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Article(id=1250834191643001273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250980, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766678400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772208000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-28, onlineDate=1776151710663, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151710663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151710663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151710663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1506, endPage=1518, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834194226692575, articleId=1250834191643001273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Towards food security initiative: progress, bottlenecks, and policy pathways for the microbial alternative protein industry in China, columnId=1226195546256356225, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Special Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

China’s national food security faces rigid constraints due to land scarcity, a large population, and heavy reliance on imported feed proteins. In this context, the initiative to seek calories and proteins from microbes has become a strategic priority for building a diversified food supply system. Microbial alternative proteins represent a quintessential new quality productive force in agriculture. They offer distinct advantages, most notably high industrial efficiency and the ability to decouple protein production from food crops and arable land. This paper reviews China’s progress in this sector based on global biomanufacturing trends. The discussion focuses on synthetic biology-driven strain engineering, gas fermentation, and industrial-scale production. Furthermore, the article critically analyzes current bottlenecks, including intellectual property barriers for elite strains, high production costs, and lagging safety evaluation standards. Finally, we propose targeted recommendations to address these challenges. These include strengthening organized basic research, establishing an intelligent manufacturing system that integrates education, technology, and talents, and reforming regulatory frameworks. These insights aim to provide a strategic reference for China to secure a commanding position in the global bio-agriculture landscape.

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E-mail: WU Chengchun,
XU Wei,
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在国家粮食安全面临“人多地少”刚性约束和饲用蛋白原料高度依赖进口的背景下，“向微生物要热量、要蛋白”已成为构建多元化食物供给体系的战略高地。微生物替代蛋白具有不与人争粮、不与粮争地、工业化生产效率高等显著优势，是农业领域典型的“新质生产力”。本文基于全球生物制造发展态势，系统梳理了我国微生物替代蛋白在合成生物学菌种创制、气体发酵、工业化量产等方面取得的进展，深刻剖析了当前面临的优良菌种知识产权受限、规模化生产成本高企、安全评价标准滞后等核心瓶颈。在此基础上，从加强有组织的基础研究、构建“教育科技人才三位一体”的智能制造体系、重塑行业准入与安全监管政策等方面提出了针对性建议，为我国抢占全球生物农业制高点提供决策参考。

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作者贡献声明

吴承春：问题提出、论文构思、文献调查、政策分析、论文写作；彭楠、徐纬：论文构思、文献调查、问题分析、论文写作。

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Trends in Biotechnology, 2026, 44(1): 65-78., articleTitle=Trends in sustainable single-cell protein from non-grain feedstocks, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1250879405808108191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=Preliminary Research Project of the 15th Five-year Plan for Agricultural and Rural Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879405954908845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=农业农村部“十五五”农业农村发展规划前期研究课题, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879399311130915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879399415988519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, companyId=1250879399311130915, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879399470514475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, companyId=1250879399311130915, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华中农业大学，农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室，湖北 武汉)]), AuthorCompany(id=1250879399604732209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879399629898034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, companyId=1250879399604732209, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879399659258165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, companyId=1250879399604732209, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华中农业大学 生命科学技术学院，湖北 武汉)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1250879404516262453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flow analysis of the feed protein deficit and the substitution potential of non-grain biological resources in China. The left side illustrates the theoretical substitution potential of various non-grain biological resources, while the right side displays the import deficit of major feed protein raw materials in China. The data indicate that based solely on existing utilization technologies for microalgae, crop straw, and organic wastes, the potential production capacity (133.50 million tonnes) is sufficient to fully cover the current import deficit (124.22 million tonnes), generating a strategic surplus (indicated by the blue flow). Furthermore, synthetic biology manufacturing (indicated by the golden flow), serving as a future incremental capacity, will further strengthen the strategic initiative in ensuring national food security., figureFileSmall=Si91U+UPSpkHBFxF/b5IEw==, figureFileBig=fW+8zJnMrCBkwW7hL7/FYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879404629508673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, language=CN, label=图1, caption=我国饲用蛋白原料缺口与非粮生物资源替代潜力流向分析, figureFileSmall=Si91U+UPSpkHBFxF/b5IEw==, figureFileBig=fW+8zJnMrCBkwW7hL7/FYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879404839223887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Three-dimensional substitution of microbial protein biomanufacturing for traditional arable agriculture. Compared to traditional soy farming which relies on two-dimensional land area (Right), modern bioreactors integrated with digital twin and precision fermentation technologies (Left) utilize three-dimensional space to significantly enhance protein production efficiency by a thousandfold, achieving a fundamental shift in production mode from climate-dependent agriculture to intelligent biomanufacturing., figureFileSmall=0OFpibEn5X4eEa1uR1pbvQ==, figureFileBig=YI6VqzxwZQWTXw/fLM2D1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879404990218840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, language=CN, label=图2, caption=微生物蛋白制造对传统耕地农业的立体化替代, figureFileSmall=0OFpibEn5X4eEa1uR1pbvQ==, figureFileBig=YI6VqzxwZQWTXw/fLM2D1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879405237682797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Strategic implementation roadmap for the high-quality development of China’s microbial alternative protein industry. Based on a synergistic framework of “Technology Innovation-Policy Support-Organizational Model”, this roadmap delineates stage-specific tasks ranging from the “Foundation Strengthening Phase” (2026-2030) and “Breakthrough Phase” (2030-2035) to the “Maturity Phase” (2035+)., figureFileSmall=SAIHZeVEP24oJBusKBFgCg==, figureFileBig=GM0VW4tllrWE7KLkjDx/2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879405376094839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, language=CN, label=图3, caption=我国微生物替代蛋白产业高质量发展实施路径图, figureFileSmall=SAIHZeVEP24oJBusKBFgCg==, figureFileBig=GM0VW4tllrWE7KLkjDx/2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879405497729666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The deficit status of feed protein and the substitution potential of non-grain biological resources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemBaseline/estimation basis

