Article(id=1250834195141050889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767974400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772035200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineDate=1776151711496, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151711496, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151711496, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151711496, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1631, endPage=1657, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834196147683886, articleId=1250834195141050889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Diversity of culturable yeasts in extreme environments of western China, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To systematically investigate the diversity of culturable yeasts in extreme environments (glaciers, salt lakes, deserts, etc.) of western China and explore yeast resources with special stress resistance traits. Methods Multiple substrate samples were collected from representative extreme environments. Eight media with different nutrient gradients were employed in combination with direct dilution plating and enrichment culture methods for yeast isolation. Strains were identified by 26S rDNA D1/D2 region sequence analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to assess species diversity and community structure differences across habitats and culture methods. Results A total of 904 yeast strains were isolated, representing 77 species, 29 genera, 17 orders, 10 classes, 5 subphyla, and 2 phyla, including 11 potential new species. Basidiomycota was the dominant phylum (90.5%), and Naganishia, Rhodotorula, and Cystobasidium were the dominant genera. Distinct dominant species were observed among different habitats. Naganishia adeliensis and Naganishia albida were widely distributed across all investigated extreme environments, indicating strong broad-spectrum environmental adaptability. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Cystobasidium slooffiae were dominant species in glaciers and salt lakes. In addition, enrichment culture and oligotrophic media significantly improved the isolation efficiency of rare species. Conclusion Extreme environments in western China harbor remarkably rich yeast resources. While different extreme environments select for unique dominant groups, certain broadly adaptable polyextremophilic species are shared across environments. Extreme environments serve not only as a reservoir of new species but also potentially as an environmental reservoir for opportunistic pathogenic yeasts.

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E-mail: LIU Xinzhan,
BAI Fengyan,
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目的 探究中国西部极端环境(冰川、盐湖、荒漠等)中可培养酵母菌的物种多样性,并挖掘具有特殊抗逆性的酵母菌株资源。 方法 采集极端环境中的多种基质样品,运用8种不同营养梯度的培养基,结合直接涂布与富集培养策略开展菌株分析;采用26S rDNA D1/D2区域序列分析进行菌株鉴定及系统发育分析;通过统计分析,揭示不同生境及培养条件下可培养酵母菌的物种多样性及其群落结构差异。 结果 共分离出904株酵母菌,隶属于2门5亚门10纲17目29属77种,其中包含11个潜在新种。担子菌门为绝对优势类群,优势属包括长西氏酵母属(Naganishia)、红酵母属(Rhodotorula)和囊担菌属(Cystobasidium)。不同生境的优势物种存在差异,浅白长西氏酵母(Naganishia albida)和阿德利长西氏酵母(Naganishia adeliensis)在所有极端生境中广泛存在,显示出极强的广谱环境适应性;胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)和斯洛菲囊担菌(Cystobasidium slooffiae)则是冰川和盐湖环境的优势物种。此外,富集培养和寡营养培养基显著提高了稀有物种的分离效率。 结论 中国西部极端环境蕴藏着极为丰富的酵母菌资源。不同极端环境筛选出了独特的优势类群,同时也存在具有多嗜极特征的广适性物种。极端环境不仅是新物种的资源库,也可能是条件致病性酵母菌的潜在环境储库。

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作者贡献声明

罗家增:样品采集与菌株分离、数据处理、论文撰写;曾军:样品采集与预处理;魏旭阳:菌株分离与鉴定;席振华:西藏地区样品采集与预处理;牛秋红:青海地区样品预处理;魏鑫丽:青海地区样品采集;刘林:样品采集;白逢彦:论文审阅;刘新展:实验设计、样品采集与数据处理、论文撰写与修改。

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Microbiome, 2023, 11: 272., articleTitle=Application of culturomics in fungal isolation from mangrove sediments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879428159553677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=107, issue=14, pageStart=4409, pageEnd=4427, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=69, authorNames=Andreu C, del Olmo M, journalName=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Andreu C, del Olmo M. Biotechnological applications of biofilms formed by osmotolerant and halotolerant yeasts[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2023, 107(14): 4409-4427., articleTitle=Biotechnological applications of biofilms formed by osmotolerant and halotolerant yeasts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879428272799890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=177, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=70, authorNames=Bhardwaj P, Jain R, Rawat N, Joshi R, Kumar A, Pandey SS, Kumar S, journalName=Physiologia Plantarum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bhardwaj P, Jain R, Rawat N, Joshi R, Kumar A, Pandey SS, Kumar S. Naganishia liquefaciens ARY7, a psychrophilic yeast endophyte improves plant low temperature acclimation through auxin and salicylic acid signaling[J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 2025, 177(3): e70267., articleTitle=Naganishia liquefaciens ARY7, a psychrophilic yeast endophyte improves plant low temperature acclimation through auxin and salicylic acid signaling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879428386046104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=71, authorNames=Ashaolu TJ, Malik T, Soni R, Prieto MA, Jafari SM, journalName=Food Science & Nutrition, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ashaolu TJ, Malik T, Soni R, Prieto MA, Jafari SM. Extremophilic microorganisms as a source of emerging enzymes for the food industry: a review[J]. Food Science & Nutrition, 2025, 13: e4540., articleTitle=Extremophilic microorganisms as a source of emerging enzymes for the food industry: a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879428570595489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=57, issue=6, pageStart=504, pageEnd=516, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=72, authorNames=Martorell MM, Ruberto LAM, Fernández PM, Castellanos de Figueroa LI, Mac Cormack WP, journalName=Journal of Basic Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Martorell MM, Ruberto LAM, Fernández PM, Castellanos de Figueroa LI, Mac Cormack WP. Bioprospection of cold-adapted yeasts with biotechnological potential from Antarctica[J]. 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A: Community structure of culturable yeasts at class level; B: Community structure of culturable yeasts at order level; C: The heatmap for generic diversity from different extreme environments., figureFileSmall=H4jloO5xjlaSVwgXWua0ng==, figureFileBig=mTVZ/8I52kWt3gdcDOe/hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412447690996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同极端环境中可培养酵母菌多样性, figureFileSmall=H4jloO5xjlaSVwgXWua0ng==, figureFileBig=mTVZ/8I52kWt3gdcDOe/hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412674183424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Diversity of culturable yeasts from glacier environment and comparison between isolation methods and periods. A: Phylogenetic tree of culturable yeasts isolated at 10 ℃ and 25℃ using enrichment culture method; B: Heatmap showing genus-level diversity of culturable yeasts obtained by enrichment culture and dilution-plate isolation methods; C: Venn diagram showing the species number recovered at different enrichment cultivation periods. 0-21 d indicate 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of enrichment cultivation, respectively., figureFileSmall=UogFk6JJSld+5RNhQlH/3Q==, figureFileBig=Pz/XwxJP5xTM0M1ec6ZN2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412766458119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=CN, label=图2, caption=冰川环境可培养酵母菌多样性及不同分离培养方法的比较分析, figureFileSmall=UogFk6JJSld+5RNhQlH/3Q==, figureFileBig=Pz/XwxJP5xTM0M1ec6ZN2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412892287248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Diversity of culturable yeasts from salt lakes, deserts, and other extreme environments across different substrates. A: Phylogenetic tree of culturable yeasts isolated from salt lake area from different substrates; B: Phylogenetic tree of culturable yeasts isolated from desert across different substrates; C: Phylogenetic tree of culturable yeasts isolated from other extreme environments, including hot spring, mud volcano, wetland, and cold alpine zones, across different substrates., figureFileSmall=rpiMGnJzBRrgF7ow7TPqUw==, figureFileBig=TnxzxImlSpAcoaz+fxkd1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413034893602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=CN, label=图3, caption=盐湖、荒漠及其他极端环境中不同基质来源的可培养酵母菌多样性, figureFileSmall=rpiMGnJzBRrgF7ow7TPqUw==, figureFileBig=TnxzxImlSpAcoaz+fxkd1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413160722730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Composition of culturable yeast communities across different extreme environments. A: NMDS of culturable yeast communities from different extreme environments based on Bray-Curtis metrics (The significance of environmental effects on community dissimilarity was tested using ANOSIM); B: Venn diagram showing the species number recovered from different extreme environments; C: Heatmap showing species-level composition of culturable yeast communities across different extreme environments., figureFileSmall=kPVMM3JJyqsG/ApTo/yXOA==, figureFileBig=qKMS+tQWRZzIcSvAMN3rOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413324300598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同极端环境中可培养酵母菌群落差异分布特征, figureFileSmall=kPVMM3JJyqsG/ApTo/yXOA==, figureFileBig=qKMS+tQWRZzIcSvAMN3rOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413412380992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Composition of culturable yeast communities isolated using media with different nutrient levels. A: NMDS (The significance of nutrient effects on community dissimilarity was tested using ANOSIM); B: Venn diagram showing the species number recovered using media with different nutrient levels; C: Heatmap showing species numbers, with strains numbers in parentheses, isolated using media with different nutrient levels across different substrates; D: Heatmap showing species-level composition of culturable yeast communities isolated using media with different nutrient levels., figureFileSmall=m8I/Hn5lgfMXby40hf99/w==, figureFileBig=MEOKnVoypJzqqh2KF6Sikw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413563375946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同营养水平培养基分离获得的可培养酵母菌群落组成差异, figureFileSmall=m8I/Hn5lgfMXby40hf99/w==, figureFileBig=MEOKnVoypJzqqh2KF6Sikw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413697593690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sampling sites in extreme environments of western China and their habitat types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sampling sitesRegionCoordinatesAltitude (m)Habitat types
GPS1Tianshan Grand Valley, Urumqi City, Xinjiang

