Article(id=1250834191403921930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250913, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765123200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768924800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineDate=1776151710606, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151710606, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151710606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151710606, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1839, endPage=1857, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834193916310081, articleId=1250834191403921930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Postharvest anthracnose-inhibiting and preservative effects of volatile organic compounds produced by endophytic Bacillus from tea plants on mangoes and bananas, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To screen the microbial strains producing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with both broad-spectrum antagonistic activity and postharvest fruit preservation potential. Methods Endophytic bacterial strains were isolated and purified by the dilution plating method from the roots and branches of wild tea plants in Guangxi, China. Candidate strains were initially selected based on the number of functional traits via six types of functional media: cellulase, amylase, siderophore, organic phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus, and nitrogen-fixing media. The antagonistic activity of the strains against seven common plant pathogenic fungi was determined by the dual-culture assay, and thus the broad-spectrum antagonistic strains were screened out. Strains with superior overall performance were further selected to evaluate their antagonistic activity against the postharvest anthracnose pathogens—Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum musae—of mangoes and bananas. An in vitro banana preservation assay was conducted with the chemical preservative prochloraz as a positive control. Results Functional screening on selective media yielded 98 strains that simultaneously possessed four or more plant growth-promoting or stress-tolerance traits, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore production. In dual-culture assays against seven common plant pathogenic fungi, 18 broad-spectrum antagonistic strains significantly inhibiting at least five pathogens were screened out, among which four strains exhibited stable and strong antagonistic activity against all the seven pathogens. On this basis, two key indicators, number of functional traits and broad-spectrum inhibition rate, were comprehensively evaluated, and five strains with the best overall performance were finally selected for subsequent specific antagonism assays against the pathogens causing mango and banana anthracnose and for validation of their postharvest fruit preservation effects. In dual-culture assays, the inhibition rates of the tested strains against the two anthracnose pathogens ranged from 43.36% to 83.50%. In plate-on-plate assays, the VOCs produced by these strains exhibited inhibition rates of 56.80%-99.25% against C. fructicola and 54.50%-99.85% against C. musae, with several strains showing nearly 100.00% inhibitory activity against both pathogens. In vitro fruit preservation tests demonstrated that VOCs produced by the antagonistic strains delayed the postharvest decay of mangoes and bananas to varying degrees. Strain T-1-6 showed the most pronounced effect, extending the onset of visible banana decay to 21 days (the final decay grade was grade 0), and its preservation effect was comparable to that of the chemical preservative prochloraz, achieving approximately 50% control efficacy against surface molds on mangoes. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene and gyrB sequences revealed that all the five dominant antagonistic strains belonged to the genus Bacillus, including B. amyloliquefaciens, B. thuringiensis, B. cereus, and B. subtilis. Conclusion The VOCs-producing endophytic Bacillus strains from tea plants possess multiple functional traits and broad-spectrum antagonistic activity. This study provides promising candidate strains and a theoretical basis for the green disease control and biopreservation of postharvest tropical fruits such as mangoes and bananas.

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E-mail: ZHOU Yan,
JIANG Mingguo,
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目的 筛选兼具广谱拮抗活性和水果采后保鲜功能的微生物源挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)产生菌株。 方法 以广西野生茶树根系和枝条内生细菌为研究对象,采用稀释涂布平板法分离纯化内生细菌。通过纤维素酶、淀粉酶、铁载体、有机磷、无机磷及固氮等6类功能培养基进行筛选,依据功能特性数量初步筛选候选菌株;采用平板对峙法测定菌株对7种常见通用植物病原真菌的拮抗活性,筛选广谱拮抗菌株。进一步选取综合性能较优的菌株,针对芒果和芭蕉炭疽病原菌——果生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum fructicola)和芭蕉炭疽菌(Colletotrichum musae)进行拮抗评价,并以化学保鲜剂咪鲜胺为对照开展离体香蕉保鲜试验。 结果 功能培养基初筛共获得98株同时具备固氮、溶磷、产铁载体等4种及以上促生或抗逆功能特性的菌株。以7种常见植物病原真菌为靶标进行平板对峙复筛得到18株对至少5种病原菌具有显著抑制作用的广谱拮抗菌株,其中4株对全部7种病原菌均表现出稳定且较强的拮抗活性。在此基础上,综合考量功能特性数量和广谱抑菌率2项核心指标,最终遴选出5株综合性能最优的菌株,用于后续针对芒果/芭蕉炭疽病原菌的特异性拮抗评价及果实保鲜效果验证。平板对峙试验中5株菌株对2种炭疽病原菌的抑菌率为43.36%-83.50%;平板对扣试验显示,其产生的VOCs对果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌的抑菌率分别为56.80%-99.25%和54.50%-99.85%,部分菌株对2种病原菌均表现出接近100.00%的强抑菌活性。离体果实保鲜试验结果表明,拮抗菌株产生的VOCs均能不同程度延缓芒果和香蕉的腐烂进程,其中菌株T-1-6保鲜效果最为突出,可将香蕉明显腐烂时间延长至21 d,末期腐烂等级为0级,其保鲜效果与化学保鲜剂咪鲜胺相当,对芒果表面霉菌的防效约为50%。16S rRNA基因和gyrB基因序列分析表明,5株优势拮抗菌株均隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),包括解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)等。 结论 本研究从茶树根系和枝条内生细菌中获得了一批具有多功能特性和广谱拮抗活性的VOCS产生菌株,为芒果、香蕉等热带水果采后病害的绿色防控与生物保鲜技术开发提供了潜在优良菌种资源和理论依据。

