Article(id=1250834193509462568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250839, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762444800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764777600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineDate=1776151711108, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151711108, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151711108, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151711108, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1975, endPage=1988, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834194763559534, articleId=1250834193509462568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Discovery and functional characterization of a novel chondroitinase from Streptomyces lividans TK24, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Chondroitinases are crucial enzymes for the preparation of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate (CS), yet the existing enzymes are insufficient to meet the demands of diverse applications, highlighting the need to discover novel chondroitinases with enhanced properties. Methods A novel chondroitinase belonging to the polysaccharide lyase family 8 (PL8), designated SlChase, was discovered and identified from the model strain Streptomyces lividans TK24. Following heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and the subsequent purification, a soluble and highly active recombinant SlChase was successfully obtained. Results This enzyme exhibited substantial activity within the temperature range of 30-40 ℃ and pH range of 5.5-6.5, and demonstrated excellent long-term stability during storage at 4 ℃. Mg2+ and dithiothreitol (DTT) moderately enhanced its catalytic activity, whereas metal ions including Zn2+ and Fe3+ exerted inhibitory effects on its activity. Notably, SlChase displayed prominent activity towards unsulfated chondroitin (CS-0S), whereas its catalytic activity towards chondroitin sulfate A/C was drastically decreased. Conclusion The discovered SlChase not only expands the diversity of PL8 family enzymes but also affords a novel enzymatic tool for the specific degradation of unsulfated chondroitin, with promising applications in glycoscience research and related biocatalytic processes. Furthermore, this study provides a paradigm for the exploration and utilization of enzymatic resources derived from Streptomyces spp.

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E-mail: LI Jin’e,
XIE Zhoujie,
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目的 硫酸软骨素裂解酶是制备低分子量硫酸软骨素的关键工具,但现有酶制剂难以满足多样化应用需求,因此需要发掘更多新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶。 方法 从模式菌株变铅青链霉菌TK24中发现并鉴定了一种新型PL8家族硫酸软骨素裂解酶SlChase。经大肠杆菌异源表达与纯化后,获得可溶性的高活性SlChase重组酶。 结果 该酶在30-40 ℃、pH 5.5-6.5范围内均保持较高活性,在4 ℃具有良好的长期稳定性;Mg2+与二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol, DTT)可轻微促进其活性,而Zn2+、Fe3+等金属离子则对该酶活性具有抑制作用。值得注意的是,SlChase对非硫酸化软骨素(CS-0S)表现出较好活性,对硫酸软骨素A/C的活性则显著降低。 结论 SlChase的发现不仅丰富了PL8家族多糖裂解酶的多样性,也为非硫酸化软骨素的特异性降解提供了新型工具酶,在糖生物学研究及相关生物催化领域具有潜在应用价值。同时,SlChase的发现也为链霉菌酶学资源的开发利用提供了新的范例。

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作者贡献声明

刘张良:实验操作、数据初步分析及文章撰写;李俊乐:数据分析及实验设计;黄小芳:实验操作;何希宏:实验操作指导及协助;李金山:实验方案拟定及指导;谢周杰:研究思路设计与论文修改;李金娥:论文整体设计构思、论文修改及审阅。