43°12′36″N

87°07′12″E

2 124High-altitude arid mountains
GPS2Tianger Peak, Urumqi City, Xinjiang

43°07′12″N

86°48′36″E

3 842High-altitude glacier
GPS3Dushanzi, Karamay City, Xinjiang

44°18′36″N

84°51′00″E

955Mud volcano
GPS4Jimsar County, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang

44°17′24″N

89°09′36″E

529Gobi desert
GPS5Heiyou Mountain, Karamay City, Xinjiang

45°36′36″N

84°53′24″E

395Petroleum-contaminated soil
GPS6Kazakh Autonomous County, Hami City, Xinjiang

43°46′48″N

92°53′24″E

1 598Salt lake
GPS7Turpan City, Xinjiang

43°14′24″N

90°45′36″E

826Gobi desert
GPS8Gaochang District, Turpan City, Xinjiang

42°39′00″N

89°20′24″E

-353Aiding salt lake
GPS9Tenger Peak, Urumqi City, Xinjiang

43°07′12″N

86°48′36″E

3 829High-altitude glacier
GPS10Dabancheng District, Urumqi City, Xinjiang

43°22′12″N

88°08′24″E

1 063Dabancheng salt lake
GPS11Yiwu County, Hami City, Xinjiang

43°36′36″N

92°47′24″E

1 580Barkol salt lake
GPS12Yiwu County, Hami City, Xinjiang

43°36′36″N

92°38′24″E

1 363Gobi desert
GPS13Jimsar County, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang

44°04′12″N

89°13′12″E

651Wetland marsh
GPS14Colorful Bay, Fukang City, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang

44°45′36″N

88°49′12″E

460Hot springs
GPS15North Slope of Mount Qomolangma, Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°07′48″N

87°15′36″E

5 287High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS16North Slope of Mount Qomolangma, Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°06′00″N

87°16′48″E

5 427High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS17East Slope of Mount Qomolangma, Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°05′24″N

87°18′36″E

5 658High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS18Southwestern Dingjie County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°21′36″N

87°21′00″E

4 256High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS19Southern Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°14′24″N

87°13′12″E

4 880High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS20North Slope of Mount Qomolangma, Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°06′00″N

87°16′12″E

5 283High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS21Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°20′27″N

97°13′00″E

2 922Gobi desert
GPS22Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°23′02″N

97°08′44″E

3 042Gobi desert
GPS23Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°15′49″N

96°51′15″E

2 814Saline-alkali land
GPS24Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°34′51″N

95°10′49″E

3 499Gobi desert
GPS25Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°33′19″N

95°09′41″E

3 370Yardang/Danxia landforms
GPS26Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°31′09″N

95°08′54″E

3 261Yardang/Danxia landforms
GPS27Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°32′25″N

95°11′21″E

3 354Yardang/Danxia landforms
GPS28Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°31′54″N

95°12′20″E

3 424Yardang/Danxia landforms
GPS29Da Qaidam, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

38°1′36″N

94°39′13″E

2 921Gobi desert
GPS30Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°57′35″N

94°17′23″E

2 754Yardang landforms
GPS31Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°37′27″N

93°46′19″E

3 198Sandy area and saline-alkali land
), ArticleFig(id=1250879413961834857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国西部极端环境采集地点及生境类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sampling sitesRegionCoordinatesAltitude (m)Habitat types
GPS1Tianshan Grand Valley, Urumqi City, Xinjiang

43°12′36″N

87°07′12″E

2 124High-altitude arid mountains
GPS2Tianger Peak, Urumqi City, Xinjiang

43°07′12″N

86°48′36″E

3 842High-altitude glacier
GPS3Dushanzi, Karamay City, Xinjiang

44°18′36″N

84°51′00″E

955Mud volcano
GPS4Jimsar County, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang

44°17′24″N

89°09′36″E

529Gobi desert
GPS5Heiyou Mountain, Karamay City, Xinjiang

45°36′36″N

84°53′24″E

395Petroleum-contaminated soil
GPS6Kazakh Autonomous County, Hami City, Xinjiang

43°46′48″N

92°53′24″E

1 598Salt lake
GPS7Turpan City, Xinjiang

43°14′24″N

90°45′36″E

826Gobi desert
GPS8Gaochang District, Turpan City, Xinjiang

42°39′00″N

89°20′24″E

-353Aiding salt lake
GPS9Tenger Peak, Urumqi City, Xinjiang

43°07′12″N

86°48′36″E

3 829High-altitude glacier
GPS10Dabancheng District, Urumqi City, Xinjiang

43°22′12″N

88°08′24″E

1 063Dabancheng salt lake
GPS11Yiwu County, Hami City, Xinjiang

43°36′36″N

92°47′24″E

1 580Barkol salt lake
GPS12Yiwu County, Hami City, Xinjiang

43°36′36″N

92°38′24″E

1 363Gobi desert
GPS13Jimsar County, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang

44°04′12″N

89°13′12″E

651Wetland marsh
GPS14Colorful Bay, Fukang City, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang

44°45′36″N

88°49′12″E

460Hot springs
GPS15North Slope of Mount Qomolangma, Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°07′48″N

87°15′36″E

5 287High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS16North Slope of Mount Qomolangma, Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°06′00″N

87°16′48″E

5 427High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS17East Slope of Mount Qomolangma, Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°05′24″N

87°18′36″E

5 658High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS18Southwestern Dingjie County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°21′36″N

87°21′00″E

4 256High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS19Southern Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°14′24″N

87°13′12″E

4 880High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS20North Slope of Mount Qomolangma, Dingri County, Shigatse, Xizang

28°06′00″N

87°16′12″E

5 283High-altitude cold and arid mountain
GPS21Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°20′27″N

97°13′00″E

2 922Gobi desert
GPS22Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°23′02″N

97°08′44″E

3 042Gobi desert
GPS23Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°15′49″N

96°51′15″E

2 814Saline-alkali land
GPS24Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°34′51″N

95°10′49″E

3 499Gobi desert
GPS25Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°33′19″N

95°09′41″E

3 370Yardang/Danxia landforms
GPS26Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°31′09″N

95°08′54″E

3 261Yardang/Danxia landforms
GPS27Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°32′25″N

95°11′21″E

3 354Yardang/Danxia landforms
GPS28Tianjun County, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°31′54″N

95°12′20″E

3 424Yardang/Danxia landforms
GPS29Da Qaidam, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

38°1′36″N

94°39′13″E

2 921Gobi desert
GPS30Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°57′35″N

94°17′23″E

2 754Yardang landforms
GPS31Delingha City, Haixi Mongol and Xizang Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai

37°37′27″N

93°46′19″E

3 198Sandy area and saline-alkali land
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414251241848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physicochemical parameters of different extreme environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Habitat typeRepresentative regions and physical and chemical propertiespHDryness index

Salinity

(‰)

Mineralization

(g/L)

T/℃References
DesertQaidam Basin7.65-8.8510.65-26.440.21-34.32[31-32]
GlacierTianshan No. 1 Glacier~6.4[33]
Salt lakeAiding Lake7.49336.47[34]
Barkol Lake7.60204.76
Dabancheng Lake7.80275.00
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414460957064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同极端生境理化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Habitat typeRepresentative regions and physical and chemical propertiespHDryness index

Salinity

(‰)

Mineralization

(g/L)

T/℃References
DesertQaidam Basin7.65-8.8510.65-26.440.21-34.32[31-32]
GlacierTianshan No. 1 Glacier~6.4[33]
Salt lakeAiding Lake7.49336.47[34]
Barkol Lake7.60204.76
Dabancheng Lake7.80275.00
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414658089364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Putative novel yeast species isolated from extreme environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsThe most similar species (type strain)GenBank accession numberSimilarity (%)
P263-1Coniochaeta caraganaeNG_228849.198.66
P263-2Coniochaeta caraganaeNG_228849.198.84
P11-2Coniochaeta discoideaNG_064120.198.29
P11-1Coniochaeta lignicolaMH855438.199.00
P20-1Coniochaeta rankiniaeMG491499.197.26
P20-2Coniochaeta rankiniaeNG_242134.197.67
P20-3Coniochaeta rankiniaeMG491499.197.06
P11-2Cystobasidium calyptogenaeNG_059004.196.96
001-2Cystobasidium raffinophilumMK050389.198.97
P1-12Cystobasidium terricolaLC203672.198.00
P1-13Cystobasidium terricolaMK050390.196.26
617-5Cystobasidium terricolaMK050390.196.90
058-3Naganishia albidaHE572537.198.79
059-2Naganishia albidaKF646234.198.00
P256-7Teunia korlaensisMK050286.198.22
P263-7Teunia korlaensisMK050286.198.40
P263-6Teunia korlaensisMK050286.198.22
P263-8Fibulobasidium inconspicuumNG_057677.194.64
B1-1Suhomyces pyralidaeNG_054779.198.97
), ArticleFig(id=1250879414800695704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834195141050889, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

