Article(id=1250834192146317755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250993, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770566400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-09, onlineDate=1776151710783, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151710783, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151710783, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151710783, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1493, endPage=1505, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834193450746310, articleId=1250834192146317755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Suggestions on the value realization of patent microbial resources in China, columnId=1226195546256356225, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Special Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dynamic balance between the preservation and distribution of microbial patent strains, the “gene chips” of biotechnology, has become a crucial benchmark for assessing a country’s competitiveness in the bioeconomy. By comparing the global data on the preservation and distribution of patent strains from 2001 to 2023, this paper systematically analyzes the gaps between China, the United States, and other countries in terms of resource reserves and circulation efficiency. The results revealed that while China was a global leader in preservation volume, its strain distribution rate lagged far behind the international level, which restricted technological innovation and industrial transformation. This study proposes comprehensive strategies such as optimizing the preservation systems, enhancing policy coordination, promoting industry-education-research collaborative innovation, strengthening international cooperation, and applying artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies throughout the entire chain. These strategies are designed to enhance the utilization rate of microbial strains, activate the value of China’s patent microbial resources, and position China at the forefront of the global bioeconomy.

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E-mail: WU Qingping,
MA Lianying,
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微生物专利菌株作为生物技术的“基因芯片”,其保藏量与发放量的动态平衡已成为衡量国家生物经济竞争力的重要标尺。本文通过对比2001-2023年全球专利菌株保藏与发放数据,系统分析了中美等国在资源储备与流通效率方面的差距。结果表明,我国虽保藏量居全球领先地位,但发放率远低于国际水平,制约了技术创新与产业转化。本研究提出可通过优化保藏体系、强化政策协同、推动产学研协同创新、加强国际合作以及实施人工智能与区块链技术应用的全链条战略等策略,提升菌株发放率,激活我国专利微生物资源价值,助力我国抢占全球生物经济制高点。

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作者贡献声明

杜娟:论文构思、数据分析、论文撰写;李曼:文献调研;宋仲戬:数据分析;马连营:问题提出、论文构思;丁郁:参与讨论,论文修改;陈谋通:参与讨论,论文修改;吴清平:问题提出、论文构思。

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Cumulative deposits and samples of global patent microorganisms in 26 countries, 2001-2023

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No.CountryDeposits (strains)Deposits global share (%)Samples (strains)Samples global share (%)Distribution ratio (%)
1China56 03848.681 9488.023.48
2USA23 47820.4012 21750.2852.04
3Republic of Korea9 9408.642 0718.5220.84
4Germany5 4074.702 2319.1841.26
5Japan4 4993.911 4946.1533.21
6United Kingdom4 1723.621 1194.6026.82
7France3 4623.011 2405.1035.82
8India1 6841.46580.243.44
9Spain1 1641.014491.8538.57
10Poland7930.69780.329.84
11Belgium7860.683451.4243.89
12Canada7480.651280.5317.11
13Netherlands6370.552190.9034.38
14Australia5460.47370.156.78
15Russian Federation2960.261100.4537.16
16Bulgaria2520.221920.7976.19
17Chile2500.22590.2423.60
18Mexico2410.2100.000.00
19Hungary2230.19600.2526.91
20Italy1610.14150.069.32
21Czech Republic1370.122030.84148.18
22Latvia690.06110.0515.94
23Finland530.0530.015.66
24Morocco410.0400.000.00
25Switzerland300.03120.0540.00
26Slovakia50.0010.0020.00
Total115 11210024 300100-
), ArticleFig(id=1250879401924178349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834192146317755, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2001-2023年全球26个国家专利微生物累计保藏和发放情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.CountryDeposits (strains)Deposits global share (%)Samples (strains)Samples global share (%)Distribution ratio (%)
1China56 03848.681 9488.023.48
2USA23 47820.4012 21750.2852.04
3Republic of Korea9 9408.642 0718.5220.84
4Germany5 4074.702 2319.1841.26
5Japan4 4993.911 4946.1533.21
6United Kingdom4 1723.621 1194.6026.82
7France3 4623.011 2405.1035.82
8India1 6841.46580.243.44
9Spain1 1641.014491.8538.57
10Poland7930.69780.329.84
11Belgium7860.683451.4243.89
12Canada7480.651280.5317.11
13Netherlands6370.552190.9034.38
14Australia5460.47370.156.78
15Russian Federation2960.261100.4537.16
16Bulgaria2520.221920.7976.19
17Chile2500.22590.2423.60
18Mexico2410.2100.000.00
19Hungary2230.19600.2526.91
20Italy1610.14150.069.32
21Czech Republic1370.122030.84148.18
22Latvia690.06110.0515.94
23Finland530.0530.015.66
24Morocco410.0400.000.00
25Switzerland300.03120.0540.00
26Slovakia50.0010.0020.00
Total115 11210024 300100-
), ArticleFig(id=1250879402066784691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834192146317755, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Deposits and samples of patent strains by Chinese patent microorganism depository centers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Depository center

