Article(id=1250834194222494290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767024000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772035200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineDate=1776151711277, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151711277, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151711277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151711277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1785, endPage=1801, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834194658701926, articleId=1250834194222494290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation and characterization of a lipase- and biosurfactant-producing strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Kitchen waste contains recalcitrant lipids that are prone to rancidification and can cause environmental pollution. Objective To isolate efficient lipase-producing strains from kitchen waste, optimize their enzyme production conditions, and evaluate the lipid-degrading potential of their extracellular products in kitchen waste. Methods Lipase-producing strains were isolated from canteen swill via the neutral red medium and identified based on morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Lipase production conditions were optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The properties of the lipase and the emulsification performance of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were analyzed. Results A strain designated C24202, exhibiting strong lipase- and biosurfactant-producing activity, was isolated and identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The fermentation conditions were optimized as follows: lactose 10.0 g/L, yeast extract 7.5 g/L, emulsified soybean oil 40.0 g/L, FeSO4 8.0 g/L, and incubation at 34 ℃ and initial pH 6.5 for 72 h. Under these conditions, the lipase activity reached (229.64±2.17) U/mL, representing a 2.55-fold increase compared with the pre-optimization level. The lipase exhibited an optimal temperature of 60 ℃ and retained 50.70% of its activity after incubation at 50 ℃ for 6 h, demonstrating good thermal stability. The EPS produced by strain C24202 showed strong emulsifying capacity, with an EI24 value of 46.92%. FTIR analysis suggested that the EPS may be polymeric glycolipopeptide-type biosurfactants. Conclusion Strain C24202 possesses dual capabilities of producing thermostable lipase and biosurfactants, demonstrating promising potential for lipid degradation and the treatment of oil-containing wastewater.

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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Xiaodong TIAN, Zheng ZHANG, Qihui MENG, Jiatong CHEN, Mengyuan JIA, Shen WANG, Chuyun HUANG, Zongxia CHEN, Ruofeng HUANG, Mingguo JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1250834199247270700, articleId=1250834194222494290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一株产油脂降解酶与生物表面活性剂的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的筛选及其特性, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

餐厨垃圾中含有难降解油脂,易发生酸败,进而造成环境污染。 目的 从餐厨垃圾中筛选高效产脂肪酶菌株,优化其产酶条件,并评价其胞外产物在餐厨垃圾中的油脂降解潜力。 方法 采用中性红培养基从食堂泔水中分离筛选产脂肪酶菌株,并结合形态学特征及16S rRNA基因序列进行鉴定;通过单因素试验和响应面法优化脂肪酶产酶条件;分析脂肪酶性质及胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)的乳化性能。 结果 从泔水样品中获得1株产脂肪酶能力强且具有生物表面活性的菌株C24202,鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)。响应面优化结果显示,其最佳发酵条件为:乳糖10.0 g/L、酵母膏7.5 g/L、乳化大豆油40.0 g/L、FeSO4 8.0 g/L、温度34 ℃、初始pH 6.5、培养72 h,此时脂肪酶活力达(229.64±2.17) U/mL,为优化前的2.55倍。该脂肪酶最适温度为60 ℃,在50 ℃下孵育6 h仍保留50.70%的活性。菌株产生的EPS具有良好的乳化性能,其EI24值为46.92%,红外光谱分析表明其可能为聚合型糖脂肽类生物表面活性剂。 结论 该菌株兼具产耐热脂肪酶和生物表面活性剂的能力,在油脂降解及含油废水处理领域具有良好的应用前景。

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作者贡献声明

田小东:实验设计、完成和文章撰写;张政:项目管理、论文框架构思及文章撰写;蒙麒卉:实验操作和数据整理;陈佳彤:菌株筛选和培养基配制;贾梦缘:样品采集与处理;王申:协助实验操作和数据复核;黄处雲:结果记录、实验耗材准备;陈宗霞:数据整理、项目支持;黄若凤:协助数据整理、项目支持;姜明国:提出概念、获取基金、提供资源和审阅贡献。

ORCID: JIANG Mingguo (0000-0003-2279-5740)

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BMC Genomics, 2014, 15(1): 482., articleTitle=Stenotrophomonas comparative genomics reveals genes and functions that differentiate beneficial and pathogenic bacteria, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1250882523807564269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, awardId=32460009, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250882524000502254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, awardId=32460009, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32460009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250882524122137072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, awardId=HT-00001499-004, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Backyard in Liangqing, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(HT-00001499-004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250882524243771890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, awardId=HT-00001499-004, language=CN, fundingSource=广西壮族自治区良庆番木瓜科技小院(HT-00001499-004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250882524331852275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, awardId=gxmzu-chxs2024240, language=EN, fundingSource=Guangxi Minzu University Graduate Education Innovation Program(gxmzu-chxs2024240), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250882524398961140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, awardId=gxmzu-chxs2024240, language=CN, fundingSource=广西民族大学研究生教育创新计划(gxmzu-chxs2024240), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250882517121843589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250882517172175238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, companyId=1250882517121843589, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250882517193146759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, companyId=1250882517121843589, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西多糖材料与改性重点实验室,广西 南宁)]), AuthorCompany(id=1250882517272838536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250882517289615753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, companyId=1250882517272838536, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Guangxi-Indonesia Joint Laboratory for Microbial Resources and Artificial Intelligence, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250882517298004362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, companyId=1250882517272838536, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西-印度尼西亚微生物资源人工智能联合实验室,广西 南宁)]), AuthorCompany(id=1250882517398667659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250882517411250572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, companyId=1250882517398667659, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Nanning Doing Higher Bio-Tech Co. , Ltd. , Nanning, Guangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250882517423833485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, companyId=1250882517398667659, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.