极端环境来源的疑似酵母新种

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsThe most similar species (type strain)GenBank accession numberSimilarity (%)
P263-1Coniochaeta caraganaeNG_228849.198.66
P263-2Coniochaeta caraganaeNG_228849.198.84
P11-2Coniochaeta discoideaNG_064120.198.29
P11-1Coniochaeta lignicolaMH855438.199.00
P20-1Coniochaeta rankiniaeMG491499.197.26
P20-2Coniochaeta rankiniaeNG_242134.197.67
P20-3Coniochaeta rankiniaeMG491499.197.06
P11-2Cystobasidium calyptogenaeNG_059004.196.96
001-2Cystobasidium raffinophilumMK050389.198.97
P1-12Cystobasidium terricolaLC203672.198.00
P1-13Cystobasidium terricolaMK050390.196.26
617-5Cystobasidium terricolaMK050390.196.90
058-3Naganishia albidaHE572537.198.79
059-2Naganishia albidaKF646234.198.00
P256-7Teunia korlaensisMK050286.198.22
P263-7Teunia korlaensisMK050286.198.40
P263-6Teunia korlaensisMK050286.198.22
P263-8Fibulobasidium inconspicuumNG_057677.194.64
B1-1Suhomyces pyralidaeNG_054779.198.97
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中国西部极端环境中可培养酵母菌多样性特征
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罗家增 1, 2 , 曾军 3 , 魏旭阳 4, 5 , 席振华 6 , 牛秋红 5 , 魏鑫丽 1 , 刘林 7 , 白逢彦 1 , 刘新展 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1631-1657
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1631-1657
中国西部极端环境中可培养酵母菌多样性特征
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罗家增1, 2, 曾军3, 魏旭阳4, 5, 席振华6, 牛秋红5, 魏鑫丽1, 刘林7, 白逢彦1 , 刘新展1
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
  • 2.云南农业大学 植物保护学院,云南 昆明
  • 3.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院,微生物研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐
  • 4.Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 5.南阳师范学院 生命科学学院,河南 南阳
  • 6.西藏珠穆朗玛特殊大气过程与环境变化国家野外科学观测研究站,西藏 定日
  • 7.云南农业大学 烟草学院,云南 昆明
Diversity of culturable yeasts in extreme environments of western China
Jiazeng LUO1, 2, Jun ZENG3, Xuyang WEI4, 5, Zhenhua XI6, Qiuhong NIU5, Xinli WEI1, Lin LIU7, Fengyan BAI1 , Xinzhan LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 2.College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
  • 3.Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
  • 4.Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 5.College of Life Science, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, China
  • 6.National Field Scientific Observation Station for Special Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Changes at Mount Qomolangma Region in Xizang, Dingri, Xizang, China
  • 7.College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260027
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目的 探究中国西部极端环境(冰川、盐湖、荒漠等)中可培养酵母菌的物种多样性,并挖掘具有特殊抗逆性的酵母菌株资源。 方法 采集极端环境中的多种基质样品,运用8种不同营养梯度的培养基,结合直接涂布与富集培养策略开展菌株分析;采用26S rDNA D1/D2区域序列分析进行菌株鉴定及系统发育分析;通过统计分析,揭示不同生境及培养条件下可培养酵母菌的物种多样性及其群落结构差异。 结果 共分离出904株酵母菌,隶属于2门5亚门10纲17目29属77种,其中包含11个潜在新种。担子菌门为绝对优势类群,优势属包括长西氏酵母属(Naganishia)、红酵母属(Rhodotorula)和囊担菌属(Cystobasidium)。不同生境的优势物种存在差异,浅白长西氏酵母(Naganishia albida)和阿德利长西氏酵母(Naganishia adeliensis)在所有极端生境中广泛存在,显示出极强的广谱环境适应性;胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)和斯洛菲囊担菌(Cystobasidium slooffiae)则是冰川和盐湖环境的优势物种。此外,富集培养和寡营养培养基显著提高了稀有物种的分离效率。 结论 中国西部极端环境蕴藏着极为丰富的酵母菌资源。不同极端环境筛选出了独特的优势类群,同时也存在具有多嗜极特征的广适性物种。极端环境不仅是新物种的资源库,也可能是条件致病性酵母菌的潜在环境储库。

冰川  /  盐湖  /  荒漠  /  酵母菌多样性  /  分离培养  /  富集培养

Objective To systematically investigate the diversity of culturable yeasts in extreme environments (glaciers, salt lakes, deserts, etc.) of western China and explore yeast resources with special stress resistance traits. Methods Multiple substrate samples were collected from representative extreme environments. Eight media with different nutrient gradients were employed in combination with direct dilution plating and enrichment culture methods for yeast isolation. Strains were identified by 26S rDNA D1/D2 region sequence analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to assess species diversity and community structure differences across habitats and culture methods. Results A total of 904 yeast strains were isolated, representing 77 species, 29 genera, 17 orders, 10 classes, 5 subphyla, and 2 phyla, including 11 potential new species. Basidiomycota was the dominant phylum (90.5%), and Naganishia, Rhodotorula, and Cystobasidium were the dominant genera. Distinct dominant species were observed among different habitats. Naganishia adeliensis and Naganishia albida were widely distributed across all investigated extreme environments, indicating strong broad-spectrum environmental adaptability. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Cystobasidium slooffiae were dominant species in glaciers and salt lakes. In addition, enrichment culture and oligotrophic media significantly improved the isolation efficiency of rare species. Conclusion Extreme environments in western China harbor remarkably rich yeast resources. While different extreme environments select for unique dominant groups, certain broadly adaptable polyextremophilic species are shared across environments. Extreme environments serve not only as a reservoir of new species but also potentially as an environmental reservoir for opportunistic pathogenic yeasts.