Deposits

(strains)

Samples

(strains)

Distribution ratio (%)
CGMCC30 9441 0633.44
CCTCC20 8657973.82
GDMCC4 229882.08
), ArticleFig(id=1250879402171642296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834192146317755, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

我国专利微生物保藏中心专利菌株保藏和发放情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Depository center

Deposits

(strains)

Samples

(strains)

Distribution ratio (%)
CGMCC30 9441 0633.44
CCTCC20 8657973.82
GDMCC4 229882.08
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我国专利微生物资源价值实现的发展建议
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杜娟 1, 2 , 李曼 1, 2 , 宋仲戬 1, 2 , 马连营 1, 2 , 丁郁 1 , 陈谋通 1, 2 , 吴清平 1, 2
微生物学报 | 专论 2026,66(4): 1493-1505
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微生物学报 | 专论 2026, 66(4): 1493-1505
我国专利微生物资源价值实现的发展建议
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杜娟1, 2, 李曼1, 2, 宋仲戬1, 2, 马连营1, 2 , 丁郁1, 陈谋通1, 2, 吴清平1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室,国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台,国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品微生物安全大数据技术),广东 广州
  • 2.广东省微生物分析检测中心,食品药品实验室,广东 广州
Suggestions on the value realization of patent microbial resources in China
Juan DU1, 2, Man LI1, 2, Zhongjian SONG1, 2, Lianying MA1, 2 , Yu DING1, Moutong CHEN1, 2, Qingping WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Key Laboratory of Food Microbial Safety Big Data Technology (State Administration for Market Regulation), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • 2.Food and Drug Laboratory, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250993
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微生物专利菌株作为生物技术的“基因芯片”,其保藏量与发放量的动态平衡已成为衡量国家生物经济竞争力的重要标尺。本文通过对比2001-2023年全球专利菌株保藏与发放数据,系统分析了中美等国在资源储备与流通效率方面的差距。结果表明,我国虽保藏量居全球领先地位,但发放率远低于国际水平,制约了技术创新与产业转化。本研究提出可通过优化保藏体系、强化政策协同、推动产学研协同创新、加强国际合作以及实施人工智能与区块链技术应用的全链条战略等策略,提升菌株发放率,激活我国专利微生物资源价值,助力我国抢占全球生物经济制高点。

微生物专利菌株  /  保藏与发放  /  发放率  /  微生物资源价值

The dynamic balance between the preservation and distribution of microbial patent strains, the “gene chips” of biotechnology, has become a crucial benchmark for assessing a country’s competitiveness in the bioeconomy. By comparing the global data on the preservation and distribution of patent strains from 2001 to 2023, this paper systematically analyzes the gaps between China, the United States, and other countries in terms of resource reserves and circulation efficiency. The results revealed that while China was a global leader in preservation volume, its strain distribution rate lagged far behind the international level, which restricted technological innovation and industrial transformation. This study proposes comprehensive strategies such as optimizing the preservation systems, enhancing policy coordination, promoting industry-education-research collaborative innovation, strengthening international cooperation, and applying artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies throughout the entire chain. These strategies are designed to enhance the utilization rate of microbial strains, activate the value of China’s patent microbial resources, and position China at the forefront of the global bioeconomy.

