Article(id=1250834191903044111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250989, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772380800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-02, onlineDate=1776151710725, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151710725, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151710725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151710725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1907, endPage=1928, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834193400410658, articleId=1250834191903044111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Immobilized bacteria-induced mineralization for nitrogen and phosphorus removal and utilization of swine manure wastewater resources, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of different immobilization strategies and mineralization methods of Bacillus licheniformis ZXT for high nitrogen-phosphorus wastewater, clarify the optimal mineralization conditions and carrier mechanism of action, and provide technical support for the green treatment and recovery of complex high nitrogen-phosphorus wastewater resources such as swine manure wastewater. Methods Four systems—free bacteria, chemical precipitation, activated carbon fiber (ACF) immobilization, and polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate-carbon powder (PVA-SA-CP) immobilization—were compared for their mineralization effects under Mg:N:P molar ratios of 0.6:1:1, 1:1:1, and 1.4:1:1. Characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were employed to analyze mineral properties. The application potential of the systems was verified with actual swine manure wastewater. Results The ACF immobilization system exhibited the optimal efficiency. Under the Mg:N:P ratio of 1:1:1, after seven days of cultivation, the final concentration of NH4+ was only 0.59 mg/L (removal rate: 99.81%) and the final concentration of PO43- was as low as 0.03 mg/L (removal rate: 99.99%), both meeting the national discharge standards (GB 8978—1996), with the formation of regular crystalline long plate-like struvite (i.e., magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP). The PVA-SA-CP immobilization system showed significantly weaker removal effects under the same ratio, with final concentrations of NH4+ and PO43- being 5.07 mg/L and 0.45 mg/L, respectively. The chemical precipitation method failed to meet the standards, as the final concentration of NH4+ ranged from 38.90 to 48.01 mg/L (removal rate: 84.70%-87.61%) within 24 h. Free bacteria achieved the removal rates of 99.97% for NH4+ and 99.92% for PO43- in actual swine manure wastewater after eight days of cultivation, with final NH4+ and PO43- concentrations of 0.15 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L, respectively, which complied with the discharge requirements. Conclusion Due to its developed microporous structure and good biocompatibility, ACF can efficiently enrich bacteria and promote the regular assembly of extracellular polymeric substances. The mineralization with ACF-immobilized B. licheniformis ZXT is the optimal choice, with Mg:N:P=1:1:1 as the best mineralization ratio. This technology can achieve efficient purification of high nitrogen-phosphorus wastewater and recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus resources, thus having important application value in actual wastewater treatment.

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E-mail: ZHAO Hui,
YAN Huaxiao,
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Chunlai LIANG, Xiaotong ZHOU, Hui ZHAO, Huaxiao YAN, Shaokun LIU, Mingming HAN, Xue YU, Zechi LI, Xihan WANG, Yuan SU, Wenwen ZHAO, Shuqi WANG, Yongxin WANG, Zuozhen HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1250834198735565566, articleId=1250834191903044111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=固定化菌诱导矿化脱氮除磷及养猪粪水的资源化利用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis) ZXT的不同固定化策略及矿化方式对高氮磷废水的脱氮除磷效能,明确最优矿化条件与载体作用机制,为养猪废水等复杂高氮磷废水的绿色处理与资源回收提供技术支撑。 方法 对比游离菌、化学沉淀、活性炭纤维(activated carbon fiber, ACF)固定化、聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-炭粉(polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate-carbon powder, PVA-SA-CP)固定化4种体系在Mg:N:P为0.6:1:1、1:1:1、1.4:1:1比例下的矿化效果,结合X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱等表征手段解析矿物特性,通过实际养猪废水验证体系应用潜力。 结果 ACF固定化体系效能最优,在Mg:N:P=1:1:1比例下培养7 d,NH4+终浓度仅0.59 mg/L (去除率99.81%),PO43-终浓度低至0.03 mg/L (去除率99.99%),均满足国标GB 8978—1996排放标准,且生成结晶规整的长板状鸟粪石(即磷酸铵镁,magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP);PVA-SA-CP固定化体系同比例下NH4+、PO43-终浓度分别为5.07 mg/L、0.45 mg/L,去除效果显著较弱;化学沉淀法24 h内NH4+终浓度为38.90-48.01 mg/L (去除率84.70%-87.61%),未达标。游离菌处理实际养猪废水时,培养8 d NH4+、PO43-去除率分别达99.97%、99.92%,终浓度为0.15 mg/L、0.05 mg/L,符合排放要求。 结论 ACF凭借发达的微孔结构与良好的生物相容性,可高效富集菌体并促进胞外聚合物规整组装,其固定化地衣芽孢杆菌ZXT的矿化技术为最优选择,Mg:N:P=1:1:1为最佳矿化比例,该技术可实现高氮磷废水的高效净化与氮磷资源回收,在实际废水处理中具有重要应用价值。

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作者贡献声明

梁春来:实验数据处理、论文撰写和修改;周晓彤:研究构思和设计,数据收集和处理,论文修改;赵辉:研究构思和设计,论文修改和指导,项目经费主持;闫华晓:研究构思和设计,论文修改和指导,项目经费主持,论文最终审定;刘绍堃:部分图像的处理与分析,参与文献调研;韩明明:实验样品的采集与预处理,协助常规实验操作;于雪:参考文献的校对与格式修订,参与图表美化;李泽池:提供实验试剂管理支持,参与项目讨论;王曦晗:协助原始数据的录入与核对;苏嫄:参与实验室日常管理与协调;赵文文:部分图像的采集;王舒淇:参与文献资料的整理与归档;王永鑫:提供绘图软件技术支持;韩作振:研究指导,资源提供。

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Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2020, 29(3): 2225-2233., articleTitle=Effect of copper and zinc ions on struvite nucleation and crystal growth kinetics in various process environments, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1250879413362049337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, awardId=42472372, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472372), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879413504655686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, awardId=42472372, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42472372), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879413689205080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, awardId=42372135, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372135), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879413915697510, 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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图1, caption=游离菌体系在不同Mg:N:P比例下矿化过程中pH、碱性磷酸酶活性变化(A)及胞外聚合物组分浓度变化(B), figureFileSmall=MxPF1y+lP3vvzK9Stq7vZw==, figureFileBig=nrhDQH0JeUjaguJ0DRd8KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879408911893441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=XRD phase analysis of products from chemical mineralization (A) and free-living bacterial mineralization for 6 d (B) and 15 d (C)., figureFileSmall=dvH7Kpbf0Jln/bQRDzikew==, figureFileBig=ePSbgLaeWJnj2gPwJ3JAfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409109025744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图2, caption=化学矿化(A)与游离菌矿化6 d (B)15 d (C)产物的XRD物相分析, figureFileSmall=dvH7Kpbf0Jln/bQRDzikew==, figureFileBig=ePSbgLaeWJnj2gPwJ3JAfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409239049181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Concentration variation curves (A-D), precipitation rate curves (E-H), and