glacier  /  salt lake  /  desert  /  yeast diversity  /  isolation by dilution plating  /  enrichment culture
罗家增, 曾军, 魏旭阳, 席振华, 牛秋红, 魏鑫丽, 刘林, 白逢彦, 刘新展. 中国西部极端环境中可培养酵母菌多样性特征. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1631 -1657 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260027
Jiazeng LUO, Jun ZENG, Xuyang WEI, Zhenhua XI, Qiuhong NIU, Xinli WEI, Lin LIU, Fengyan BAI, Xinzhan LIU. Diversity of culturable yeasts in extreme environments of western China[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1631 -1657 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260027
地球上分布着极地冰川、冻土、热泉、深海热液喷口、盐湖和高原荒漠等极端环境[1-2],这些环境因其特殊的温度、pH、盐度、辐射强度、压力或干燥度,形成了超出常规生物忍耐极限的生态位。然而,正是这种严苛的条件,使其类似于早期的地球环境,成为研究生命起源、早期进化轨迹和生命极限的天然窗口,其中蕴藏着地球上独一无二且较为丰富的微生物资源。现代高通量测序技术,尤其是宏基因组学的飞速发展,极大地拓展了我们对极端环境微生物多样性的认知,揭示了大量未被培养的微生物“暗物质”,并发现了多个古菌和细菌门级新分类群。其中,阿斯加德古菌的发现是一个里程碑式的突破,它不仅挑战了传统的三域学说[3-4],更在分子水平上为真核生物起源于古菌界提供了有力证据,并展现出其独特的基因组进化特征[5]。极端环境微生物学研究的价值不仅在于拓展了对地球生命极限的认知,也为探索地外生命迹象提供了重要的模型系统。
相较于原核生物,真核生物由于细胞结构复杂、能量代谢需求高等特点,被普遍认为其抗逆能力相对较弱,难以适应极端环境。长期以来,极端环境微生物学的研究主要聚焦于细菌或古菌[1-2]。然而,近年来大量研究证实真核生物,尤其是真菌,因其代谢网络灵活、形态可塑性强、生活方式多样等特性[6-7],不仅能够在各种极端环境中存活,在某些应激条件下甚至表现出优于原核生物的耐受能力[8-9]。在沙漠、冰川、酸性矿山排水、高盐环境,以及地热、污染矿区土壤和空间站等极端环境中,真菌多样性远超原有认知[9-13]。真菌不仅是生态系统中主要的有机物质分解者,能为其他生物提供极端环境中稀缺的营养元素(如氮、磷和钾)[9];同时也是干旱和贫瘠生境中的先驱类群,在全球气候变暖加剧干旱区扩大的背景下,其在驱动干旱土壤和岩石表面腐生过程中的生态功能尤为突出[12]
酵母菌作为单细胞真菌类群,相比原核生物具有更复杂的真核细胞结构和精细的抗逆机制。酵母菌通过渗透调节、离子泵出、重塑细胞膜脂质组成和细胞壁结构等应对高盐渗透压[14];通过调节脂类组成、提高不饱和脂肪酸比例以维持膜流动性[15],以及转变能量代谢方式[16]以应对低温胁迫;通过生成胡萝卜素、黑色素等次生代谢产物防御紫外辐射伤害[17-18]。上述多层次的生理调控机制,使酵母菌得以在多种极端生态系统中广泛分布,并在极地地区和盐湖等特定环境中成为优势类群或代表类群[9,19]。随着对极端环境酵母菌生态功能认识的深化以及分离培养技术的改进,来自不同极端环境的酵母新物种不断被发现和描述[20-21]。这些研究不仅丰富了真菌分类系统,也逐步揭示了极端环境下酵母菌在生理特性和代谢潜能方面的独特性和多样性[16]。此外,极端酵母菌在生物技术领域展现出广阔的应用前景,其可合成低温活性酶、胞外多糖及类胡萝卜素等高附加值活性化合物,且单细胞的生物学特性和较强的抗逆性使其非常适合作为工业生物合成底盘细胞用于规模化发酵生产[22],并被视为以极端微生物为核心的下一代工业生物技术(next-generation industrial biotechnology, NGIB)的重要候选资源[23]。因此,系统开展极端环境酵母多样性研究不仅是深入理解真核微生物极端环境适应机制的基础,也是挖掘其应用潜力、推动具有自主知识产权的工业底盘菌株和相关生物技术开发的关键基础,具有重要的科学意义和战略价值。
目前,国际上对极端环境酵母菌的研究已取得显著进展,研究区域主要集中在南极、北极以及阿尔卑斯山脉等极地高寒地带,以及欧洲盐湖和南美阿塔卡马沙漠等典型极端生境[24-25]。中国西部的新疆、青海和西藏地区地处亚洲腹地,拥有冰川、高原盐湖及干旱荒漠等多种世界级的典型极端生态系统,构成了开展极端微生物研究的天然宝库。然而,目前针对上述生境的微生物资源调查多侧重于细菌和古菌,通过培养组学、基因组及蛋白质组学等多维手段对其多样性与环境适应机制进行了深入探索[26-30],而对真菌尤其是酵母菌的系统性资源挖掘则显得尤为稀缺,大量具有潜在工业价值的酵母菌资源尚未得到有效开发。
基于上述极端环境酵母菌资源开发需求,本研究选取中国西部新疆、青海和西藏的冰川冻土、盐湖及高原荒漠等极端生境,系统地开展可培养酵母菌的资源挖掘与分离策略优化。采用多营养梯度培养基和4个稀释梯度进行稀释涂布和纯化,并针对冰川冻土样品在2种温度条件下进行不同天数的富集培养等方法,探讨西部典型极端生境中可培养酵母菌的物种多样性、群落组成及分布规律,阐明不同培养策略以及不同培养基对不同极端生境酵母菌分离效果的影响,为后续的功能基因挖掘、特殊代谢产物开发以及真核微生物极端环境适应机制的深入研究提供关键的生物材料。
本调查对中国新疆、西藏及青海地区的代表性极端环境进行样品采集,具体采样地点详见表1。2021年4月,从柴达木盆地德令哈大柴旦地区11个采样点采集了荒漠土壤、盐碱土壤、植物、地衣及生物结皮等样本;2025年6月,从新疆北部14个采样点采集了冰川(冰川0-5 cm表层冰样、5-10 cm冰芯、冻土)、盐湖(盐湖水体、沉积物、盐碱土壤、盐碱地植物、野生动物粪便)、泥火山(底泥、植物)、沼泽(水体、底泥)、温泉水体、高山寒冷环境地衣及结皮等样本;2025年8月,从中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰大气与环境综合观测研究站的6个采样点,采集了土壤、动物粪便及地衣等样本。采集后,迅速将样本装入无菌采样袋,置于车载冰箱中运回实验室,实验前暂存于4 ℃冰箱内,并尽快进行菌株分离。不同生境的理化参数详见表2
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA) (g/L):马铃薯200.0,葡萄糖20.0,琼脂20.0;1/2 PDA和1/10 PDA培养基通过稀释原始PDA配方中的马铃薯浸液和葡萄糖浓度获得1/5麦芽浸膏琼脂培养基(malt extract agar, MEA) (g/L):葡萄糖4.0,麦芽浸膏4.0,蛋白胨0.2,琼脂20.0;红酵母富集培养基(red yeast enrichment agar, REA) (g/L):葡萄糖10.0,酵母浸粉1.0,蛋白胨2.0,琼脂20.0,谷氨酸钠0.001;孟加拉红培养基(Rose Bengal chloramphenicol agar, RDBC) (g/L):葡萄糖20.0,蛋白胨10.0,KH2PO4 1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5,琼脂16.0,孟加拉红0.03,氯硝胺0.002;玉米粉琼脂培养基(corn meal agar, CMA) (g/L):玉米淀粉25.0,琼脂20.0;查氏琼脂培养基(Czapek Dox agar, CDA) (g/L):蔗糖10.0,KNO3 3.0,K2HPO4 1.0,KCl 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0,FeSO4 0.5,琼脂20.0;低营养培养基(LNM) (g/L):马铃薯淀粉0.05,葡萄糖1.5,蛋白胨1.0,NaCl 0.5。所有培养基在121 ℃灭菌20 min,待冷却至45 ℃左右加入氯霉素(终浓度50 µg/mL)和链霉素(终浓度50 µg/mL)以抑制细菌生长。
采用PDA、1/2 PDA和1/10 PDA 3种不同培养基对青海柴达木盆地荒漠样品的可培养酵母菌进行分离。采用PDA、MEA、REA、RDBC、CMA、CDA等6种不同培养基对新疆和西藏样品的可培养酵母菌进行分离纯化。通过采用具有不同营养梯度的培养基模拟极端环境中的营养贫瘠条件,筛选不同营养需求的酵母菌株。另外,选择代表性的冰川样品使用LNM进行富集培养。
冰川样品和盐湖水样品采集当天运回实验室进行预处理。使用孔径0.45 µm、直径47 mm的无菌硝化纤维膜过滤250 mL融化后的冰川融水和盐湖水,过滤后的膜用于后续的菌株分离培养;另选取冰川最高处和最低处的2个采样点的2个冰川样品和1个冻土样品进行富集培养,将2个位置的表层冰川融雪样品和冰芯混合后经滤膜过滤,将滤膜用无菌剪刀剪碎置于装有200 mL低营养LNM培养基的250 mL锥形瓶中;再称取2 g的冻土样品同样接种于装有200 mL低营养LNM培养基的250 mL锥形瓶中,于10℃和25℃条件下,180 r/min培养21 d,分别于培养第0天、第7天、第14天和第21天于无菌条件下从锥形瓶中采集培养菌液1 mL,用于稀释涂布。