南宁东恒华道生物科技有限责任公司,广西 南宁)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1250882521987236309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Screening and identification of strain C24202. A: Colony morphology of strain C24202 on LB agar plate; B: Color reaction of strain C24202 on neutral red agar plate; C: Gram-staining result of strain C24202; D: Phylogenetic tree of strain C24202 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence., figureFileSmall=0VrRf41DpI7zqUOkkr4WKw==, figureFileBig=6TIpKfnJgpqcWHW0UORLKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522104676823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株C24202筛选及鉴定结果, figureFileSmall=0VrRf41DpI7zqUOkkr4WKw==, figureFileBig=6TIpKfnJgpqcWHW0UORLKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522196951512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Growth characteristics and temperature characteristics of lipase in strain C24202. A: Growth at different temperatures; B: Growth at different initial pH values; C: Growth at different NaCl concentrations; D: Optimal temperature for lipase; E: Temperature stability of lipase., figureFileSmall=tzEjx+TEOfOYrRssOFyhxA==, figureFileBig=xaaRMvjKBpjPStCn6tLijA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522264060377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株C24202的生长特性及脂肪酶的温度特性, figureFileSmall=tzEjx+TEOfOYrRssOFyhxA==, figureFileBig=xaaRMvjKBpjPStCn6tLijA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522339557850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Functional characterization and detection of extracellular surface active products of strain C24202. A: Initial oil film state (blank control); B: Oil film rupture and diffusion after adding sterile fermentation supernatant (CFS); C: Oil film state before adding ddH2O; D: Oil film state after adding ddH2O (negative control); E: Experimental group: soybean oil+CFS; F: Control group: soybean oil+ddH2O; G: Infrared analysis of strain CFS; H: Semi-quantitative analysis of functional groups of strain CFS., figureFileSmall=4X1HsGbs6mCjIBuq+77QHw==, figureFileBig=bpW89QQoHniVUmisKcrRHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522406666715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株C24202胞外表面活性产物功能表征和检测, figureFileSmall=4X1HsGbs6mCjIBuq+77QHw==, figureFileBig=bpW89QQoHniVUmisKcrRHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522490552796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Single-factor optimization of the lipase production medium composition of strain C24202. A: Carbon source type; B: Carbon source concentration; C: Nitrogen source type; D: Nitrogen source concentration; E: Inducer type; F: Inducer concentration; G: Inorganic salt type; H: Inorganic salt concentration. Data are mean±SD (n=3), different letters indicate significant differences P<0.05., figureFileSmall=9jM1UshkIIUU0ziRyygH2A==, figureFileBig=wpxeE+5OCTJIM455GKllDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522628964829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株C24202产脂肪酶培养基成分的单因素优化, figureFileSmall=9jM1UshkIIUU0ziRyygH2A==, figureFileBig=wpxeE+5OCTJIM455GKllDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522708656606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Single-factor optimization of lipase production culture conditions for strain C24202. A: Inoculum size; B: Fermentation time; C: Fermentation temperature; D: Initial pH. Data are mean±SD (n=3), different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=h1RYxHmC0ezY+rroaUKgfg==, figureFileBig=T5agse1Kh3vrz/S3obRIPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522788348383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株C24202产脂肪酶培养条件的单因素优化, figureFileSmall=h1RYxHmC0ezY+rroaUKgfg==, figureFileBig=T5agse1Kh3vrz/S3obRIPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522847068640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=RSM-BBD optimized contour maps and 3D maps., figureFileSmall=7+Jae0p3VG7I1H0MmxhfsA==, figureFileBig=/db8T5OnRqGRvWCRRxsxyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522918371810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=图6, caption=RSM-BBD优化的等高图和3D, figureFileSmall=7+Jae0p3VG7I1H0MmxhfsA==, figureFileBig=/db8T5OnRqGRvWCRRxsxyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250882522993869283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental factors and corresponding level settings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TestFactorVariantCoded levels
01
Plackett BurmanLactose (g/L)X1810
Yeast extract (g/L)X268
Soybean oil (g/L)X33040
FeSO4 (g/L)X468
Initial pHX56.07.0
Temperature (℃)X63234
Time (h)X74872
Inoculum size (%)X80.51.0
Box-BehnkenYeast extract (g/L)A57.510
FeSO4 (g/L)B57.510
Initial pHC6.06.57.0
), ArticleFig(id=1250882523052589540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验因素与水平设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TestFactorVariantCoded levels
01
Plackett BurmanLactose (g/L)X1810
Yeast extract (g/L)X268
Soybean oil (g/L)X33040
FeSO4 (g/L)X468
Initial pHX56.07.0
Temperature (℃)X63234
Time (h)X74872
Inoculum size (%)X80.51.0
Box-BehnkenYeast extract (g/L)A57.510
FeSO4 (g/L)B57.510
Initial pHC6.06.57.0
), ArticleFig(id=1250882523119698405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of the Plackett-Burman experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberX1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8Enzyme activity (U/mL)
111-1111-1-1146.15±3.19
2-111-1111-1122.31±2.55
31-111-1111109.94±1.72
4-11-111-111131.81±1.68
5-1-11-111-11101.85±4.26
6-1-1-11-111-1102.04±5.76
71-1-1-11-11192.29±3.09
811-1-1-11-11118.35±7.02
9111-1-1-11-1101.48±3.64
10-1111-1-1-11129.47±6.65
111-1111-1-1-1111.37±1.83
12-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-190.33±10.19
), ArticleFig(id=1250882523178418662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Plackett-Burman实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberX1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8Enzyme activity (U/mL)
111-1111-1-1146.15±3.19
2-111-1111-1122.31±2.55
31-111-1111109.94±1.72
4-11-111-111131.81±1.68
5-1-11-111-11101.85±4.26
6-1-1-11-111-1102.04±5.76
71-1-1-11-11192.29±3.09
811-1-1-11-11118.35±7.02
9111-1-1-11-1101.48±3.64
10-1111-1-1-11129.47±6.65
111-1111-1-1-1111.37±1.83
12-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-190.33±10.19
), ArticleFig(id=1250882523245527527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the Plackett-Burman model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSum of squaresDegrees of freedomMean squareF-valueP-valueSignificance
Model3 116.208389.5219.880.016Significance
X10.235 210.235 20.0120.919 7
X21 676.5511 676.5585.570.002 7**Significance
X31.6611.660.0840.790 1
X4905.851905.8546.230.006 5**Significance
X5243.721243.7212.440.038 7*Significance
X6161.191161.198.230.064 1
X7118.691118.696.060.090 8
X88.2318.230.420.56
Residual58.78319.59
Total3 174.911
), ArticleFig(id=1250882523316830696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=

