布法进行菌株分离。结合16S rRNA基因序列测定、系统发育树构建及多条件培养实验,分析菌株的物种组成、培养基筛选效果、盐度适应性,并进一步解析潜在新物种、厌氧菌株及高产胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide, EPS)菌株。 结果 共分离获得935株细菌菌株资源,归属于4门8纲25目54科125属310种,其中包括20株(15种)潜在新物种。本研究中,芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)为优势可培养类群。此外,本研究还获得52株(20种)厌氧细菌,这些厌氧菌株主要分布于盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)。不同培养基和盐度对纯培养微生物类群的影响较为明显:R2A培养基筛选到的物种数最多,共108种;在不添加盐胁迫(0 NaCl)时芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为主要类群;在中度盐胁迫(5% NaCl)条件下,海杆菌属(Marinobacter)为重要类群之一;无论是在低盐(0 NaCl)、中盐(5% NaCl)还是高盐(10% NaCl)条件下,Halomonas始终是优势类群。为获得具有极强抗逆性能的功能菌株,本研究进一步通过高盐高碱条件筛选,最终获得15株具有产胞外多糖能力的菌株,其中,棕沙居海杆状菌(Marivirga harenae)EGI S10258和南极嗜碱盐单胞菌(Halomonas alkaliantarctica)EGI S10283产量最高,可达4.5 g/L。 结论 新疆盐碱生境蕴藏丰富的可培养微生物资源,采用盐度和培养基多策略组合的方法极大丰富了盐碱生境微生物资源。在此基础上,本研究成功获得一批潜在新物种及具特定功能的菌株,为其后续的系统分类、生态适应机制解析与资源开发利用提供了重要的菌种和数据支撑。

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作者贡献声明

陈喜稳:样品采集,分菌,测序,论文撰写,数据分析;彭聪:样品采集,分菌,测序,数据收集,数据分析,论文修订;刘永红:研究方案制定,样品采集,论文撰写,论文修订,项目资助;李帅:软件程序分析,研究方案讨论,数据结果验证,论文修订;李旭锐、房保柱、Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad、Rajivgandhi Govindan:研究方案讨论,资料检索,论文修订;李文均:审阅,修订,项目资助,监督管理。

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2.石河子大学 生命科学学院,新疆 石河子, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879409201296247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409247433598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, companyId=1250879409201296247, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409285182340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, companyId=1250879409201296247, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐)]), AuthorCompany(id=1250879409440371602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409452954517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, companyId=1250879409440371602, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879409461343126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, companyId=1250879409440371602, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.石河子大学 生命科学学院,新疆 石河子)])]), Author(id=1250879410761576463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1250879410895794204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, authorId=1250879410761576463, language=EN, stringName=Cong PENG, firstName=Cong, middleName=null, lastName=PENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1.State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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A: Bar chart of class-level classification for four strains of pure culture; B: Stacked bar chart of class-level classification for pure culture strains from different habitats., figureFileSmall=s0TgAwSISu9R04pLC64o8w==, figureFileBig=IM95eDzrXezVFynPxd/Ppg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879417325662728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=CN, label=图1, caption=纯培养微生物群落组成及分布, figureFileSmall=s0TgAwSISu9R04pLC64o8w==, figureFileBig=IM95eDzrXezVFynPxd/Ppg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879417493434902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Phylogenetic analysis of pure culture strains. Different colors represent different classes, the numbers in parentheses represent the corresponding number of strains from different groups., figureFileSmall=D8c0JYfsSCpMVL1OfBj6Hg==, figureFileBig=zRXclvkq/aKuU0mL/dVtSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879417657012770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=CN, label=图2, caption=纯培养菌株的系统发育分析, figureFileSmall=D8c0JYfsSCpMVL1OfBj6Hg==, figureFileBig=zRXclvkq/aKuU0mL/dVtSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879417808007723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of culture medium of culturable microorganisms from saline-alkaline environments. A: Distribution of shared and unique strains among the 13 media; B: Effect of different