称取2 g冻土、土壤、粪便样品以及剪碎的植物和地衣组织样品,悬浮于装有18 mL无菌水的50 mL无菌离心管中,置于恒温摇床(上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司)在25℃、180 r/min条件下培养24 h,取出后静置5 min,用于后续的稀释涂布。
预实验表明,稀释度为10-1时菌落过度密集,无法分离单菌落,而10-6及以上稀释度菌落数过少。因此,正式实验选取10-2-10-5 4个稀释度进行菌落分离。取各样品预处理后的悬浮液200 µL,用无菌水逐级稀释至上述4个稀释度,分别吸取100 µL均匀涂布于PDA、1/2 PDA、1/10 PDA、RDBC、1/5 MEA、CMA、REA和CDA等分离培养基平板,分别于17 ℃和25 ℃倒置培养1-2周。富集培养样品分别于第0、7、14、21天无菌采集菌液1 mL,同法涂布,分别于10 ℃与25 ℃倒置培养1-4周。培养期间每日观察菌落形态(大小、颜色、形状、隆起度、表面质地、边缘特征等),挑取代表性单菌落,在YPD平板上进行四区划线纯化。纯化菌株保存于25%甘油管中,放置于-80 ℃超低温冰箱(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)中长期保藏。
酵母菌株的基因组DNA提取采用碱裂解法,挑取适量纯化酵母菌于加有60 µL浓度为10 mmol/L的NaOH的灭菌PCR管中,98 ℃裂解15-20 min,使用桌面微型离心机(大龙兴创实验仪器股份公司)进行离心、取上清,4 ℃保存备用。使用引物NL1 (5′-GCATATCAATAAGC GGAGGAAAAG-3′)和NL4 (5′-GGTCCGTGTT TCAAGACGG-3′)对分离酵母菌的26S rDNA D1/D2片段进行PCR扩增(Bio-Rad公司)。PCR反应体系(25 µL):2×Taq PCR Master Mix 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各0.5 µL,模板DNA 1 µL (约20-50 ng),加无菌ddH2O至25 µL。PCR扩增程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸7 min。取5 µL PCR产物于1.0%琼脂糖凝胶中进行电泳检测(北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司),在凝胶成像系统下观察目的条带(约600 bp)。将正确的PCR产物送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。测序结果使用SeqMan Pro 7.1.0软件检查测序峰图质量并对碱基序列进行拼接。通过NCBI BLAST数据库(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)将测序获得的D1/D2基因序列进行相似性比对,明确菌株的系统分类学地位。
采用IQ-TREE v3.0.1软件进行系统发育分析,基于内置的“ModelFinder Plus”选出最优模型,使用最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)构建系统发育树,并通过1 000次自举重采样(bootstrap)检验发育树分支聚类的置信度。使用在线工具iTOL (https://itol.embl.de/)进行系统发育树的可视化和注释,标注各分支的bootstrap支持率(>50%)。
本研究采集新疆、西藏、青海等地典型极端环境样品共计135份,生境涵盖冰川、盐湖、荒漠、高原等。通过直接稀释和富集培养后稀释涂布及平板划线培养,分别在8种不同的培养基中进行定向分离,共获得904株酵母。扩增酵母菌株的LSU rRNA基因的D1/D2序列并测序,将代表菌株的D1/D2序列通过BLASTN比对工具在GenBank数据库中与已发表的基因序列进行相似性比较。结果显示,904株酵母菌分属于2门5亚界10纲17目29属77个种,其中包含11个疑似新种。在门水平上,90.5%的菌株属于担子菌门(Basidiomycota),另有9.5%的菌株属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota);在纲水平上,优势纲为银耳纲(Tremellomycetes),其次为微球黑粉菌纲(Microbotryomycetes)和囊担子菌纲(Cystobasidiomycetes),其相对丰度分别为53.7%、20.7%和15.5% (图1A);在目水平上,线黑粉菌目(Filobasidiales)相对丰度最高,达37.2%,其次为锁掷酵母目(Sporidiobolales)、囊担子菌目(Cystobasidiales)和银耳目(Tremellales),其相对丰度分别为20.7%、15.2%和14.5% (图1B);在属水平上,长西氏酵母属相对丰度最高,达29.8%,其次为红酵母属(20.1%)、囊担菌属(15.2%)、维希尼克氏酵母属(Vishniacozyma, 8.2%)和线黑粉菌属(Filobasidium, 7.4%),这5个属占据菌株总数的81.1%。其余5个属,即蝶孢酵母属(Papiliotrema)、念珠菌属(Diutina)、特乌尼亚酵母属(Teunia)、耶氏酵母属(Yarrowia)、毕赤酵母属(Pichia)相对丰度较低(1.0%-4.0%)。另外,3个类酵母,即黑酵母菌属(Aureobasidium)、锥毛壳属(Coniochaeta)、科达酵母属(Kodamaea)以及木拉克属(Mrakia)、乌登酵母属(Udeniomyces)、近藤氏酵母属(Kondoa)的相对丰度在0.5%-1.0%之间,剩余13个属的菌株丰度均小于0.5% (图1C)。在种水平上,相对丰度大于5.0%的物种有胶红酵母、浅白长西氏酵母、阿德利长西氏酵母和斯洛菲囊担菌,其相对丰度依次为18.0%、12.9%、11.7%和8.1%,这4个物种的菌株占比为50.7%。
冰川环境是典型的低温、寡营养及强紫外辐射极端生境。从融雪与冻土样品中共分离到321株酵母菌,分属于7纲11目17属30种。其中,相对丰度大于5.0%的物种为胶红酵母(33.3%)、阿德利长西氏酵母(13.8%)、维多利亚维希尼克氏酵母(Vishniacozyma victoriae, 7.8%)、禾本红酵母(Rhodotorula graminis, 7.2%)、火山灰维希尼克氏酵母(Vishniacozyma tephrensis, 6.5%)、斯洛菲囊担菌(5.0%)和解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica, 5.0%),优势物种为胶红酵母和阿德利长西氏酵母(图2A)。
通过富集培养共分离获得酵母菌282株,分属于5纲9目14属24种;而直接涂布法仅分离获得39株,分属于4纲4目5属9种。相比之下,富集培养不仅显著提高了酵母菌的分离数量,同时有效提升了物种检出率和丰富度(图2B)。富集培养条件下,在纲水平上,银耳纲(47.2%)和微球黑粉菌纲(44.0%)为优势纲;在目水平上,锁掷酵母目相对丰度最高(44.0%),其次为银耳目(25.5%)、线黑粉菌目(18.1)和双足囊菌目(Dipodascales, 5.7%);在属水平上,红酵母属为优势属,相对丰度为44.0%,其余相对丰度大于5.0%的属包括维希尼克氏酵母属(18.8%)、长西氏酵母属(17.7%)、蝶孢酵母属(6.7%)和耶氏酵母属(5.7%);相对丰度在1.0%-5.0%之间的属是木拉克属(Mrakia, 2.5%)和科达酵母属(1.4%);其余7个属,即短梗霉属、新丝孢酵母属(Cutaneotrichosporon)、念珠菌属、线黑粉菌属、毕赤酵母属、苏霍姆酵母属(Suhomyces)和丝孢酵母属(Trichosporon)的总丰度约为3.2%。在种水平上,胶红酵母为优势种,相对丰度为35.8%;相对丰度大于5.0%的物种依次为阿德利长西氏酵母(12.1%)、维多利亚维希尼克氏酵母(8.9%)、禾本红酵母(8.2%)、火山灰维希尼克氏酵母(7.4%)和解脂耶氏酵母(5.6%);相对丰度介于1.0%-5.0%之间的物种包括金黄碟孢酵母(Papiliotrema flavescens, 4.3%)、劳伦氏碟孢酵母(Papiliotrema laurentii, 2.5%)、卡恩斯维希尼克氏酵母(Vishniacozyma carnescens, 2.5%)、乌兹别克斯坦长西氏酵母(Naganishia uzbekistanensis, 2.1%)、浅白长西氏酵母(1.8%)、奥默科达酵母(Kodamaea ohmeri, 1.4%)、南极木拉克酵母(Mrakia blollopis, 1.1%)和弗里德曼长西氏酵母(Naganishia friedmannii, 1.1%);其余10个物种,如黑酵母菌(Aureobasidium pullulans)、皮肤皮状新丝孢酵母(Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis)、耐冷海洋嗜杀酵母(Mrakia frigida)、嗜冷酵母(Mrakia gelida)和流散长西氏酵母(Naganishia diffluens)等,相对丰度均低于1.0%,属于稀有物种。