Plackett-Burman实验的方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSum of squaresDegrees of freedomMean squareF-valueP-valueSignificance
Model3 116.208389.5219.880.016Significance
X10.235 210.235 20.0120.919 7
X21 676.5511 676.5585.570.002 7**Significance
X31.6611.660.0840.790 1
X4905.851905.8546.230.006 5**Significance
X5243.721243.7212.440.038 7*Significance
X6161.191161.198.230.064 1
X7118.691118.696.060.090 8
X88.2318.230.420.56
Residual58.78319.59
Total3 174.911
), ArticleFig(id=1250882523383939561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The design and results of RSM-BBD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberYE (g/L)FeSO4 (g/L)pHEnzyme activity (U/mL)
1556.5123.50±4.66
21056.5148.62±2.19
35106.5207.52±1.69
410106.5173.82±3.20
557.56.0191.82±1.28
6107.56.0181.95±1.25
757.57.0177.98±1.96
8107.57.0186.13±2.62
97.556.0153.07±0.85
107.5106.0181.33±3.68
117.557.0154.80±3.68
127.5107.0184.67±1.04
137.57.57.0231.82±0.86
147.57.56.5245.58±0.60
157.57.56.5234.20±0.34
167.57.56.5218.52±3.08
177.57.56.5241.03±0.77
), ArticleFig(id=1250882523459437034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

RSM-BBD设计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberYE (g/L)FeSO4 (g/L)pHEnzyme activity (U/mL)
1556.5123.50±4.66
21056.5148.62±2.19
35106.5207.52±1.69
410106.5173.82±3.20
557.56.0191.82±1.28
6107.56.0181.95±1.25
757.57.0177.98±1.96
8107.57.0186.13±2.62
97.556.0153.07±0.85
107.5106.0181.33±3.68
117.557.0154.80±3.68
127.5107.0184.67±1.04
137.57.57.0231.82±0.86
147.57.56.5245.58±0.60
157.57.56.5234.20±0.34
167.57.56.5218.52±3.08
177.57.56.5241.03±0.77
), ArticleFig(id=1250882523518157291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

ANOVA of RSM-BBD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSum of squaresDegrees of freedomMean squareF-valueP-valueSignificance
Model19 057.1292 117.4618.830.000 4**Significant
A13.26113.260.1180.741 3
B3 500.7513 500.7531.140.000 8**
C2.6312.630.023 40.882 7
AB864.951864.957.690.027 5*
AC81.18181.180.722 10.423 6
BC0.64810.6480.005 80.941 6
A23 168.3113 168.3128.180.001 1**
B27 943.1217 943.1270.65<0.000 1**
C22 099.2612 099.2618.670.003 5**
Residual786.957112.42
Lack of fit359.283119.761.120.440 1Not significant
Pure error427.675 64106.918 9
CV (%)5.57
R20.960 3
Adjusted R20.909 4
), ArticleFig(id=1250882523593654764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834194222494290, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

RSM-BBD设计的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SourceSum of squaresDegrees of freedomMean squareF-valueP-valueSignificance
Model19 057.1292 117.4618.830.000 4**Significant
A13.26113.260.1180.741 3
B3 500.7513 500.7531.140.000 8**
C2.6312.630.023 40.882 7
AB864.951864.957.690.027 5*
AC81.18181.180.722 10.423 6
BC0.64810.6480.005 80.941 6
A23 168.3113 168.3128.180.001 1**
B27 943.1217 943.1270.65<0.000 1**
C22 099.2612 099.2618.670.003 5**
Residual786.957112.42
Lack of fit359.283119.761.120.440 1Not significant
Pure error427.675 64106.918 9
CV (%)5.57
R20.960 3
Adjusted R20.909 4
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一株产油脂降解酶与生物表面活性剂的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的筛选及其特性
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田小东 1 , 张政 1, 2 , 蒙麒卉 1 , 陈佳彤 1 , 贾梦缘 1 , 王申 1 , 黄处雲 1 , 陈宗霞 3 , 黄若凤 3 , 姜明国 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1785-1801
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1785-1801
一株产油脂降解酶与生物表面活性剂的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的筛选及其特性
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田小东1, 张政1, 2, 蒙麒卉1, 陈佳彤1, 贾梦缘1, 王申1, 黄处雲1, 陈宗霞3, 黄若凤3, 姜明国1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西多糖材料与改性重点实验室,广西 南宁
  • 2.广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西-印度尼西亚微生物资源人工智能联合实验室,广西 南宁
  • 3.南宁东恒华道生物科技有限责任公司,广西 南宁
  • ORCID: JIANG Mingguo (0000-0003-2279-5740)

Isolation and characterization of a lipase- and biosurfactant-producing strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Xiaodong TIAN1, Zheng ZHANG1, 2, Qihui MENG1, Jiatong CHEN1, Mengyuan JIA1, Shen WANG1, Chuyun HUANG1, Zongxia CHEN3, Ruofeng HUANG3, Mingguo JIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
  • 2.Guangxi-Indonesia Joint Laboratory for Microbial Resources and Artificial Intelligence, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
  • 3.Nanning Doing Higher Bio-Tech Co. , Ltd. , Nanning, Guangxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251006
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餐厨垃圾中含有难降解油脂,易发生酸败,进而造成环境污染。 目的 从餐厨垃圾中筛选高效产脂肪酶菌株,优化其产酶条件,并评价其胞外产物在餐厨垃圾中的油脂降解潜力。 方法 采用中性红培养基从食堂泔水中分离筛选产脂肪酶菌株,并结合形态学特征及16S rRNA基因序列进行鉴定;通过单因素试验和响应面法优化脂肪酶产酶条件;分析脂肪酶性质及胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)的乳化性能。 结果 从泔水样品中获得1株产脂肪酶能力强且具有生物表面活性的菌株C24202,鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)。响应面优化结果显示,其最佳发酵条件为:乳糖10.0 g/L、酵母膏7.5 g/L、乳化大豆油40.0 g/L、FeSO4 8.0 g/L、温度34 ℃、初始pH 6.5、培养72 h,此时脂肪酶活力达(229.64±2.17) U/mL,为优化前的2.55倍。该脂肪酶最适温度为60 ℃,在50 ℃下孵育6 h仍保留50.70%的活性。菌株产生的EPS具有良好的乳化性能,其EI24值为46.92%,红外光谱分析表明其可能为聚合型糖脂肽类生物表面活性剂。 结论 该菌株兼具产耐热脂肪酶和生物表面活性剂的能力,在油脂降解及含油废水处理领域具有良好的应用前景。

餐厨垃圾  /  嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌  /  耐热脂肪酶  /  生物表面活性剂  /  产酶优化

Kitchen waste contains recalcitrant lipids that are prone to rancidification and can cause environmental pollution. Objective To isolate efficient lipase-producing strains from kitchen waste, optimize their enzyme production conditions, and evaluate the lipid-degrading potential of their extracellular products in kitchen waste. Methods Lipase-producing strains were isolated from canteen swill via the neutral red medium and identified based on morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Lipase production conditions were optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The properties of the lipase and the emulsification performance of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were analyzed. Results A strain designated C24202, exhibiting strong lipase- and biosurfactant-producing activity, was isolated and identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The fermentation conditions were optimized as follows: lactose 10.0 g/L, yeast extract 7.5 g/L, emulsified soybean oil 40.0 g/L, FeSO4 8.0 g/L, and incubation at 34 ℃ and initial pH 6.5 for 72 h. Under these conditions, the lipase activity reached (229.64±2.17) U/mL, representing a 2.55-fold increase compared with the pre-optimization level. The lipase exhibited an optimal temperature of 60 ℃ and retained 50.70% of its activity after incubation at 50 ℃ for 6 h, demonstrating good thermal stability. The EPS produced by strain C24202 showed strong emulsifying capacity, with an EI24 value of 46.92%. FTIR analysis suggested that the EPS may be polymeric glycolipopeptide-type biosurfactants. Conclusion Strain C24202 possesses dual capabilities of producing thermostable lipase and biosurfactants, demonstrating promising potential for lipid degradation and the treatment of oil-containing wastewater.