microbial patent strains  /  preservation and distribution  /  distribution rate  /  value of microbial resources
杜娟, 李曼, 宋仲戬, 马连营, 丁郁, 陈谋通, 吴清平. 我国专利微生物资源价值实现的发展建议. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1493 -1505 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250993
Juan DU, Man LI, Zhongjian SONG, Lianying MA, Yu DING, Moutong CHEN, Qingping WU. Suggestions on the value realization of patent microbial resources in China[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1493 -1505 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250993
进入21世纪,以基因组学、细胞工厂和人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)融合驱动为核心的生物技术革命,正引领第四次工业革命向纵深推进。据世界生物经济论坛年度报告估算,2022年全球狭义生物经济规模已达4万亿美元,预计到2050年将增长至30万亿美元,占全球经济总量的1/3[1-2]。当前,生物经济正快速崛起,已成为继农业、工业与信息经济之后的第四大主导经济形态。它不仅以前所未有的力量重塑全球产业结构,更凭借其深度融合的技术体系成为推动全球“绿色GDP”转型与可持续发展的关键引擎[3]
在此变革中,微生物专利菌株作为生物技术领域的“基因芯片”,已从实验室样本跃升为具有战略价值的核心资源。其保藏与流通不仅直接关系到技术垄断格局与产业竞争秩序,更成为驱动整个产业创新的关键要素[4-5]。然而,在全球专利微生物“资源存量-流通活性”竞争版图中,中美呈现鲜明反差:2001-2023年,我国专利菌株的累计发放率仅为3.48%,而美国高达52.04%,占全球发放总量的1/2以上(表1)。当前,依托高质量资源库与高效研发循环,美国在创新药物、基因编辑和微生物细胞工厂等前沿领域持续占据绝对优势[6]。因此,推动我国专利微生物资源从“静态保藏”向“动态发放”[7]转变,构建“保护-共享-转化应用”一体化资源治理体系,是提升生物经济核心竞争力、打造生物制造强国的关键。
本研究基于2001-2023年间全球专利菌株保藏与发放的数据分析,系统揭示我国专利微生物领域存在的资源囤积、标准缺失、供需脱节等问题,并剖析其深层原因。在此基础上,本文提出“立足资源本体、强化系统支撑、推动多维协同”的系统性战略框架,旨在通过构建现代化保藏体系、优化全链条治理、深化国际合作,着力提升我国微生物专利菌株发放率,激活存量保藏资源,推动科研成果高效转化,进而增强我国在全球生物经济中的创新竞争力。
专利微生物菌株是指经人工选育、改造或分离获得,具备特定工业应用功能且带有可稳定遗传的生物学特性,已通过法定程序获得专利权保护,能够在受控条件下进行复制、保藏与转移的活性微生物实体。专利微生物菌株发放是指遵照法律法规与科学标准,由保藏机构或专利权人向获得授权的第三方转移特定功能活体微生物的行为。需要特别注意的是,在实际中存在相当数量的专利菌株转让未被官方保藏机构记录的情况,例如部分菌株由发明人直接转移至受让方,导致基于官方保藏数据统计的发放率通常低于实际转化数量。由于该类转移行为缺乏系统性公开记录,本研究主要针对官方保藏机构制度化、可公开追溯的菌株发放情况进行分析。然而,在理解相关数据时仍应考虑到此类未记录转化行为可能带来的影响。