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作者贡献声明

吴姝静:实验设计、核心实验执行、数据采集与分析、论文初稿撰写、图表绘制;吕玟玟:协助实验执行、数据整理与统计、文献检索与补充;叶瑞萍:协助样品采集、培养基配制、实验耗材准备、参考文献整理、结果记录;罗玉珍:协助拮抗试验重复验证、数据复核、论文格式排版;孟宇翔:协助保鲜试验操作、结果记录、图片处理、菌株编号与归档;谢晓莹:协助功能培养基筛选、样品处理;姜明国:研究方向把控、实验关键技术指导、论文学术内容审核、修改意见整合与定稿;周燕:项目整体构思与设计、经费获取、实验方案监督指导、论文核心内容修改与定稿、学术联络与投稿沟通。

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A: Organic phosphorus solubilization; B: Inorganic phosphorus solubilization; C: Siderophore production; D: Amylase production; E: Nitrogen fixation; F: Cellulase production., figureFileSmall=Wt2Wtlub5t8oKhTLXPVNHw==, figureFileBig=Wi7YxJhXHAt/EYolywbOqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413039083747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图3, caption=部分菌株在不同功能培养基上的实验效果, figureFileSmall=Wt2Wtlub5t8oKhTLXPVNHw==, figureFileBig=Wi7YxJhXHAt/EYolywbOqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413315907830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Number of antagonistic strains against different plant pathogenic fungi., figureFileSmall=DlfNWlvep3a0ZvPUczR02A==, figureFileBig=t3BGJt+mn4bbf8Lsrz54uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413525623043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图4, caption=针对不同病原真菌拮抗菌株数量, figureFileSmall=DlfNWlvep3a0ZvPUczR02A==, figureFileBig=t3BGJt+mn4bbf8Lsrz54uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413731143954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Antagonistic spectrum of the strains against plant pathogenic fungi., figureFileSmall=CrCM7c4vHb26husL10qLuw==, figureFileBig=0hnrOdXmbUigOpjkU3m5/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879413873750296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株对病原真菌的拮抗谱统计, figureFileSmall=CrCM7c4vHb26husL10qLuw==, figureFileBig=0hnrOdXmbUigOpjkU3m5/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879414167351597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Antagonistic effects of strain T-1-6 against plant pathogenic fungi. A: Bipolaris sorokiniana; B: Neoscytalidium dimidiatum; C: Choanephora cucurbitarum; D: Cryphonectria parasitica; E: Fusarium oxysporum; F: Fusarium chlamydosporum; G: Botryosphaeria dothidea., figureFileSmall=vrakpd9uvuNSYYis92MtFA==, figureFileBig=PMuqbbtvPVohyTc3PcfZrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879414393844028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图6, caption=菌株T-1-6对植物病原真菌的拮抗效果, figureFileSmall=vrakpd9uvuNSYYis92MtFA==, figureFileBig=PMuqbbtvPVohyTc3PcfZrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879414565810503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Inhibitory effect of strain T-1-6 against Colletotrichum fructicola. A: CK; B: T-1-6., figureFileSmall=/NCeivkQC900JDrJi15i1g==, figureFileBig=mMXnYq/h7U50TOq/chbclg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879414716805456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图7, caption=T-1-6对果生炭疽菌的抑制作用, figureFileSmall=/NCeivkQC900JDrJi15i1g==, figureFileBig=mMXnYq/h7U50TOq/chbclg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879414964269417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Inhibitory effect of strain T-1-6 against Colletotrichum musae. A: CK; B: T-1-6., figureFileSmall=MYVc17N35QybgreUII79QQ==, figureFileBig=czlGzHohc3ilr8swoX66ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415140430193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图8, caption=T-1-6对芭蕉炭疽菌的抑制作用, figureFileSmall=MYVc17N35QybgreUII79QQ==, figureFileBig=czlGzHohc3ilr8swoX66ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415287230843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Inhibitory effect of VOCs produced by strain T-1-6 against Colletotrichum fructicola. A: CK; B: T-1-6., figureFileSmall=uUMPCk3nM/P3qs/mFQucPw==, figureFileBig=puZpVlvcyWAFos23Wq8w+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415484363141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图9, caption=T-1-6 VOCs对果生炭疽菌的抑制作用, figureFileSmall=uUMPCk3nM/P3qs/mFQucPw==, figureFileBig=puZpVlvcyWAFos23Wq8w+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415564054924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Inhibitory effect of VOCs produced by strain T-1-6 against Colletotrichum musae. A: CK; B: T-1-6., figureFileSmall=rXEMgM8hYRUBbDa2ntMqMQ==, figureFileBig=wVjVjOlBymZE9Kw7H/rEwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415685689749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图10, caption=T-1-6 