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Glycobiology, 2017, 27(5): 469-476., articleTitle=Identification of a chondroitin synthase from an unexpected source, the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium phaeobacteroides, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1250879416121897402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, awardId=2021YFC2103200, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2103200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879416310641099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, awardId=2021YFC2103200, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2103200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879416457441748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, awardId=32270055, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270055), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879416662962652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, awardId=32270055, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32270055), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879408370823967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879408391795492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, companyId=1250879408370823967, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879408400184103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, companyId=1250879408370823967, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津科技大学 生物工程学院,天津)]), AuthorCompany(id=1250879408526013235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879408534401845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, companyId=1250879408526013235, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879408546984758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, companyId=1250879408526013235, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1250879408647648063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879408656036673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, companyId=1250879408647648063, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879408677008196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, companyId=1250879408647648063, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国科学院大学,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1250879408773477196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879408790254416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, companyId=1250879408773477196, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879408798643026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, companyId=1250879408773477196, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,天津)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1250879414515478850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Discovery and phylogenetic analysis of the novel chondroitinase SlChase. A: HPLC analysis of the degradation of chondroitin oligosaccharide (CS-0S 9mer) by the enzymes in S. lividans TK24 culture supernatant; B: Mass spectrometric analysis of the degraded products of CS-0S 9mer by the enzymes in S. lividans TK24 culture; C: Domain architecture of chondroitinase SlChase; D: Similarity analysis of SlChase and other glycosaminoglycan lyases [Each cell represents the pairwise sequence identity (%) between two proteins, and both the color intensity and size of the square are proportional to the identity percentage]; E: Phylogenetic analysis of SlChase homologs