根据世界知识产权组织统计数据(https://www.wipo.int/documents/d/ip-statistics/docs-en-wipo_ microorganisms_deposits_and_samples_since_2001_ table.xlsx),2001-2023年全球26个国家的48家国际保藏单位共保藏微生物专利菌株115 112株,发放24 300株[8]。从整体趋势看,保藏数量基本保持逐年增长,而发放量增长相对缓慢(图1)。我国在微生物专利菌株保藏方面位居全球首位,总量达56 038株,占全球保藏量的48.68%;美国位列第二,保藏23 478株,占比20.40%;其他国家的保藏量均低于1万株(表1)。中美两国在微生物专利菌株保藏总量和占比上显著领先,累计占全球保藏量的69.08%,呈现出明显的双强格局。基于这一特征,本研究重点对中美两国在相关领域的差异进行比较分析。
2001-2023年间,中美两国微生物专利菌株保藏呈现出明显的阶段性特征(图2)。第一阶段(2001-2008年):美国在初期保藏量显著领先,2001年其保藏量是我国的5.55倍。随着我国保藏量的迅速增长,而美国增速相对平稳,两国差距逐步缩小,到2008年美国微生物专利菌株保藏量仅为我国的1.04倍。第二阶段(2009-2023年):我国于2009年首次在年度保藏量上超越美国(1 120株对1 036株),随后保持快速增长势头,到2023年保藏量高达8 505株。同期美国保藏量出现波动,2023年降至657株,此时我国的年度保藏规模已达美国的12.95倍,两国差距持续扩大。纵观这20余年,我国在专利微生物菌种保藏数量上实现了跨越式增长,而美国总体保持平稳。这一趋势反映出我国在微生物科技领域的持续投入不断加大、成果丰硕,科研实力与竞争力显著提升。
图3所示,2001-2023年间全球各成员国保藏的微生物专利菌株数量整体呈上升趋势。具体来看,2003-2019年期间全球保藏量逐年稳步增长,2019-2020年出现短暂回落,随后在世界各国的共同推动下恢复增长趋势。值得注意的是,我国微生物专利菌株年增长量在全球占比已从2001年的6.6%大幅提升至2022年的65.2%,而且自2013年起,我国对全球微生物专利菌株保藏量的贡献率持续保持在50%以上。这表明我国不仅是全球保藏总量增长的核心驱动力,也是其年度增长量的首要贡献者。
根据世界知识产权组织数据库2001-2023年数据统计,全球48家国际保藏单位23年累计共发放微生物专利菌株24 300株。其中,美国累计发放菌株12 217株,位居全球首位,在全球发放总量中占比高达50.28%,超过其余25个成员国发放总量之和(12 083株)。德国与韩国分别以2 231株和2 071株的发放量位列第二、第三位。值得注意的是,尽管我国的专利微生物保藏量位居全球第一(56 038株,占比48.68%),但其发放量仅为1 948株,发放率低至3.48%,远低于美国的52.04%和多数发达国家水平,说明我国在微生物资源转化与应用方面与欧美等发达国家相比存在显著差距。这一差距可能反映出,我国从研发到应用的产业链条中,在菌株研发深度、创新与市场对接、技术转移机制及资源流通渠道等方面仍存在一定制约[7]。其余国家中,日本、法国、英国等传统科技强国的发放量(>1 000株)也较为可观,发放率普遍超过25%,反映出其较高的专利微生物资源流动性。此外,部分欧洲国家如比利时、瑞士等国家也呈现出极高的资源利用效率(表1)。
当前,生物经济正在飞速发展,微生物资源的价值实现已从单纯的“保藏数量”竞争转向“转化质量”的较量,推动微生物资源从“实验室保藏”走向“产业应用”,是未来提升全球生物技术创新竞争力的关键。我国要真正发挥微生物资源大国的优势,必须着力破解制约资源转化的瓶颈,建立更加开放的共享机制,完善从保藏到应用的全链条创新体系,让丰富的微生物资源从“库藏标本”转变为驱动生物技术创新的活水,为应对公共卫生挑战和推动生物经济发展提供坚实支撑。
图4所示,全球专利申请量在2001-2021年间持续增长,到2021年左右达到峰值后小幅回落,说明近年来微生物技术在生物医药、绿色农业及环境治理等领域的应用需求不断扩大,促进了全球研发投入的增加与技术创新。2021年后可能受全球经济增长放缓、研发周期调整等因素影响有所下降。同期,美国专利申请量前期增长温和,2021年后显著下降。尽管美国凭借早期科技优势积累了较多专利,但其增速始终低于全球及我国水平,表明其微生物专利市场可能已进入成熟阶段,增长空间相对有限。相比之下,我国专利申请量在2001-2023年间持续快速增长,尤其在2010年后增势明显,逐步超越全球及美国水平。这一增长得益于国家政策支持、研发投入增加,以及医疗健康、农业食品等内需市场的推动,反映出我国在微生物技术领域的创新能力不断提升。