VOCs对芭蕉炭疽菌的抑制作用, figureFileSmall=rXEMgM8hYRUBbDa2ntMqMQ==, figureFileBig=wVjVjOlBymZE9Kw7H/rEwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415836684704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Phylogenetic tree of strain T-1-6 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence., figureFileSmall=FzT2wekaKWX2uqNg+N+5fA==, figureFileBig=9ewOse6iDApfdhGxF7ABYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415975096749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图11, caption=菌株T-1-6基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=FzT2wekaKWX2uqNg+N+5fA==, figureFileBig=9ewOse6iDApfdhGxF7ABYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416109314487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Phylogenetic tree of strain T-1-6 based on gyrB gene sequence., figureFileSmall=he/AfL/eYsJL+piBZ64o3A==, figureFileBig=/tFEldYVDioCel89ouKw3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416230949315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图12, caption=菌株T-1-6基于 gyrB 基因序列的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=he/AfL/eYsJL+piBZ64o3A==, figureFileBig=/tFEldYVDioCel89ouKw3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416423887315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 13, caption=Postharvest preservation effect of VOCs produced by strain T-1-6 on mango fruits. The figure shows the result of one representative experiment., figureFileSmall=FqL/0LFa/VhxWJVAyr1ZJA==, figureFileBig=5QA9d9zMmQnHCuAKobmVMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416675545569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图13, caption=菌株T-1-6 VOCs对芒果采后保鲜效果, figureFileSmall=FqL/0LFa/VhxWJVAyr1ZJA==, figureFileBig=5QA9d9zMmQnHCuAKobmVMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416860094957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Figure 14, caption=Postharvest preservation effect of VOCs produced by strain T-1-6 on banana fruits. The figure shows the result of one representative experiment., figureFileSmall=F9w3gZJQFtDvDxX4J4j2GQ==, figureFileBig=L9sfWgh4OwWFmFB9+ywAYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879416998506993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=图14, caption=菌株T-1-6 VOCs对香蕉采后保鲜效果, figureFileSmall=F9w3gZJQFtDvDxX4J4j2GQ==, figureFileBig=L9sfWgh4OwWFmFB9+ywAYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879417145307641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Functional activity of representative strains on different selective media (D/d)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Assay itemT-1-4T-1-5T-1-6T-1-11T-2-2T-2-3T-3-8T-3-9
Organic phosphorus solubilization1.90±0.131.34±0.023.76±0.073.42±0.171.75±0.233.13±0.102.81±0.043.11±0.05
Inorganic phosphorus solubilization1.36±0.032.11±0.122.30±0.112.42±0.061.65±0.231.55±0.041.72±0.212.59±0.17
Siderophore production1.87±0.042.10±0.163.26±0.032.86±0.141.32±0.052.44±0.152.71±0.012.31±0.09
Amylase production2.41±0.122.62±0.074.22±0.134.53±0.023.75±0.122.96±0.263.84±0.164.47±0.16
Cellulase production1.65±0.231.23±0.153.16±0.212.87±0.321.43±0.032.64±0.072.35±0.132.92±0.24
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417350828557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分菌株在不同功能培养基上的活性强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Assay itemT-1-4T-1-5T-1-6T-1-11T-2-2T-2-3T-3-8T-3-9
Organic phosphorus solubilization1.90±0.131.34±0.023.76±0.073.42±0.171.75±0.233.13±0.102.81±0.043.11±0.05
Inorganic phosphorus solubilization1.36±0.032.11±0.122.30±0.112.42±0.061.65±0.231.55±0.041.72±0.212.59±0.17
Siderophore production1.87±0.042.10±0.163.26±0.032.86±0.141.32±0.052.44±0.152.71±0.012.31±0.09
Amylase production2.41±0.122.62±0.074.22±0.134.53±0.023.75±0.122.96±0.263.84±0.164.47±0.16
Cellulase production1.65±0.231.23±0.153.16±0.212.87±0.321.43±0.032.64±0.072.35±0.132.92±0.24
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417476657685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Inhibitory effects of strain T-1-6 against seven plant pathogenic fungi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathogenic fungiInhibition rate (%)
小麦平稷蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorokiniana61.33±0.77d
新暗色柱节孢菌Neoscytalidium dimidiatum56.17±0.14c
瓜笄霉Choanephora cucurbitarum53.43±0.58e
板栗疫病菌Cryphonectria parasitica57.67±0.38d
尖刀镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum53.30±0.71c
厚垣镰孢菌Fusarium chlamydosporum87.50±0.06a
葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea76.67±0.55b
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417573126680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