precipitation efficiency curves (I-L) of Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, and PO43- over 15 days in a free bacteria mineralization system under different Mg:N:P ratios., figureFileSmall=Rnre4qA61la+fKtAN/Q5HQ==, figureFileBig=u1dv4OEdRsNoh63gBYRKyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409431987177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图3, caption=游离菌矿化体系中不同镁氮磷比下15 dMg2+Ca2+NH4+PO43-的浓度变化曲线(A-D)、沉淀率变化曲线(E-H)与沉淀速率变化曲线(I-L), figureFileSmall=Rnre4qA61la+fKtAN/Q5HQ==, figureFileBig=u1dv4OEdRsNoh63gBYRKyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409616536566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Final concentrations and precipitation rates of Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+ and PO43- after 24 hours of chemical mineralization. A: Final concentrations of NH4+ and PO43-; B: Final concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+; C: Precipitation rates of NH4+ and PO43-; D: Precipitation rates of NH4+ and PO43-., figureFileSmall=G+kH8vFrBVLpCoVbLOhINQ==, figureFileBig=IYUgEnCQ6yO1BoNxqmo/Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409801085952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图4, caption=化学矿化24 hMg2+Ca2+NH4+PO43-的终浓度与沉淀率, figureFileSmall=G+kH8vFrBVLpCoVbLOhINQ==, figureFileBig=IYUgEnCQ6yO1BoNxqmo/Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879409901748236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The influence of two immobilization methods on pH (A) and ALP activity (B) in different magnesium-nitrogen-phosphorus ratio mineralization systems., figureFileSmall=XSjBo+HvBHJbpvzVP8ZzQQ==, figureFileBig=6vji9tNtA57NYY5m0DOCGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410069520409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图5, caption=两种固定化方法对不同镁氮磷比矿化体系下pH (A)ALP活性(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=XSjBo+HvBHJbpvzVP8ZzQQ==, figureFileBig=6vji9tNtA57NYY5m0DOCGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410270847013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The XRD analysis of mineralization induced by two immobilization methods in different magnesium-nitrogen-phosphorus ratio mineralization systems. A: XRD patterns of minerals induced by ACF immobilization under different Mg:N:P ratios; B: XRD patterns of minerals induced by PVA-SA-CP immobilized bacterial beads under different Mg:N:P ratios., figureFileSmall=YP9bU1jtpmgksTKMd4Y68A==, figureFileBig=Md9J+RCDBmx7TCpC5fGM0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410451202100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同镁氮磷比矿化体系下2种固定化方法诱导成矿的矿物XRD分析, figureFileSmall=YP9bU1jtpmgksTKMd4Y68A==, figureFileBig=Md9J+RCDBmx7TCpC5fGM0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410648334408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=FT-IR analysis of induced mineralization products by ACF immobilization (A, B) and PVA-SA-CP immobilization (C, D) under different substrate ion ratios., figureFileSmall=yOIcp0BCb3TDJBqFjDS1mg==, figureFileBig=3Zf6Y8+Hksm80u9MtpxFoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410757386322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同底物离子比例下ACF固定化(AB)PVA-SA-CP固定化(CD)诱导矿化产物的FT-IR分析, figureFileSmall=yOIcp0BCb3TDJBqFjDS1mg==, figureFileBig=3Zf6Y8+Hksm80u9MtpxFoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879410937741408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=SEM characterization of mineralization induced by immobilized bacteria on ACFs under different magnesium-nitrogen-phosphorus ratios. A1-A3: Low-magnification SEM images showing the overall morphology of minerals formed under different Mg:N:P molar ratios; B1-B3: High-magnification SEM images revealing the detailed surface morphology and crystalline structure of rod-shaped minerals; C1-C3: High-magnification SEM images illustrating the surface texture and structural evolution of irregularly shaped mineral aggregates., figureFileSmall=5Ql6/nHXYWvNF4ifyv5KFw==, figureFileBig=2aSRdgqaZ5xdA4VECP6Jfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411109707896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同镁氮磷比条件下ACF固定化菌诱导成矿的SEM表征, figureFileSmall=5Ql6/nHXYWvNF4ifyv5KFw==, figureFileBig=2aSRdgqaZ5xdA4VECP6Jfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411218759808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=SEM characterization of ACF under different Mg:N:P ratios. A1-A3: Low-magnification SEM images of ACF scaffolds under different Mg:N:P ratios; B1-B3: Medium-magnification SEM images revealing surface coverage and texture of ACF fibers; C1-C3: High-magnification SEM images showing detailed interactions between ACF fibers and attached microbial/mineral phases., figureFileSmall=m6vqE7tWGy/SggGEQ/2S3A==, figureFileBig=p44SGIWQFtAxlCBzXT+BOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411294257290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同镁氮磷比下ACFSEM表征, figureFileSmall=m6vqE7tWGy/SggGEQ/2S3A==, figureFileBig=p44SGIWQFtAxlCBzXT+BOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411420086420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=SEM characterization of mineralization induced by immobilized bacteria on PVA-SA-CP under different magnesium-nitrogen-phosphorus ratios. A1-A3: Low‑magnification SEM images showing the overall surface morphology of PVA‑SA‑CP immobilized pellets under different Mg:N:P ratios; B1-B3: Medium‑ magnification SEM images revealing the surface roughness and mineral deposition distribution on the immobilized pellets; C1-C3: High‑magnification SEM images displaying the detailed crystal morphology and microstructure of induced minerals., figureFileSmall=ivvzKmX+TmhCnyRVY+dhdQ==, figureFileBig=oX2zE49DHBrFEO3ZsnezbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411554304163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同镁氮磷比条件下PVA-SA-CP固定化诱导成矿的SEM表征, figureFileSmall=ivvzKmX+TmhCnyRVY+dhdQ==, figureFileBig=oX2zE49DHBrFEO3ZsnezbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411663356077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=SEM characterization of PVA-SA-CP immobilized bacterial beads at a 1:1:1 Mg:N:P ratio. A: Overall morphology of the PVA-SA-CP immobilized bacterial bead showing the ellipsoidal shape with rough surface texture; the dashed circles indicate the regions magnified in (B) and (C), respectively (Scale bar: 1 mm); B: Cross-sectional view of the internal porous structure of the immobilized bacterial bead, revealing a honeycomb-like cavity with interconnected fibrous networks (Scale bar: 100 μm); C: Surface morphology at higher magnification displaying the rough and wrinkled texture with aggregated crystalline deposits (Scale bar: 20 μm); D: Detailed view of the crystalline structures observed on the bead surface, showing distinct layered and prismatic morphologies indicative of mineral precipitation (Scale bar: 20 μm)., figureFileSmall=4i6wI2hWYrrcNYQuJeaPiQ==, figureFileBig=dMMIPq1i3FqdlzV6BVb6UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411797573820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图11, caption=1:1:1镁氮磷比下PVA-SA-CP菌球的SEM表征, figureFileSmall=4i6wI2hWYrrcNYQuJeaPiQ==, figureFileBig=dMMIPq1i3FqdlzV6BVb6UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879411944374474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Removal