冰川直接涂布分离获得的39株菌中,囊担子菌纲(43.6%)和银耳纲(35.9%)为优势纲;在目水平上,囊担子菌目(43.6%)和线黑粉菌目(35.9%)为优势目;在属水平上,囊担菌属(43.6%)和长西氏酵母属(35.9%)为优势属,其次是红酵母属(15.4%);在种水平上,斯洛菲囊担菌相对丰度最高(41.0%),其次为阿德利长西氏酵母(20.1%)和胶红酵母(15.4%)。综合比较2种分离方法可以看出,富集培养和直接涂布法在分离数量和群落结构上均存在显著差异(图2B)。富集培养条件下以红酵母属为优势属,而直接涂布法则以囊担菌属和长西氏酵母属为主,红酵母属的相对丰度由44.0%降为15.4%。在种水平上,富集培养优势物种是胶红酵母,而直接涂布培养的优势物种是斯洛菲囊担菌和阿德利长西氏酵母。这表明在冰川环境中,斯洛菲囊担菌与部分 长西氏酵母属物种可能以相对较高的丰度或活跃状态存在,易于通过直接涂布被捕获;而胶红酵母等类群可能处于较低活性,更依赖富集培养条件才能被有效分离。
富集培养分别在10 ℃和25 ℃ 2个温度梯度下进行,共分离获得酵母菌株178株和104株。其中,10 ℃条件下分离的菌株分属于8属16种,而25 ℃条件下分离的菌株分属于10属14个种。相比之下,低温富集培养条件下获得的菌株数量明显更高,表明低温富集培养更有利于冰川来源酵母菌株的复活与分离。在10 ℃条件下,相对丰度大于5.0%的物种有胶红酵母(23.0%)、阿德利长西氏酵母(15.2%)、维多利亚维希尼克氏酵母(14.0%)、禾本红酵母(12.9%),火山灰维希尼克氏酵母(10.7%)和金黄碟孢酵母(6.7%);而在25 ℃条件下,相对丰度大于5.0%的物种有胶红酵母(57.7%)、解脂耶氏酵母(13.5%)、阿德利长西氏酵母(6.7%)、乌兹别克斯坦长西氏酵母(5.8%)。2个温度条件下酵母群落组成呈现明显的结构差异(图2A),但胶红酵母在2种条件下均为优势物种,印证了其作为广适性先锋物种所具有的生态位宽度。值得注意的是,耐冷海洋嗜杀酵母、南极木拉克酵母、嗜冷酵母、金黄碟孢酵母、劳伦氏碟孢酵母、禾本红酵母等物种仅在10 ℃富集培养条件下被分离获得,且分离数量较多,其中木拉克酵母属3个物种共分离7株,碟孢酵母属2个物种共分离19株,禾本红酵母分离23株。这些结果表明,上述物种均为典型的嗜冷酵母类群,反映了冰川生境中显著的低温选择压力对酵母类群组成与分布格局的塑造作用。
不同富集时间对酵母菌的分离效果存在明显差异(图2B)。结果显示,未进行富集处理(0 d)时共分离获得酵母菌株10株,分属于2纲3目3属3种;富集7 d时共获得76株,分属于5纲7目7属14种;富集14 d时共分离获得菌株数量最多,共180株,分属于5纲9目11属20种;而富集21 d时仅获得16株,分属于4纲5目7属8种。综合比较不同富集时间的分离结果可以看出,富集14 d的样品在目、属和种水平的多样性均最高,其次是富集7 d和21 d,未富集处理的样品多样性最低。胶红酵母在所有富集时间点均被分离获得,显示出较强的环境适应能力。此外,不同富集时间均分离获得了特有物种(图2C),第0天分离出的特有物种是优雅线黑粉菌(Filobasidium elegans),第7天分离出的特有物种是流散长西氏酵母,第14天分离出的特有物种是皮肤皮状新丝孢酵母、假褶皱念珠菌(Diutina pseudorugosa)、南极木拉克酵母、嗜冷酵母和库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii),而第21天分离出的特有物种是束梗丝孢酵母(Trichosporon coremiiforme)和未知苏霍姆酵母(Suhomyces sp.)。
盐湖环境通常具有高盐度、高pH及强紫外辐射等多重环境胁迫。本研究在北疆盐湖区域采集了水体、沉积物,以及分布于盐湖干旱后盐碱区的植物和动物粪便等多种基质样品,共分离获得120株酵母,分属于6纲7目8属16种。在纲水平上,囊担子菌纲(44.2%)和银耳纲(43.3%)为优势纲;在目水平上,囊担子菌目(44.2%)和线黑粉菌目(42.5%)为优势目,其次为锁掷酵母目(7.5%)和座囊菌目(Dothideales, 3.3%);在属水平上,囊担菌属为最优势属,相对丰度高达44.2%,其次为长西氏酵母属(31.7%)与线黑粉菌属(10.8%),三者合计占比超过86.7%,构成了盐湖环境中酵母群落的主要组成框架;在种水平上,斯洛菲囊担菌(31.7%)为优势种,其次是阿德利长西氏酵母(14.2%)、巨大线黑粉菌(Filobasidium magnum, 10.8%)、浅白长西氏酵母(10.8%)、胶红酵母(7.5%)和嗜棉子糖囊担菌(Cystobasidium raffinophilum, 5.8%);相对丰度介于1.0%-5.0%之间的物种包括嗜赖氨酸囊担菌(Cystobasidium lysinophilum, 3.3%)、拟浅白长西氏酵母(Naganishia albidosimilis, 3.3%)、流散长西氏酵母(3.3%)、产黑色素短梗霉(Aureobasidium melanogenum, 2.5%)和微小囊担菌(Cystobasidium minutum, 2.5%)。不同基质样品的酵母群落组成存在显著差异(图3A)。其中,斯洛菲囊担菌广泛分布于水样、沉积物及动物粪便中,但在所采集的盐生植物样品中未被检出;相反,巨大线黑粉菌表现出明显的基质偏好性,仅分离自盐生植物样品。这一分布特征表明,不同酵母物种在盐湖生态系统中可能占据着差异化的微生境或营养生态位。
从青海柴达木盆地采集的土壤、盐碱土壤、植物、地衣及结皮等多种基质样品中共分离获得226株酵母,分属于7纲10目16属28种。在纲水平上,银耳纲(79.6%)为优势纲;在目水平上,线黑粉菌目(54.0%)为优势目,其次为银耳目(22.6%)和金丝酵母菌目(Serinales, 11.5%);在属水平上,长西氏酵母属为最优势属,相对丰度高达31.4%,其次为线黑粉菌属(22.6%)与念珠菌属(11.1%),三者合计占比超过65.0%,构成了盐湖环境中酵母群落的主要组成框架;在种水平上,浅白长西氏酵母(30.1%)为优势种,其次是柴旦线黑粉菌(Filobasidium chaidanensis, 12.4%)、链状念珠菌(Diutina catenulata, 11.1%)、巨大线黑粉菌(9.3%)、劳伦氏碟孢酵母(5.8%)和库尔勒特乌尼亚酵母(Teunia korlaensis, 5.3%);相对丰度介于1.0%-5.0%之间的物种包括维多利亚维希尼克氏酵母(4.0%)、库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母(3.1%)、柽柳特乌尼亚酵母(Teunia nitrariae, 2.7%)、紫红乌德尼酵母(Udeniomyces puniceus, 2.2%)、花楸近藤氏酵母(Kondoa sorbi, 1.8%)、阿德利长西氏酵母(1.3%)和未知特乌尼亚酵母(Teunia sp., 1.3%)。不同基质样品的酵母群落组成存在显著差异(图3B)。其中,浅白长西氏酵母广泛分布于荒漠植物、盐碱土壤及地衣结皮中,柴旦长西氏酵母主要仅分离自荒漠植物样品,而链状念珠菌仅分离自盐碱土壤中。
从冰川附近高山寒冷环境的植物、地衣、苔藓和结皮、动物粪便、油田土壤、植物样品、火山泥、温泉及沼泽水样中共分离获得酵母菌株237株,分属于8纲10目12属31种。不同基质来源中,植物样品(包括高山寒冷环境植物及油田区域植物)分离获得的酵母菌株数量最多,共102株(43.0%);其次为动物粪便样品,共分离获得49株(20.7%);地衣、苔藓和结皮样品中共获得47株(19.8%)。相比之下,土壤类样品(包括戈壁土壤、油田土壤及火山泥)分离获得的菌株数量相对较少,共14株(5.9%);水体样品(温泉和沼泽水)共分离获得14株(5.9%);此外,从骆驼奶中分离获得酵母菌株11株(4.7%) (图3C)。在纲水平上,银耳纲(44.7%)为优势纲,其次为囊担子菌纲(28.3%)和微球黑粉菌纲(19.8%);在目水平上,线黑粉菌目(41.4%)为优势目,其次为囊担子菌目(28.3%)和锁掷酵母目(19.8%);在属水平上,长西氏酵母属为最优势属,相对丰度高达40.5%,其次为囊担菌属(28.3%)与红酵母属(19.8%),三者合计占比超过88.6%;在种水平上,胶红酵母(19.8%)和阿德利长西氏酵母(18.6%)是分离频率最高的2种酵母,二者相对丰度接近,其次为浅白长西氏酵母(13.1%)。此外,斯洛菲囊担菌(8.0%)、微小囊担菌(7.2%)和拟浅白长西氏酵母(5.9%)也具有较高的相对丰度。相对丰度介于1.0%-5.0%之间的物种包括喉囊担菌(Cystobasidium laryngis, 3.8%)、未知锥毛壳(Coniochaeta sp., 2.1%)、嗜赖氨酸囊担菌(2.1%)、嗜棉子糖囊担菌(2.1%)、土生囊担菌(Cystobasidium terricola, 1.7%)、未知囊担菌(Cystobasidium sp., 1.7%)、流散长西氏酵母(1.7%)、维多利亚维希尼克氏酵母(1.7%)、塞尔瓦齐单孢酵母(Monosporozyma servazzii, 1.3%)、乌兹别克斯坦长西氏酵母(1.3%)和火山灰维希尼克氏酵母(1.3%)。其余14个物种的单个物种相对丰度均低于1.0%,构成稀有类群。进一步分析显示,几种优势物种在不同基质中表现出独特的分布特征。胶红酵母除动物粪便外,广泛分布于其他所有环境和基质中,尤其在泥火山植物、地衣结皮中具有高丰度;阿德利长西氏酵母在所有环境和基质中均有分布,显示其广谱的生态适应性,尤以植物和动物粪便中分离数量最多。囊担菌属分离自粪便样品的物种数和菌株数均最多,其中斯洛菲囊担菌也能广泛分离自油田土壤、火山泥、温泉和沼泽等多种水热或特殊化学环境。