T-1-67种常见植物病原真菌的抑菌效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathogenic fungiInhibition rate (%)
小麦平稷蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorokiniana61.33±0.77d
新暗色柱节孢菌Neoscytalidium dimidiatum56.17±0.14c
瓜笄霉Choanephora cucurbitarum53.43±0.58e
板栗疫病菌Cryphonectria parasitica57.67±0.38d
尖刀镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum53.30±0.71c
厚垣镰孢菌Fusarium chlamydosporum87.50±0.06a
葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea76.67±0.55b
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417724121636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Inhibitory effects of strains against Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum musae (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target pathogenT-1-3T-1-5T-1-6T-1-11T-2-1T-2-3T-3-8T-3-9

果生炭疽菌

Colletotrichum fructicola

50.82±0.35e57.21±1.35e83.50±0.77b70.69±0.26c43.36±0.45f75.74±1.36c74.22±0.67c71.34±0.89c

芭蕉炭疽菌

Colletotrichum musae

56.74±1.22e53.44±2.21e80.21±0.45a73.24±0.31c50.92±0.92e80.63±0.31b79.26±0.42b74.58±0.55c
), ArticleFig(id=1250879417870922286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

菌株对果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌的抑菌效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target pathogenT-1-3T-1-5T-1-6T-1-11T-2-1T-2-3T-3-8T-3-9

果生炭疽菌

Colletotrichum fructicola

50.82±0.35e57.21±1.35e83.50±0.77b70.69±0.26c43.36±0.45f75.74±1.36c74.22±0.67c71.34±0.89c

芭蕉炭疽菌

Colletotrichum musae

56.74±1.22e53.44±2.21e80.21±0.45a73.24±0.31c50.92±0.92e80.63±0.31b79.26±0.42b74.58±0.55c
), ArticleFig(id=1250879418009334330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Inhibitory effects of VOCs produced by strains against Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum musae (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target pathogenT-1-3T-1-5T-1-6T-1-11T-2-1T-2-3T-3-8T-3-9

果生炭疽菌

Colletotrichum fructicola

57.16±0.32e56.80±0.54e99.25±0.25a85.22±0.67b63.34±0.65d81.52±0.62b80.55±0.71b85.93±1.40b

芭蕉炭疽菌

Colletotrichum musae

54.50±0.50e55.31±1.33e99.85±0.11a90.66±0.24a68.17±0.23d84.58±0.39b78.42±1.34c87.86±0.22b
), ArticleFig(id=1250879418168717893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