Soybean-equivalent

(×104 t)

I. Current deficit of grain-based feed proteinImported quantity (×104 t)12 422.48 (total)
Soybean11 183.0011 183.00
Maize264.7770.61
Wheat389.00155.60
Others (forage/fishmeal/animal products)1 108.001 013.27
II. Substitution potential of non-grain resourcesResource utilization assumptions/pathways>13 350.00 (total)
Maize proteinProtein content +4 percentage points2 800.00
Forage proteinProtein content +3 percentage points450.00
Microalgal proteinUse 1 million hm2 of marginal land3 300.00
Animal by-productsHigh-efficiency bioconversion of 1 billion tonnes3 000.00
Crop strawHigh-efficiency bioconversion of 100 million tonnes3 000.00
Kitchen wasteHigh-efficiency treatment of 100 million tonnes800.00
Synthetic biology manufacturingFuture technologyEnormous potential
), ArticleFig(id=1250879405585810058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191643001273, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

我国饲用蛋白原料缺口现状与非粮生物资源替代潜力测算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemBaseline/estimation basis

Soybean-equivalent

(×104 t)

I. Current deficit of grain-based feed proteinImported quantity (×104 t)12 422.48 (total)
Soybean11 183.0011 183.00
Maize264.7770.61
Wheat389.00155.60
Others (forage/fishmeal/animal products)1 108.001 013.27
II. Substitution potential of non-grain resourcesResource utilization assumptions/pathways>13 350.00 (total)
Maize proteinProtein content +4 percentage points2 800.00
Forage proteinProtein content +3 percentage points450.00
Microalgal proteinUse 1 million hm2 of marginal land3 300.00
Animal by-productsHigh-efficiency bioconversion of 1 billion tonnes3 000.00
Crop strawHigh-efficiency bioconversion of 100 million tonnes3 000.00
Kitchen wasteHigh-efficiency treatment of 100 million tonnes800.00
Synthetic biology manufacturingFuture technologyEnormous potential
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面向粮食安全主动权：我国微生物替代蛋白产业发展现状、挑战与对策
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吴承春 1 , 彭楠 1, 2 , 徐纬 1, 2
微生物学报 | 专论 2026,66(4): 1506-1518
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微生物学报 | 专论 2026, 66(4): 1506-1518
面向粮食安全主动权：我国微生物替代蛋白产业发展现状、挑战与对策
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吴承春1 , 彭楠1, 2, 徐纬1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.华中农业大学，农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室，湖北 武汉
  • 2.华中农业大学 生命科学技术学院，湖北 武汉
Towards food security initiative: progress, bottlenecks, and policy pathways for the microbial alternative protein industry in China
Chengchun WU1 , Nan PENG1, 2, Wei XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 2.College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250980
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摘要
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在国家粮食安全面临“人多地少”刚性约束和饲用蛋白原料高度依赖进口的背景下，“向微生物要热量、要蛋白”已成为构建多元化食物供给体系的战略高地。微生物替代蛋白具有不与人争粮、不与粮争地、工业化生产效率高等显著优势，是农业领域典型的“新质生产力”。本文基于全球生物制造发展态势，系统梳理了我国微生物替代蛋白在合成生物学菌种创制、气体发酵、工业化量产等方面取得的进展，深刻剖析了当前面临的优良菌种知识产权受限、规模化生产成本高企、安全评价标准滞后等核心瓶颈。在此基础上，从加强有组织的基础研究、构建“教育科技人才三位一体”的智能制造体系、重塑行业准入与安全监管政策等方面提出了针对性建议，为我国抢占全球生物农业制高点提供决策参考。