NaCl concentrations on the number of species of isolated strains [a: R2A; b: 2216E (2% NaCl); c: LB (5% NaCl); d: 2216E (10% NaCl); e: R2A (5% NaCl); f: 1/2 R2A; g: 1/2 2216E (2% NaCl); h: R2A (10% NaCl); j: 2216E (5% NaCl); k: ISP3 (5% NaCl); m: Self-prepared medium; n: Postgate (5% NaCl); p: 2216E (2% NaCl, 15% PEG6000)]., figureFileSmall=aGJUbbMPXFR+IASoje23TA==, figureFileBig=4BqCasKXul3SRCC4JluT0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879417975779893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=CN, label=图3, caption=培养基条件对盐碱生境可培养微生物分离效果的影响, figureFileSmall=aGJUbbMPXFR+IASoje23TA==, figureFileBig=4BqCasKXul3SRCC4JluT0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879418172912198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Phylogenetic analysis of potential novel taxa., figureFileSmall=TlS/ydloy8bIJz2davZhxA==, figureFileBig=5Jxj5TqqW32qd4k8skTK1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879418311324240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=CN, label=图4, caption=潜在新物种的系统发育分析, figureFileSmall=TlS/ydloy8bIJz2davZhxA==, figureFileBig=5Jxj5TqqW32qd4k8skTK1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879418462319196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Heatmap of four strains with high EPS production under different fermentation conditions., figureFileSmall=d5/HAvwP6S9UHvE7rxOERQ==, figureFileBig=Diqcc8pHYTz0hhPPLp8y5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879418583954017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同发酵条件下4株高产EPS菌株产量热图, figureFileSmall=d5/HAvwP6S9UHvE7rxOERQ==, figureFileBig=Diqcc8pHYTz0hhPPLp8y5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879418755920496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Distribution and physicochemical properties of sample sites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample siteCWPDBCFKBLKHCHQJJADH
Longitude (N)43.502 599 28°43.412 418 89°44.255 451 21°43.613 684 99°43.362 968 0°43.451 658 57°42.630 232 78°
Latitude (E)87.937 092 46°88.114 805 19°88.678 315 32°92.792 817 66°94.245 781 0°91.491 157 19°89.335 600 69°
pH (1:5)9.16±0.529.34±0.078.43±0.369.00±0.359.04±0.137.95±0.378.41±0.64
CO32- (g/kg)0.15±0.110.23±0.050.05±0.060.22±0.150.22±0.04-0.04±0.05
HCO3- (g/kg)0.45±0.300.21±0.050.28±0.150.49±0.120.25±0.130.61±0.060.15±0.07
Cl- (g/kg)0.87±1.0718.16±30.223.84±1.0926.33±7.2058.82±13.336.05±4.0311.32±9.39
SO42- (g/kg)1.70±2.2636.26±60.7110.13±4.03109.91±65.6448.79±27.8714.33±4.1423.29±6.26
Ca2+ (g/kg)0.11±0.121.17±1.911.23±0.452.69±0.573.14±1.942.79±0.342.97±0.79
Mg2+ (g/kg)0.08±0.081.15±1.950.46±0.583.14±0.914.05±1.360.49±0.210.21±0.04
K+ (g/kg)0.05±0.020.19±0.210.17±0.050.53±0.100.71±0.130.08±0.020.14±0.10
Na+ (g/kg)0.96±1.9333.21±55.885.35±2.5569.14±30.0054.24±18.437.11±4.8149.57±60.49
Total salts (g/kg)4.65±5.7092.18±153.2022.25±6.56220.47±100.05177.00±56.0231.90±13.02149.97±175.12
), ArticleFig(id=1250879418898526845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样地分布及其理化信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample siteCWPDBCFKBLKHCHQJJADH
Longitude (N)43.502 599 28°43.412 418 89°44.255 451 21°43.613 684 99°43.362 968 0°43.451 658 57°42.630 232 78°
Latitude (E)87.937 092 46°88.114 805 19°88.678 315 32°92.792 817 66°94.245 781 0°91.491 157 19°89.335 600 69°
pH (1:5)9.16±0.529.34±0.078.43±0.369.00±0.359.04±0.137.95±0.378.41±0.64
CO32- (g/kg)0.15±0.110.23±0.050.05±0.060.22±0.150.22±0.04-0.04±0.05
HCO3- (g/kg)0.45±0.300.21±0.050.28±0.150.49±0.120.25±0.130.61±0.060.15±0.07
Cl- (g/kg)0.87±1.0718.16±30.223.84±1.0926.33±7.2058.82±13.336.05±4.0311.32±9.39
SO42- (g/kg)1.70±2.2636.26±60.7110.13±4.03109.91±65.6448.79±27.8714.33±4.1423.29±6.26
Ca2+ (g/kg)0.11±0.121.17±1.911.23±0.452.69±0.573.14±1.942.79±0.342.97±0.79
Mg2+ (g/kg)0.08±0.081.15±1.950.46±0.583.14±0.914.05±1.360.49±0.210.21±0.04
K+ (g/kg)0.05±0.020.19±0.210.17±0.050.53±0.100.71±0.130.08±0.020.14±0.10