菌株VOCs对果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌的抑菌效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target pathogenT-1-3T-1-5T-1-6T-1-11T-2-1T-2-3T-3-8T-3-9

果生炭疽菌

Colletotrichum fructicola

57.16±0.32e56.80±0.54e99.25±0.25a85.22±0.67b63.34±0.65d81.52±0.62b80.55±0.71b85.93±1.40b

芭蕉炭疽菌

Colletotrichum musae

54.50±0.50e55.31±1.33e99.85±0.11a90.66±0.24a68.17±0.23d84.58±0.39b78.42±1.34c87.86±0.22b
), ArticleFig(id=1250879418328101456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The molecular biology identification results of five strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains numberResultsSequence similarity (%)Gene
T-1-6解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens99.8316S rRNA
99.21gyrB
T-1-11苏云金芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis99.9416S rRNA
99.73gyrB
T-2-3蜡样芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus99.9316S rRNA
99.88gyrB
T-3-8苏云金芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis99.8916S rRNA
99.81gyrB
T-3-9枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis99.9116S rRNA
99.83gyrB
), ArticleFig(id=1250879418449736280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834191403921930, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

五株菌的分子生物学鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains numberResultsSequence similarity (%)Gene
T-1-6解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens99.8316S rRNA
99.21gyrB
T-1-11苏云金芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis99.9416S rRNA
99.73gyrB
T-2-3蜡样芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus99.9316S rRNA
99.88gyrB
T-3-8苏云金芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis99.8916S rRNA
99.81gyrB
T-3-9枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis99.9116S rRNA
99.83gyrB
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茶树内生芽孢杆菌挥发性有机物对芒果和香蕉采后炭疽病的抑制与保鲜作用
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吴姝静 , 吕玟玟 , 叶瑞萍 , 罗玉珍 , 孟宇翔 , 谢晓莹 , 姜明国 , 周燕
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1839-1857
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1839-1857
茶树内生芽孢杆菌挥发性有机物对芒果和香蕉采后炭疽病的抑制与保鲜作用
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吴姝静, 吕玟玟, 叶瑞萍, 罗玉珍, 孟宇翔, 谢晓莹, 姜明国 , 周燕
作者信息
  • 广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西多糖材料与改性重点实验室,广西 南宁
Postharvest anthracnose-inhibiting and preservative effects of volatile organic compounds produced by endophytic Bacillus from tea plants on mangoes and bananas
Shujing WU, Wenwen LÜ, Ruiping YE, Yuzhen LUO, Yuxiang MENG, Xiaoying XIE, Mingguo JIANG , Yan ZHOU
Affiliations
  • Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250913
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目的 筛选兼具广谱拮抗活性和水果采后保鲜功能的微生物源挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)产生菌株。 方法 以广西野生茶树根系和枝条内生细菌为研究对象,采用稀释涂布平板法分离纯化内生细菌。通过纤维素酶、淀粉酶、铁载体、有机磷、无机磷及固氮等6类功能培养基进行筛选,依据功能特性数量初步筛选候选菌株;采用平板对峙法测定菌株对7种常见通用植物病原真菌的拮抗活性,筛选广谱拮抗菌株。进一步选取综合性能较优的菌株,针对芒果和芭蕉炭疽病原菌——果生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum fructicola)和芭蕉炭疽菌(Colletotrichum musae)进行拮抗评价,并以化学保鲜剂咪鲜胺为对照开展离体香蕉保鲜试验。 结果 功能培养基初筛共获得98株同时具备固氮、溶磷、产铁载体等4种及以上促生或抗逆功能特性的菌株。以7种常见植物病原真菌为靶标进行平板对峙复筛得到18株对至少5种病原菌具有显著抑制作用的广谱拮抗菌株,其中4株对全部7种病原菌均表现出稳定且较强的拮抗活性。在此基础上,综合考量功能特性数量和广谱抑菌率2项核心指标,最终遴选出5株综合性能最优的菌株,用于后续针对芒果/芭蕉炭疽病原菌的特异性拮抗评价及果实保鲜效果验证。平板对峙试验中5株菌株对2种炭疽病原菌的抑菌率为43.36%-83.50%;平板对扣试验显示,其产生的VOCs对果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌的抑菌率分别为56.80%-99.25%和54.50%-99.85%,部分菌株对2种病原菌均表现出接近100.00%的强抑菌活性。离体果实保鲜试验结果表明,拮抗菌株产生的VOCs均能不同程度延缓芒果和香蕉的腐烂进程,其中菌株T-1-6保鲜效果最为突出,可将香蕉明显腐烂时间延长至21 d,末期腐烂等级为0级,其保鲜效果与化学保鲜剂咪鲜胺相当,对芒果表面霉菌的防效约为50%。16S rRNA基因和gyrB基因序列分析表明,5株优势拮抗菌株均隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),包括解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)等。 结论 本研究从茶树根系和枝条内生细菌中获得了一批具有多功能特性和广谱拮抗活性的VOCS产生菌株,为芒果、香蕉等热带水果采后病害的绿色防控与生物保鲜技术开发提供了潜在优良菌种资源和理论依据。