微生物替代蛋白  /  生物制造  /  粮食安全  /  合成生物学  /  科技政策

China’s national food security faces rigid constraints due to land scarcity, a large population, and heavy reliance on imported feed proteins. In this context, the initiative to seek calories and proteins from microbes has become a strategic priority for building a diversified food supply system. Microbial alternative proteins represent a quintessential new quality productive force in agriculture. They offer distinct advantages, most notably high industrial efficiency and the ability to decouple protein production from food crops and arable land. This paper reviews China’s progress in this sector based on global biomanufacturing trends. The discussion focuses on synthetic biology-driven strain engineering, gas fermentation, and industrial-scale production. Furthermore, the article critically analyzes current bottlenecks, including intellectual property barriers for elite strains, high production costs, and lagging safety evaluation standards. Finally, we propose targeted recommendations to address these challenges. These include strengthening organized basic research, establishing an intelligent manufacturing system that integrates education, technology, and talents, and reforming regulatory frameworks. These insights aim to provide a strategic reference for China to secure a commanding position in the global bio-agriculture landscape.

microbial alternative protein  /  biomanufacturing  /  food security  /  synthetic biology  /  science and technology policy
吴承春, 彭楠, 徐纬. 面向粮食安全主动权：我国微生物替代蛋白产业发展现状、挑战与对策. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1506 -1518 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250980
Chengchun WU, Nan PENG, Wei XU. Towards food security initiative: progress, bottlenecks, and policy pathways for the microbial alternative protein industry in China[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1506 -1518 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250980
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粮食安全是“国之大者”。在百年未有之大变局下，构建多元化食物供给体系，确保中国人的饭碗牢牢端在自己手中，是农业科技创新的核心使命[1]。在耕地资源趋紧、国际供应链波动加剧的背景下，发展微生物替代蛋白产业，不仅是突破资源环境桎梏的必然选择，更是培育农业新质生产力、抢占全球生物经济制高点的关键举措[2-3]。