and PL8 family proteins (AAA81587.1 from the PL23 family was used as a distantly related outgroup to root the phylogenetic tree); F: Sequence similarity network of SlChase homologs and PL8 family proteins (The network was generated using the EFI-EST tool with an alignment score threshold of 100; Each node represents a protein sequence, and edges connect sequences whose pairwise alignment scores are greater than or equal to the specified threshold; Node colors are assigned based on their taxonomic classification at the genus level)., figureFileSmall=J9TWtvNV2H5g4SrO1QOY4w==, figureFileBig=odyy8Z+dlbZT3iY1tRL4IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879414616142157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=CN, label=图1, caption=新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶SlChase的发现与聚类分析, figureFileSmall=J9TWtvNV2H5g4SrO1QOY4w==, figureFileBig=odyy8Z+dlbZT3iY1tRL4IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879414809080154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Studies on the catalytic activity of the recombinant SlChase protein. A: SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant SlChase (Lane M: Protein molecular weight marker; Lane 1: Purified SlChase protein); B: Full-wavelength profile of the products of SlChase (The absorption at 232 nm indicates the formation of unsaturated oligosaccharides; With the extension of time, the absorbance at 232 nm in the reactions increases); C: HPLC analysis of products of chondroitin CS-0S degraded by SlChase (Upper panel: The control without any enzyme; Lower panel: The products derived from SlChase degradation)., figureFileSmall=o/IgFT4AdNiQ0wgQMyFYDA==, figureFileBig=QnFIUB6bbBuE/v8SRUJdAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879414981046633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SlChase重组蛋白的催化活性研究, figureFileSmall=o/IgFT4AdNiQ0wgQMyFYDA==, figureFileBig=QnFIUB6bbBuE/v8SRUJdAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415165596021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The physicochemical properties of SlChase. A: Effect of pH on the activity of SlChase; B: Effect of temperature on the activity of SlChase; C: Effects of metal ions and DTT on the activity of SlChase (N represents the control without added metal ions); D: Storage stability of SlChase., figureFileSmall=MhV+Q5isxL1/QUVz8GQz9g==, figureFileBig=BGVOffufxvMf536Hrb2KWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415304008063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SlChase的理化性质研究, figureFileSmall=MhV+Q5isxL1/QUVz8GQz9g==, figureFileBig=BGVOffufxvMf536Hrb2KWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415488557445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Substrate specificity and enzymatic kinetics of SlChase. A: Substrate specificity of SlChase toward different glycosaminoglycans; B: Enzyme kinetic curve of SlChase using CS-0S as the substrate., figureFileSmall=yFcBaKLYO0vPGL46+DDFAQ==, figureFileBig=i+/tYSO0DFSBcCqUu2YfzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415614386576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SlChase的底物特异性与酶动力学分析, figureFileSmall=yFcBaKLYO0vPGL46+DDFAQ==, figureFileBig=i+/tYSO0DFSBcCqUu2YfzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415769575837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Distribution of SlChase homologs. The