茶树内生细菌  /  芽孢杆菌  /  挥发性有机物  /  炭疽病  /  水果保鲜

Objective To screen the microbial strains producing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with both broad-spectrum antagonistic activity and postharvest fruit preservation potential. Methods Endophytic bacterial strains were isolated and purified by the dilution plating method from the roots and branches of wild tea plants in Guangxi, China. Candidate strains were initially selected based on the number of functional traits via six types of functional media: cellulase, amylase, siderophore, organic phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus, and nitrogen-fixing media. The antagonistic activity of the strains against seven common plant pathogenic fungi was determined by the dual-culture assay, and thus the broad-spectrum antagonistic strains were screened out. Strains with superior overall performance were further selected to evaluate their antagonistic activity against the postharvest anthracnose pathogens—Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum musae—of mangoes and bananas. An in vitro banana preservation assay was conducted with the chemical preservative prochloraz as a positive control. Results Functional screening on selective media yielded 98 strains that simultaneously possessed four or more plant growth-promoting or stress-tolerance traits, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore production. In dual-culture assays against seven common plant pathogenic fungi, 18 broad-spectrum antagonistic strains significantly inhibiting at least five pathogens were screened out, among which four strains exhibited stable and strong antagonistic activity against all the seven pathogens. On this basis, two key indicators, number of functional traits and broad-spectrum inhibition rate, were comprehensively evaluated, and five strains with the best overall performance were finally selected for subsequent specific antagonism assays against the pathogens causing mango and banana anthracnose and for validation of their postharvest fruit preservation effects. In dual-culture assays, the inhibition rates of the tested strains against the two anthracnose pathogens ranged from 43.36% to 83.50%. In plate-on-plate assays, the VOCs produced by these strains exhibited inhibition rates of 56.80%-99.25% against C. fructicola and 54.50%-99.85% against C. musae, with several strains showing nearly 100.00% inhibitory activity against both pathogens. In vitro fruit preservation tests demonstrated that VOCs produced by the antagonistic strains delayed the postharvest decay of mangoes and bananas to varying degrees. Strain T-1-6 showed the most pronounced effect, extending the onset of visible banana decay to 21 days (the final decay grade was grade 0), and its preservation effect was comparable to that of the chemical preservative prochloraz, achieving approximately 50% control efficacy against surface molds on mangoes. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene and gyrB sequences revealed that all the five dominant antagonistic strains belonged to the genus Bacillus, including B. amyloliquefaciens, B. thuringiensis, B. cereus, and B. subtilis. Conclusion The VOCs-producing endophytic Bacillus strains from tea plants possess multiple functional traits and broad-spectrum antagonistic activity. This study provides promising candidate strains and a theoretical basis for the green disease control and biopreservation of postharvest tropical fruits such as mangoes and bananas.