efficiency of NH4+, PO43-, Mg2+, and Ca2+ by ACF-immobilized bacteria-induced mineralization under different Mg:N:P ratios. A-D: Ion concentration of NH4+, PO43-, Mg2+, and Ca2+; E-H: Precipitation ratio of NH4+, PO43-, Mg2+ and Ca2+; I-L: Precipitation rate of NH4+, PO43-, Mg2+ and Ca2+., figureFileSmall=2OnLtxlKe61Adm5iaZQwfQ==, figureFileBig=COjcdW4Et7N+Pjd3bGZ+qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412158283997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同镁氮磷比条件下ACF固定化菌诱导矿化对NH4+PO43-Mg2+Ca2+ 去除效果, figureFileSmall=2OnLtxlKe61Adm5iaZQwfQ==, figureFileBig=COjcdW4Et7N+Pjd3bGZ+qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412300890347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 13, caption=Removal efficiency of NH4+, PO43-, Mg2+, and Ca2+ mineralization induced by immobilized bacteria on PVA-SA-CP under different magnesium-nitrogen-phosphorus ratios. A-D: Ion concentration of NH4+, PO43-, Mg2+, and Ca2+; E-H: Precipitation ratio of NH4+, PO43-, Mg2+, and Ca2+; I-L: Precipitation rate of NH4+, PO43-, Mg2+, and Ca2+., figureFileSmall=MWaDN23yH3CF9oazawlJYA==, figureFileBig=cF3/bcOuj3lIA8jXyTSv6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412451885301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同镁氮磷比条件下PVA-SA-CP固定化诱导矿化对NH4+PO43-Mg2+Ca2+ 的去除效果, figureFileSmall=MWaDN23yH3CF9oazawlJYA==, figureFileBig=cF3/bcOuj3lIA8jXyTSv6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412665794815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 14, caption=pH (A) and ALP (B) curves in actual swine manure treatment., figureFileSmall=3IijTw8oxPy2F3Y1cRuEDA==, figureFileBig=TFPKMMsgz2+85kdyQhmj9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412787429640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=CN, label=图14, caption=实际猪粪水处理中pH (A)ALP (B)变化曲线, figureFileSmall=3IijTw8oxPy2F3Y1cRuEDA==, figureFileBig=TFPKMMsgz2+85kdyQhmj9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879412917453076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191903044111, language=EN, label=Figure 15, caption=Removal efficiency of NH4+, PO43-, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in actual swine manure treatment treated by Bacillus licheniformis ZXT. 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固定化菌诱导矿化脱氮除磷及养猪粪水的资源化利用
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梁春来 1 , 周晓彤 1 , 赵辉 1 , 闫华晓 1 , 刘绍堃 1 , 韩明明 1 , 于雪 1 , 李泽池 1 , 王曦晗 1 , 苏嫄 1 , 赵文文 1 , 王舒淇 1 , 王永鑫 1 , 韩作振 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1907-1928
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1907-1928
固定化菌诱导矿化脱氮除磷及养猪粪水的资源化利用
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梁春来1, 周晓彤1, 赵辉1 , 闫华晓1 , 刘绍堃1, 韩明明1, 于雪1, 李泽池1, 王曦晗1, 苏嫄1, 赵文文1, 王舒淇1, 王永鑫1, 韩作振2
作者信息
  • 1.山东科技大学 化学与生物工程学院生物工程系,山东 青岛
  • 2.山东科技大学 地球科学与工程学院,山东 青岛
Immobilized bacteria-induced mineralization for nitrogen and phosphorus removal and utilization of swine manure wastewater resources
Chunlai LIANG1, Xiaotong ZHOU1, Hui ZHAO1 , Huaxiao YAN1 , Shaokun LIU1, Mingming HAN1, Xue YU1, Zechi LI1, Xihan WANG1, Yuan SU1, Wenwen ZHAO1, Shuqi WANG1, Yongxin WANG1, Zuozhen HAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Biological Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
  • 2.College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250989
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目的 探究地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis) ZXT的不同固定化策略及矿化方式对高氮磷废水的脱氮除磷效能,明确最优矿化条件与载体作用机制,为养猪废水等复杂高氮磷废水的绿色处理与资源回收提供技术支撑。 方法 对比游离菌、化学沉淀、活性炭纤维(activated carbon fiber, ACF)固定化、聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-炭粉(polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate-carbon powder, PVA-SA-CP)固定化4种体系在Mg:N:P为0.6:1:1、1:1:1、1.4:1:1比例下的矿化效果,结合X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱等表征手段解析矿物特性,通过实际养猪废水验证体系应用潜力。 结果 ACF固定化体系效能最优,在Mg:N:P=1:1:1比例下培养7 d,NH4+终浓度仅0.59 mg/L (去除率99.81%),PO43-终浓度低至0.03 mg/L (去除率99.99%),均满足国标GB 8978—1996排放标准,且生成结晶规整的长板状鸟粪石(即磷酸铵镁,magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP);PVA-SA-CP固定化体系同比例下NH4+、PO43-终浓度分别为5.07 mg/L、0.45 mg/L,去除效果显著较弱;化学沉淀法24 h内NH4+终浓度为38.90-48.01 mg/L (去除率84.70%-87.61%),未达标。游离菌处理实际养猪废水时,培养8 d NH4+、PO43-去除率分别达99.97%、99.92%,终浓度为0.15 mg/L、0.05 mg/L,符合排放要求。 结论 ACF凭借发达的微孔结构与良好的生物相容性,可高效富集菌体并促进胞外聚合物规整组装,其固定化地衣芽孢杆菌ZXT的矿化技术为最优选择,Mg:N:P=1:1:1为最佳矿化比例,该技术可实现高氮磷废水的高效净化与氮磷资源回收,在实际废水处理中具有重要应用价值。

微生物矿化  /  鸟粪石法  /  磷酸铵镁  /  养猪废水

Objective To explore the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of different immobilization strategies and mineralization methods of Bacillus licheniformis ZXT for high nitrogen-phosphorus wastewater, clarify the optimal mineralization conditions and carrier mechanism of action, and provide technical support for the green treatment and recovery of complex high nitrogen-phosphorus wastewater resources such as swine manure wastewater. Methods Four systems—free bacteria, chemical precipitation, activated carbon fiber (ACF) immobilization, and polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate-carbon powder (PVA-SA-CP) immobilization—were compared for their mineralization effects under Mg:N:P molar ratios of 0.6:1:1, 1:1:1, and 1.4:1:1. Characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were employed to analyze mineral properties. The application potential of the systems was verified with actual swine manure wastewater. Results The ACF immobilization system exhibited the optimal efficiency. Under the Mg:N:P ratio of 1:1:1, after seven days of cultivation, the final concentration of NH4+ was only 0.59 mg/L (removal rate: 99.81%) and the final concentration of PO43- was as low as 0.03 mg/L (removal rate: 99.99%), both meeting the national discharge standards (GB 8978—1996), with the formation of regular crystalline long plate-like struvite (i.e., magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP). The PVA-SA-CP immobilization system showed significantly weaker removal effects under the same ratio, with final concentrations of NH4+ and PO43- being 5.07 mg/L and 0.45 mg/L, respectively. The chemical precipitation method failed to meet the standards, as the final concentration of NH4+ ranged from 38.90 to 48.01 mg/L (removal rate: 84.70%-87.61%) within 24 h. Free bacteria achieved the removal rates of 99.97% for NH4+ and 99.92% for PO43- in actual swine manure wastewater after eight days of cultivation, with final NH4+ and PO43- concentrations of 0.15 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L, respectively, which complied with the discharge requirements. Conclusion Due to its developed microporous structure and good biocompatibility, ACF can efficiently enrich bacteria and promote the regular assembly of extracellular polymeric substances. The mineralization with ACF-immobilized B. licheniformis ZXT is the optimal choice, with Mg:N:P=1:1:1 as the best mineralization ratio. This technology can achieve efficient purification of high nitrogen-phosphorus wastewater and recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus resources, thus having important application value in actual wastewater treatment.