SlChase homologous proteins are mainly distributed in the genus of Streptomyces, with a small number present in other genera of Actinobacteria. ‘Others’ includes Actinocorallia, Actinophytocola, Actinoplanes, Arthrobacter, Bailinhaonella, Candidatus Limnocylindrales bacterium, Catellatospora, Flindersiella, Hamadaea, Microbacterium, Microbispora, Microtetraspora, Sphaerisporangium,and unclassified Streptomycetace., figureFileSmall=J0KbsPqRxu9SoGLrPzyZNg==, figureFileBig=MIKlluI3tqaqcVjyUIo2rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415903793575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834193509462568, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SlChase同源蛋白的分布, figureFileSmall=J0KbsPqRxu9SoGLrPzyZNg==, figureFileBig=MIKlluI3tqaqcVjyUIo2rg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1192105720683257860, delFlag=0, nameCn=微生物学报, nameEn=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0001-6209, eissn=null, cn=11-1995/Q, 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变铅青链霉菌TK24中新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶的发现与功能解析
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刘张良 1, 2, 3 , 李俊乐 2, 3 , 黄小芳 1 , 何希宏 1 , 李金山 3, 4 , 谢周杰 1 , 李金娥 2, 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1975-1988
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1975-1988
变铅青链霉菌TK24中新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶的发现与功能解析
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刘张良1, 2, 3, 李俊乐2, 3, 黄小芳1, 何希宏1, 李金山3, 4, 谢周杰1 , 李金娥2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.天津科技大学 生物工程学院,天津
  • 2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
  • 3.中国科学院大学,北京
  • 4.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,天津
Discovery and functional characterization of a novel chondroitinase from Streptomyces lividans TK24
Zhangliang LIU1, 2, 3, Junyue LI2, 3, Xiaofang HUANG1, Xihong HE1, Jinshan LI3, 4, Zhoujie XIE1 , Jin’e LI2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 4.Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250839
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目的 硫酸软骨素裂解酶是制备低分子量硫酸软骨素的关键工具,但现有酶制剂难以满足多样化应用需求,因此需要发掘更多新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶。 方法 从模式菌株变铅青链霉菌TK24中发现并鉴定了一种新型PL8家族硫酸软骨素裂解酶SlChase。经大肠杆菌异源表达与纯化后,获得可溶性的高活性SlChase重组酶。 结果 该酶在30-40 ℃、pH 5.5-6.5范围内均保持较高活性,在4 ℃具有良好的长期稳定性;Mg2+与二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol, DTT)可轻微促进其活性,而Zn2+、Fe3+等金属离子则对该酶活性具有抑制作用。值得注意的是,SlChase对非硫酸化软骨素(CS-0S)表现出较好活性,对硫酸软骨素A/C的活性则显著降低。 结论 SlChase的发现不仅丰富了PL8家族多糖裂解酶的多样性,也为非硫酸化软骨素的特异性降解提供了新型工具酶,在糖生物学研究及相关生物催化领域具有潜在应用价值。同时,SlChase的发现也为链霉菌酶学资源的开发利用提供了新的范例。

硫酸软骨素  /  变铅青链霉菌  /  硫酸软骨素裂解酶

Objective Chondroitinases are crucial enzymes for the preparation of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate (CS), yet the existing enzymes are insufficient to meet the demands of diverse applications, highlighting the need to discover novel chondroitinases with enhanced properties. Methods A novel chondroitinase belonging to the polysaccharide lyase family 8 (PL8), designated SlChase, was discovered and identified from the model strain Streptomyces lividans TK24. Following heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and the subsequent purification, a soluble and highly active recombinant SlChase was successfully obtained. Results This enzyme exhibited substantial activity within