Na+ (g/kg)0.96±1.9333.21±55.885.35±2.5569.14±30.0054.24±18.437.11±4.8149.57±60.49
Total salts (g/kg)4.65±5.7092.18±153.2022.25±6.56220.47±100.05177.00±56.0231.90±13.02149.97±175.12
), ArticleFig(id=1250879419053716104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Information on the basic culture media used in this study and their corresponding salt concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Medium codeMedium nameDilution factorc(NaCl)/%Other conditions
aR2A10-
b2216E12-
cLB15-
d2216E110-
eR2A15-
fR2A20-
g2216E22-
hR2A110-
j2216E15-
kISP315-
mSelf-designed medium10-
nPostgate15-
p2216E1215% PEG6000
), ArticleFig(id=1250879419187933839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所使用的基础培养基及相应盐浓度信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Medium codeMedium nameDilution factorc(NaCl)/%Other conditions
aR2A10-
b2216E12-
cLB15-
d2216E110-
eR2A15-
fR2A20-
g2216E22-
hR2A110-
j2216E15-
kISP315-
mSelf-designed medium10-
nPostgate15-
p2216E1215% PEG6000
), ArticleFig(id=1250879419364094620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Information on anaerobic and halotolerant bacterial strains from saline-alkaline habitats

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Representative strain designationClosest matched known speciesNumber of strainsSimilarity (%)
EGI S10402Jeotgalibacillus campisalis SF-571100.00
EGI S10392Desulfobaculum senezii DSM 8436299.73-99.82
EGI S10394Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM 6421100.00
EGI S10390Pseudodesulfovibrio profundus DSM 11384299.07-99.19
EGI S10383Marinobacter confluentis HJM-18299.67-99.83
EGI S10395Marinobacter excellens KMM 3809499.67
EGI S10378Marinobacter persicus IBRC-M 10445298.84-99.01
EGI S10367Halomonas aidingensis Ad-1199.84
EGI S10398Halomonas alimentaria AF211860699.01-100.00
EGI S10389Halomonas alkaliphila 18bAG1099.83-100.00
EGI S10384Halomonas azerica TBZ9199.67
EGI S10401Halomonas sediminicola CPS11199.67
EGI S10379Halomonas ventosae Al12899.35-100.00
EGI S10381Bacillus pumilus ATCC 70614100.00
EGI S10400Bacillus salacetis SKP7-4199.67
EGI S10385Halobacillus litoralis SL-4199.83
EGI S10380Halobacillus trueperi DSM 10404199.83
EGI S10404Niallia endozanthoxylica 1404199.34
EGI S10414Peribacillus butanolivorans DSM 189262100.00
EGI S10388Salisediminibacterium selenitireducens MLS10199.17
), ArticleFig(id=1250879419494118053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

盐碱生境厌氧耐盐菌株信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Representative strain designationClosest matched known speciesNumber of strainsSimilarity (%)
EGI S10402Jeotgalibacillus campisalis SF-571100.00
EGI S10392Desulfobaculum senezii DSM 8436299.73-99.82
EGI S10394Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM 6421100.00
EGI S10390Pseudodesulfovibrio profundus DSM 11384299.07-99.19
EGI S10383Marinobacter confluentis HJM-18299.67-99.83
EGI S10395Marinobacter excellens KMM 3809499.67
EGI S10378Marinobacter persicus IBRC-M 10445298.84-99.01
EGI S10367Halomonas aidingensis Ad-1199.84
EGI S10398Halomonas alimentaria AF211860699.01-100.00
EGI S10389Halomonas alkaliphila 18bAG1099.83-100.00
EGI S10384Halomonas azerica TBZ9199.67
EGI S10401Halomonas sediminicola CPS11199.67
EGI S10379Halomonas ventosae Al12899.35-100.00
EGI S10381Bacillus pumilus ATCC 70614100.00
EGI S10400Bacillus salacetis SKP7-4199.67
EGI S10385Halobacillus litoralis SL-4199.83
EGI S10380Halobacillus trueperi DSM 10404199.83
EGI S10404Niallia endozanthoxylica 1404199.34
EGI S10414Peribacillus butanolivorans DSM 189262100.00
EGI S10388Salisediminibacterium selenitireducens MLS10199.17
), ArticleFig(id=1250879419636724402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Information on EPS-producing bacterial strains from saline-alkaline habitats

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Representative strain designationClosest matched known speciesEPS yield (g/L)Sampling site
EGI S10246Nesterenkonia lutea YIM 700811.44CWP