从申请人排名来看,2001-2023年间江南大学在微生物专利申请数量上遥遥领先,展现出其在该领域突出的科研实力与创新能力。浙江大学、浙江工业大学、华南农业大学等机构紧随其后,专利申请量也较为可观,说明这些高校在微生物技术研发方面也取得了丰硕成果。从申请人类型分布来看,排名前列的机构以高校和科研院所为主,企业类申请人数量较少(图5)。这一结构表明,我国微生物技术领域的研发力量和专利产出仍高度集中于高校与科研机构。相比之下,企业在自主创新能力建设与专利布局方面整体较为滞后,一定程度上暴露出其在研发投入、技术转化动力等方面尚存在一些不足。
尽管企业在具体机构排名中相对靠后(图5),单个企业的申请量可能不及领先高校,但由于企业数量庞大且在市场驱动下具有持续创新动力,其专利申请总量显著超过高校与科研机构,因此在申请人类型分布中占比最高(图6)。2001-2023年间企业类申请人累计申请专利254 583件,在各类主体中占据绝对主导地位,反映出其作为市场经济主体所具有的强劲应用创新需求。高校凭借优质的科研资源与人才储备,开展了大量基础与应用基础研究,申请量位列第二。科研单位主要聚焦前沿探索与关键技术攻关,申请量排名第三。
综合图5图6发现,我国微生物专利领域存在显著的结构性矛盾:尽管企业在专利申请总量中占比最高(图6),理应是技术转化与应用的核心力量,却在具体机构排名中整体靠后(图5)。这一反差说明,当前我国企业在微生物领域的自主创新能力仍显薄弱,过度依赖外部技术引进与合作,导致核心研发成果不足、投入产出效率不高,难以形成自主可控且具备国际竞争力的技术创新体系。
当前,专利微生物菌株保藏存在资源利用不足、与国际规范对接不畅的问题。受科研考核导向影响,高校及科研机构常将保藏数量作为成果指标,普遍缺乏围绕产业需求开展的功能验证,导致大量菌株入库后未能进一步对接产业应用。部分菌株因市场应用价值不明确,致使后续授权发放意愿持续低迷。数据显示,2001-2023年间国内3家主要专利保藏机构——中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心(China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, CGMCC)、中国典型培养物保藏中心(China Center for Type Culture Collection, CCTCC)和广东省微生物菌种保藏中心(Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, GDMCC)超过90%的专利菌株从未被申领使用(表2)。同时,菌株保藏过程中存在标准不统一、活性维持困难等问题。部分在“理想状态”下优化的专利菌株,在保藏与发放过程中因活性自然衰减或条件变化,导致其实际性能难以复现,这也是导致发放失败的主要原因之一。
专利菌株发放涉及多方主体,流程复杂。当前,保藏与发放环节衔接不畅,根源在于信息壁垒与供需认知偏差,导致从资源保藏到产业开发的全链条存在堵点[9]。一方面,企业为保护商业机密,在专利申请时仅公开菌株部分基础特性,接收方因缺少未公开的关键工艺参数,难以复现其商业价值。另一方面,发放机构与企业缺乏有效沟通,对菌株的实际发酵环境与控制要求掌握不足,导致按常规条件培养时难以实现特定产物表达。此外,现有发放机制未能针对不同应用场景的工艺差异进行精准适配,使发放菌株无法适应实际生产的复杂条件,最终导致保藏资源与发放效果的结构失衡。
首先要实施保藏强制前置与来源追溯机制,明确要求专利申请前菌株必须在国际认可或国家指定机构完成标准化保藏,并取得有效保藏证明,从而确保菌株来源真实可溯,从源头筑牢专利法律基础[10]。其次,需建立保藏质量动态监测与评估体系,对保藏机构实施分级分类管理,构建涵盖保藏环境稳定性、技术合规性、信息完整性与菌株活性维持的多维评价指标,并通过定期现场审核、数据联网核查与随机抽样复验相结合的方式,对保藏过程实施全流程监督,确保菌株在长期保藏中保持性状稳定、数据可溯,为安全可信的菌株发放提供持续可靠的技术保障。