基于Bray-Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度分析(nonmetric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)结果显示,来源于不同极端环境样品在排序空间中形成了较为清晰的聚类分离(stress=0.147),表明不同环境之间的可培养酵母群落存在显著的β多样性差异(图4A)。ANOSIM分析结果进一步证实不同极端环境对酵母群落组成具有显著影响(R=0.251, P=0.001)。不同极端环境均检测到一定数量的特有物种(图4B)。其中,荒漠环境拥有数量最多的特有物种(20个),其次是油田、温泉和高寒荒漠(19个),冰川环境(14个)和盐湖(3个)。在物种水平上,浅白长西氏酵母和阿德利长西氏酵母这2个物种在这些环境中均有分布且相对丰度均较高,其中浅白长西氏酵母在荒漠环境中的相对丰度最高,且多数菌株是分离自荒漠植物,暗示该物种可能与植物在干旱的环境中生存适应性密切相关(图4C)。相比之下,胶红酵母和斯洛菲囊担菌主要分布于冰川、盐湖以及其他极端环境中,在荒漠环境中未检出,表明这2个物种在干旱环境中可能不具备明显的生态优势。其中,胶红酵母在冰川中相对丰度最高,达到33.3%;而斯洛菲囊担菌在盐湖环境中相对丰度达到31.7%。综合来看,上述4个物种均表现出对极端环境的较强适应能力,属于典型的多嗜极酵母类群。总体而言,不同类型的极端环境孕育了组成结构和物种构成显著不同的可培养酵母群落,体现了极端环境在驱动酵母多样性及生态分化过程的重要作用。
为评估不同培养基对极端环境样品中可培养酵母菌多样性的回收能力,本研究共采用8种营养水平不同的培养基进行分离培养,并根据其营养组成将其归为高营养、中营养、寡营养及特殊培养基4类。基于Bray-Curtis距离的NMDS分析,将77个物种在4种不同营养梯度的培养基中的丰度分布模式进行排序分析(图5A)。结果显示,不同营养梯度培养基在排序空间中形成聚类分离(stress=0.139),表明酵母物种在不同营养条件下表现出明显的分离偏好。ANOSIM分析进一步证实,不同营养梯度的培养基对物种分离偏好性具有显著差异(P<0.001, R=0.583)。各营养梯度的n值表示在该营养条件下获得最高丰度的物种数量,反映不同营养水平对酵母菌的选择与富集效应。高营养培养基中达到最高丰度的物种数量最多(n=47),表明多数酵母菌在富营养条件下生长表现最佳。其次为中等营养培养基(n=19)和寡营养培养基(n=10)。特殊培养基仅作为1个物种的最优培养条件,反映了少数对特殊营养条件具有高度适应性的极端专化型酵母的存在。
不同类型培养基对酵母菌的分离效果存在明显差异,主要体现在分离获得的物种数量、菌落数量以及对优势类群的选择能力上。总体而言,高营养培养基(如RDBC和PDA)、中营养培养基(REA和1/2 PDA)、寡营养培养基(1/5 MEA和1/10 PDA)以及特殊培养基(CMA和CDA)分别分离获得54、45、36和10个物种。其中,33.3%、22.2%和19.4%的物种分别为高、中、寡营养培养基所特有(图5B5C)。尤其是寡营养培养基在冰川环境样品和土壤样品中对物种的鉴别力最高,其分离获得的物种数量高于其他营养条件培养基(图5D)。这类培养基更倾向于分离适应贫瘠生境的酵母类群,能够有效分离出在富营养培养基上不出现或生长缓慢的稀有物种。
对纯化获得的菌株进行LSU rRNA基因D1/D2区域测序,并将所得序列与NCBI GenBank数据库中的已报道物种序列进行比对分析。依据序列相似性结果,共鉴定出11个潜在新种,其D1/D2序列与近缘已知物种的相似率<99.00%。在这些潜在新种中,包括7株类酵母未知锥毛壳Coniochaeta sp.、5株未知囊担菌Cystobasidium sp.、3株未知特乌尼亚酵母Teunia sp.、2株未知长西氏酵母Naganishia sp.,1株未知扣丝担子菌Fibulobasidium sp.和1株未知苏霍姆酵母Suhomyces sp. (表3)。根据序列比对结果,7株Coniochaeta sp.菌株和5株Cystobasidium sp.菌株可分别划分为4个潜在新物种。此外,Teunia sp.、Naganishia sp.、Fibulobasidium sp.和Suhomyces sp.菌株可分别划分为1个潜在新物种,与其在极端环境中作为优势或常见属的分布格局一致,表明这些类群在极端生态系统中可能具有较高的物种分化潜力和未被充分认识的分类多样性。本研究还发现了隶属于苏霍姆酵母属的潜在新种,该类群在极端环境中报道较少,表明极端生境不仅孕育了优势耐受型酵母,也为稀有或低丰度类群的演化和维持提供了重要生态位。
本研究通过对中国西部多种极端生境的系统调查,进一步证实了极端环境作为可培养酵母菌多样性储库的资源潜力。与全球其他极端环境酵母菌多样性的研究趋势一致[12,19,24],担子菌酵母普遍占据优势,表明该门类已演化出跨越多重环境胁迫的适应策略。与此同时,不同极端生境中的可培养酵母菌群落结构和组成存在显著差异,这种差异反映了特定环境理化参数对酵母类群的选择作用。
冰川以低温、寡营养及强紫外辐射为主要特征。在极地冰川及冻土生态系统中,酵母菌通常占据优势,而丝状真菌相对较少[35-36]。本研究中,富集培养的冰川来源酵母菌的优势类群可归纳为不同的环境适应范式:以胶红酵母为代表的产色素型和以阿德利长西氏酵母为代表的紫外屏蔽型。胶红酵母广泛分布于南、北极等寒冷地区,并常作为优势类群出现[36-38],本研究进一步证实了其在冰川环境中的优势地位。该类群通过多层次的生理调节策略,如类胡萝卜素合成[17,39]、膜脂调控[15]、能量代谢重编程及增强小RNA[16],维持其在冰川环境中的持续存在。值得注意的是,胶红酵母在10 ℃富集培养条件下的相对丰度(23.0%)虽低于25 ℃ (57.7%),但10 ℃下物种多样性更高,且木拉克属的专性嗜冷种(耐冷海洋嗜杀酵母、南极木拉克酵母、嗜冷酵母)仅在10 ℃富集条件下被成功分离。这一温度依赖性分离特征从方法学侧面印证了该类群对低温的严格生理依赖,也反映了冰川环境对嗜冷酵母类群的强选择作用。相比之下,非色素型酵母如长西氏酵母属则主要依赖合成菌孢素及类菌孢素氨基酸,高效吸收紫外辐射并将其能量转化为热,以缓解强紫外辐射对细胞的损伤[40]
盐湖通常具有高盐度、高pH和强紫外辐射等特征。本研究发现艾丁湖、巴里坤湖、达坂城盐湖的实测矿化度高达204.76-336.47 g/L,pH 7.5-7.8,属典型高盐偏碱性极端水体。在此类多重胁迫环境中,酵母群落呈现出明显的筛选效应。囊担菌属和长西氏酵母属在不同基质(水体、底泥及周缘盐碱土及动物粪便)中反复检出并维持较高丰度,体现了其在盐湖生态系统中的核心地位。其中,斯洛菲囊担菌相对丰度达31.7%,在盐湖水体、底泥及盐碱区野生动物粪便中均表现出最高的相对丰度,提示其耐盐阈值已覆盖该盐度范围,它们可能在盐湖微生物群落的构建与功能维持中发挥关键作用。既往研究表明,斯洛菲囊担菌不仅存在于自然高盐环境,例如深海[41]和红树林[42],也能适应人工发酵环境,如腌制食品[43]。在盐度高达43.42 PSU (practical salinity unit)的海湾中,还发现了该属的一个耐盐新物种耐盐囊担菌(Cystobasidium halotolerans),其系统发育位置与斯洛菲囊担菌关系密切[44];此外,喉囊担菌也被报道分布于深海环境[45]。本研究进一步将斯洛菲囊担菌的分布范围扩展至内陆高盐湖泊,并报道其在高pH环境中的优势地位。尽管囊担菌属的耐盐机制尚不明确,但根据其他盐生酵母如黑酵母的研究,可将其耐盐能力归因于渗透调节、离子转运、膜与细胞壁重塑以及形态可塑性等适应策略[14]