EGI S10258Marivirga harenae JK114.50CWP
EGI S10265Nesterenkonia aurantiaca CK51.62HCH
EGI S10266Priestia flexa NBRC 157152.75HCH
EGI S10268Leclercia pneumoniae 4-9-1-250.37HCH
EGI S10275Halomonas azerica TBZ94.25BLK
EGI S10280Bacillus zhangzhouensis DW5-41.26BLK
EGI S10283Halomonas alkaliantarctica CRSS4.50BLK
EGI S10297Halomonas tibetensis pyc131.62BLK
EGI S10305Halomonas lysinitropha 3(2)1.53BLK
EGI S10316Halomonas zhaodongensis NEAU-ST10-251.53DBC
EGI S10319Halomonas titanicae BH11.56BLK
EGI S10389Halomonas alkaliphila 18bAG1.67HCH
EGI S10485Cytobacillus oceanisediminis H20.44BLK
EGI S10531Thalassobacillus devorans G-19.10.50ADH
), ArticleFig(id=1250879419859022524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834196017656479, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

盐碱生境产胞外多糖(EPS)菌株信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Representative strain designationClosest matched known speciesEPS yield (g/L)Sampling site
EGI S10246Nesterenkonia lutea YIM 700811.44CWP
EGI S10258Marivirga harenae JK114.50CWP
EGI S10265Nesterenkonia aurantiaca CK51.62HCH
EGI S10266Priestia flexa NBRC 157152.75HCH
EGI S10268Leclercia pneumoniae 4-9-1-250.37HCH
EGI S10275Halomonas azerica TBZ94.25BLK
EGI S10280Bacillus zhangzhouensis DW5-41.26BLK
EGI S10283Halomonas alkaliantarctica CRSS4.50BLK
EGI S10297Halomonas tibetensis pyc131.62BLK
EGI S10305Halomonas lysinitropha 3(2)1.53BLK
EGI S10316Halomonas zhaodongensis NEAU-ST10-251.53DBC
EGI S10319Halomonas titanicae BH11.56BLK
EGI S10389Halomonas alkaliphila 18bAG1.67HCH
EGI S10485Cytobacillus oceanisediminis H20.44BLK
EGI S10531Thalassobacillus devorans G-19.10.50ADH
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新疆典型盐碱生境可培养细菌多样性及特色菌株资源挖掘
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陈喜稳 1, 2 , 彭聪 1, 3 , 刘永红 1, 4 , 李帅 1, 4 , 李旭锐 1, 4 , 房保柱 1, 4 , Mohamad Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy 1, 4 , Govindan Rajivgandhi 1, 4 , 李文均 1, 4, 5
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1675-1690
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1675-1690
新疆典型盐碱生境可培养细菌多样性及特色菌株资源挖掘
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陈喜稳1, 2, 彭聪1, 3, 刘永红1, 4 , 李帅1, 4, 李旭锐1, 4, 房保柱1, 4, Mohamad Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy1, 4, Govindan Rajivgandhi1, 4, 李文均1, 4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐
  • 2.石河子大学 生命科学学院,新疆 石河子
  • 3.成都大学 建筑与土木工程学院,四川 成都
  • 4.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,中国-塔吉克斯坦生物资源保育与可持续利用“一带一路”联合实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐
  • 5.中山大学 生命科学学院,广东 广州
Culturable bacterial diversity and characteristic strains from saline-alkaline environments in Xinjiang
Xiwen CHEN1, 2, Cong PENG1, 3, Yonghong LIU1, 4 , Shuai LI1, 4, Xurui LI1, 4, Baozhu FANG1, 4, Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad1, 4, Rajivgandhi Govindan1, 4, Wenjun LI1, 4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
  • 2.College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
  • 3.School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
  • 4.China-Tajikistan Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
  • 5.School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250992
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目的 新疆盐碱生境蕴藏着丰富且独特的微生物资源,为系统挖掘新疆典型盐碱环境的可培养微生物资源,揭示其多样性及潜在应用价值,本研究对巴里坤湖、艾丁湖等7个不同盐碱生境开展了系统性分离培养。 方法 采集盐湖沉积物和盐碱土样品,选用13种差异化培养基,通过梯度稀释涂布法进行菌株分离。结合16S rRNA基因序列测定、系统发育树构建及多条件培养实验,分析菌株的物种组成、培养基筛选效果、盐度适应性,并进一步解析潜在新物种、厌氧菌株及高产胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide, EPS)菌株。 结果 共分离获得935株细菌菌株资源,归属于4门8纲25目54科125属310种,其中包括20株(15种)潜在新物种。本研究中,芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)为优势可培养类群。此外,本研究还获得52株(20种)厌氧细菌,这些厌氧菌株主要分布于盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)。不同培养基和盐度对纯培养微生物类群的影响较为明显:R2A培养基筛选到的物种数最多,共108种;在不添加盐胁迫(0 NaCl)时芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为主要类群;在中度盐胁迫(5% NaCl)条件下,海杆菌属(Marinobacter)为重要类群之一;无论是在低盐(0 NaCl)、中盐(5% NaCl)还是高盐(10% NaCl)条件下,Halomonas始终是优势类群。为获得具有极强抗逆性能的功能菌株,本研究进一步通过高盐高碱条件筛选,最终获得15株具有产胞外多糖能力的菌株,其中,棕沙居海杆状菌(Marivirga harenae)EGI S10258和南极嗜碱盐单胞菌(Halomonas alkaliantarctica)EGI S10283产量最高,可达4.5 g/L。 结论 新疆盐碱生境蕴藏丰富的可培养微生物资源,采用盐度和培养基多策略组合的方法极大丰富了盐碱生境微生物资源。在此基础上,本研究成功获得一批潜在新物种及具特定功能的菌株,为其后续的系统分类、生态适应机制解析与资源开发利用提供了重要的菌种和数据支撑。