细菌鉴定主要依赖16S rRNA基因,真菌鉴定则常用内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)和18S rRNA基因,但这些分子标记对近缘物种的分辨能力有限,常导致专利侵权纠纷中出现“同种不同效”现象,致使相关举证难以有效开展。针对这一问题,可建立全基因组序列存证制度,要求专利申请同步提交菌株的完整基因组数据,构建其唯一的“分子身份证”,从而遏制“山寨菌株”并强化知识产权保护[11]。同时,针对原始菌株在频繁取用中易发生代谢性状变异的问题,应全面推行“种子库-工作库”双轨保藏机制:种子库采用深低温方式长期保存原始菌株以维持其遗传稳定性;工作库则以常规条件供日常研发使用。该机制在确保菌株性状稳定的同时,也为专利价值的持续实现提供技术保障。
微生物菌株从保藏到应用的流转链条长、权属变更频繁,传统纸质记录方式易篡改、难追溯。为此,可首先依托实验室信息管理系统,为每株专利菌株建立包含保藏环境、基因序列等核心数据的“一株一码”标准化数字档案[12]。在此基础上,引入区块链技术为其创建不可篡改的“数字身份证”,实现从权属变更到流转使用的全链条可信存证与透明监管[13]。为提升管理效能,可融合AI监控系统对链上流转行为进行动态分析与风险预警,自动识别异常并触发处置机制,有效维护菌株所有权人与相关机构的合法权益。这一技术架构(图7)能够从源头保障菌株资源的数据真实性、流通透明度与使用合规性,为提升菌株发放率与产业化应用提供可信的技术支撑与制度保障。
引进高应用价值的全球优质菌株资源,是提升专利发放率的关键基础与根本保障。为此应充分利用全球化背景下专利数据库所汇集的庞大微生物信息资源,结合AI技术对海量微生物数据进行多维度分析,精准识别具备高应用潜力的菌株资源,建立高效、定向的引进机制。在引进过程中,同步构建基于产业适配的本土化改良体系,结合国内生产环境、工艺条件与市场特征,对引进菌株开展定向优化,提升其产业适用性。同时必须建立严格的生物安全管控机制,运用AI与环境传感技术对引进菌株的生长动态、代谢行为及生态影响进行持续监测与风险评估[14],确保其在可控条件下进行应用研究与产业化开发,在提升资源利用效率的同时,切实维护国家生态安全。
为提升菌株筛选效率与产业适配性,提高转化效率,可依托中国微生物菌种基因与科学大数据库,系统构建智能化菌株筛选与评价系统。目前,该数据库集成了规模化菌种基因组、表型及代谢信息,可作为高通量、多维度筛选的核心基础。在技术层面,进一步融合基因测序、代谢组学与AI技术,建立从原始数据到知识发现的一体化分析闭环。通过基因测序解析遗传特征,结合代谢组学阐明代谢网络,并运用深度学习算法对多源异构数据建模[15],建立标准化的分析流程,并集成关键特征智能识别与跨数据集比对等高级挖掘工具[16],以实现从海量资源中快速、精准筛选具备优良工业性状的专利菌株。例如,基于该数据库与AI预测模型,团队构建了以“清扫-强基-固本”为核心的益生菌精准干预体系,形成了从菌株智能筛选到健康功能验证的“三位一体”技术路径[17],有效缩短了研发周期,提升筛选准确性与可重复性。
构建以“国家微生物种业产业技术创新战略联盟”为枢纽、数字化共享平台为载体的协同创新体系,是提升我国专利微生物菌株发放率的关键突破路径。在资源与技术层面,通过联盟整合跨机构菌种资源,建立统一的“专利菌株共享池”,对入库菌株进行标准化整理、全息化表征与数字化汇交,并利用AI与大数据技术深度解析菌株功能属性,实现与下游产业需求的精准匹配。在机制与保障层面,同步构建系统性的治理框架,包括设计明晰的知识产权规则以界定权责,建立基于贡献度的动态利益分配模型以确保公平回报,并设立专项转化基金以分担早期研发风险。通过“资源汇交-智能匹配-契约研发-价值共享”的闭环,系统性提升专利微生物的流通配置效率与产业转化规模。