microbial mineralization  /  struvite process  /  magnesium ammonium phosphate  /  swine manure wastewater
梁春来, 周晓彤, 赵辉, 闫华晓, 刘绍堃, 韩明明, 于雪, 李泽池, 王曦晗, 苏嫄, 赵文文, 王舒淇, 王永鑫, 韩作振. 固定化菌诱导矿化脱氮除磷及养猪粪水的资源化利用. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1907 -1928 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250989
Chunlai LIANG, Xiaotong ZHOU, Hui ZHAO, Huaxiao YAN, Shaokun LIU, Mingming HAN, Xue YU, Zechi LI, Xihan WANG, Yuan SU, Wenwen ZHAO, Shuqi WANG, Yongxin WANG, Zuozhen HAN. Immobilized bacteria-induced mineralization for nitrogen and phosphorus removal and utilization of swine manure wastewater resources[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1907 -1928 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250989
磷不仅是构成生命体遗传物质与能量载体的必需元素,也是保障全球粮食安全的不可再生战略性矿产资源[1]。当前,全球磷矿资源分布高度不均,优质矿藏日益枯竭。我国磷矿储量虽大,但普遍品位较低,面临“丰而不富”、开采成本高的挑战[2-3],这使得磷资源的可持续利用面临巨大压力。与此同时,工农业生产与人类生活排放的大量氮磷废水进入水体,引发严重的富营养化问题,破坏水生生态平衡并威胁饮用水安全[2,4-5]。作为一类典型的高氮磷废水,养殖废水的成分复杂性使其成为废水治理的一大研究难题[6]。其特点主要体现在:污染物种类多样,不仅含有高浓度的氮、磷等营养盐和化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD),还包含大量悬浮颗粒物、残留抗生素及致病微生物。此外,废水排放量大、固液分离困难,且可能在微生物代谢过程中产生二次污染物[7-8],进一步增加了处理难度与成本。
针对氮磷废水的处理,现有方法主要分为物理化学法与生物处理法。以化学沉淀为代表的物化法反应快速,但存在药剂投加量大、污泥产量多及潜在二次污染等问题[9-10]。传统的活性污泥法等生物工艺,虽运行成本相对较低,但普遍存在工艺流程长、微生物菌群对环境条件敏感、污泥处置困难及难以直接回收资源等局限[11-13]。因此,发展绿色、低耗且能实现资源回用的新技术势在必行。
微生物诱导磷酸盐沉淀技术(microbially induced phosphate precipitation, MIPP)为此提供了新思路。该技术利用特定微生物的代谢活动分泌脲酶水解尿素产氨、分泌碱性磷酸酶水解有机磷脂产磷酸等,主动调节局部微环境、提升pH,进而诱导溶液中Mg2+、NH4+和PO43-结晶形成鸟粪石(即磷酸铵镁,magnesium ammonium phosphate, MAP)[14-17]。MAP是一种优质的缓释肥,可实现氮磷的资源化回收[18]。相较于传统化学结晶法,生物诱导形成MAP的条件更温和,且微生物代谢能更灵活地适应复杂水质[19-21]。MIPP在脱除废水中氮磷的同时,能够通过吸附、包裹等机制共沉淀体系中重金属离子。Zhang等[22]使用奥奈达湖希瓦氏菌(Shewanella oneidensis) MR-1在含Cr(VI)的模拟废水中诱导鸟粪石成矿,并通过多种技术对沉淀物的成分、形态和Cr含量进行表征,实验结果证明,菌株MR-1不仅可以为鸟粪石沉淀创造碱性环境,而且可以将Cr(VI)完全还原为Cr(III),并在上清液中形成可溶性有机物Cr(III)络合物,从而降低Cr在含镉废水中的含量。Han等[20]利用固定化蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus) MRR2检验对富营养化水中氮磷以及镁离子的去除回收效果,通过响应面法得出蜡样芽孢杆菌MRR2在最佳固定化条件下培养15 d后对氮、磷、镁离子的去除率可分别达到95.7%、90.1%、95.6%,表明菌株MRR2可以有效地诱导富营养化水中氮磷离子与镁离子结合生成磷酸盐沉淀,为富营养水处理提供参考。林锦美等[23]将假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) F330-7菌株应用于城市废水中氮磷的去除与回收工艺上,在C/N质量浓度比为12的条件下,总氮与总磷的去除率分别达到82.7%与88.1%,满足城市废水的排放标准。
然而,直接应用游离微生物体系处理实际废水,常面临功能菌体易流失、生物量浓度低、抗环境冲击能力弱以及回收困难等瓶颈[24]。微生物固定化技术是突破上述瓶颈的有效手段,其通过物理或化学方法将微生物细胞固定在特定载体上,能显著提高反应器内生物质持有量、增强微生物对毒性物质的耐受性,并便于催化剂的分离与重复使用[25-27]
固定化载体的选择是技术关键,其理化性质直接影响微生物活性与体系传质效率。活性炭纤维(activated carbon fiber, ACF)作为一种高性能多孔材料,其极大的比表面积和优异的生物相容性,使其能够高效富集微生物,并为生物矿化提供丰富的界面反应位点[28-29]。另一方面,以聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate, PVA-SA)为代表的水凝胶包埋法,因操作简便、条件温和而被广泛应用,但其致密的三维网络结构可能限制底物与产物的扩散,从而可能抑制微生物的代谢活性[30-31]。目前,针对地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)这类环境适应性强、具矿化潜力的菌株,系统比较ACF吸附固定化与PVA-SA与炭粉复合包埋固定化对其诱导MAP过程的影响机制研究尚有待深入。
基于此,本研究以一株具有高效矿化能力的地衣芽孢杆菌ZXT为对象,旨在系统探究不同固定化策略对其生物矿化效能的影响及机理。研究内容主要包括:(1) 在模拟废水中,对比ACF固定化与聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-炭粉(polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate-carbon powder, PVA-SA-CP)复合固定化体系,在Mg:N:P不同物质的量比下,对体系pH、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)活性、MAP结晶特性及离子去除动力学的差异化影响;(2) 综合利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)等表征手段,从微观层面揭示2种固定化体系的作用机理;(3) 将游离菌矿化体系应用于高氮磷实际养猪废水的处理,全面评估其对NH4+-N、PO43--P及共存Ca2+、Mg2+的同步去除性能与资源回收可行性,以期为发展高效、稳定且可持续的废水处理与资源回收新工艺提供重要的理论依据和技术选择。