the temperature range of 30-40 ℃ and pH range of 5.5-6.5, and demonstrated excellent long-term stability during storage at 4 ℃. Mg2+ and dithiothreitol (DTT) moderately enhanced its catalytic activity, whereas metal ions including Zn2+ and Fe3+ exerted inhibitory effects on its activity. Notably, SlChase displayed prominent activity towards unsulfated chondroitin (CS-0S), whereas its catalytic activity towards chondroitin sulfate A/C was drastically decreased. Conclusion The discovered SlChase not only expands the diversity of PL8 family enzymes but also affords a novel enzymatic tool for the specific degradation of unsulfated chondroitin, with promising applications in glycoscience research and related biocatalytic processes. Furthermore, this study provides a paradigm for the exploration and utilization of enzymatic resources derived from Streptomyces spp.

chondroitin sulfate  /  Streptomyces lividans  /  chondroitinase
刘张良, 李俊乐, 黄小芳, 何希宏, 李金山, 谢周杰, 李金娥. 变铅青链霉菌TK24中新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶的发现与功能解析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1975 -1988 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250839
Zhangliang LIU, Junyue LI, Xiaofang HUANG, Xihong HE, Jinshan LI, Zhoujie XIE, Jin’e LI. Discovery and functional characterization of a novel chondroitinase from Streptomyces lividans TK24[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1975 -1988 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250839
硫酸软骨素(chondroitin sulfate, CS)是一种在动物体内广泛存在的糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycans, GAGs),由葡萄糖醛酸(glucuronic acid, GlcA)和N-乙酰半乳糖胺(N-acetylgalactosamine, GalNAc)交替连接而成。其中,葡萄糖醛酸与N-乙酰半乳糖胺间通过β-1,3糖苷键连接,N-乙酰半乳糖胺与下一个葡萄糖醛酸间通过β-1,4糖苷键连接,形成重复的二糖单元[1]。天然的硫酸软骨素在葡萄糖醛酸的C-2位或者N-乙酰半乳糖胺的C-4/C-6位可能存在硫酸化修饰。根据硫酸基团位置的不同,硫酸软骨素又可分为硫酸软骨素A (CS-A,N-乙酰半乳糖胺的C-4位存在硫酸化修饰)、硫酸软骨素B (CS-B,葡萄糖醛酸异构化为艾杜糖醛酸且C-2位存在硫酸化修饰,同时N-乙酰半乳糖胺的C-4位也存在硫酸化修饰)、硫酸软骨素C (CS-C,N-乙酰半乳糖胺的C-6位存在硫酸化修饰)、硫酸软骨素E (CS-E,N-乙酰半乳糖胺的C-4位和C-6位均存在硫酸化修饰)等类型。
硫酸软骨素在多种生物过程中发挥着重要作用。例如,作为细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM)的重要组成部分,硫酸软骨素不仅对组织结构起支撑作用,还能调控细胞的增殖分化、介导细胞间的信号传导[2-3]。作为软骨的主要成分,硫酸软骨素能够增强软骨的机械性能,促进软骨细胞合成胶原蛋白等基质成分,抑制关节内某些炎症介质的释放,延缓骨关节炎等疾病引发的软骨退化进程[4]。由于其具有较好的抗炎症和缓解关节疼痛的能力,硫酸软骨素已被作为药物应用于骨关节炎治疗。此外,硫酸软骨素还被作为添加剂应用于保健品、食品和化妆品中。然而,天然硫酸软骨素的高分子量和复杂结构限制了其深度开发,而低分子量硫酸软骨素因其更好的生物利用度引起了人们的广泛关注。
与化学方法相比,酶法解聚硫酸软骨素具有环境友好、催化高效和选择性强等特点,在制备低分子量硫酸软骨素方面更具吸引力。硫酸软骨素裂解酶(EC 4.2.2.-)是催化硫酸软骨素解聚的关键生物催化剂,它通过β-消除机制断裂N-乙酰半乳糖胺和葡萄糖醛酸间的β-1,4糖苷键,生成具有不饱和末端结构的二糖产物[5]。根据底物特异性,硫酸软骨素裂解酶主要分为硫酸软骨素裂解酶ABC (对CS-A、CS-B与CS-C均有活性)、硫酸软骨素裂解酶AC (特异性降解CS-A与CS-C)以及硫酸软骨素裂解酶B (仅对CS-B具有活性)几种[6]。硫酸软骨素裂解酶不仅能够用于低分子量硫酸软骨素的制备,还可以在脊髓损伤修复过程中降解神经损伤后胶质瘢痕中的硫酸软骨素,清除神经轴突生长障碍[7-8]。然而,现有的硫酸软骨素裂解酶通常存在活性低、稳定性差等问题[9-10],难以满足工业生产或临床应用的需求,亟需寻找活性更好或稳定性更优的新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶。
链霉菌属(Streptomyces)是一类革兰氏阳性丝状细菌,以产生具有多种生物学功能(如抗菌、抗病毒、免疫抑制等活性)的次级代谢产物而闻名。同时,链霉菌也是多种工业酶的重要来源(如蛋白酶、几丁质酶等),但其潜能目前尚未得到充分开发[11-12]。值得注意的是,近年来对多种链霉菌的基因组测序研究发现,链霉菌基因组中广泛分布着多种类型的多糖裂解酶家族基因[11],但人们对这些资源的开发和利用还比较有限。聚焦链霉菌中新型多糖裂解酶,特别是硫酸软骨素裂解酶的发现和功能研究,不仅能够加深对硫酸软骨素裂解酶多样性的理解,也能为低分子量硫酸软骨素的制备或硫酸软骨素酶的临床开发应用提供更多工具。
本研究通过基因组挖掘、异源表达与酶学性质表征等研究,在变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans) TK24中发现一种新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶,将其命名为SlChase。研究发现,该新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶在链霉菌属中广泛分布,这一分布特征不仅暗示其可能参与链霉菌在复杂微生物群落中的生态适应过程、调控其生存竞争策略,也为链霉菌来源多糖裂解酶资源的深度挖掘、创新开发与高效利用提供了新的研究范例和理论支撑。