首先,构建基于应用领域、功能特性与分子标志的多维分类体系,为专利审查提供清晰的技术标准,以应对菌株多样性和应用差异化的特点。其次,建议设立多学科专家评审机制,对专利申请的新颖性、创造性和工业实用性进行交叉审查,并重点评估其技术实质与产业化潜力,确保专利质量。同时,建立公开透明的专利公示与异议响应流程,在保障审查专业性与公正性的前提下,允许相关利益方提出异议并参与论证,以增强确权结果的社会公信力与法律稳定性[18]。通过该机制有助于明晰权利边界、减少产权纠纷,激励高质量创新,为我国微生物产业的有序发展奠定坚实基础。
为破解菌株研发周期长、风险高的挑战,我国在专利微生物发放环节应同步构建“政策支持+AI技术赋能”的体系。一方面,强化政策激励。借鉴江苏等地经验,对接已落地的“科技创新券”,探索将专利菌株的中试、产业验证费用纳入研发费用加计扣除范畴,以降低创新成本;同时,构建以“财政资金股权投资”和“研发成果事后补助”为核心的组合激励政策,降低企业的产业化放大风险[19]。另一方面,推动数据开放与智能设计。建议依托国家微生物科学数据中心,在保障安全的前提下,稳步向合规企业开放菌种保藏中心的高通量表型数据接口,并推广机器学习驱动的智能设计平台,实现关键性状预测-虚拟筛选-实验验证闭环,缩短研发周期、减少试错成本。
针对当前专利菌株由发明人直接转移至受让方的实际现状,为系统掌握我国专利微生物资源的转化动态,建议进一步建立健全覆盖更广的菌种资源转移登记或备案制度。具体可从以下两方面协同推进:一是建设全国统一的专利菌株权属变更与样本发放备案平台,优化备案登记流程,提升权利人主动备案的积极性;二是将直接发放的样本及其后续使用情况逐步纳入国家微生物资源统计监测体系,实现全口径数据归集与动态跟踪。通过将直接发放行为纳入规范化管理,逐步绘制完整的专利微生物资源流动图谱,为科学评估政策成效、保障生物资源安全、促进公平合理的惠益分享提供数据基础。
我国微生物资源呈明显地域格局,华南、西南等气候多样、生态复杂区是特色菌种富集地,但国际认可的专利微生物保藏机构仅CGMCC、CCTCC、GDMCC三家,区域资源“就地入库,就地获证”通道缺失,导致保护滞后、流失风险高、发放效率低。建议构建“国家库-区域库-专业库”三级保藏体系(图8):国家库负责全球法律备份与战略种质;在西南、华南新建或认定区域库,赋予《布达佩斯条约》保藏编号,实现“就近保藏、就地发证、定向发放”;围绕传统发酵、珍稀真菌等特色产业,由龙头企业牵头建设专业库,与国家/区域库数据互通,形成“资源-专利-产品”一站式发放链,全面提升我国特色微生物资源的保护深度与发放效率。
设立分类化快速审查通道,提升微生物专利审查效率与质量。针对农业微生物、食品发酵菌剂、环境修复菌株等国家重点产业领域的微生物专利,制定标准化优先审查程序,并通过前置筛选、集中审理等机制压缩审查周期,加速技术产业化进程。同时,建议组建跨学科专利审查协同团队,针对合成生物学、基因编辑菌株等前沿技术领域,由微生物学、生物信息学及专利法等领域专家联合开展技术实质与产业应用导向的多维评议,确保专利授权兼具法律合规性与产业转化可行性,有效提升授权专利的产业价值。
为深化国际合作,提升国际流通与影响力,应积极响应《国务院关于修改〈中华人民共和国专利法实施细则〉的决定》中“方便申请人”及加强国际规则衔接的立法精神[20],加速推动国内主要保藏机构加入《布达佩斯条约》国际体系,通过“一次保藏、全球承认”的国际互认机制,实质性降低我国创新主体通过《专利合作条约》(patent cooperation treaty, PCT)途径进行海外专利布局的时间成本与国际申请费用。同步依托欧洲培养物保藏组织-欧洲微生物资源研究基础设施共建的材料转移协议模板与统一实验室信息管理系统(laboratory information management system, LIMS)数字护照,将菌株鉴定、活性审查、基因组完整性校验等关键节点与国际标准直接对标[21],实现一码通全球,降低重复保藏与遗传漂移风险。在此基础上,前瞻性设计安全、合规的跨境菌株交换与惠益分享示范框架:将《名古屋议定书》《布达佩斯条约》与《中华人民共和国生物安全法》整合为一站式电子协议,明确资源流转路径、监管节点与收益回流比例,形成可复制推广的中国方案。通过上述措施,既能消除重复保藏、运输与关税壁垒,又以标准化、数字化、法治化驱动专利菌株的全球高值转化,显著提升我国在微生物资源治理体系中的话语权与影响力。