地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis) ZXT,由山东科技大学地质微生物实验室(青岛)分离,-20 ℃保藏。固定化材料选用ACF及PVA-SA-CP复合材料。实际养猪废水取样于山东省青岛市黄岛区王明德养猪场。
采用LB培养基培养、扩增菌株。基础液体培养基(g/L):牛肉膏5.0,胰蛋白胨10.0,NaCl 30.0,KCl 2.0,采用1.0 mol/L HCl调节pH至6.0。在此基础上添加20.0 g/L琼脂制得固体培养基。将单菌落接种至150 mL液体培养基中,于37 ℃、110 r/min培养至OD600=1.0,制得种子液。
实验设置2种矿化培养基体系:(1) 基础矿化培养基,在LB液体培养基中添加KH2PO4 (0.014 mol/L)、NH4Cl (0.014 mol/L)及MgCl2·6H2O,调节Mg:N:P物质的量比分别为0.6:1:1、1:1:1与1.4:1:1,以1 mol/L NaHCO3/Na2CO3为缓冲对,用1 mol/L HCl/NaOH调节初始pH 5.3;(2) 养猪废水培养基:向养猪废水中补充KH2PO4、NH4Cl及MgCl2至物质的量比Mg:N:P=1:1:1。
实际养猪废水水样静置沉淀后过滤,得到浊黄色、无明显悬浮物与固体杂质水样,对其水质进行表征,结果如下:pH 8.65±0.05,[NH4⁺-N]=(594.57±3.26) mg/L,[PO43-]=(61.81±1.98) mg/L,[Mg2+]= (5.11±0.08) mg/L,[Ca2+]=(62.68±2.48) mg/L。补充MgCl2固体至废水中Mg2+浓度为960 mg/L,即物质的量比Mg:N=1:1,以达到鸟粪石沉淀生成的最佳起始反应物浓度。
采用对硝基苯酚(p-nitrophenol, PNP)比色法测定ALP活性。将ALP活性定义为:测定条件下,每分钟催化1 μmoL PNP所需的酶量。
采用水杨酸-次氯酸盐分光光度法测定矿化培养液中NH4+-N质量浓度。采用钼酸铵分光光度法测定培养液中PO43-浓度。
使用火焰原子吸收光谱仪测定矿化体系中Mg2+、Ca2+浓度。
离子去除率根据Han等[32]的方法计算,如公式(1)公式(2)所示。
T1 =C0-CiC0×100%
T2=T1Ti
式中:T1为去除率(%);T2为去除速率[mg/(L·d)];C0为初始浓度(mg/L);Ci为测定浓度(mg/L);Ti为时间(d)。
向Mg:N:P为0.6:1:1、1:1:1和1.4:1:1的矿化液体培养基中分别以体积分数2%接种量加入种子液,设置为游离菌矿化组。使用相同培养基,1 mol/L NaOH调节初始pH至8.5,设置为化学矿化组。ACF使用去离子水煮沸1.5 h,120 ℃烘干至恒重,裁为1 cm×1 cm方块,称取1 g置于种子液中,37 ℃、110 r/min振荡培养48 h,随后取出,转接至Mg:N:P=0.6:1:1、1:1:1、1.4:1:1的矿化液体培养基中,设置为ACF固定化矿化组。称取1.2 g聚乙烯醇加入400 mL蒸馏水中,加热、搅拌至完全溶解,随后加入8.0 g海藻酸钠搅拌溶解。待溶液冷却至室温后,加入12.0 g活性炭粉并混合均匀,再向其中加入49.2 mL培养48 h的菌液,充分搅拌。用无菌注射器吸取混合液,逐滴滴入交联液(4% CaCl2、3%硼酸)中,静置24 h。取出固定化菌球,用灭菌的5% NaCl溶液冲洗,用超净台中沥干,随后接种至Mg:N:P=0.6:1:1、1:1:1、1.4:1:1的矿化液体培养基中。各实验组培养条件为:37 ℃、110 r/min培养20 d。每隔24 h取样。每组设置3个重复。
将培养物移至50 mL离心管,静置1 h,弃上清,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min收集沉淀。去离子水、无水乙醇洗涤3次洗净后,将矿物样品于室温干燥,备用。采用X射线衍射技术分析矿物样品物相。X射线衍射仪扫描范围为2θ∈[20°, 60°],步长为0.02°,速率为8 (°)/min。使用Jade 6.5将衍射谱图与标准PDF卡片进行比对,鉴定样品物相组成。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)表征样品物相组成与所含官能团。样品制备采用KBr压片法,测试波数范围为400-4 000 cm-1,光谱分辨率为4 cm-1。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察矿物样品表面形貌与细菌及其衍生物分布情况。
图1呈现了游离菌体系在不同Mg:N:P比例(0.6:1:1、1:1:1、1.4:1:1)下矿化过程中pH值、ALP活性及蛋白质、DNA、多糖浓度的动态变化特征。在pH变化方面,游离菌体系在培养期内均能达到适宜磷酸铵镁(MAP)形成的范围。初始阶段,pH快速上升后趋于稳定,且随Mg:N:P比例升高呈下降趋势,1:1:1比例下pH峰值略高于其他两组。ALP活性变化显示,游离菌体系中ALP活性在培养初期(0-3 d)迅速升高,峰值分别为0.62、0.75和0.58 U/L,显著高于固定化体系,之后逐渐下降并趋于稳定,其中1:1:1比例下酶活性维持在较高水平,表明该比例更利于菌体代谢功能的发挥。此外,蛋白质、DNA及多糖浓度与ALP活性变化呈现协同效应,1:1:1比例下生物大分子浓度最高,低镁与高镁比例下相对较低,说明适宜的Mg:N:P比例可促进游离菌分泌胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS),而EPS通过吸附阳离子、提供成核位点等作用,进一步强化了游离菌诱导MAP矿化的效能,这与化学法相比,微生物代谢活动更利于调控晶体生长与离子去除[33-35]
化学矿化与游离菌矿化(6 d、15 d)产物的XRD图谱对比显示,矿化方式与培养时间对产物物相组成、结晶度及晶面择优生长均存在显著差异,且游离菌矿化的生物调控作用使产物特性与化学矿化呈现系统性区别。如图2A所示,化学矿化体系中不同Mg:N:P比例(0.6:1:1、1:1:1、1.4:1:1)下产物均与鸟粪石标准卡片(PDF#71-2089)吻合,未检测到其他杂相,表明化学沉淀过程仅定向生成鸟粪石。如图2B所示,游离菌矿化呈现明显的时间依赖性:矿化6 d的产物未出现鸟粪石特征衍射峰,反而与羟基磷灰石(PDF#73-1731)和透磷石(PDF#11-0923)标准卡片匹配,其中Mg:N:P=0.6:1:1和1:1:1时,晶面间距d=3.429 1 Å和2.762 8 Å,分别对应羟基磷灰石的(002)和(211)晶面,Mg:N:P=1.4:1:1时额外出现透磷石的(020) (d=7.633 7 Å)、(040) (d=3.793 6 Å)等特征晶面。如图2C所示,矿化15 d后产物衍射峰完全切换为鸟粪石特征峰,晶面间距d=6.132 7 Å和5.643 8 Å等分别对应(010)和(002)等晶面,证实游离菌矿化存在由磷酸钙矿物至磷酸铵镁矿物的物相转变过程,而化学矿化无此阶段性特征。