kitchen waste  /  Stenotrophomonas maltophilia  /  thermostable lipase  /  biosurfactant  /  optimization of enzyme production conditions
田小东, 张政, 蒙麒卉, 陈佳彤, 贾梦缘, 王申, 黄处雲, 陈宗霞, 黄若凤, 姜明国. 一株产油脂降解酶与生物表面活性剂的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的筛选及其特性. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1785 -1801 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251006
Xiaodong TIAN, Zheng ZHANG, Qihui MENG, Jiatong CHEN, Mengyuan JIA, Shen WANG, Chuyun HUANG, Zongxia CHEN, Ruofeng HUANG, Mingguo JIANG. Isolation and characterization of a lipase- and biosurfactant-producing strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1785 -1801 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251006
餐厨垃圾是城市有机固体废物的主要组成部分,具有产量大、油脂和蛋白质含量高、易腐败发酵等特点,其无害化与资源化处理已成为当前环境领域面临的严峻挑战[1-2]。这类垃圾主要来源于餐饮服务单位、企事业食堂和家庭厨房,其复杂的物理化学性质给传统处理工艺带来了巨大压力[3]。其中,高含量的动植物油脂不仅是导致垃圾腐败发臭和滋生致病菌的主要原因,还会在后续的生物处理(如厌氧消化或堆肥)过程中形成疏水屏障,严重阻碍氧气传递、微生物接触以及营养物质的均匀分布,最终导致处理效率低下、产物品质不佳[3-4]
目前,餐厨垃圾的主流处理技术包括厌氧产沼、好氧堆肥和饲料化等,这些技术的效能高度依赖微生物对有机质,尤其是对油脂的高效降解[5-6]。然而,油脂在垃圾中常以包裹态或大油滴形式存在,且与水相分层明显,使微生物及其分泌的酶难以有效接触并分解底物。因此,仅依靠混合或搅拌等传统物理手段,或依赖普通降解菌株,通常难以实现油脂的深度、快速去除[7]
在油脂降解过程中,微生物分泌的胞外酶系与代谢产物发挥着核心作用。脂肪酶(三酰甘油酰基水解酶,EC 3.1.1.3)是催化油脂水解的关键酶,能在油-水界面将甘油三酯分解为易吸收的脂肪酸和甘油[8]。更为重要的是,许多高效降解菌还能同步分泌生物表面活性剂等胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)。这些物质可显著降低界面张力,将大油滴乳化为微米级甚至纳米级胶束,从而大幅增加脂肪酶的作用比表面积,脂肪酶与生物表面活性剂的协同作用共同构成了微生物突破“界面壁垒”、高效降解油脂的生化基础[9]
基于上述认识,研究前沿主要围绕2类功能菌株展开:一是挖掘高产脂肪酶菌株(如芽孢杆菌属、沙雷氏菌属等),以强化核心催化环节[10-12];另一类是开发高效产表面活性剂菌株(如假单胞菌属等)以改善底物可及性[13-14]。然而,在成分复杂、物性多变的餐厨垃圾实际环境中单一功能的菌株常因缺乏完整的降解链条而表现受限。近年来,已有研究关注脂肪酶与生物表面活性剂在油脂降解过程中的协同作用,并尝试通过多功能微生物或协同体系提升复杂含油体系的处理效果[15]。因此,筛选兼具“强乳化” (预处理)和“强酶解” (核心降解)双重功能的微生物资源,构建自驱式、一体化的油脂降解系统,被认为是提升餐厨垃圾生物处理效率的潜在突破口。
本研究着眼于这一关键需求,从餐厨垃圾原生环境中定向筛选具有较强耐热性的脂肪酶并同步产生具有乳化活性生物表面活性剂的菌株,对其耐热脂肪酶与表面活性剂的双重功能进行表征,并通过发酵优化显著提升其产酶效能,以期为开发适用于餐厨垃圾高效生物降解的微生物制剂或酶制剂提供新的核心资源与理论依据。
餐厨垃圾样品采集自广西壮族自治区南宁市西乡塘区广西民族大学思源湖校区东食堂和西食堂的泔水桶。
乳化液制备:将橄榄油与2%聚乙烯醇(PVA-124)溶液按体积比1:3混合后形成初乳液,置于超声波细胞破碎仪中,以300 W处理10 min形成均质乳白色液体。
富集培养基(g/L):大豆油20.0,蛋白胨10.0,酵母粉5.0,氯化钠5.0,pH 7.0。
中性红培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,牛肉膏50.0,NaCl 2.5,琼脂15.0,橄榄油乳化液10.0,1.6%中性红溶液体积分数1%,pH 7.3。
LB种子培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母浸粉5.0,NaCl 10.0。
基本发酵培养基(g/L):橄榄油乳化液5.0,蛋白胨10.0,K2HPO4 1.0,KH2PO4 0.5。
除特别说明外,各培养基初始pH采用自然pH。
取5.0 g广西民族大学思源湖校区的餐厨垃圾样品,加入50 mL无菌水,于30 ℃、180 r/min培养2 h。取2 mL上清液接种于20 mL以大豆油为唯一碳源的富集培养基中,在30 ℃、180 r/min条件下培养5 d进行富集,并于培养第3天补加1%大豆油进行驯化。随后,取2 mL培养物转接至新鲜培养基进行继代培养,共驯化5个周期,每个周期于第3天补加的大豆油浓度依次递增1%。取最终驯化液5 mL,用无菌水进行10倍梯度稀释至10‒7。分别取各梯度稀释液100 μL涂布于中性红初筛平板,在30 ℃培养24 h。挑选因水解油脂产酸而使菌落及周围培养基变为红色的单菌落,在固体富集培养基上划线纯化,30 ℃培养后备用。
将纯化菌株接种至种子培养基,在30 ℃、180 r/min培养16 h后,以体积分数为3%的接种量接种至50 mL/250 mL的基本发酵培养基中,在相同条件下培养24 h后于4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清测定酶活力,筛选其中产酶能力强的菌株进行后续试验。