荒漠生境以极端干旱、盐碱及强辐射为主要特征,其酵母丰富度和多样性远超传统认知。在智利Atacama沙漠[46]、以色列Negev沙漠[47]、墨西哥Chihuahuan沙漠[48]、美国Mojave沙漠[49]以及中国沙坡头沙漠[50]等地,均已报道可培养的酵母菌40余属近100个物种。本研究区域柴达木盆地属于典型的高寒干旱荒漠生态系统。在此类多重胁迫环境下,可培养酵母菌的群落组成呈现出明显的筛选效应:长西氏酵母属为最优势类群,其中浅白长西氏酵母占30.1%,广泛分布于荒漠植物根际、盐碱土及生物结皮中;阿德利长西氏酵母也在各基质中稳定检出。值得注意的是,浅白长西氏酵母在盐碱土壤样品中检出率最高,提示其具备耐盐碱与耐干旱的协同适应能力。长西氏酵母属在全球荒漠生态系统中的优势地位已被广泛证实,该属多个成员[如浅白长西氏酵母、拟浅白长西氏酵母、弗里德曼长西氏酵母、球形长西氏酵母(N. globosa)、奥诺夫里长西氏酵母(N. onofrii)、流散长西氏酵母和维氏长西氏酵母(N. vishniacii)]普遍存在于荒漠植物、土壤、生物结皮和昆虫等多种基质中[6,46-47,49,51-52]。本研究结果与上述全球趋势一致,进一步支持长西氏酵母属作为荒漠生境核心优势类群的生态地位。然而,本研究中的荒漠样品中仅检出长西氏酵母属的2个物种,这一差异可能源于柴达木盆地低温、高盐与干旱等多重胁迫的特殊环境筛选压力,对酵母类群的生理耐受阈值提出了更严苛的要求。来自干旱生境的酵母通常可通过形成厚垣孢子结构或多糖荚膜以减少细胞脱水[6,19],或者在胞内积累海藻糖来抵御干旱胁迫[53]。本研究中长西氏酵母属的优势地位可能与上述生理策略在柴达木盆地极端条件下的有效性密切相关。此外,荒漠样品中检出的柴旦长西氏酵母等本地特有物种,进一步反映了干旱环境对酵母群落组成的强烈过滤与分化作用,长期的地理隔离与胁迫筛选可能促进了地方性分类单元的形成与维持。
在许多极端环境中,不同类型的环境胁迫通常同时存在,例如冰川和荒漠环境的低温与强紫外辐射、营养贫乏并存;盐湖环境除高盐度外,通常伴随营养限制且部分盐湖处于极端干旱区域。能够定殖于此类多重胁迫并存生境中的微生物被称为多嗜极端微生物。本研究中的物种分布分析支持多嗜极酵母存在:浅白长西氏酵母与阿德利长西氏酵母在所有调查的极端环境中均被检出;而胶红酵母和斯洛菲囊担菌则广泛存在于除荒漠以外的其他极端生境。这些物种能够跨越温度、盐度、水分和紫外辐射等多重极端因子而持续存在,表明其具备高度环境可塑性的多嗜极特征,并在极端生态系统中扮演着先锋物种的角色[19]。值得注意的是,长西氏酵母属和红酵母属酵母菌已被报道分离自航天器和国际空间站中[20-21],进一步支持了这些类群具备卓越的多嗜极适应能力。此外,本研究还分离获得了类酵母形态真菌和黑酵母类群,包括多形性酵母样真菌锥毛壳属(Coniochaeta spp.)以及黑酵母(Aureobasidium spp.)。这类真菌能够在酵母态、菌丝态和厚垣孢子态之间进行形态转换,使其能够在极端或变化的环境中维持生存和增殖的灵活性[14]。黑酵母被认为是高盐环境的优势类群[14,27]。然而,本研究未分离到韦尔内克黑酵母(Hortaea werneckii)和鱼源节担菌(Wallemia ichthyophaga)等典型的极端嗜盐黑酵母类群,只分离到了黑酵母菌,可能与分离方法有关。
极端环境是地球上最后一片未被充分探索的“微生物暗物质”聚集地[26,54]。对世界多个微生物保藏中心所保存酵母菌株来源进行溯源分析,极端环境来源的菌株占据了约11.5%[55]。全球范围内,在冰川、高寒荒漠、沙漠以及海水中均报道了大量酵母新物种[25,46,56-58],在对世界范围内寒漠地区岩生酵母多样性进行分类学研究后,高达40%的菌株是未被描述的新物种[36]。本研究中通过LSU rRNA基因D1/D2区域序列分析,共分离到了19株酵母菌可能代表11个潜在新物种,凸显了极端环境具有极高的酵母菌物种分化潜力。为明确这些潜在新种在系统发育学和分类学中的准确地位,后续仍需结合形态学、生理生化特征等多相分类学证据,并开展全基因组测序及比较基因组学分析,以对其系统发育关系和分类地位进行系统解析。
极端环境可能作为条件致病型酵母的重要自然环境储库。本研究在多种极端或特殊生境样品中分离获得了多个被认为具有条件致病潜力的酵母类群,例如胶红酵母、斯洛菲囊担菌和奥默科达酵母等。酵母能够在极端环境中存活,意味着它们具备较强的环境耐受能力,如耐温变幅、抗氧化应激、细胞壁结构稳固、能够形成生物膜等。这些适应性特征在一定程度上与其在宿主体内抵抗免疫防御和环境胁迫的能力相重叠,为条件致病性提供了潜在的生理基础[59]。其中,红酵母属虽然对低温具有极强的耐受力,但近20年来该属真菌引起的感染性病例在全球范围内呈上升趋势[60-61]。囊担菌属是另一种新兴机会性侵袭性人类真菌病原体,陆续报道斯洛菲囊担菌、卡氏囊担孢子菌(Cystobasidium calyptogenae)、微小囊担菌的感染性病例[62-63],本研究中这3个物种在各类极端环境的动物粪便中的相对丰度均较高,提示它们能够与动物或人体共存。奥默科达酵母是一种新兴条件致病性真菌,与人类感染中的高死亡率相关[64]。本研究中该物种既可以从冰川融雪中分离获得,也可从温泉水中获得,暗示该物种对温度变化的超强适应能力,这使其更容易适应宿主环境。在全球气候变暖背景下,极端环境的物理和化学条件正在发生显著变化,可能促进原本受环境限制的条件致病型酵母的扩散与定殖范围扩大,使其更容易进入与人类、动物或农牧业系统相关的生态位中[65]。因此,本研究提示极端生境在条件致病性真菌生态循环中的潜在作用,未来有必要结合分子生物学、生理耐受性实验及致病相关性状研究,进一步评估这些环境分离株在气候变化情景下的生态适应性及其潜在公共健康意义。
本研究发现不同营养梯度的培养基对不同极端环境酵母类群的分离偏好,各自都能分离到独特的类群。以冰川样品为例,以不同时间段为尺度的富集培养方法显著提高了酵母的分离效率和丰度,这种培养方法更容易分离到真菌稀有“暗物质”[66]。多种多营养梯度的培养设计揭示了酵母菌的营养生态分化,不同物种对营养资源的利用效率与偏好存在分层,使用单一营养培养基可能会低估低丰度或对特定营养条件有偏好的物种多样性。采用多种营养成分和选择性各异的培养基组合策略,能够最大限度挖掘极端环境中酵母菌资源多样性。后续应基于更多不同营养环境条件的培养基,结合培养组学与宏基因组学分析,建立高分辨率的多组学研究框架[26]
本研究通过培养组学方法系统揭示了中国西部极端环境中可培养酵母菌的多样性分布格局,但仍存在一定局限性。首先,潜在新种的分类地位尚未完全明确,文中初步鉴定的11个疑似新种仅基于LSU rRNA基因的D1/D2序列分析,缺乏形态学、生理生化特征及多基因系统发育等关键分类学证据的支持。其次,菌株的极端环境适应机制尚待深入解析,目前仅基于文献推测其可能的生理策略,缺少功能基因组和转录组层面的直接验证。针对上述不足,后续研究将从2个方向展开:(1) 开展多相分类学鉴定,结合形态、生理生化及基因组测序,证实描述潜在新种;(2) 利用比较基因组学与转录组学解析极端环境耐受的关键适应基因的进化特征,挖掘耐受胁迫的核心基因集,从而完成从生态关联到机制阐释的研究闭环。
本研究通过多种培养基组合与不同培养策略,对中国西部代表性极端生境中可培养酵母菌多样性进行了系统分析,共分离获得904株酵母菌,其中担子菌门占据优势地位。结果表明,不同类型的极端环境均发现了具有多嗜极特征的酵母物种,但其群落结构与优势类群在环境间仍表现出显著差异,反映了环境因子对酵母群落的选择作用。方法学上,相较于直接稀释涂布培养,富集培养显著提高了稀有类群和低丰度类群的分离效率;同时,不同营养组成及梯度的培养基对酵母类群具有明显的选择效应,多培养基联合使用可更全面地揭示可培养酵母菌群落结构。极端环境酵母菌在生物膜形成、高盐高糖发酵[48,67]、绿色和可持续农业[6,68]以及食品加工[69-70]等领域具有重要的应用潜力。基于此,未来有必要持续开展极端环境微生物资源的系统挖掘和长期保护,并结合表型分析与基因组研究,深入解析其极端环境适应机制,为新型工业底盘菌株的开发和生物技术应用提供数据支持,从而为极端环境微生物这一潜在战略微生物资源的开发与合理利用奠定基础。
  • 中国科学院战略生物资源计划(CAS-TAX-24-021)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260027
  • 接收时间:2026-01-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-10
  • 录用日期:2026-02-26
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Biological Resources Program, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-TAX-24-021)
中国科学院战略生物资源计划(CAS-TAX-24-021)
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    1.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
    2.云南农业大学 植物保护学院,云南 昆明
    3.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院,微生物研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐
    4.Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
    5.南阳师范学院 生命科学学院,河南 南阳
    6.西藏珠穆朗玛特殊大气过程与环境变化国家野外科学观测研究站,西藏 定日
    7.云南农业大学 烟草学院,云南 昆明
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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