结晶度可通过衍射峰强度与半峰宽定量表征。化学矿化产物中,Mg:N:P=0.6:1:1和1:1:1时衍射峰尖锐且强度高,(002)晶面半峰宽分别为(0.095±0.001)°和(0.103±0.002)°,结晶度良好;但Mg:N:P=1.4:1:1时衍射峰宽化呈“馒头峰”,半峰宽增至(0.647±0.010)°,结晶度显著下降。游离菌矿化的结晶度变化与化学矿化相反:矿化6 d的磷酸钙产物中,(211)晶面衍射峰宽而分散,(002)晶面衍射峰细而尖锐,表明羟基磷灰石倾向沿c轴优先生长,但整体结晶度较低;矿化15 d后,鸟粪石产物的衍射峰强度普遍高于化学矿化,且半峰宽显著更小,如Mg:N:P=0.6:1:1时(002)晶面半峰宽为(0.065±0.002)°,较化学矿化(0.095±0.001)°降低31.6%,Mg:N:P=1.4:1:1时半峰宽仅为(0.092±0.003)°,较化学矿化(0.647±0.010)°降低85.8%,证实游离菌的生物代谢活动可有效改善高Mg2+浓度下的结晶缺陷,提升产物结晶完整性。
化学矿化的晶面生长受Mg2+浓度调控:Mg:N:P=0.6:1:1时高强度衍射峰对应鸟粪石(002)和(004)晶面,表明沿basal面择优生长;比例升至1:1:1时主峰切换为(022)晶面,说明Mg2+浓度升高改变了晶面生长优先级。游离菌矿化的晶面择优生长则受生物调控主导:矿化15 d的鸟粪石产物中,无论Mg:N:P比例如何,均呈现(010)、(002)、(011)等多晶面协同生长特征,衍射峰强度分布更均匀,无单一晶面的显著优势,与化学矿化的定向晶面生长形成鲜明对比;且矿化6 d的羟基磷灰石产物中,(002)晶面衍射峰强度显著高于(211)晶面,体现微生物对磷酸钙矿物生长方向的选择性调控作用。
化学矿化对高Mg:N:P 比例(1.4:1:1)敏感,产物结晶度急剧下降且衍射峰宽化严重;而游离菌矿化对比例变化的耐受性更强,即使Mg:N:P=1.4:1:1,矿化15 d后仍能生成结晶良好的鸟粪石,衍射峰尖锐无宽化现象。此外,化学矿化中Mg:N:P比例仅影响鸟粪石的晶面生长与结晶度,不改变物相;而游离菌矿化中,比例变化仅影响矿化6 d阶段磷酸钙矿物的杂相比例(如Mg:N:P=1.4:1:1时透磷石含量增加),矿化15 d后均统一转化为鸟粪石,表明生物调控作用可弱化离子比例对最终产物物相的影响。
综上所述,化学矿化是单纯的离子沉淀过程,产物物相单一但结晶度易受离子比例影响;游离菌矿化则通过生物代谢实现物相的阶段性转变,最终产物结晶度更高、晶面生长更均匀,且对离子比例变化的适应性更强,体现了生物矿化在产物调控方面的优势。
图3所示,在游离菌矿化体系中,不同Mg:N:P比例下的离子浓度变化呈现显著的比例依赖性与时间协同性:初始浓度314 mg/L的NH4+,在矿化前6天其浓度快速下降,1:1:1比例下第14天的去除率达99.73%-99.96%,0.6:1:1与1.4:1:1比例的去除率则分别为99.73%、99.96%;PO43- (初始浓度1 900 mg/L)的浓度变化趋势与NH4+高度一致,1:1:1比例下第14天的去除率达99.42%,0.6:1:1与 1.4:1:1比例的去除率分别为98.78%、99.00%,这一结果直接印证了1:1:1的离子比例更适配游离菌的代谢矿化过程。
对于Mg2+和Ca2+,1.4:1:1比例下Mg2+初始浓度约为700 mg/L,但第14天的去除率仅为28.5%,显著低于0.6:1:1比例的73.3%与1:1:1比例的56.9%,说明过高的Mg2+会抑制其自身的生物矿化沉淀;而Ca2+的结合优先级低于Mg2+,仅1:1:1比例下第14天的去除率可达72.7%,0.6:1:1与1.4:1:1比例的去除率分别为71.0%、63.3%。结合沉淀速率特征可知,NH4+与PO43-的沉淀速率在矿化前4天达到峰值,且1:1:1比例下的峰值显著更高,而Mg2+、Ca2+无明显峰值且速率缓慢衰减,进一步体现了游离菌矿化对氮磷的靶向沉淀效应,1:1:1的Mg:N:P比例是实现氮磷高效同步去除与Mg2+、Ca2+协同沉淀的最优条件。
图4所示,与化学法矿化(24 h)相比,游离菌矿化(15 d)的脱除效果更具优势:游离菌矿化后NH4+终浓度均小于1 mg/L,去除率达99.73%-99.96%,而化学法矿化后NH4+终浓度为38.90-48.01 mg/L,对应0.6:1:1、1:1:1、1.4:1:1比例的去除率分别为87.61%、86.65%、84.70%;游离菌矿化后PO43-终浓度为0.11-0.23 mg/L,去除率为98.78%-99.42%,化学法矿化后PO43-终浓度为0.94-13.84 mg/L,对应各比例的去除率分别为99.27%、99.95%、99.88%;钙镁离子脱除方面,游离菌矿化的Ca2+去除率分别为71.0%、72.7%、63.3%,Mg2+去除率分别为73.3%、56.9%、28.5%;化学法的Ca2⁺去除率分别为58.26%、74.27%、79.96%,Mg2⁺去除率分别为49.30%、34.83%、27.45%。
综上所述,游离菌矿化通过靶向沉淀效应实现了氮磷的高效、彻底脱除,1:1:1的Mg:N:P比例为其最优矿化条件,且处理后氮磷浓度可满足国标GB 8978—1996排放标准[36];而化学法虽能快速成矿,但NH4+脱除效果较差(最高去除率仅87.61%),无法达到污水排放要求。
图5A所示,在ACF固定化体系中,3种Mg:N:P比例的pH均能维持在8.00-8.60的适宜成矿范围。培养初期(0-6 d),pH迅速上升,之后趋于平缓,至第15天达到最高值,分别为8.45、8.59和8.36。随Mg:N:P比例升高,pH呈下降趋势,该规律与游离菌体系一致。
在PVA-SA-CP固定化体系中,体系pH在培养初期出现短暂缓慢下降,随后逐渐上升,在2-12 d内达到峰值,分别为8.37、8.37和8.25,表明较高镁浓度对微生物产碱相关代谢具有一定抑制作用。整体而言,PVA-SA-CP体系的pH峰值均低于ACF体系,说明ACF体系有利于维持较高的pH环境,从而促进沉淀反应进行。
图5B所示,ACF固定化体系中,ALP活性在0-3 d迅速上升后逐渐下降并趋于稳定。3种比例下的ALP活性峰值分别为0.45、0.19和0.11 U/L,均显著低于游离菌体系。PVA-SA-CP体系则在培养第1天达到ALP活性峰值(0.089、0.081、0.074 U/L),之后持续缓慢下降。
ACF体系释放的ALP活性整体高于PVA-SA-CP体系,这主要归因于ACF具有较大的比表面积、强吸附能力和良好的生物相容性[37-38],有利于菌体在其表面富集与生长;而SA所形成的凝胶结构较为致密,可能限制底物与产物的传质,导致营养受限及代谢产物抑制,进而影响菌体生长与酶活释放[39]