1 发展微生物替代蛋白是解决饲料粮安全的战略机遇
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1.1 突破耕地资源桎梏的必然选择
长期以来，我国饲料粮供给存在显著的结构性矛盾。据统计，我国饲用蛋白原料对外依存度长期居高不下，大豆年进口量约1亿t，对外依存度超80%。若要实现大豆完全自给，理论上需新增约5 000万hm2耕地，这在我国“人多地少”的国情下显然不可行(表1)。因此，跳出传统耕地依赖，开辟“第二粮仓”，是保障国家粮食安全的根本出路。
微生物替代蛋白具有“不与人争粮、不与粮争地、不与地争肥”的独特优势[5]。微生物生长周期短、效率高，可进行工业化连续生产。更为关键的是，微生物蛋白生产可以利用非粮资源作为底盘原料。一方面，利用工业尾气(如一氧化碳、二氧化碳)进行气体发酵生产乙醇梭菌蛋白[6]，已在我国实现规模化突破，成为“无中生有”制造蛋白的典范。另一方面，我国每年产生农业废弃物超50亿t (含畜禽粪污、秸秆、糟粕等)，这些富含碳源的废弃物通过微生物协同转化，不仅解决了面源污染问题，更是一座巨大的“隐形蛋白矿”[7]。经测算，若通过生物转化技术充分挖掘这些生物资源的潜力，其潜在年产能可达1.34亿t大豆当量(表1)，完全可以覆盖豆粕等进口蛋白的缺口(图1)。这种从“传统种植”向“生物制造”的转型，本质上是一场生产范式的升维革命。它将农业生产从对土地面积(二维平面)的刚性依赖，彻底解放并延伸至集约化的工业空间(三维立体)。这种通过垂直空间换取耕地资源的模式，显著提升了单位面积的产出效率，成千倍地提高了资源利用效率，是典型的资源节约型、环境友好型农业发展模式[8] (图2)。
1.2 农业新质生产力的核心载体
微生物替代蛋白产业不仅是资源的替代，更是生产方式的革命。它集成了合成生物学、发酵工程、人工智能等多学科前沿技术，不仅符合“高科技、高效能、高质量”的特征，更是农业领域典型的“新质生产力”[9]。
目前，我国微生物替代蛋白的发展主要呈现2条核心技术路径，体现了“增量”与“提质”并举的战略思路。在增量创制维度，主要利用合成生物学创造新蛋白。通过底盘细胞的从头设计与构建，利用乙醇梭菌[10]、酿酒酵母[11]、微藻[12]等微生物，将无机碳氮或低值碳源高效转化为高品质菌体蛋白。例如，利用合成生物学技术重构碳氮代谢网络，可显著提升微生物对无机氮素的同化效率。与此同时，存量提质路径则聚焦于通过酶菌协同发酵释放存量资源潜力[13]。我国拥有大量的棉粕、菜粕、酒糟等非常规蛋白原料，但受限于抗营养因子(如棉酚、硫苷)和高纤维含量，其饲用价值未被充分开发。通过筛选特异性降解菌株(如产朊假丝酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌)与高效酶制剂进行协同发酵，可以实现抗营养因子的靶向消减和蛋白质品质的生物重塑。这不仅提升了原料的消化吸收率，更通过生物转化合成了菌体蛋白和小肽等高附加值营养素，实现了传统饲料原料的价值倍增。
这种基于“生物智造”的生产方式，将农业生产的可控性、精准度和效率提升到了前所未有的高度，代表了现代农业的发展方向。
1.3 国际博弈的战略制高点
全球范围内，替代蛋白已成为科技与产业竞争的焦点[14]。美国、欧盟等发达国家纷纷出台战略规划，如美国的“国家生物技术计划”和荷兰的“细胞农业”战略，加速在微生物蛋白领域的布局。以美国Ginkgo Bioworks、Perfect Day等企业为代表，国际巨头利用“人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)设计+精密发酵”技术，在人造肉、人造奶等食品领域占据了先发优势，早期掌握了相关高端替代蛋白食品领域较多核心专利，如利用基因编辑和微生物发酵技术合成动物蛋白、利用特定配方技术模拟肉类口感等[15]。
然而，我国在这一博弈中具备独特的战略纵深和“非对称”优势。与欧美主要聚焦高端食品领域不同，我国立足于庞大的养殖业需求，首创了“植物-微生物-昆虫”协同的饲用蛋白生产模式。我国在饲用端拥有巨大的市场腹地和丰富的非粮生物质资源。虽然在智能制造装备和部分核心菌种专利上仍面临挑战，但在气体发酵蛋白的工业化量产、固态发酵饲料的工程化应用等方面，我国已经形成了具有自主知识产权的技术体系。通过实施“饲用替代蛋白工程”，构建自主可控的微生物蛋白产业链，不仅能够打破国际粮商对大豆供应链的垄断，更能通过技术外溢，带动食品级微生物蛋白的发展，从而在国际农业生物技术竞争中掌握主动权。这是一场关乎国家粮食安全底线的科技攻坚战，也是我国从农业大国向农业强国跨越的关键一招。
2 国内外微生物替代蛋白发展的现状和态势对比