endophytic bacteria of tea plants  /  Bacillus  /  volatile organic compounds (VOCs)  /  anthracnose  /  fruit preservation
吴姝静, 吕玟玟, 叶瑞萍, 罗玉珍, 孟宇翔, 谢晓莹, 姜明国, 周燕. 茶树内生芽孢杆菌挥发性有机物对芒果和香蕉采后炭疽病的抑制与保鲜作用. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1839 -1857 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250913
Shujing WU, Wenwen LÜ, Ruiping YE, Yuzhen LUO, Yuxiang MENG, Xiaoying XIE, Mingguo JIANG, Yan ZHOU. Postharvest anthracnose-inhibiting and preservative effects of volatile organic compounds produced by endophytic Bacillus from tea plants on mangoes and bananas[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1839 -1857 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250913
近年来,我国水果产量持续增长,但果蔬产后损耗率仍然居高不下。为延长水果货架期、减少产后损耗,化学保鲜剂(如丙二醇、山梨酸钾、二氧化硫等)在果蔬贮藏中应用广泛[1-4]。然而,长期或不当使用化学保鲜剂不仅容易改变水果风味,部分成分残留还可能引发食品安全隐患,并对贮藏环境造成污染[5]。因此,开发天然、安全且高效的保鲜技术与保鲜因子,逐渐成为水果保鲜领域的研究热点。其中,微生物源挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)因具有无直接接触的作用方式、易降解、不易在果实表面形成明显残留等优势,被视为替代化学保鲜剂的重要发展方向[6]
在各类产VOCs微生物中,细菌因分布广泛、抗逆性强、易于规模化制备且代谢产物类型丰富,在基于VOCs的果蔬保鲜研究中占据重要地位[7]。已有研究表明,部分植物根际促生菌及动物肠道来源的生防芽孢杆菌具有较广的抑菌谱,对多种病原菌均表现出显著抑制作用[8-10]。这类细菌不仅可以产生抗生素、拮抗蛋白等拮抗物质,还可通过调控果蔬呼吸作用、乙烯释放及抗氧化体系等生理代谢过程,延缓果实软化和腐烂,减缓品质劣变[11]。目前,用于植物病害生物防治及果蔬保鲜研究较多的菌属主要包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、产乳酸菌属(Lacticigenium)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、放线菌属(Actinomyces)等[12-17]。例如,钟涛[18]发现荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens) ZX产生的VOCs中乙酸、异丁酸、二甲基二硫和二甲基三硫等成分可破坏病原真菌细胞膜完整性并诱导活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)积累,从而实现延长果实货架期的效果;Calvo等[19]报道的3株芽孢杆菌(BUZ-14、I3和I5)产生的VOCs对灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)、柑橘青霉病菌(Penicillium italicum)、指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)均具有较高抑菌率,经气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析共鉴定到12-15种主要VOCs成分,包括2-壬酮、2-庚酮、苯甲醛、壬烷等。
细菌VOCs的保鲜效果与菌株种类及代谢特性密切相关,不同类群细菌产生的VOCs在成分类型(如萜类、碱类、酮类等)及含量上存在显著差异,进而影响其对果蔬的保鲜活性和适用范围[20-21]。左庚鑫[22]从金银花中分离得到暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis) NEAU-ZGX24,其产生的VOCs对灰葡萄孢菌的抑制率可达100%,不仅可显著延缓番茄采后自然腐烂过程,对其他多种植物病原真菌也表现出广谱抑菌活性。GC-MS结果显示,该菌株可产生戊酸、3-甲基丁酸和庚酸乙酯等14种挥发性有机化合物,其中部分成分为抗B. cinerea的关键活性物质。
广西地处亚热带季风气候区,光热资源充足、雨量丰沛,微生物多样性丰富,是重要的热带、亚热带水果产区之一。然而,目前在当地生产实际中生物保鲜剂的推广应用仍较为有限,针对广西特色水果(如香蕉、芒果等)适配的广谱微生物源VOCs筛选研究也相对较少[23]。在香蕉、芒果采后贮藏环节,炭疽病等真菌性病害高发,是造成果实腐烂和经济损失的重要因素。因而,从本地微生物资源中挖掘对该类病原菌具有高效拮抗和保鲜活性的VOCs产生菌株,阐明其对特色水果的保鲜作用,为构建安全、绿色、高效的地方化生物保鲜技术体系提供菌种基础和理论依据具有重要意义。