就产碱能力与ALP活性水平而言,整体表现为:ACF固定化体系优于PVA-SA-CP固定化体系。这一结果说明,尽管固定化处理对酶活有一定抑制,但ACF因其优异的吸附与生物相容特性,在维持成矿碱度与促进酶活方面仍优于PVA-SA-CP复合材料。
图6A6B分别为ACF固定化与PVA-SA-CP固定化菌球在不同Mg:N:P比例下诱导生成矿物的XRD谱图。2种固定化方式所得产物的衍射峰均与鸟粪石标准卡片(PDF#77-2303)相匹配。如图6A所示,在ACF固定化体系中,当Mg:N:P为0.6:1:1与1:1:1时,产物的衍射峰尖锐、峰形明锐,表明鸟粪石结晶度良好。然而,当比例提高至1.4:1:1时,衍射峰明显宽化、强度降低,呈现典型的无定形前驱体特征,结晶度较差。在PVA-SA-CP固定化体系中(图6B),仅在Mg:N:P=0.6:1:1条件下观察到强度较高、峰形尖锐的鸟粪石衍射峰,结晶度较好。当比例为1:1:1与1.4:1:1时,衍射图谱呈现宽化且杂乱的峰形,表明产物以结晶度低、稳定性较差的无定形磷酸盐为主。对比2种固定化体系可知,ACF固定化更有利于在较宽Mg:N:P范围内诱导形成结晶性良好的鸟粪石;而随着镁氮磷比例升高,2种体系均趋向于生成无定形磷酸盐前驱体,其中PVA-SA-CP体系对比例升高的耐受性更低。
图7所示,通过对ACF固定化体系与PVA-SA-CP固定化菌球体系所得矿物的FT-IR图谱进行分析,可见两者谱图的核心特征基本一致,均呈现出鸟粪石的典型吸收峰:2 800-3 600 cm-1区间的宽吸收峰,对应O-H的伸缩振动及NH4+中N-H的对称与反对称伸缩振动;1 436 cm-1处的吸收峰源于NH4+的反对称弯曲振动;1 664 cm-1附近的吸收峰归属于H-O-H的弯曲振动,印证产物中结晶水与铵根离子的存在;而562 cm-1附近的吸收峰对应PO43-的反对称弯曲振动,明确P-O键的存在。上述特征峰共同证实,2种固定化方法均能有效诱导鸟粪石的生成。
图7B7D所示,进一步对有机官能团及蛋白质二级结构进行精细分析,可发现两类体系的细微差异与EPS的结构特征相关:两类体系在酰胺I带(1 700-1 600 cm-1区间)均呈现出β-转角(1 681 cm-1)、α-螺旋(1 659 cm-1附近)及β-折叠(1 633 cm-1附近)的特征吸收峰,对应蛋白质的典型二级结构;同时,3 438 cm-1附近的宽吸收峰关联胺基(-NH2)与羟基(-OH)的伸缩振动,1 460 cm-1附近的信号则对应蛋白质酰胺II带的N-H弯曲与C-H伸缩振动,这些峰的存在表明2种固定化体系中,菌体均能持续分泌富含官能团的EPS。然而ACF固定化体系中,各镁氮磷比下的酰胺I带峰形更尖锐、分峰界限更清晰,尤其是1:1:1比例下α-螺旋与β-折叠的特征峰信号更强;而PVA-SA-CP体系中同区间峰的宽化程度更高,1.4:1:1比例下310螺旋的信号相对较弱,这提示ACF的多孔结构更利于EPS蛋白质二级结构的规整组装。这类有序结构的EPS携带羧基、磷酸基等负电性官能团,可通过静电作用更高效地吸附Mg2+、NH4+等阳离子,局部富集离子并提供更稳定的成核位点,从而强化鸟粪石的成矿过程。
不同氮镁磷比例ACF固定化菌诱导矿化产物的SEM表征结果见图8。低镁水平下,产物呈分散的短柱状与不规则块状,晶形发育程度较低且尺寸不均;Mg:N:P=1:1:1时,产物为规整的长板状晶体,形貌均一且表面结构相对光滑,符合鸟粪石的典型晶形特征,印证该比例下ACF固定化体系的成矿效率与晶形发育最优;高镁水平下,产物转变为细碎的无定形聚集物,无明显规整晶形且表面粗糙,与高Mg2+比例干扰晶体有序生长的规律一致。
不同镁氮磷比例下ACF固定化培养7 d后的载体SEM表征结果见图9,可明确底物比例对ACF表面菌体富集及矿物成核形貌的调控作用:低镁条件下,ACF表面仅见少量菌体与聚集物附着,体现了其微生物富集能力,但矿物发育程度较低;Mg:N:P=1:1:1 时,ACF表面被密集菌体覆盖,且菌体聚集区伴随规整矿物雏形形成,与该比例下发育完整的长板状鸟粪石特征一致,说明此比例下ACF为菌体附着、EPS分泌及矿物成核提供了反应界面[40];高镁水平下,ACF表面聚集物数量增加,但呈粗糙无定形颗粒状,未见规整鸟粪石晶形,与该比例下矿物结晶度降低的XRD结果相符,表明过高Mg2+会干扰ACF界面的矿物晶形发育。综上所述,ACF可有效富集微生物,Mg:N:P=1:1:1为其表面鸟粪石规整成矿的最优比例,Mg2+比例偏离此值会降低矿物发育程度与晶形完整性。
不同镁氮磷比例下PVA-SA-CP固定化培养7 d后的载体SEM表征结果见图10。低镁条件下,产物呈分散的颗粒状与不规则块状,形貌均一性差,无明显规整晶形;Mg:N:P=1:1:1时,产物呈现相对规整的几何状形貌,晶形发育更完善,体现了该比例下矿化过程的晶体生长有序性;高镁条件下,产物转变为粗糙的聚集状结构,晶形特征弱化,呈现无定形堆积特征。变化规律与游离菌及ACF固定化菌一致。
Mg:N:P=1:1:1比例下,PVA-SA-CP菌球的SEM表征结果见图11图11A显示菌球表面存在孔洞结构,图11B可见孔洞内部有物质堆积;图11C11D显示菌球表面存在片层状矿石,该特征为生长中鸟粪石的典型特征。同时,菌球表面分布有菌体及黏性物质,其中黏性物质推测为菌体代谢分泌的EPS;EPS可参与维持菌球的结构稳定性,其携带的有机官能团也能通过界面作用调控矿化产物的生长过程。
综上所述,2种固定化方式对矿化过程的共同影响体现为:二者均能为菌体提供附着或容纳界面,促进微生物富集与EPS的固着,且底物Mg:N:P=1:1:1均是两者诱导矿化生成规整晶形产物的最优比例,离子比例偏离此值会降低产物的晶形完整性;但两类固定化方式的矿化效果存在差异:ACF固定化体系下,1:1:1比例对应的矿化产物呈典型的长板状鸟粪石晶形,发育程度高且结晶度好;而PVA-SA-CP固定化的产物虽处于鸟粪石生长阶段,但呈层片状且易破碎断裂,同时其孔洞内的产物堆积有序性弱于ACF表面的矿物成核过程,综合来看,ACF固定化方式在矿化产物的晶形规整性与结构稳定性方面更具优势。
不同镁氮磷比例下ACF固定化诱导矿化对NH4+、PO43-、Mg2+及Ca2+的去除效果见图12。ACF诱导成矿的离子去除效果呈显著的底物比例依赖性,其中Mg:N:P=1:1:1是NH4+与PO43-高效去除的最优比例。培养7 d时该比例下NH4+浓度仅0.59 mg/L、沉降率达99.81% [沉降速率峰值282 mg/(L·d)],PO43-浓度低至0.03 mg/L、沉降率达99.99%;Mg:N:P=0.6:1:1更适配Mg2+与Ca2+的彻底去除,7 d时该比例下Mg2+浓度为0、沉降率100.00%,Ca2+沉降率90.32%;而Mg:N:P=1.4:1:1 会显著抑制离子去除效果,7 d时该比例下Mg2+沉降率仅30.00%、Ca2+沉降率65.87%,PO43-浓度升至13.00 mg/L、沉降率降至99.31%。