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在全球生物经济的版图中，微生物替代蛋白产业正经历从“概念验证”向“规模化准入”跨越的关键窗口期。早期，该产业形成了以美国和欧洲为核心的双驱动格局。近年来，在国家战略的持续驱动下，我国微生物替代蛋白产业已完成从“跟随模仿”向“部分领跑”的跨越，形成了以“气体发酵蛋白”为标杆、“酵母源蛋白”为基石、“固态发酵饲料”为支撑的多元化发展格局。
2.1 欧美主导的精密发酵与商业化浪潮
欧美依托其在合成生物学领域的先发优势，确立了以精密发酵为主导的技术范式，如利用基因重组技术定向合成乳清蛋白、卵白蛋白等高附加值功能组分。芬兰国家技术研究中心(Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT)团队针对改造的里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)生产卵白蛋白进行了详尽的工业化全生命周期评估[16]。数据显示，与传统养鸡业相比，精密发酵生产卵白蛋白可显著减少温室气体排放，并大幅降低土地使用需求，为该技术路线的商业化提供了确凿的科学依据。代表性企业Perfect Day利用同一菌种里氏木霉高效表达β-乳球蛋白，不仅成功通过了美国食品药品监督管理局(Food And Drug Administration, FDA)的公认安全(generally recognized as safe, GRAS)认证，其产品以PROFERM品牌率先实现全球商业化发售；而平台型巨头Ginkgo Bioworks则通过高通量自动化生物铸造厂，大幅缩短了工程菌株的从头设计与筛选周期，掌握了大量底盘细胞核心专利，构筑起极高的技术壁垒[17]。另一方面，欧美在真菌菌丝体发酵与气体发酵领域也具有先发优势。德国图宾根大学团队开发了一种两阶段生物制造系统[18]，首先利用扬氏梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii)将CO2和H2高效转化为乙酸，随后以乙酸为底物培养酿酒酵母，成功实现了在单一系统中联产高蛋白菌体与高附加值的叶酸，蛋白含量高达细胞干重的40%-50%。英国Quorn公司深耕威尼斯镰刀菌(Fusarium venenatum)发酵数十年，已建成全球最大的真菌蛋白生产线，年产能突破数万吨级，其产品在欧盟市场的渗透率已足以与传统肉类抗衡，不仅验证了真菌蛋白作为主食替代的可行性，也为后发企业提供了成熟的工程化范本。与此同时，芬兰Solar Foods在气体发酵领域取得突破，其利用氢气和二氧化碳生产的Solein蛋白已在新加坡和美国获得食品监管批准，标志着“空气蛋白”正式进入人类餐桌，实现了显著的价值跃升。
这种“技术-产业”的快速迭代，很大程度上得益于欧美成熟的生物安全评价与准入体系。无论是美国的GRAS制度还是欧盟的Novel Food法规，都针对新型微生物食品建立了清晰的分类评价路径与科学的风险评估模型。这种完善的制度供给消除了创新技术商业化的不确定性，使得国外企业能够迅速打通从实验室到市场的“最后一公里”，在高端食品级微生物蛋白市场占据了先发优势。
2.2 我国产业的非对称优势
在气体发酵合成蛋白领域，我国已实现“换道超车”。我国在全球范围内率先突破了利用工业尾气(一氧化碳、二氧化碳)合成乙醇梭菌蛋白的关键技术，并成功实现了万吨级工业化量产[19]。这一技术路线不仅开辟了“无中生有”制造蛋白的新途径，更确立了我国在碳捕捉与生物利用领域的国际领先地位。该技术的成功应用，标志着我国已具备将工业废碳转化为优质饲用蛋白的规模化生产能力，为解决蛋白原料短缺提供了颠覆性解决方案。作为产业基石的酵母源蛋白，依托安琪酵母等行业龙头企业，正向高值化转型。我国已建成全球领先的酵母及酵母衍生物生产体系，拥有全球第二大的产能规模(总产能达45万t)。产业正从传统的整细胞蛋白粉向高附加值的酵母水解物、酵母培养物升级。通过选育“超级酵母”高蛋白菌株，并结合低能耗连续发酵与酶解破壁技术，不仅显著提升了产品的粗蛋白(≥40%)、小肽(≥20%)等营养指标，更实现了对糖蜜、玉米淀粉母液等工业副产物的高效资源化利用，构建了成熟的循环经济模式。此外，在非常规蛋白资源利用方面，针对我国年产超5 000万t的菜粕、棉粕、酒糟等存量资源，生物转化潜力巨大。国内科研团队已建立起成熟的“酶-菌多元协同”发酵体系[20]。通过筛选产朊假丝酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌等特异性降解菌株，配合高效酶制剂进行固态发酵，成功实现了对抗营养因子(如硫苷、棉酚等)的高效降解(降解率可达60%-80%)，将原本难以利用的杂粕转化为优质饲用蛋白原料，有效盘活了存量蛋白资源。
2.3 研发布局与生态对比