将菌株接种于基本发酵培养基中,分别设置不同温度(25-45 ℃,梯度为5 ℃)、不同初始pH (5.0-9.0,梯度为1.0)及不同NaCl浓度(1%-7%,梯度为2%),培养后测定并比较菌株在不同条件下的相对生长水平,以表征其生长特性。
对硝基苯酚酯(p-nitrophenyl phosphate, p-NPP)在脂肪酶作用下水解,生成的对硝基苯酚(p-nitrophenol, p-NP)在410 nm处具有特征吸收峰,其吸光度可用于定量酶活力。底物溶液制备方法如下[16]:将30.0 mg p-NPP溶于10 mL异丙醇中(50 ℃水浴溶解,记为A液);将207.0 mg脱氧胆酸钠和100 mg阿拉伯树胶溶于90 mL 0.1 mol/L PBS (pH 8.0)中(热水搅拌,记为B液)。按1:9的比例混合A液和B液,并充分混匀。反应体系中加入0.1 mL粗酶液和2.4 mL底物溶液,空白对照管则先将0.1 mL粗酶液与0.1 mL 4 mol/L TCA混合孵育5 min灭活,再与2.4 mL底物混合。所有反应管在50 ℃水浴中反应15 min后置于冰浴5 min终止反应,随后于4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清200 µL于410 nm处测定吸光度。
将0、10、20、30、40、50、60、70 μL的5 mmol/L对硝基苯酚(p-NP)溶液分别加入各试管,以50 mmol/L PBS (pH 8.0)定容至2.5 mL;后续测定方法同1.5节。
酶活力单位定义:在一定条件下,以每分钟产生1 μmol对硝基苯酚(p-NP)所需的酶量为一个脂肪酶活力单位(U)。酶活计算如公式(1)所示。
Y=xV1NV2t                   
式中:Y为酶活(U/mL);x为体系中p-NP浓度(μmol/L);V1为反应液体积(mL);N为待测液稀释倍数;V2为粗酶液体积(μL);t为反应时间(min)。
参照《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[17]对菌株进行形态学鉴定,随后使用DNA提取试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]进行分子生物学鉴定,使用通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGA TCMTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTT GTTACGACTT-3′)以及2×Taq PCR MasterMix对菌株的16S rRNA基因序列进行PCR扩增,PCR反应体系与扩增程序参考林清钰[11]。扩增产物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。将获得的16S rRNA基因序列在NCBI GenBank数据库中进行BLAST比对,下载比对结果中得分较高的参考菌株序列,并利用MEGA 5.0软件采用邻接法(neighbor-joining)构建系统发育树。
以基本发酵培养基为基础,通过单因素试验分别考察碳源(葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、乳糖、可溶性淀粉)、氮源[(NH4)2SO4、NH4Cl、NH4H2PO4、NaNO3、牛肉膏、酵母膏]、诱导剂(芝麻油、菜籽油、花生油、橄榄油、大豆油)、无机盐(CaCl2、MnSO4、FeSO4、MgSO4、KH2PO4、K2HPO4)、初始pH (6.0-9.0,间隔0.5)、培养温度(26-36 ℃,间隔2 ℃)、接种量(1%-5%)及发酵时间(24-96 h)等因素对菌株产脂肪酶活力的影响,以确定各因素的最适水平[18]。基于单因素试验结果,采用Plackett-Burman设计筛选影响脂肪酶活力的显著因素(表1)。随后,根据PB试验中显著因素的回归系数方向开展最陡爬坡试验,以确定响应面优化的中心点。以最陡爬坡试验获得的最佳区域为中心,构建基于Box-Behnken设计(RSM-BBD)的响应面试验(表1),建立数学模型并预测最优发酵条件。最终结合单因素试验、PB设计及响应面分析结果,确定以脂肪酶活力为响应值的最优发酵参数,并在预测条件下进行验证实验,以评估模型的可靠性与适用性。
菌株发酵结束后,于4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心20 min,收集上清液并通过0.45 μm滤膜过滤得到粗酶液。将粗酶液在30-90 ℃ (间隔10 ℃)孵育15 min以评估最适温度,热稳定性测定在相同温度范围内进行,孵育2、4、6 h后取样测定残余活性。
菌株产生的生物表面活性剂活性通过油置换分析(oil displacement assay, ODA)法测定[19]。具体操作如下:在培养皿中加入20 mL Milli-Q水,滴加200 μL经苏丹III染色的植物油,使其在水面形成均匀油膜。随后将20 μL细胞游离上清液(cell-free supernatant, CFS)或对照(ddH2O)轻轻滴加于油膜中央。若出现明显透明光晕,则表明样品具有生物表面活性剂活性。
将5 mL大豆油与5 mL CFS加入带刻度的洁净玻璃试管中,使用旋涡振荡器充分振荡2 min。样品于室温静置24 h后,记录乳化层高度[13]。乳化能力以乳化指数(emulsification index, EI24)表示,其计算如公式(2)所示。
EI24=hemulsionhtotal×100%
发酵得到的培养液于4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心20 min,收集上清液。将上清液与75%乙醇溶液按体积比1:1混合,静置过夜,随后,于4 ℃、5 000×g离心15 min收集沉淀。弃去上清后,用蒸馏水洗涤沉淀2次,并在70 ℃下干燥3 h。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)和衰减全反射(attenuated total reflection, ATR)技术,对分离得到的生物表面活性剂进行傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)分析。测定范围为4 000-600 cm-1