本研究中所用的菌株为变铅青链霉菌TK24、大肠杆菌JM109和大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。变铅青链霉菌在MS固体培养基或TSB液体培养基中培养;大肠杆菌在LB固体培养基或LB液体培养基中培养。在重组大肠杆菌的培养过程中,为维持质粒的稳定性,需在培养基中添加终浓度为100 μg/mL的氨苄青霉素。
MS固体培养基(g/L):黄豆粉4.0,甘露醇4.0,琼脂粉18.0;TSB液体培养基:KH2PO4 2.5,葡萄糖2.5,NaCl 5.0,酪蛋白胨17.0,大豆蛋白胨3.0;LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母浸出物5.0,NaCl 10.0。
以变铅青链霉菌TK24基因组DNA为模板(采用酚氯仿抽提法提取),使用ApexHF HS DNA Polymerase CL (湖南爱科瑞生物科技有限公司)高保真酶及引物slChase-F (5′-ACTTTAA GAAGGAGATATACATATGCACCACCACCACCACCACACCCCACAGCGCCCCACCGC-3′)和slChase-R (5′-GGTGCTCGAGTGCGGCCGCAA GCTTTCAGCTGAGAGTCACCTCAC-3′)扩增目标基因,得到大小约2.3 kb的PCR扩增产物。将该产物纯化后,与经过Nde Ⅰ及Hind Ⅲ酶切后的线性载体片段pET22b(+)通过一步克隆连接,并将连接产物转化进入大肠杆菌JM109感受态细胞中,通过抗性筛选转化子。从转化子中提取相应的质粒,经PCR筛选和DNA测序验证,获得含有SlChase编码基因的重组质粒pET22b-slChase
将重组质粒pET22b-SlChase转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,经抗性筛选和PCR验证,获得可用于SlChase重组表达的工程菌BL21/pET22b-SlChase。挑取BL21/pET22b-SlChase单菌落,接种至含有5 mL LB培养基的试管中,在37 ℃、220 r/min培养过夜后,以1%接种量转接至含有1 L LB培养基的三角瓶中。在上述培养条件下振荡培养,待菌液OD600达0.6-0.8时加入终浓度为0.5 mmol/L的IPTG,在16 ℃继续培养12 h,诱导SlChase蛋白的表达。之后,于4 ℃、4 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,通过超声裂解菌体。使用镍亲和层析柱(常州天地人和生物科技有限公司)对裂解液的上清进行纯化,获得重组SlChase蛋白,并利用8%凝胶SDS-PAGE进行蛋白分析。重组SlChase蛋白质浓度通过Bradford法测定(上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)。
软骨素寡糖(CS-0S 9mer)是通过KfoC催化,以尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸(UDP-GlcA)和尿苷二磷酸-N-乙酰半乳糖胺(UDP-GalNAc)为糖基供体,通过酶学反应方法合成[13]
采用ProPacTM PAI色谱柱(9 mm×250 mm)对合成的寡糖进行HPLC (安捷伦公司)分析。流动相A为20 mmol/L醋酸钠缓冲液(pH 5.0),流动相B为1 mol/L NaCl的20 mmol/L醋酸钠缓冲液(pH 5.0),在1 mL/min流速下,采用梯度洗脱方式逐渐改变A液和B液的比例使目标化合物分离,检测波长为310 nm。
使用ACQUITY UPLC BEH HILIC色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm),流动相A使用5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液,流动相B使用5 mmol/L乙酸铵的95%乙腈溶液,在0.5 mL/min流速下,采用梯度洗脱方式逐渐改变A液和B液的比例使目标化合物分离。在电喷雾电离负离子模式(ESI⁻)下采集数据,所使用的设备为ACQUITY UPLC I-Class系统的QTOF质谱仪(Waters公司)。
为分析硫酸软骨素裂解酶SlChase的活性,通过多功能酶标仪对酶解样品进行全波长扫描(230-350 nm),同步采用HPLC测定不饱和二糖的生成。酶解产物经2-氨基吖啶酮(AMAC,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司)衍生化及氰基硼氢化钠(NaBH3CN,上海吉至生化科技有限公司)还原后,采用C18反相柱(4.6 mm×250 mm)进行HPLC分析。流动相A为50 mmol/L醋酸铵水溶液,流动相B为甲醇;在0.5 mL/min流速下,采用梯度洗脱方式逐渐改变A液和B液的比例使目标化合物分离,检测波长为255 nm。
为测定SlChase的最适pH,将1 μL酶液与200 μL底物溶液加入不同pH (pH 3.0、4.0、5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0)的50 mmol/L缓冲液中,于37 ℃反应15 min。所用缓冲体系包括:醋酸钠缓冲液(pH 3.0-5.0)、PBS缓冲液(pH 5.0-8.0)、Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 7.0-9.0)和碳酸盐缓冲液(pH 9.0-11.0)。以酶在最佳条件下的活性定义为100%,其他条件下的活性以相对活性(%)表示。
为测定温度对SlChase活性的影响,将1 μL酶液与200 μL底物在20、30、37、40、50、60、70、80 ℃反应15 min,测定各温度下的酶活,并以最高活性为100%计算相对活性,其他条件下的活性以相对活性(%)表示。
所有酶促反应均通过测定232 nm处的吸光度变化计算产物浓度。1个酶活单位(U)定义为:在标准反应条件下,每分钟催化生成1 μmol含不饱和双键产物所需的酶量。
为研究金属离子和还原剂对SlChase活性的影响,将1 μL酶液与200 μL底物分别加入含有1 mmol/L不同金属离子(Mg2+、Mn2+、Ca2+、K+、Zn2+、Fe3+、Cu2+)或还原剂(DTT)的体系中,于30 ℃反应15 min后测定酶活。以无添加组的活性为100%。
为测定SlChase的稳定性,将酶溶液分别置于4 ℃和37 ℃保存7 d (0-168 h),在不同时间点取样,检测酶活性,以初始活性(0 h)为100%计算相对活性。
为研究SlChase的底物特异性,将1 μL酶液分别以CS-0S (青岛海大生物集团股份有限公司)、CS-A、CS-B、CS-C、HA (上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)、Heparosan (大肠杆菌K5发酵液中分离纯化[14])、HS-2S、HS-6S、HS-2S6S (北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校Jian Liu教授惠赠)作为底物,于30 ℃反应30 min后测定酶活。以CS-0S体系的活性为100%。
为测定酶动力学参数,在最适反应条件下,SlChase催化不同浓度(0.1-5.0 mg/mL)的非硫酸化软骨素降解成为寡糖,通过监测232 nm波长下吸光度的变化计算反应速率。使用GraphPad Prism 9软件,通过非线性回归拟合米氏方程(Michaelis-Menten equation),计算Kmkcat等动力学参数。