在顶层设计上，不同于欧美主要依赖风险资本驱动的“自下而上”商业创新模式，我国采取了发挥全局统筹优势和“自上而下”战略布局。随着《“十四五”生物经济发展规划》的实施，顶层设计与科技支撑体系日益完备。生物制造已被明确列为国家战略性新兴产业的核心赛道，确立了微生物蛋白在国家未来粮食安全保障体系中的战略地位。在具体执行层面，国家重点研发计划通过设立“合成生物学” “绿色生物制造”等重点专项，已对微生物底盘细胞的适配性改造、蛋白元件的智能设计及高效合成路径的构建进行了前瞻性布局与系统性支持。这种“自上而下”的政策引导模式有效弥补了早期市场动力不足的问题，不仅通过中央财政资金发挥了关键的指挥棒作用，更有效引导了社会资本与创新要素向该领域聚集，初步构建起了从基础理论突破到关键技术攻关的政策支撑矩阵，为产业的爆发式增长奠定了坚实的制度基石。
在技术路径的选择上，与国际上聚焦乳蛋白、卵白蛋白等高附加值食品组分的精密发酵路线略有不同，我国现阶段更侧重于大宗饲用蛋白的替代与非粮资源的底盘适配。在这一体系支持下，底盘细胞创制与非粮资源挖掘取得了重要突破。我国科研团队在毕赤酵母、大肠杆菌、解脂耶氏酵母等底盘细胞的构建上取得突破，开发了多套适配的基因编辑工具和代谢调控策略[21]。特别在新型资源挖掘上，针对光合细菌、微藻等自养微生物的研究逐步深入[22]。
在创新生态构建上，我国正加速形成有别于美国“东西海岸生物港”式初创企业集群的“龙头企业+国家平台”协同攻关模式。以湖北省为例，依托农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室等国家级平台，以华中农业大学、湖北师范大学和湖北省农业科学院等高校和科研院所为源头创新策源地，以安琪酵母、新华扬等行业领军企业为成果转化主阵地，省内已经形成了“基础研究-技术攻关-产业应用”的完整创新链条。这种有组织的产学研用深度融合模式，集中力量攻关，正在加速打破优良菌种和关键工艺的“卡脖子”限制，推动我国微生物替代蛋白产业向价值链高端迈进。
3 制约微生物饲用蛋白高质量发展的瓶颈问题
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尽管我国微生物替代蛋白产业已具备一定的前期优势，但对标国家粮食安全的战略需求和国际先进水平，仍面临“科学基础薄弱、核心技术卡脖子、工程化放大难、标准法规滞后”四大瓶颈，制约了产业向价值链高端迈进。
3.1 科学基础薄弱
首先，碳氮协同代谢机理的模糊限制了合成效率的提升。微生物蛋白合成的核心在于碳源与氮源的高效转化[23]。然而，目前对于微生物如何高效利用无机碳氮(如CO₂、氨气)或复杂有机碳氮(如木质纤维素、餐厨垃圾)进行代谢流分配的机制尚不明确。特别是在高密度发酵过程中，能量传递、还原力供给与物质转化之间的偶联机制仍存在“黑箱”，导致碳氮转化效率遭遇生物学极限，难以通过简单的工艺优化实现突破。其次，复杂原料降解的协同机制缺失制约了存量资源的利用。我国拥有丰富的非粮生物质资源(如棉粕、菜粕、秸秆)，但这些原料成分复杂，且含有棉酚、硫苷、单宁等抗营养因子[24]。目前，针对木质纤维素等复杂底物的“酶-菌”协同降解机制，以及对抗营养因子的靶向生物消减机制研究尚不深入。缺乏高效的酶解预处理与微生物定向发酵的耦合理论模型，导致原料利用率低，产品品质不稳定。
3.2 菌种、技术与成本的多重限制
底盘细胞的自主创制能力仍是制约产业上限的关键短板。菌种是生物制造的“芯片”。目前，我国在高产、高转化率、高适应性的底盘细胞(无论是原核还是真核)创制方面，与国际领先水平仍有差距。部分核心工业菌种和基因编辑工具箱的知识产权受限，存在专利壁垒风险[25]。此外，针对特定原料(如高纤维废弃物)的专用高效菌株资源匮乏，限制了原料的广谱性利用。
AI辅助智能制造技术的低渗透率限制了工艺效率的进一步释放。AI相关技术已在合成生物学元件挖掘、创制和应用方面广泛使用，并在生物制造领域发挥重要作用。如瑞士团队通过新开发的AI模型预测并评估10 211个不同靶位点下TnpB编辑效率实现快速高效编辑[26]；美国团队在2025年利用蛋白质生成模型成功从零构建出优于天然结构的人造丝氨酸水解酶[27]。具体在微生物蛋白生产领域，与国际上广泛采用的“AI设计+精密发酵”模式[28]相比，我国目前实际生产中缺乏“数字孪生”发酵控制系统的应用。大型生物反应器的流场模拟、多参数在线监测与实时反馈控制技术落后，导致发酵过程的气液传质效率低、能耗高，难以实现全流程的精准调控[29]。
上述技术局限最终投射在终端产品上，表现为成本与品质的双重压力。由于碳氮转化效率限制，目前微生物蛋白的综合生产成本仍大幅高于豆粕等传统植物蛋白，如利用纤维素残渣生产酵母或真菌蛋白的成本约每千克40-80元(5-9欧元)、利用氢能或甲烷的细菌蛋白成本约每千克80-400元(10-48欧元)、利用光能和CO2的微藻蛋白成本约每千克80-150元(10-18欧元)，除此之外还要叠加每千克40-120元(5-15欧元)的细胞破碎、蛋白提取提纯等流程的费用[30]。对比豆粕蛋白低于每千克30元的价格，微生物蛋白缺乏显著的市场价格竞争力。不同技术路线面临差异化的成本制约与降本路径。对于微藻蛋白而言，光照系统(自然光或人工LED)是其核心成本要素，在欧美实践中光照通常占据运营总成本的30%-40%[31]；因此，未来的经济性突破可利用低价值边际土地与自然光资源的耦合。相比之下，酵母、丝状真菌及细菌等发酵类蛋白的成本优势则高度依赖低值化底物。充分发挥我国全产业链的统筹优势，通过“变废为宝”策略，利用食品加工废弃物、农作物秸秆及工业尾气废水替代昂贵的葡萄糖碳源，是将其生产成本压缩至接近甚至低于豆粕水平的关键所在[30]。同时，部分微生物蛋白产品存在核酸含量过高、异味重、适口性差等问题，且部分抗营养因子未完全消除，限制了其在单胃动物(如猪、禽)饲料中的大规模高比例添加[24]。