实验数据采用Design-Expert (Trial v13.0)、Origin 2024、IBM SPSS Statistics 27进行统计分析与绘图。其中组间差异显著性水平设定为α=0.05。
从餐厨垃圾样品中,经大豆油富集培养、中性红平板初筛及发酵液酶活复筛,获得一株高产脂肪酶菌株,命名为C24202。该菌株在初筛平板上可产生明显的颜色反应,其接种区域周围的中性红指示剂由橙黄色变为淡红色,初步表明该菌株具有产酸水解油脂的能力(图1B)。进一步测定其发酵上清液的酶活力为(90.05±1.96) U/mL。对菌株C24202进行了系统鉴定,其在LB平板上的菌落呈白色至淡黄色,表面光滑凸起,边缘整齐(图1A)。革兰氏染色显示其为红色杆状细菌,确定为革兰氏阴性菌(图1C)。基于16S rRNA基因序列的分析表明,该序列与NCBI数据库中嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) W8-2菌株的相似性最高,达99.93%。基于该序列构建的系统发育树也显示其与该种聚为一支(图1D)。据此,将菌株C24202鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia),并已保藏于中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CGMCC),保藏号为CGMCC 29872。
菌株C24202在不同环境条件下的生长测定结果见图2。该菌株在25-40 ℃和pH 5.0-9.0范围内均能生长,其最适生长条件为35 ℃和pH 6.0 (图2A2B)。耐盐性测定显示,菌株在NaCl浓度≤3%时生长良好,浓度>5%时生长被强烈抑制(图2C)。综上所述,菌株C24202表现为中温、偏酸、中度耐盐菌株。
菌株C24202脂肪酶粗酶液的最适反应温度为60 ℃ (图2D)。在30-60 ℃范围内,酶活力随温度升高显著增强;超过最适温度后,酶活力迅速下降。该脂肪酶表现出较宽的温度适应范围,在30-90 ℃条件下均能维持较高活性,即使在90 ℃时仍可保留约70%的最大酶活。热稳定性分析结果表明(图2E),该脂肪酶在中温条件下具有较高稳定性。在30 ℃和40 ℃下孵育6 h后,其相对活性仍高于50.00%;在50 ℃孵育6 h后,酶活性仍保持在50.70%,而在60 ℃下相对活性降至34.74%。相比之下,在70 ℃以上高温条件下,酶活性随孵育时间迅速下降,在80 ℃和90 ℃下孵育2 h后分别降至22.44%和18.11%,4 h后几乎完全失活。
采用油置换分析(ODA)法对菌株C24202的无菌发酵上清液(CFS)进行定性检测,结果如图3所示。未滴加CFS时染色油相在Milli-Q水表面形成均匀连续的油膜(图3A);而滴加CFS后,油膜迅速被排开并发生破裂,形成清晰且扩展的扩散圈(图3B),表明该菌株的胞外代谢产物能够显著降低油-水界面张力,呈现典型的表面活性剂行为。相比之下,滴加等体积ddH2O仅因液滴重力在油膜表面产生短暂凹陷,未引起油膜破裂或形成稳定扩散圈(图3C3D),从而证实该界面活性效应来源于菌株C24202的特异性代谢产物。
进一步通过乳化指数(EI)对CFS的乳化能力进行定量评价,实验组在静置后形成稳定的三相结构,包括上层黄色清油、中层白色乳状层及下层棕色CFS (图3E),表明发生了显著乳化作用;而对照组则呈现明显的油水两相分离,几乎无乳化层形成(图3F)。实验组24 h乳化指数(EI24)为46.92%,说明近一半的油水体系在静置24 h后仍保持乳化状态。综上所述,菌株C24202的发酵产物不仅能够通过降低界面张力引发表面铺展效应,还可形成稳定乳状液,兼具良好的表面活性和乳化性能,符合生物表面活性剂的典型特征。
FTIR光谱在3 432.19 cm-1处显示一个宽峰,表明存在羟基(-OH) (图3G)。1 637.75 cm-1处的伸缩振动峰对应于-C=O伸缩振动,2 925.00 cm-1处则对应于羧基-C-O伸缩振动。此外,在1 052.46 cm-1处出现了2个伸缩振动信号。根据Jadhav等[20]的研究,这证实了糖脂结构中存在C=O。官能团半定量分析表明(图3H),样品中酰胺键(Amide I)与C-O-C的峰面积均显著高于-CH2,且两者与-CH2的比值分别达2.20和1.97,提示该生物表面活性剂可能含有丰富的酰胺键和糖苷键。综上所述,菌株C24202产生的生物乳化剂主要由脂肽结构并伴有少量糖脂组成,具有典型的双亲性特征,可能属于聚合型糖脂肽类生物表面活性剂。
图4所示,在碳源的单因素优化中乳糖对脂肪酶产量的促进作用最为显著,但与可溶性淀粉之间差异不大,表明该菌株具有较宽泛的碳源利用谱(图4A),其最适浓度为10.0 g/L (图4B)。氮源方面,酵母膏作为有机氮源能够显著提高产酶效率(图4C),最优浓度为8.0 g/L (图4D)。诱导剂在脂肪酶合成中发挥关键作用,本研究以大豆油为最佳诱导剂(图4E),其最适用浓度为40.0 g/L (图4F)。无机盐试验表明,CaCl2、MnSO4和MgSO4对脂肪酶产生具有抑制作用,K2HPO4和KH2PO4几乎无影响,而FeSO4能显著促进脂肪酶(图4G)。由图4H可知,无机盐的最佳添加浓度为8.0 g/L。
图5所示,为明确培养条件对菌株脂肪酶产量的影响,分别对接种量、发酵时间、培养温度及初始pH进行了单因素优化。结果显示,当接种量为1%时酶活性最高(图5A)。发酵时间以72 h为最适条件,可使酶活力达到峰值(图5B)。培养温度对产酶也具有显著影响,34 ℃为最优温度(图5C)。此外,初始pH为7.0时产酶水平最高(图5D)。
在确定各因素的适宜浓度后,采用Plackett-Burman设计对影响菌株产脂肪酶活性的关键变量进行筛选(表2)。结果(表3)表明,酵母膏(X2)、FeSO4 (X4)及初始pH (X5)对酶活性具有显著正向影响(P<0.05),而其余因素的影响均不显著(P>0.05)。所建立的PB模型显著有效(F=19.88,P<0.05),且拟合度较高(R2=0.981 5),说明模型能够较好地反映各因素对响应值的影响。基于上述结果,将酵母膏、FeSO4和pH作为关键因素用于后续响应面优化试验,其余组分浓度保持不变。对PB试验数据进行多元线性回归拟合后,得到脂肪酶活力的回归方程如下:
Y=113.11+0.140X1+11.82X2-0.371 7X3+8.69X4+4.51X5+3.67X6-3.15X7+0.828 3X8
以酵母膏(A)、FeSO4 (B)和初始pH (C)为自变量,构建Box-Behnken响应面试验,试验设计及测定结果见表4。不同试验组合下的酶活性存在显著差异。基于试验数据,对三因素与响应值进行二次多元回归拟合,得到脂肪酶活力的二次多项式模型如下:
Y=234.23-1.29A+20.92B-0.57C-14.71AB+4.51AC+0.40BC-27.43A2-27.43B2-22.33C2
主效应分析表明(表5),B及其二次项B2极显著(P<0.001),C2也显著(P=0.003 5),为主要影响因素。交互作用中仅AB项显著(P=0.027 5),提示酵母膏与FeSO4存在协同效应。响应面与等高线图(图6)显示最优酶活性集中于中等酵母膏浓度、较高FeSO4浓度及中性偏碱pH区间,且A-B交互作用最强,B-C交互作用较弱。
根据响应面优化结果,并结合单因素优化实验,本研究保持部分恒定发酵条件为:乳糖10.0 g/L,大豆油40.0 g/L,发酵时间为72 h,接种量为1%,发酵温度为34 ℃。在Design Expert软件得出酵母膏7.26 g/L、FeSO4浓度为8.14 g/L,在pH为6.45的最优组合下预测脂肪酶活的理论值最高为236.98 U/mL。根据实际将调整酵母膏为7.5 g/L、FeSO4为8.0 g/L,在pH为6.5进行验证试验,测得酶活为(229.64±2.17) U/mL,与理论值之间的相对误差为3.1%,证实了优化工艺的可靠性。
本研究从餐厨垃圾中筛选得到的菌株C24202被鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌。该菌属在自然界中分布广泛,已报道的功能多样,包括生物降解与植物促生等,提示其在环境中扮演着积极的生态角色[21]。本研究发现,菌株C24202的生长条件为35 ℃、pH 6.0且可耐受3% NaCl (图2A-2C),与餐厨垃圾典型的酸化、含盐及中温环境高度契合,体现了其对该特定生态位的良好适应性。
在单因素优化实验中,碳源筛选结果(图4A4B)显示乳糖可显著提升脂肪酶产量,其效果明显优于葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖和可溶性淀粉。例如,在Limtongozyma siamensis DMKU-WBL1-3菌株中,乳糖诱导的脂肪酶产量达355.6 U/mL,而葡萄糖仅为177.8 U/mL,蔗糖为251.8 U/mL,可溶性淀粉为170.4 U/mL[22]。这一差异主要源于碳分解代谢抑制(carbon catabolite repression, CCR)机制:在脂类诱导物存在时,葡萄糖作为优先碳源会被迅速利用,导致cAMP水平下降并抑制诱导物摄取,从而下调脂酶基因(如lip2)的表达[23-24];相比之下,乳糖等非优先糖类碳源不会触发CCR,因此支持更高的酶产量。
在氮源筛选(图4C4D)中,酵母膏表现最佳,最适浓度为7.5 g/L。酵母膏富含氨基酸、维生素和微量元素,不仅为菌体提供蛋白质合成所需的营养,还可能通过特定氨基酸或肽类上调分泌途径相关基因的表达[25]。在油脂诱导实验(图4E4F)中,40.0 g/L乳化大豆油可显著增强脂肪酶活性,推测这与油–水界面提供的底物接触微环境及油脂水解产物(如游离脂肪酸)作为信号分子上调脂肪酶基因表达有关。大豆油的脂肪酸组成可能更易被该菌株识别,从而触发更强的诱导效应[3,26]。差异显著性分析(图4E)显示其他植物油诱导能力相近,说明该菌株对多种油脂具有较强的生理适应性。无机盐添加实验(图4G4H)表明,8.0 g/L FeSO4可显著促进脂肪酶产量,这与Hasan-Beikdashti等[27]的研究结果一致。值得注意的是,本菌株的最适FeSO4浓度偏高,可能与C24202长期暴露于餐厨垃圾高盐环境所形成的生态适应性有关[28-29],具体机制仍需进一步研究。
在本研究的优化流程中,Plackett-Burman (PB)筛选结果显示酵母膏、FeSO4和pH对脂肪酶产量具有显著正效应(P<0.05),因此被选为后续优化因素。然而,在响应面法(RSM)阶段,最优响应并未出现在PB设定的高水平组合(酵母膏10.0 g/L、FeSO4 8.0 g/L、pH 7.0),而是位于中间区域(酵母膏7.5 g/L、FeSO4 7.5 g/L、pH 6.5)。这一现象反映了PB设计的固有限制:PB基于线性假设,仅能识别主效应,无法捕捉二次曲率或因素间交互作用;而RSM通过二阶多项式模型能够揭示变量与响应之间更真实的非线性关系。因此,即便某因素在PB中呈现正效应,其最优水平在RSM中仍可能位于设计空间中部,以避免高浓度条件下可能出现的“过量抑制”或协同/拮抗效应。类似现象在多项研究中均有报道,例如Pseudomonas aeruginosa IKW1的糖脂肽优化中PB确认Fe的正效应,而RSM进一步揭示Fe-Ni交互及二次效应,使最优Fe浓度从PB的高水平降至0.125 mg/L,产量提升3.54倍[30];在Serratia sp. EST4的酯酶优化中,PB筛选出的pH与蛋白胨虽呈正效应,但RSM中显著的pH (P<0.000 1)和pH-蛋白胨交互(P=0.008 5)使最优条件定位于pH 8.0和蛋白胨1.5%[31]。这些结果共同强调了PB与RSM在工艺优化中的互补性:PB适用于快速筛选关键变量,而RSM则通过捕捉非线性与交互作用精确定位最优条件,从而显著提升优化效率与目标产物产量。
已有研究表明,大多数来源于中温菌的脂肪酶最适反应温度集中在30-45 ℃,且在50 ℃以上其酶活性或稳定性明显下降[32-33]。相比之下,本研究中菌株C24202产生的脂肪酶在60 ℃时仍表现出较高的酶活性,并在50 ℃处理6 h后仍保留50.70%的残余活性,显示出更宽的有效作用温度范围和较强的热稳定性。该特性赋予其在餐厨垃圾高温处理过程中潜在的应用优势,既有利于加速油脂水解,也可降低高温条件下杂菌污染的风险。此外,菌株C24202产的脂肪酶展现出显著的耐热特性,该现象可能与其分泌的生物表面活性剂有关。已有研究表明,生物表面活性剂能够在Thermomyces lanuginosus脂肪酶周围形成保护性微环境,从而增强其热稳定性[34]。Ortiz等[35]发现槐糖脂(一种典型的生物表面活性剂)能有效保护牛血清白蛋白免受热变性或展开的影响,使其在70 ℃条件下仍能保持螺旋结构。