将SlChase蛋白的氨基酸序列作为查询序列,分别提交至NCBI保守结构域数据库(CDD)与InterProScan在线平台,用于鉴定其功能结构域和蛋白家族归属[15]
在NCBI的ClusteredNR数据库搜索SlChase同源蛋白,筛选得到与SlChase一致性大于45%且来源于链霉菌属的962条同源蛋白序列。为减少冗余,采用两步CD-HIT (v4.8.1)聚类[16]:首先将序列进行长度排序,以最长序列为cluster 1的第一条序列,如果其他序列≥90%阈值则合并,否则新建cluster,以此类推,得到一个初步的非冗余代表序列集合。随后使用相同的CD-HIT算法,但将相似度阈值降至70%进行二次聚类,最终获得104条核心序列。对该核心数据集使用MAFFT (v7.525)的——auto策略进行多序列比对[17],随后利用IQ-TREE3 (v3.0.1)构建初步系统发育树[18]。为进一步精简数据集以提升可视化效果,使用TreeCluster (v1.0.4)以遗传距离直径≤0.9为阈值[19],从104条序列中选取了28条代表性序列。将这些代表序列、从文献及CAZy数据库中获取的已知功能PL8家族参考序列以及外群序列(AAA81587.1,来源于PL23家族)合并,使用MAFFT进行多序列比对,使用trimAl (v1.5)以“automated1”模式进行修剪[20],最后利用IQ-TREE3 (v3.0.1)构建系统发育树。最佳氨基酸替代模型(Q.PFAM+I+R4)由软件内置的ModelFinder功能自动选择,采用Ultrafast bootstrap方法进行1 000次重复以评估节点支持率,并指定外群序列为系统发育树的根。
为可视化SlChase同源蛋白及PL8家族蛋白间的关系,构建了序列相似性网络。在EFI-EST网站上,将上述已知功能PL8家族的参考序列及SlChase的同源蛋白的代表序列作为提交内容,设置比对得分阈值为100 (alignment score threshold,序列一致性≥30%)以生成网络[21]。将生成的SSN文件下载并导入Cytoscape (v3.10.4)进行可视化[22],节点颜色按照属水平分类进行设置。
为探究SlChase同源蛋白的分布广度,将其序列在NCBI的ClusteredNR数据库进行BLASTp搜索,设置筛选参数:E‑value≤1×10-5,序列一致性(identity)>45%,筛选score排名前1 000条命中序列。使用TaxonKit (v0.20.0)工具解析每条序列的完整分类学谱系信息[23],对分类单元丰度进行统计后,通过ECharts绘制饼状图[24]
变铅青链霉菌TK24是链霉菌属中较早被研究的模式菌株,其遗传背景清晰、遗传操作性强,常被用作蛋白与次级代谢产物基因簇异源表达的底盘菌。为探究变铅青链霉菌中是否存在硫酸软骨素裂解酶,将变铅青链霉菌TK24的培养液上清加入含有软骨素寡糖CS-0S 9mer的反应体系中,置于30 ℃温浴12 h。对反应液进行分析时发现,反应液中的CS-0S 9mer已被完全降解,但在20.76 min处出现一个新峰(图1A),其保留时间和紫外吸收特征与经硫酸软骨素酶降解CS-0S 9mer的产物Δtri-pNP (ΔU-GalNAc-GlcA-pNP)一致。进一步对反应体系中的产物进行了质谱分析(图1B)。在负离子模式下,于该反应体系中检测到多个特征离子峰:m/z=675.16、757.22、775.23和1 054.27,分别对应软骨素寡糖的降解产物[Δtri-0S-pNP-H]⁻、[Δtetra-0S-H]⁻ (ΔU-GalNAc-GlcA-GalNAc)、[tetra-0S-H]⁻ (GlcA-GalNAc-GlcA-GalNAc)和[Δpenta-0S-pNP-H]⁻ (ΔU-GalNAc-GlcA-GalNAc-GlcA-pNP)。由此表明,变铅青链霉菌中确实存在硫酸软骨素裂解酶,这个裂解酶能够降解软骨素寡糖CS-0S 9mer,且该酶具有分泌表达的特性。
本研究对变铅青链霉菌TK24基因组中可能的多糖裂解酶编码基因进行了系统分析。通过分析蛋白结构域的保守序列特征,共发现8个可能的多糖裂解酶编码基因,其中包含1个PL8家族蛋白编码基因。鉴于硫酸软骨素裂解酶主要分布于PL8家族蛋白[10],而变铅青链霉菌中的这个PL8家族蛋白(WP_003973462.1)不仅具备该家族典型的裂解酶结构域,其N末端还含有1个分泌信号肽(图1C),这与观察到的分泌表达特征相符,因此推测该蛋白是一个潜在的硫酸软骨素裂解酶,将其命名为SlChase。然而,氨基酸序列同源性分析结果显示,该蛋白与已知的硫酸软骨素裂解酶及透明质酸裂解酶的同源性较低(图1D),意味着SlChase可能是一种新型的硫酸软骨素裂解酶。此外,在对包含SlChase在内的PL8家族蛋白进行系统进化分析时发现,SlChase与其链霉菌来源的同源蛋白共同形成独立且高支持率的进化分支,该分支与其邻近分支(包含来自其他放线菌PL8成员)之间的节点bootstrap支持率高达99%,表明它们在进化上具有明确的分化界限(图1E)。在序列相似性网络(SSN)分析中,采用E值≤1×10-5且序列一致性≥30%的阈值构建网络(图1F)。在此条件下,来源于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的SlChase蛋白及其同源蛋白(如WP_436769078.1、WP_386389453.1、WP_361142542.1等)聚类形成一个高度内聚的子网络,节点间连接密集(degree≥29),而与其他已知PL8家族成员(包括来自StreptococcusBacteroidesPedobacter等属的蛋白)之间无直接连接,表明其序列特征显著区别于其他已知PL8亚型,暗示此类蛋白的功能和催化机制具有潜在的新颖性。
为验证SlChase的功能,将其在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行异源表达,并对重组蛋白进行分离纯化。获得的SlChase在SDS-PAGE中呈现出一条约84.6 kDa的清晰条带,这一结果与该蛋白的预测分子量完全相符(图2A)。纯化后的SlChase对非硫酸化软骨素聚糖(CS-0S)具有显著降解活性,表现为随着酶解时间的延长,反应体系在232 nm处的特征吸收呈逐渐增强趋势(图2B),说明生成了含有不饱和己糖醛酸基团的寡糖,且该类寡糖随酶解进程不断积累。进一步地HPLC检测结果显示,酶解产物中出现了保留时间为25.16 min的软骨素二糖(ΔDi-0S)特征峰,而未添加SlChase的对照组中未检测到该特征峰,证实了SlChase对硫酸软骨素的降解作用(图2C)。
在明确新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶SlChase的功能之后,进一步研究了其最适反应条件。结果表明,SlChase在pH 5.5-6.5区间内均表现出较高的活性,其最适反应pH为6.0 (图3A)。偏离该pH范围后SlChase酶活性迅速降低:在pH 5.0和7.0时其活性分别下降62%和59%;在pH 9.0-11.0的条件下几乎未检测到SlChase的活性。
温度也是影响SlChase活性的一个重要因素。在20-30 ℃范围内SlChase的活性随温度升高而增加,在30 ℃时达到最大值(图3B)。在30-40 ℃范围内SlChase能够保持较好的活性,维持在最高活性的92%以上。然而超过40 ℃后SlChase的活性急剧下降,在50 ℃时仅保留34%的相对活性,60-80 ℃时SlChase的活性进一步降低,丧失了70%以上的酶活。