3.3 从实验室成果到工厂产品的工程化困难
关键工程化装备的短板已成为制约产业效能的首要因素。我国在微生物蛋白生产的专用装备方面存在短板，缺乏适配大规模生产的大型化、智能化、连续化生物反应器。特别是在后处理环节，高效的分离提取、低温干燥等节能装备国产化程度低，导致生产能耗高，影响了产品的经济性[20]。这一硬件缺陷因公共中试放大平台的缺失而被进一步放大。高校和科研院所积累了大量实验室成果，但通常停留在摇瓶或小罐阶段。由于缺乏公共、通用的千吨级中试示范平台，实验室数据难以直接指导工业化放大，导致大量科研成果在从“0到1”向“1到100”的转化过程中夭折，难以跨越从实验室走向工业量产的“死亡之谷”[32]。缺乏中试验证数据，也使得企业不敢贸然投入巨资进行万吨级产线建设[33]。
3.4 政策与标准层面的管理体系滞后于产业创新
当前，安全评价与市场准入的高壁垒显著拖慢了技术落地。新型微生物蛋白(特别是涉及基因编辑的工程菌株产品)属于新饲料原料。目前的审批流程主要参照传统化学添加剂或药物，缺乏针对微生物蛋白特性的分类管理标准和科学的生物安全评价指南。审批周期长、数据要求复杂，大大拖慢了新技术产品的上市速度。在市场准入之后，行业标准体系的缺失则引发了由于监管真空带来的无序竞争。目前，微生物饲用蛋白领域缺乏统一的国家标准或行业标准。对于产品的质量指标(如真蛋白含量、氨基酸谱)、检测方法(如核酸、毒素残留检测)以及标签标识规范尚不完善。标准的缺失导致市场上产品良莠不齐，监管难度大，也使得正规企业在面对低质低价竞争时处于劣势，影响了行业的健康有序发展。
4 构建“技术-政策-组织”三维协同的产业发展路径
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面对微生物替代蛋白产业发展中的“卡脖子”技术挑战与“软环境”制度约束，必须超越单一的技术视角，坚持系统观念，构建“技术创新-政策保障-组织模式”三维协同的战略体系。既要强化有组织的科研攻关以突破底层封锁，又要通过包容审慎的政策供给重塑产业生态，同时适应新赛道特征改革科研组织模式。基于此，本文提出我国微生物替代蛋白产业从“强基”到“攻坚”再到“成熟”的分阶段高质量发展实施路径(图3)，旨在有序解决从源头创制、工程化放大到市场化应用全链条中的核心矛盾。
4.1 技术攻关强化有组织的科研创新
全链条的有组织科研攻关，在源头创新层面，应依托高校打造“合成生物学+AI”的原始创新策源地。建议充分发挥农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室等国家战略科技力量的建制化优势，聚焦“从0到1”的原始创新。重点开展“AI驱动的蛋白质设计与底盘适配”研究，利用人工智能辅助挖掘高通量基因元件，开发具有自主知识产权的基因编辑工具箱(如Cas12、TnpB编辑器)。针对前述“碳氮代谢机理不清”的瓶颈，深入解析微生物在复杂原料环境下的代谢流分配规律，构建高产、耐逆、低核酸的工业级底盘细胞工厂，从源头上解决菌种性能不足的问题。在工艺革新环节，需推动校企联合以攻克“生物智造”的工程化难题。鼓励龙头企业与高校组建创新联合体，重点攻关“发酵-分离-干燥”全流程的智能化工艺。引入“数字孪生”技术，建立发酵过程的数字化模型，实现对温度、pH、溶氧及代谢产物的实时在线监测与反馈控制，大幅提升气液传质效率，降低生产能耗。针对粕桑类等复杂原料，推广“酶-菌多元协同”发酵工艺，结合机器学习等人工智能算法，实现针对特定底物的高效降解复合酶系的精准预测与智能设计[34]，并利用特定功能菌株(如产朊假丝酵母)与酶制剂的时序协同，实现抗营养因子的靶向降解与营养素的生物富集，解决原料利用率低的难题。最终在应用评价端，需跨学科构建精准营养体系。依托动物营养与饲料科学优势学科，建立微生物替代蛋白的抗营养因子数据库和净能/氨基酸消化率参数库。系统开展微生物蛋白在猪、禽、水产等不同动物模型上的饲喂效果评估，解析其对肠道健康和免疫功能的调节机制。通过精准配方设计和生物效价评定，解决微生物蛋白“能不能吃、好不好吃、怎么吃”的应用端痛点，加速其在饲料配方中的替代应用。
4.2 营造包容审慎的产业生态