生物表面活性剂的乳化能力测定及红外光谱生化表征结果表明,C24202的胞外聚合物(EPS)中含有界面活性的成分。已有研究指出,EPS中的生物表面活性剂可通过乳化脂质液滴促进油脂生物降解[36]。在此基础上,对于同时产生脂肪酶与生物表面活性剂的菌株,其双重功能可能受群体感应机制的调控。例如在Burkholderia arboris JYK2中,当培养基仅含甘油时不表达脂肪酶,而在含脂肪酸的培养基中脂肪酶分泌被显著诱导[37],与本研究中油脂诱导机制高度一致。进一步的FTIR分析结果提示,该界面活性物质可能为糖基化脂肽类化合物,此类分子由于同时具备肽链的构象稳定性与糖基的强亲水性,常表现出对高温、高盐等极端环境条件的良好耐受性[38-39]
已有研究表明,脂肪酶与生物表面活性剂在油脂代谢过程中存在协同增强效应,主要体现在2个方面:(1) 在底物层面,生物表面活性剂能够降低油-水界面张力,将大油滴分散为稳定的小乳滴,使更多油脂分子暴露于界面,从而提高脂肪酶对底物的可及性并加速水解过程[40-41];(2) 在酶构象层面,生物表面活性剂可诱导或稳定脂肪酶的开放构象,促进界面激活,使油脂底物更高效地进入酶活性口袋,从而进一步提升水解效率[42-43]。这种双重协同机制不仅揭示了脂肪酶与生物表面活性剂在油脂降解中的互补作用,也凸显了其在微生物驱动的油脂代谢与环境生物修复中的重要应用价值。本研究仅明确了菌株C24202具备脂肪酶分泌与生物表面活性剂活性,尚未直接验证其协同效应。未来研究将结合酶学实验、分子机制解析及实际废水体系验证,系统探索脂肪酶与生物表面活性剂在油脂降解过程中的潜在协同机制,以进一步揭示其作用规律,同时该研究将为高效微生物除油技术的开发提供理论支撑。
尽管嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌属中包含临床条件致病菌株,主要在免疫功能低下患者中引发机会性感染[44]。然而,已有研究表明,其环境分离株在致病性及毒力因子组成方面通常表现出显著差异[45-46],并在现有生物安全分级体系中多被归入较低风险等级,提示其在合理管理条件下用于环境功能研究和工程化应用具有可行性。然而,针对其在规模化环境应用(如餐厨垃圾生物处理)中的潜在使用,仍有必要系统评估可能存在的生物安全隐患,包括对敏感人群的偶然暴露风险以及对本地微生物群落结构的潜在生态影响。未来研究可通过环境来源低毒力菌株的筛选、比较基因组学层面的风险基因识别、应用前风险评估与过程监测,以及结合基因编辑与合成生物学手段对潜在毒力相关基因进行精准调控并引入生物安全模块,在保障安全性的同时强化油脂降解等功能性状,从而推动该菌由“条件致病菌”向“安全高效细胞工厂”的可控转化[47]
本研究从广西餐厨垃圾中分离得到一株具有双重功能的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌C24202,其核心特征在于可同步分泌耐热脂肪酶与生物表面活性剂,构成了比单一组分(脂肪酶或生物表面活性剂)更高效的胞外油脂降解系统。通过系统的发酵优化,将脂肪酶产量提升至229.64 U/mL,较原始水平提高了2.55倍。该脂肪酶展现出了优异的工业酶属性,其最适作用温度为60 ℃,且在50 ℃下处理6 h后仍能保留50.70%的酶活力,显示出很好的热稳定性。同时,研究证实该菌株所产的胞外聚合物具有显著的表面活性与乳化能力。综上所述,菌株C24202将耐热脂肪酶的催化功能与生物表面活性剂的乳化功能集于一体,这一“酶-乳化剂”协同系统使其在非均相油脂降解中具备独特优势。本研究不仅为餐厨垃圾等油脂废物的生物处理提供了一株极具潜力的微生物资源菌,其耐热脂肪酶的高效制备也为后续的酶学性质深入研究、分子机制解析及工业应用开发奠定了坚实基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32460009)
  • 广西壮族自治区良庆番木瓜科技小院(HT-00001499-004)
  • 广西民族大学研究生教育创新计划(gxmzu-chxs2024240)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251006
  • 接收时间:2025-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-30
  • 录用日期:2026-02-26
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460009)
国家自然科学基金(32460009)
Science and Technology Backyard in Liangqing, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(HT-00001499-004)
广西壮族自治区良庆番木瓜科技小院(HT-00001499-004)
Guangxi Minzu University Graduate Education Innovation Program(gxmzu-chxs2024240)
广西民族大学研究生教育创新计划(gxmzu-chxs2024240)
作者信息
    1.广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西多糖材料与改性重点实验室,广西 南宁
    2.广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西-印度尼西亚微生物资源人工智能联合实验室,广西 南宁
    3.南宁东恒华道生物科技有限责任公司,广西 南宁
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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