金属离子与还原剂也会影响SlChase的活性(图3C)。在1 mmol/L浓度下,Mg2+可使SlChase酶的活性提高约14%;而Zn2+、Fe3+和Cu2+会抑制其活性;Mn2+、Ca2+和K+则对酶活无显著影响。DTT对SlChase活性具有轻微的促进作用,推测这一现象可能与DTT通过还原作用维持酶分子的正确结构及功能位点活性有关。
对SlChase的储存稳定性与热稳定性也进行了研究,结果如图3D所示。在4 ℃储存168 h后,SlChase仍保持约67%的初始活性;在37 ℃时,储存24 h即损失约40%的活性,此后SlChase的活性持续下降,表明SlChase在37 ℃储存条件下稳定性较差,长时间储存易导致其催化功能显著衰减。
为探究SlChase的底物特异性,选取了CS-0S、CS-A、CS-B、CS-C、透明质酸(HA)、肝素前体多糖(heparosan)及硫酸乙酰肝素(HS-2S、HS-6S、HS-2S6S)作为底物,检测该酶对这些糖胺聚糖的降解活性。结果显示,SlChase对CS-0S表现出显著的降解活性(图4A)。与之相比,SlChase对CS-A、CS-C的降解活性明显较低,仅为CS-0S活性的16%和13%。值得注意的是,SlChase对HA也具有一定的降解活性,约为其对CS-0S活性的一半;而对于CS-B、heparosan和3种硫酸乙酰肝素(HS-2S、HS-6S、HS-2S6S),SlChase未表现出任何降解活性。
在最适反应温度和pH条件下,通过大肠杆菌重组表达的SlChase比活力为(10.87±0.21) U/mg。以CS-0S为底物进行的酶动力学分析表明,SlChase的米氏常数(Km)为3.78 mmol/L,催化常数(kcat)为43.1 s-1 (图4B)。这些动力学参数表明,SlChase在以CS-0S为底物时表现出较高的特异性和底物亲和力。
SlChase同源蛋白的分布情况分析表明,这类酶在放线菌门内广泛分布,但在各个属中的分布高度不均(图5)。在调研的1 000个SlChase同源蛋白中(序列相似性范围为46.6%-99.7%),除一个分布于绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)外,其余均隶属于放线菌门的25个属。其中,92.5%集中在链霉菌属(Streptomyces),剩余不足8.0%分散于其他24个属。在非链霉菌来源中,链孢囊菌属(Streptosporangium, 2.4%)、北里孢菌属(Kitasatospora, 1.5%)、野野村氏菌属(Nonomuraea, 0.5%)占比相对较高,其余21个属的占比均不超过0.3%。该分布模式表明,SlChase同源蛋白在放线菌门内具有广泛的分布,且在链霉菌属中呈现显著富集。
作为多糖裂解酶家族的成员之一,软骨素裂解酶可通过β-消除反应特异性断裂硫酸软骨素二糖重复单元之间的β-1,4糖苷键,最终在己糖酸基团的C4-C5位形成不饱和键。尽管目前已鉴定或异源表达出多种硫酸软骨素裂解酶,但其活性、稳定性或制备效率仍无法满足工业生产与临床应用的实际需求。因此,挖掘具有高催化活性和良好稳定性的新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶,对相关领域的研究与应用具有重要意义。本研究从链霉菌中发现并表征了一种新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶SlChase,该酶在30-40 ℃的温度范围及pH 5.5-6.5的酸碱环境中可维持较高的催化活性,其重组表达与纯化流程简便;同时,在4 ℃储存条件下,SlChase展现出良好的长期稳定性。因此,SlChase有望用于硫酸软骨素寡糖的规模化制备[25],抑或成为硫酸软骨素序列分析的候选工具。
在对变铅青链霉菌TK24基因组进行分析时发现,该菌株中存在8个不同的多糖裂解酶编码基因。虽然本研究从中鉴定出了一个新型硫酸软骨素裂解酶SlChase,但其他多糖裂解酶的活性和功能尚不清楚。因此,在后续研究中可通过转录组、蛋白质组、基因敲除、体外生化等实验,进一步研究这些多糖裂解酶的功能及活性,深入挖掘链霉菌中丰富的多糖裂解酶资源。
SlChase与已报道的硫酸软骨素裂解酶ABC、AC及B (Chase ABC/AC/B)相比,展现出独特的底物特异性,即该酶对非硫酸化软骨素具有更高的降解活性,而对硫酸化修饰(如C-4硫酸化、C-6硫酸化)的软骨素的催化活性则显著下降。尽管动物组织来源的天然硫酸软骨素多以硫酸化形式存在,然而非硫酸化的软骨素在微生物中广泛存在,常作为多种微生物(如巴斯德杆菌、某些大肠杆菌)的胞外多糖组分[26-27],参与生物膜构建、环境信号传递或营养竞争等过程[28-29]。SlChase对这类非硫酸化底物的特异性降解能力很可能与链霉菌的生存策略密切相关。在复杂的微生物群落中,链霉菌可通过分泌该酶降解邻近微生物产生的非硫酸化胞外多糖,一方面获取碳源和能量营养,另一方面破坏竞争微生物的生物膜结构或信号分子网络,从而增强自身在生态位中的竞争优势。
从蛋白保守结构域特征分析,SlChase归属于PL8家族。PL8家族成员普遍含有催化β-1,4糖苷键断裂的核心结构域,其活性多依赖特定金属离子结合位点或酸碱催化残基,在结构域排布与关键功能残基组成上高度保守。然而,氨基酸序列同源性比对与系统发育分析显示,SlChase及其同源蛋白在PL8家族中形成独立进化分支,这可能与其对非硫酸化软骨素的特异性识别相关。进一步生物信息学分析表明,SlChase及其同源蛋白并非随机分布,而是广泛存在于放线菌门中,且高度集中于链霉菌属,这一分布特征可能与链霉菌的生态适应性紧密相关,推测其是长期进化中形成的、针对微生物来源非硫酸化多糖的特异性代谢工具。
SlChase的发现不仅丰富了硫酸软骨素裂解酶家族,也为解析微生物间基于多糖代谢的互作机制提供了新视角。此外,SlChase的发现还深化了对PL8家族多样性的认知,其独特的底物特异性和进化分支使其成为研究PL8家族酶功能分化的典型。SlChase的发现也进一步提示链霉菌作为一座尚未被完全发掘的资源宝库,蕴藏着大量具备新颖功能的碳水化合物活性酶。未来,对这类微生物来源的酶资源进行系统挖掘与功能解析,有望为糖生物学研究及相关生物催化应用提供更多创新工具和理论支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2103200)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32270055)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250839
  • 接收时间:2025-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-07
  • 录用日期:2025-12-04
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2103200)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2103200)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270055)
国家自然科学基金(32270055)
作者信息
    1.天津科技大学 生物工程学院,天津
    2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
    3.中国科学院大学,北京
    4.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,天津
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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