重塑适配新业态的准入与标准体系是当务之急。建议农业农村部会同国家卫健委等部门，针对微生物蛋白的新属性，加快制定科学的生物安全评价指南。对于基因编辑菌株等前沿产品，探索建立“分类管理”和“白名单”制度，在确保安全的前提下开辟审批“绿色通道”，缩短上市周期。同时，牵头制定微生物饲用蛋白的国家标准，明确真蛋白、核酸限量、毒素残留等关键质量指标，规范行业发展，打击低质竞争。与此同时，需强化财政金融的定向支持以分担创新风险。建议将微生物替代蛋白纳入国家饲料粮安全保障体系的战略范畴。参照大豆、玉米的生产者补贴政策，研究出台针对微生物蛋白生产企业的产能补贴或电价优惠政策，降低企业运营成本。鼓励金融机构开发“生物资产抵押” “绿色信贷”等专项金融产品，支持企业进行设备更新和技术改造。此外，建设公共中试平台是打通转化“最后一公里”的关键举措。针对工程化放大难题，建议由国家或地方政府主导，支持高校与龙头企业共建高水平的微生物生物制造中试平台。建设通用的千吨级发酵与后处理示范线，提供从菌种验证、工艺放大到产品试制的“一站式”服务，降低企业的试错成本和投资风险，加速实验室成果向工业化产品的转化速度。
4.3 适应新赛道改革科研组织模式
首先，必须强化国家科技计划对全链条创新的持续引领。建议在即将启动的“十五五”国家重点研发计划中设立“饲用替代蛋白工程”专项，进一步聚焦“植物-微生物-昆虫”三维研发体系，将微生物利用无机碳氮高效合成蛋白的调控机制、高效蛋白合成机器的人工智能设计等列为核心攻关任务，以全链条的系统设计为产业持续创新提供源头动力。在此基础上，需打破传统学科壁垒，组建跨学科创新中心。打破微生物学、发酵工程、动物营养、机械工程等传统学科界限，组建跨学院的“微生物蛋白创新中心”。通过设立交叉学科研究项目，鼓励生物学家“懂工程”、工程师“懂生物”、营养学家“懂原料”，培养复合型生物农业创新人才。最后，评价体系的改革是引导科研“落地”的关键指挥棒。在职称评审和绩效考核中，破除“唯论文”倾向，增加对工程化技术突破、行业标准制定、新饲料原料证书获取等标志性成果的权重。建立成果转化收益分配的激励机制，鼓励科研人员走出实验室，把论文写在祖国的发酵罐上，真正解决产业发展的实际问题。
5 总结与展望
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发展微生物饲用替代蛋白，不仅是落实“大食物观”的生动实践，更是我国突破耕地资源刚性约束、从根本上掌握粮食安全主动权的战略抉择。当前，我国在气体发酵合成蛋白、酵母源蛋白及非常规资源的生物转化等方面已具备一定的产业基础，但仍面临碳氮代谢机理不清、底盘细胞自主创制能力不足、工程化放大困难及准入标准滞后等多重挑战。未来，该领域的发展需依托“植物-微生物-昆虫”多源互补的中国特色农业生态系统，系统性提升产业效能。
高校与科研机构应主动担当，发挥基础研究“主力军”和重大科技突破“策源地”作用，深度融入“政产学研金”协同创新生态以攻克规模化量产的工程学难题。随着相关质量标准体系与政策环境的不断完善，我国微生物替代蛋白产业有望在2030年实现百万吨级产能的跨越。这不仅将极大推动我国生物制造在农业生产中的比重，实现高水平的粮食安全保障，也将为全球农业的绿色可持续发展提供基于生物科技的创新方案。
基金
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  • 农业农村部“十五五”农业农村发展规划前期研究课题
文献
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2026年第66卷第4期
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文章信息
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250980
  • 接收时间：2025-12-26
  • 首发时间：2026-04-14
  • 出版时间：2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期：2025-12-26
  • 录用日期：2026-02-28
基金
Preliminary Research Project of the 15th Five-year Plan for Agricultural and Rural Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
农业农村部“十五五”农业农村发展规划前期研究课题
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    1.华中农业大学，农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室，湖北 武汉
    2.华中农业大学 生命科学技术学院，湖北 武汉
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250980
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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