新疆  /  盐碱生境  /  微生物纯培养  /  资源发掘  /  新物种

Objective The saline-alkaline habitats in Xinjiang harbor rich and unique microbial resources. This study employed the culture-dependent way to explore the culturable microbial resources and reveal their diversity and potential functions from seven different saline-alkaline habitats, including Barkol Lake and Aiding Lake in Xinjiang. Methods Soil and sediment samples were collected from the seven saline-alkaline habitats. Thirteen modified media were designed and used for strain isolation via the gradient dilution plating method. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and multi-condition culture were employed to analyze the taxonomic positions, suitable media, and salinity adaptability of the strains. Furthermore, potential novel taxa, anaerobic strains, and exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strains were screened. Results A total of 935 bacterial strains were isolated and identified as 310 species belonging to 125 genera, 54 families, 25 orders, 8 classes of 4 phyla, including 20 strains representing 15 potential novel taxa. The dominant culturable taxa were Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, and Actinomycetota. In addition, 52 strains (20 species) of anaerobic bacteria were obtained, with the genus Halomonas being dominant. The microbial resources varied significantly among different media, and R2A was the most effective medium, screening out 108 species. Bacillus was dominant under no salt stress (0 NaCl), and Marinobacter was one of the important genera under moderate salt stress (5% NaCl). However, the genus Halomonas kept being dominant under low-salt (0 NaCl), moderate-salt (5% NaCl), or high-salt (10% NaCl) stress. To obtain the functional strains with extremely strong stress resistance, we screened 15 EPS-producing strains under high-salt and high-alkali conditions. Among them, Marivirga harenae EGI S10258 and Halomonas alkaliantarctica EGI S10283 showed the highest EPS titer, which reached 4.5 g/L. Conclusion The saline-alkaline habitats in Xinjiang were rich with culturable microbial resources. The application of a multi-condition culture approach significantly enhances the depth and breadth of microbial resource exploration. This study provides important microbial resources and data support for subsequent research on systematic taxonomy, ecological adaptation mechanisms, and resource utilization by getting potential novel species and functional strains.

Xinjiang  /  saline-alkaline habitats  /  microbial pure culture  /  resource mining  /  novel species
陈喜稳, 彭聪, 刘永红, 李帅, 李旭锐, 房保柱, Mohamad Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy, Govindan Rajivgandhi, 李文均. 新疆典型盐碱生境可培养细菌多样性及特色菌株资源挖掘. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1675 -1690 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250992
Xiwen CHEN, Cong PENG, Yonghong LIU, Shuai LI, Xurui LI, Baozhu FANG, Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad, Rajivgandhi Govindan, Wenjun LI. Culturable bacterial diversity and characteristic strains from saline-alkaline environments in Xinjiang[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1675 -1690 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250992
微生物作为地球上最古老且最多样化的生命形式,驱动着几乎所有生物地球化学循环,其功能涵盖碳固定、有机质降解、固氮、硝化-反硝化以及硫氧化-硫还原等关键生态过程[1-3]。近年来,全球变化加剧了干旱化、盐渍化及土地退化等问题,深刻影响着微生物资源的存续。与此同时,微生物资源作为新功能基因、新酶、新代谢产物的重要来源,在农业改良、细胞工程、环境修复等领域具有巨大的应用前景。系统挖掘并保护微生物多样性已成为推动生物资源战略发展的必要举措[4]。尽管如此,当前对微生物多样性的认知仍十分有限,超过99%的微生物仍属于不可培养的微生物暗物质(microbial dark matter)[5-6]。这意味着大量潜在的重要类群尚未被成功分离,无法在形态、生理、代谢与功能层面进行深入研究。近年来,宏基因组组装技术的快速进步极大拓展了对微生物系统发育多样性的认知,但纯培养仍然是解析微生物生态适应特征、进行功能验证、开发代谢产物与酶资源的关键手段[7-8]。在可培养策略方面,越来越多的研究强调应通过模拟生境特征来提升微生物分离效率。因此,建立多策略、多条件结合的可培养微生物资源挖掘体系,是当前微生物多样性研究的重要路径。