为推动产学研协同创新、加速专利菌株产业化,应在菌株发放端同步构建转化通道:一是依托中国科学院微生物所、广东省科学院微生物研究所等单位,将CGMCC、CCTCC、GDMCC的专利菌株优先导入开放共享的中试转化平台;配套AI数字孪生系统对温度、酸碱度、溶氧等关键参数进行在线寻优,为企业提供工艺验证包,标准化数字档案[22];二是建立“研发-中试-产业”数据闭环,平台向企业实时开放发酵动力学与质控指标,企业反向提交生产痛点,形成迭代优化的协同创新机制;三是设立生物制造产业化引导资金,对通过平台验证、具备明确市场前景的菌株给予后补助或产业化专项补贴,激发企业承接意愿。
习近平总书记指出:“科技创新、科学普及是实现创新发展的两翼,要把科学普及放在与科技创新同等重要的位置”。科普工作是科研价值向社会延伸的重要途径。建议依托“微生物安全与健康网”等平台,围绕专利微生物资源的保藏、应用与安全管理开展系统化科普。可设立专题栏目,借助可视化数据、案例解读和互动问答等形式,向社会公众、行业从业者及政策制定者传播微生物资源价值、专利保护意义与生物安全规范。通过这些举措既能提升公众科学素养,也有助于凝聚资源保护、规范使用与安全转化的社会共识,为专利微生物资源的可持续利用营造良好社会环境。
本研究系统剖析了我国专利微生物菌株在保藏与发放环节的结构性矛盾,揭示了当前体系存在“重保藏数量、轻功能验证” “重专利申请、轻转化应用”的双重失衡现象。随着生物技术的快速发展及全球生物经济竞争的加剧,微生物专利菌株作为战略性活体知识产权,其保藏与流通正朝着高效化、标准化与国际化的方向迈进。我国应进一步优化微生物专利资源保藏与管理体系,持续提升技术标准,加强与国际规范接轨。同时,通过政策引导与体系建设,重点打通保藏、审查、发放和产业化转化的关键瓶颈,推动产学研深度融合,加速专利菌株的实际应用转化。在此基础上,积极构建开放、协同、智能的微生物创新生态,为产业高质量发展提供系统性支撑。基于上述系统性布局,我国在微生物专利资源领域的发展将实现从“保藏大国”到“发放强国”的跨越。这一进程不仅能够确立我国在全球生物技术中的引领地位,更将以可持续的创新实践,为构建人类命运共同体注入坚实的科技动力。
  • 中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2024-XBZD-13)
  • 中国工程院院地合作项目(2024-DFZD-20)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250993
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
  • 录用日期:2026-02-09
基金
Strategic Research and Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2024-XBZD-13)
中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2024-XBZD-13)
Academy-Local Government Cooperation Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2024-DFZD-20)
中国工程院院地合作项目(2024-DFZD-20)
作者信息
    1.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室,国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台,国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品微生物安全大数据技术),广东 广州
    2.广东省微生物分析检测中心,食品药品实验室,广东 广州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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