不同氮镁磷比例下PVA-SA-CP固定化诱导矿化对NH4+、PO43-、Mg2+及Ca2+的去除效果见图13。该体系的离子去除效果同样具有显著的底物比例依赖性,其中Mg:N:P=0.6:1:1时整体去除效能最优。培养7 d时,NH4+浓度为3.13 mg/L、沉降率99.00%,PO43-浓度为0.26 mg/L、沉降率99.98%,Mg2+浓度为104 mg/L、沉降率100.00%,Ca2+在第3天浓度即降至233.20 mg/L、沉降率达67.86%;随着Mg2+比例升高至1:1:1和1.4:1:1,各离子的去除效果逐渐变差,1.4:1:1时NH4+浓度升至6.26 mg/L、沉降率98.00%,PO43-浓度升至8.99 mg/L、沉降率99.52%,Mg2+浓度达556 mg/L、沉降率仅30.00%,Ca2+最大沉降率降至44.33%。与ACF固定化体系相比,PVA-SA-CP固定化在相同比例下的NH4+和PO43-去除彻底性更弱,Ca2+和Mg2+的去除率也更低,综合矿化效能弱于ACF固定化。
对比ACF固定化与PVA-SA-CP固定化2种方法对NH4+、PO43-、Mg2+及Ca2+的去除效果(图12-图13)可知,ACF固定化法对目标离子的去除效率及彻底性均显著优于PVA-SA-CP固定化法。这一差异可归因于两类载体的结构与功能特性差异:ACF具备较高的机械强度、良好的生物相容性及发达的微孔结构,可为微生物提供高效的固着吸附界面,促进菌体生长繁殖[41];同时,ACF表面附着的菌体可分泌大量EPS,其携带的有机官能团能有效富集溶液中的离子,为矿物成核提供充足位点,进而强化矿化去除过程。PVA-SA-CP固定化菌球中掺入的炭粉材料虽具一定吸附性,但会优先吸附Mg2+、Ca2+等金属离子,堵塞菌球内部微孔隙,降低菌体生长活性与代谢效率,最终削弱了整体矿化去除效能。综上所述,ACF固定化更适用于高氮磷废水的矿化处理,可实现目标离子的高效、彻底去除。
图14所示,在实际废水培养体系中,pH在培养初期(1-3 d)迅速上升,最高可达8.09,随后趋于稳定。ALP活性在1-6 d内逐渐升高,峰值活性为0.087 U/L,之后呈下降趋势。
与模拟废水中游离菌矿化体系相比,B. licheniformis ZXT在实际废水中的pH提升能力与ALP活性均有所降低。这主要与实际废水的复杂组成有关:废水中存在的土著微生物可能与接种菌株竞争营养物质;同时,废水中含有的高浓度有机物及少量重金属(如铬、铜等)可能对菌体生长产生抑制或毒害作用[42],从而影响其代谢活性与矿化效能。
养猪废水具有氨氮浓度高、镁钙等离子缺乏、微生物及有机污染物含量丰富的特点。基于前期研究,本研究选用游离态B. licheniformis ZXT作为矿化菌株,并以氯化镁补充镁源,考察其对实际废水中主要污染物的去除效果(图15)。
结果表明,NH4⁺浓度在处理第8天降至0.15 mg/L,去除率达99.97%,最大去除速率出现在第1天,为222 mg/(L·d)。PO43⁻浓度最终降至0.05 mg/L,去除率为99.92%,最大去除速率出现在第3天,为11 mg/(L·d)。上述结果说明,经ZXT菌诱导的生物矿化过程,可使出水中NH4⁺-N与总磷浓度分别满足≤15 mg/L与≤0.1 mg/L的国标规定的污水排放限值要求。
在处理过程中,Mg2+与Ca2+浓度分别降至258 mg/L和387 mg/L,对应去除率为73.0%与84.3%,其最大去除速率分别出现在第4天[103 mg/(L·d)]与第1天[466 mg/(L·d)]。值得注意的是,出水Ca2+浓度未能降至200 mg/L以下。该现象可归因于废水中存在的其他重金属离子(如铜、铬、铝等),可能与磷酸根优先结合成矿,从而与镁、钙离子竞争沉淀位点,影响了钙的去除效率[43]
(1) 地衣芽孢杆菌ZXT可通过分泌碱性磷酸酶(ALP活性峰值为0.75 U/L)、调节体系pH 7.5-8.6及分泌EPS,进而定向诱导Mg2+、NH4⁺、PO43-结晶生成鸟粪石,实现氮磷同步去除与资源化回收。
(2) 三种矿化方式中,ACF固定化体系效能最优,游离菌体系次之,化学沉淀法最差:ACF固定化在Mg:N:P=1:1:1比例下培养7 d,NH4⁺终浓度仅0.59 mg/L (去除率99.81%),PO43-终浓度低至0.03 mg/L (去除率99.99%),均满足国标排放标准;游离菌体系需培养15 d达到同等氮磷去除效果(NH4⁺终浓度≤0.863 mg/L,PO43-终浓度0.11-0.23 mg/L);化学沉淀法24 h内NH4⁺终浓度38.90-48.01 mg/L (去除率84.70%-87.61%),未达标且结晶度易受离子比例影响。
(3) 固定化载体特性决定矿化效能:ACF凭借发达的微孔结构、良好的生物相容性及高机械强度,可高效富集菌体并促进EPS蛋白质二级结构规整组装,为成矿提供稳定位点,其Mg2+、Ca2+最大去除率分别达100.00%、90.32%;而PVA-SA-CP菌球因内部炭粉优先吸附金属离子导致孔隙堵塞,菌体活性降低,同比例下NH4⁺、PO43-终浓度分别为5.07 mg/L、0.45 mg/L,Ca2+最大去除率仅67.86%,综合效能显著弱于ACF固定化。
(4) Mg:N:P=1:1:1是最优矿化比例,该比例下2种固定化体系均生成结晶规整的鸟粪石(ACF体系为长板状,PVA-SA-CP体系为层片状);过高Mg2+ (1.4:1:1)会导致矿物结晶度下降(ACF体系衍射峰宽化,PVA-SA-CP体系呈无定形聚集),抑制离子去除,而游离菌体系可通过生物调控弱化高镁抑制效应。
(5) 游离菌ZXT处理实际养猪废水时,培养8 d NH4⁺终浓度0.15 mg/L (去除率99.97%),PO43-终浓度0.05 mg/L (去除率99.92%),均满足国标排放要求,Mg2+、Ca2+去除率分别为73.0%、84.3%,证实该菌株在复杂实际废水处理中的应用潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42472372)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42372135)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MD063)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250989
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
  • 录用日期:2026-03-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472372)
国家自然科学基金(42472372)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372135)
国家自然科学基金(42372135)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023MD063)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MD063)
作者信息
    1.山东科技大学 化学与生物工程学院生物工程系,山东 青岛
    2.山东科技大学 地球科学与工程学院,山东 青岛
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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