盐湖及盐碱地是全球典型的干旱区极端或亚极端生境,其高盐度、高碱性、高渗透压、强辐射等复合胁迫共同塑造了具有高度适应性的特殊微生物类群[9-10]。这些嗜盐、耐盐与耐碱微生物通常具备合成四氢嘧啶、海藻糖、甘氨酸甜菜碱等渗透调节物质的能力,并在极端条件下产生具有稳定性的水解酶、氧化还原酶及色素类物质,成为开发耐盐酶制剂、生物材料、特殊代谢产物等新资源的重要对象[11-13]。此外,许多耐盐碱微生物能够合成胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide, EPS),这类物质不仅对菌体自身具有保护作用,在改善土壤团聚性、金属吸附及生物膜形成等方面也展现出潜在应用价值[14]。同时,盐碱生境中广泛存在多样化的厌氧菌群,它们具备独特的厌氧代谢与强氧化还原调节体系,在硫循环、有机质降解等生物地球化学过程中扮演着关键角色[15-16]。因此,盐碱生境中的微生物不仅对理解生命极限与生态适应机制具有重要意义,也是生物技术开发的重要资源库。新疆位于我国西北干旱区,地域内盐碱生境分布广泛、类型多样,不仅包括典型盐湖,还涵盖微咸水湖、盐碱地等多种生态系统,为多类嗜盐、耐盐、耐碱与厌氧类群的演化提供了多样化生态位,是研究极端生境微生物多样性的绝佳场所[17-18]。然而,当前关于新疆盐湖微生物的研究主要集中于免培养测序揭示群落结构,而以可培养微生物为核心、系统覆盖多生境的研究仍然有限。特别是针对新疆盐碱生境微生物资源中具有重要应用潜力的高产胞外多糖菌株的筛选报道较为匮乏;同时,对于其中蕴藏厌氧微生物类群的系统分离与筛选工作也十分有限。
基于上述背景,对新疆典型盐湖及盐碱生境开展系统性的可培养微生物资源挖掘,不仅能够加深对该区域微生物多样性的认识,也有助于挖掘不同盐碱生境中微生物的特殊类群及其生态适应策略。本研究选取巴里坤湖、七角井盐湖、幻彩湖、柴窝堡湖、艾丁湖、达坂城盐湖以及阜康盐碱地共7个不同类型的盐碱生境,涵盖典型盐湖、微咸水湖及盐碱化土壤等生态梯度。在多盐度、多pH、缺氧与多营养底物组合条件下,共使用13种差异化的培养基进行菌株筛选。通过系统发育树揭示可培养资源的谱系分布格局,同时分析不同培养条件下分离类群的偏好性、抗盐菌群的结构以及潜在新类群的系统发育位置,并对厌氧菌群的组成以及高产胞外多糖菌株的筛选与产EPS条件进行初步探索。通过上述研究,以期为新疆盐碱生境微生物资源的开发利用提供菌株与数据基础,也为极端生境微生物的生态适应机制研究提供科学支撑。
研究对象为新疆地区的7个典型盐碱生境,包括巴里坤湖(BLK)、艾丁湖(ADH)、七角井盐湖(QJJ)、幻彩湖(HCH)、达坂城盐湖(DBC)、柴窝堡湖(CWP)和阜康盐碱区(FK) (表1)。在各点位采集沉积物或土壤样品后,立即将其置于装有冰袋的泡沫箱中,全程低温运输。样品运抵实验室后,统一保存于4 ℃冰箱,并在短期内完成处理。用于理化性质测定的样品常温运抵实验室后先进行晾干处理,再研磨,接着进行2 mm和0.25 mm过筛处理,然后送往中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所土壤养分分析实验室,测定样品的盐度、pH值、八大离子等指标。
本研究主要包含13种不同类型的培养基(表2)。除2216E和R2A培养基外,又以这2种培养基为基础培养基,结合采样点的理化性质,共改良出7种培养基:分别为1/2 2216E、2216E (5% NaCl)、2216E (10% NaCl)、2216E (15% PEG6000)、1/2 R2A、R2A (5% NaCl)、R2A (10% NaCl)。此外,还采用了改良的LB培养基(添加5% NaCl)、IPS3培养基(添加5% NaCl)、Postgate培养基(添加5% NaCl),以及自制培养基(溶液1:过滤后的盐湖原湖水500 mL,121 ℃单独灭菌15 min;溶液2:蛋白胨5.0 g,酵母粉1.0 g,琼脂20.0 g,H2O 500 mL,用1 mol/L Tris-HCl调节pH至7.5,121 ℃灭菌15 min;待温度冷却至50-60 ℃时将溶液1与溶液2混合后再倒平板)。
称取1.0 g沉积物样品,加入9 mL无菌稀释液(氯化钠浓度与分离培养基一致),涡旋振荡制备成10-1悬液,并进行梯度稀释至10-4。取100 μL 10-4稀释度的菌液,均匀涂布于分离培养基平板,每个稀释度设3个重复。将平板置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中倒置培养7-14 d,定期观察。待出现独立单菌落后,使用无菌接种针挑取形态各异的典型菌落,在新的平板上进行分区划线。重复划线纯化2-3次,直至获得形态、色泽均一的纯培养物。
取适量细菌单菌落,加入5% Chelex-100溶液,涡旋混匀后于PCR仪中99 ℃裂解20 min,随后12 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液作为DNA模板。PCR扩增采用细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物27F [5′-AGAGTTTGATCC(A)TGGCT CAG-3′]和1492R (5′-ACGGCTACCTTGTTAC GACT-3′)。PCR反应体系(25 μL):DNA模板1 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,2×EasyTaq PCR SuperMix 12.5 μL,Nuclease-free Water 9.5 μL。 PCR扩增程序:95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 1 min,55 ℃ 1 min,72 ℃ 2 min,共35个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。PCR产物送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。采用MEGA 11.0进行序列比对和系统发育树构建;采用iTOL (https://itol.embl.de/)和微生信(https://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/)在线网站进行可视化展示。
将分离所得的菌株接种于R2A培养基上,28 ℃培养48-72 h。以菌落黏度作为初筛标准,使用无菌牙签挑取黏性较大的菌落,即为初筛菌株。将初筛菌株接种于R2A液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min培养4 d,10 000 r/min低温离心20 min,取上清液,加入2倍体积的4 ℃无水乙醇,再次离心15 min,弃上清,用无菌水洗涤沉淀2-3次,收集白色沉淀进行干燥,得到EPS粗提物。
选取EPS产量较高的菌株进行发酵条件优化。采用R2A液体培养基,分别设置3%、5%、7%、10%共4个NaCl浓度梯度,并在每个浓度下分别调节pH为8.0、9.0、10.0,共组成12个处理条件。将目标菌株分别接种于各条件培养基上,在适宜温度下振荡培养。于2、4、6、8 d各提取4 mL培养基检测多糖含量。
取新鲜盐湖沉积物样品5 g,迅速置于无菌厌氧操作箱中,加入45 mL无菌水(含5% NaCl,预先通入高纯氮气除氧30 min,确保厌氧状态),充分摇匀后制成初始菌悬液(浓度为10-1),再稀释至10-2、10-3、10-4。取最终浓度为10-4的稀释液100 μL进行涂布,然后将其放入装有厌氧包和厌氧指示剂的密封厌氧培养盒中,置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养。培养过程中每日观察厌氧指示剂颜色变化,确保培养盒内始终保持厌氧状态(指示剂为无色)。当出现形态、颜色、大小各异的单菌落后,挑取单菌落进行纯化培养。
通过对巴里坤湖、艾丁湖、七角井湖、幻彩湖、达坂城湖、柴窝堡湖和阜康盐碱区等7个盐碱生境的菌株进行分离培养,共获得935株纯培养菌株,主要分布于4门[芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)] 8纲25目54科125属310种。如图1A所示,Bacillota为优势类群,其相对丰度占所有分离菌株数量的34.57%,本研究获得的该门菌株均隶属于芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli);Pseudomonadota的菌株资源仅次于Bacillota,其相对丰度占所有菌株数量的30.86%,其中,γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)是优势类群;Actinomycetota是本研究中的第3个主要类群,其菌株资源占菌株总数的27.28%,且该门的菌株均分布在放线菌纲(Actinomycetes);相比之下,本研究中Bacteroidota的菌株数量最少,仅占总数的6.79%,分布在噬纤维菌纲(Cytophagia)和黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)这2个纲。为进一步了解不同盐碱生境对微生物类群分布的影响,本研究选取不同样点的纯培养菌株类群和数量进行比较。如图1B所示,ActinomycetesBacilliGammaproteobacteria为新疆盐碱生境中的绝对优势类群。Bacilli在6种盐湖生境中广泛分布,但在盐碱地样品(FK)中的相对丰度较低;相比之下,Actinomycetes是盐碱地生境的主要类群,其相对丰度约80%。除物种数量外,多样性也能反映出生境对物种的塑造情况。可以看出,ADH、BLK、CWP和DBC这4个生境中的微生物种类较为多样;而HCH、QJJ和FK生境中多样性较低,优势类群显著。其中,HCH生境以BacilliGammaproteobacteria为主导,QJJ以Bacilli为主导,而FK则以Actinomycetes为主导。
为进一步解析其系统发育关系,本研究选取201株代表性菌株,依据16S rRNA基因序列,采用最大似然法建立系统发育树,从而探讨本研究所获得纯培养菌株的系统发育关系(图2)。
通过对13种培养基分离效果的统计与分析(图3A),本研究明确了不同培养基对盐碱生境微生物的分离效果的影响。其中R2A展现出最广谱的分离能力,获得的物种数量最多(108种);2216E与LB (5% NaCl)同样分离出了较多物种,分别为101种和74种。相比之下,2216E (15% PEG6000)分离的物种数量较少,只有7种。培养基对菌株的筛选表现出不同的模式,一方面,多种培养基共享一部分核心菌株:樊氏盐单胞菌(Halomonas ventosae) (12种培养基)、短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus) (7种培养基)、栖沉积物盐单胞菌(Halomonas sediminicola) (8种培养基)在多种培养基中共同出现,提示这些菌株在环境中具有较高的丰度或较广的适应性;另一方面,大量菌株为单一或少数培养基所独有:R2A获得了63种独有菌株,2216E (2% NaCl)获得了47株,LB (5% NaCl)获得了28株,这表明组合使用多种培养策略对于全面挖掘微生物多样性至关重要。
本研究发现,不同NaCl浓度的培养基对分离菌株的组成具有显著影响。如图3B所示,在不添加盐胁迫(0 NaCl)时芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为主要类群;在中度盐胁迫(5% NaCl)条件下,海杆菌属(Marinobacter)为重要类群之一;无论是低盐(0 NaCl),中盐(5% NaCl),还是高盐(10% NaCl)条件,盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)始终是优势类群。进一步比较发现,在0 NaCl条件下分离得到110种菌,Bacillus (8.18%)与Halomonas (8.18%)为最优势类群;在2% NaCl条件下分离得到139种菌,Halomonas (8.63%)成为最优势属,同时Marinobacter (7.19%)与Bacillus (7.19%)为次要优势类群,节杆菌属(Arthrobacter) (3.60%)、海源菌属(Idiomarina) (2.16%)、纤细芽孢杆菌属(Gracilibacillus) (2.16%)等耐盐菌开始出现,而食氢产水菌属(Hydrogenophaga)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、地神菌属(Telluria)等普通细菌类群则消失;在5% NaCl的条件下分离得到123种菌,Halomonas (10.81%)与Marinobacter (6.76%)成为明确的核心优势类群,而Bacillus的占比已降至4.05%;在10% NaCl的条件下仅分离得到51种菌,菌株多样性明显下降,Halomonas (21.57%)与Marinobacter (19.61%)占据绝对主导地位,卤水杆菌属(Salicola) (1.96%)、海芽孢杆菌属(Pontibacillus) (1.96%)、另类芽孢杆菌属(Alteribacillus) (1.96%)等高度嗜盐菌出现,而多数中低嗜盐类群消失。这种菌种组成的分布差异,既印证了分离培养基的有效性,也为进一步研究微生物适应高盐环境的生理与分子机制提供了宝贵的菌种资源。
基于16S rRNA基因序列的比对分析,本研究从多个盐碱生境(CWP、QJJ、ADH、BLK及HCH)中共分离获得20株潜在新物种(分属15个种)。这些菌株与已知有效发表物种的16S rRNA基因序列相似度介于95.40%-98.62%之间,均低于98.65%的新种界定阈值。系统发育分析(图4)进一步显示它们在各自属内形成独立的进化分支。这些菌株分布于5个科,其中芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)为主要类群,包含11株菌,分属于泡状芽孢杆菌属(Cytobacillus)、艾雯丝氏菌属(Evansella)、Gracilibacillus、尼尔菌属(Niallia)、假碱芽孢杆菌属(Pseudalkalibacillus)、盐沉淀物杆菌属(Salisediminibacterium)和枝芽孢杆菌属(Virgibacillus)。此外,红细菌科(Rhodobacteraceae) 4株,环杆菌科(Cyclobacteriaceae) 3株,分别隶属于洛克菌属(Loktanella)、副红细菌属(Pararhodobacter)、玫瑰球样菌属(Roseibaca)、血液杆菌属(Haematobacter),以及噬冷菌属(Algoriphagus)和希瓦吉氏菌属(Shivajiella);其余菌株零星分布于类芽孢杆菌科(Paenibacillaceae)及纤维单胞菌科(Cellulomonadaceae)。
本研究共分离获得52株厌氧耐盐细菌菌株(表3)。基于16S rRNA基因序列的菌株相似度比对表明,这些菌株与已知物种的相似度介于98.84%-100.00%之间,分别归属于6个科的20个物种,包括交替单胞菌科(Alteromonadaceae)、芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)、脱硫杆状菌科(Desulfobacteraceae)、脱硫弧菌科(Desulfovibrionaceae)、盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)和显核菌科(Caryophanaceae)。Bacillaceae物种数最多,共7个物种,主要包括B. pumilus (4株)和食丁酸近芽孢杆菌(Peribacillus butanolivorans) (2株);Halomonadaceae次之(6个物种),以嗜碱盐单胞菌(Halomonas alkaliphila) (9株)和H. ventosae (8株)为主。菌株分别来自HCH、BLK和DBC 3个样地,其中HCH样地来源的菌株占绝大多数(49株)。使用2216E (5% NaCl)和Postgate (5% NaCl)培养基分别分离得到菌株32株(16种)和20株(10种)。
通过高盐高碱条件筛选,共获得15株具有产胞外多糖能力的菌株(表4),从中选取4株高产菌株[弯曲普里斯特氏菌(Priestia flexa)EGI S10266、棕沙居海杆状菌(Marivirga harenae)EGI S10258、阿塞拜疆省盐单胞菌(Halomonas azerica)EGI S10275和南极嗜碱盐单胞菌(Halomonas alkaliantarctica)EGI S10283]进行发酵条件优化。结果表明(图5),菌株P. flexa EGI S10266在pH 9.0、5% NaCl的条件下培养8 d时产量最高,为2.75 g/L);菌株M. harenae EGI S10258在pH 9.0、10% NaCl的条件下分别于第4天和第8天出现产量高峰,为4.5 g/L);H. azerica EGI S10275在pH 8.0、10% NaCl的条件下培养4 d时达到最大产量,为4.25 g/L);菌株H. alkaliantarctica EGI S10283在pH 9.0、10% NaCl的条件下培养6 d时产量最高,为4.5 g/L)。整体而言,这4株菌均表现出对高盐环境(7%-10% NaCl)的良好适应性,且在此范围内EPS产量更高;相比之下,它们对碱性的变化(pH 8.0-10.0)不敏感。
新疆盐碱生境类型多样,蕴藏着丰富而独特的微生物资源。李怡歆等[19]利用4种不同培养基从达坂城盐湖分离获得18株纯培养细菌;张怡洋等[20]则通过设置不同NaCl浓度的R2A培养基,从艾丁湖分离得到80株好氧嗜盐细菌。这些前期工作为新疆盐碱生境微生物研究积累了初步材料。本研究从新疆7个盐碱生境中分离纯化获得935株细菌,经系统鉴定归属于4门8纲25目54科125属310种,显示出较高的多样性。其中,BacillotaPseudomonadotaActinomycetota为3大优势类群,合计占总菌株数的95.37%。Bacteroidota虽占比相对较低(4.63%),但在多个样地中均有检出,说明其作为耐盐类群在盐碱环境中具有特殊的生态位与适应性。
本研究中的7个样地可以归纳为3类差异显著的生境类型:盐碱地(FK)、微咸水湖(CWP)与盐湖(ADH、QJJ、DBC、HCH、BLK)。FK作为典型的陆生旱地盐碱生境,水分匮乏、蒸发强烈,其可培养菌群以Actinomycetes为绝对优势类群,这与放线菌耐干燥、抗辐射且善于利用贫瘠底物的特性高度相关[21]。与之相对,所有水生湖泊生境中,Actinomycetes占比均明显降低。在微咸水湖生境(CWP)中,盐度压力大幅缓解,其可培养菌群分布最为均衡,无单一绝对优势类群,BacilliGammaproteobacteriaActinomycetes与α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)共同构成主要类群,反映了过渡性环境的多样性特征。在典型盐湖生境内部,离子类型可能成为影响可培养微生物筛选的重要因素。BLK作为典型的硫酸盐型盐湖,其可培养微生物以ActinomycetesBacilli为主要优势类群,Gammaproteobacteria为次要优势类群。在氯化物型盐湖HCH中,BacilliGammaproteobacteria则成为主要优势类群。上述结果表明,从干旱的盐碱地到离子类型复杂的盐湖,再到过渡性的微咸水湖,异质性的生境为微生物类群提供了高度特异化的生态位,最终塑造并维持了该区域丰富的可培养微生物资源。
由于微生物具有巨大多样性,单一培养基无法实现对所有类群的有效分离。在盐碱生境研究中,常利用不同的培养基配方进行筛选,通过制造差异化的选择压力,模拟天然环境中多样的生态位,从而有针对性地筛选出适应特定条件的类群[22-24]。一方面,营养水平是培养基筛选能力的核心决定因素之一[25]。Liu等[26]对比了寡营养与富营养培养基对冰川细菌的分离效果,发现寡营养培养基能分离更多的细菌类群,且在不同培养温度下,其分离菌株的属水平多样性均高于富营养培养基。本研究发现,寡营养的R2A培养基在盐碱生境中同样展现出最广谱的分离能力,获得的物种数最多,这可能与该培养基营养成分相对温和、接近寡营养状态,有利于更多寡营养或营养需求复杂的微生物生长有关[27]。另一方面,盐碱生境的特征在于其极高的盐度与复杂的离子组成,培养基中的NaCl浓度是模拟原生境渗透压、从而筛选嗜盐或耐盐菌群的关键选择压力[28-29]。本研究设置了4个NaCl浓度,发现不同NaCl浓度下分离出的菌株数量和组成存在明显差异,与马想蓉等[30]对柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖的研究结果一致。在本研究中,2%和5% NaCl浓度是多数分离菌株的最适生长盐度范围,其次为0 NaCl,而10% NaCl浓度分离得到的菌株种类最少,大多为高度嗜盐菌,说明以中等盐度培养基为主,结合寡盐和富盐培养基的分离模式,对于从盐碱生境中筛选出更多种类的微生物菌株具有重要作用。此外,本研究采用了2216E、R2A、LB、IPS3、Postgate以及自制培养基共6种不同配方的培养基,多种盐湖微生物菌株仅从单一配方的培养基中筛选得到,前人也在盐湖微生物菌株分离中发现了类似现象[31-32],说明在合理范围内选择不同配方的培养基也会对盐湖微生物菌株的分离起到正向作用。值得注意的是,本研究通过厌氧培养成功从新疆盐碱生境中获得了52株厌氧菌株,证实了模拟厌氧条件挖掘功能微生物的有效性,而该方向在新疆盐碱生境中鲜有系统研究,值得进一步关注。
在盐碱生境中,嗜盐或耐盐微生物能够通过合成相容性溶质、构建特殊的细胞膜结构、表达高效离子泵等策略维持生存,这些机制背后蕴藏着巨大的应用潜力[33-34]。前人研究已充分揭示了这类微生物在生物技术[35]、工业生产[36-37]及农业领域[38]的重要价值,奠定了其资源挖掘的理论基础。新疆地处中亚干旱区核心,其盐碱生境具有独特的地球化学演化历史与地理隔离性,孕育了高度特化乃至全球独有的微生物区系[39]。在新疆艾比湖、七角井盐湖等生境中,研究人员陆续分离到多个细菌或古菌的新属、新种,且已从新疆盐碱生境中获得了一批具有显著应用潜力的功能菌株[40-41]。然而,这一宝贵资源正面临严峻威胁。在全球气候变化的大背景下,新疆地区气温上升速率高于全球平均水平,冰川消融加速的同时,降水格局发生改变,蒸发量持续增强[42]。本研究中的样地之一巴里坤湖作为一个封闭性的高盐湖泊,其湖泊面积曾达约800 km2,但截至2004年已不到100 km2[43]。这种生境退化直接导致许多微生物原始生境片段化甚至彻底丧失,使得众多盐碱微生物未获纯培养就已经面临消失的风险,这凸显了盐碱生境微生物资源收集与培养保存工作的紧迫性。
基于此,本研究深入挖掘盐碱微生物资源,通过对16S rRNA基因序列的比对分析,共鉴定出15种可能代表新物种的细菌(相似度95.40%- 98.62%)。这些潜在新物种广泛分布于BacillaceaeRhodobacteraceaeCyclobacteriaceae等多个科,并分离自多个样地,表明新疆盐碱环境中仍存在着大量未被认知和培养的微生物。在功能菌株筛选方面,本研究成功获得了多株产EPS的菌株。其中,P. flexa EGI S10266、M. harenae EGI S10258、H. azerica EGI S10275和H. alkaliantarctica EGI S10283在特定高盐碱条件下表现出较高的EPS产量。此外,本研究还筛选获得多个厌氧菌株,涵盖DesulfobaculumDesulfovibrioPseudodesulfovibrio等参与硫循环的关键功能类群。上述包括潜在新类群、高产EPS菌株及硫循环相关厌氧菌在内的多种功能微生物资源,为开发适用于盐碱环境生物修复或工业生物技术的微生物制剂提供了丰富且宝贵的种质资源。
本研究从新疆盐碱生境中分离得到了近千株细菌资源,印证了该区域可培养微生物资源的多样性。然而,环境中仍蕴藏大量的未培养微生物资源亟待挖掘。利用多相分类学完成潜在新物种的正式鉴定,并借鉴培养组学新技术,定向分离关键的未培养类群需要更多研究人员的重视。在此基础上,需结合多组学手段深入解析菌株的抗逆机制与特殊代谢途径。最终推动资源转化,开发高产EPS菌株用于盐碱土改良,挖掘嗜盐酶用于绿色工业,或构建功能菌剂服务于生态修复与绿色农业。通过持续的资源发掘、机理阐明与应用探索,希望使这些源于极端生境的生命宝藏,切实服务于生态安全与可持续发展。
  • 国家科技基础资源调查专项资助(2025FY100500)
  • 第三次新疆综合科学考察(2022xjkk1200)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250992
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
  • 录用日期:2026-02-06
基金
National Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program(2025FY100500)
国家科技基础资源调查专项资助(2025FY100500)
Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2022xjkk1200)
第三次新疆综合科学考察(2022xjkk1200)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐
    2.石河子大学 生命科学学院,新疆 石河子
    3.成都大学 建筑与土木工程学院,四川 成都
    4.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,中国-塔吉克斯坦生物资源保育与可持续利用“一带一路”联合实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐
    5.中山大学 生命科学学院,广东 广州
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250992
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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