本研究以广西典型特色水果芒果和香蕉为研究对象,从当地茶树健康枝条内分离获得的内生细菌中筛选具有多功能特性和广谱拮抗活性的菌株,重点评价其产生的VOCs对芒果、芭蕉炭疽病原真菌的抑制效果及离体果实保鲜能力,并对优势菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定,以期获得兼具广谱抑菌活性和水果保鲜功能的微生物源VOCs产生菌株,为开发适用于广西及类似生态区热带水果采后病害综合防控和保鲜的生物制剂提供理论与技术支撑。
试验菌株来源于广西壮族自治区桂林市平乐县青龙乡大冈村(24°27′02.6′′N,110°49′04.0′′E)野生石崖茶树根系和枝条。采样时先剔除地表落叶、杂草等杂物,用灭菌铲挖去表层2-3 cm土壤后,采集5-10 cm土层范围内的茶树根系样品,置于无菌采样袋中密封;同时采集健壮茶树枝条,及时送回实验室,于4 ℃冷藏保存,备用。
小麦平稷蠕孢菌(Bipolaris sorokiniana) BS、新暗色柱节孢菌(Neoscytalidium dimidiatum) H8、瓜笄霉(Choanephora cucurbitarum) H4、板栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica) EP155、尖刀镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum) FOCO、厚垣镰孢菌(Fusarium chlamydosporum) B2、葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea) BZ8、果生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum fructicola) M9和芭蕉炭疽菌(Colletotrichum musae) XJTJ,由广西高校微生物与植物资源利用重点实验室保存待用。
供试芒果选用桂七芒果,采自广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所芒果园,香蕉为商品成熟前期采收的本地栽培品种。试验水果要求大小一致、成熟度相近、表皮颜色均匀、表面无机械伤和明显病斑。
细菌培养采用LB培养基,病原真菌培养采用PDA培养基。菌株功能性检测分别使用阿须贝氏无氮(ashby nitrogen-free, ANF)培养基、蒙金娜有机磷(meng jinna organic phosphorus, MJOP)培养基、Pikovskaya 无机磷(Pikovskaya inorganic phosphorus, PIP)培养基、铁载体(chrome azurol S, CAS)检测培养基、纤维素酶检测(cellulase detection, CD)培养基和淀粉酶检测(amylase detection, AD)培养基等。各培养基均购自青岛海博生物技术有限公司。纤维素酶活性检测采用刚果红溶液,淀粉酶活性检测采用碘伏溶液,其余试剂均为分析纯或分析纯以上级别。所有试剂均采自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母浸粉5.0,NaCl 10.0。
PDA培养基(g/L):马铃薯提取物200.0,葡萄糖20.0,琼脂18.0。
阿须贝氏无氮培养基(g/L):甘露醇10.0,KH2PO4 0.2,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2,NaCl 0.2,CaSO4 0.1,CaCO3 5.0,琼脂18.0。
蒙金娜有机磷培养基(g/L):葡萄糖10.0,(NH4)2SO4 0.5,酵母浸粉0.5,NaCl 0.3,KCl 0.3,MgSO4 0.3,FeSO4 0.03,MnSO4 0.03,卵磷脂0.2,CaCO3 1.0,琼脂18.0。
Pikovskaya无机磷培养基(g/L):葡萄糖10.0,酵母浸粉0.5,(NH4)2SO4 0.5,NaCl 0.3,KCl 0.3,MgSO4 0.3,FeSO4 0.03,MnSO4 0.03,Ca3(PO4)2 5.0,琼脂18.0。
铁载体检测培养基(g/L):CAS 0.06,HDTMA 0.0723,FeCl3·6H2O 0.002,NaH2PO4·2H2O 0.295,Na2HPO4·12H2O 1.214,NH4Cl 0.125,KH2PO4 0.037,NaCl 0.063,琼脂9.0。
纤维素酶检测培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母浸粉5.0,NaCl 10.0,羧甲基纤维素钠5.0。
淀粉酶检测培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母浸粉5.0,NaCl 10.0,可溶性淀粉2.0。
为尽可能去除样品表面微生物,获得植物内生菌,首先将茶树根系、枝条样品用自来水充分冲洗约30 min,初步去除根表面附着的土壤和杂质,再用无菌滤纸吸干表面水分。随后将根系、枝条样品置于质量分数为1%的次氯酸钠溶液中浸泡消毒2次,每次2 min;再转入体积分数为75%的乙醇溶液中进行表面消毒2次,每次1 min。消毒后用无菌蒸馏水冲洗3-4次以去除残留消毒剂,用无菌滤纸轻轻吸干水分。
在超净工作台(浙江苏净净化设备有限公司)内,用灭菌剪刀将根系样品剪碎或用刀将枝条、根系样品切成薄片后,置于无菌研钵中,加入适量无菌水研磨成均匀匀浆。按10-3、10-4、10-5 3个稀释度分别进行10倍梯度稀释,取各稀释度稀释液100 μL滴加于LB平板上,用无菌涂布棒均匀涂布,每个稀释度设置3个平板作为平行重复。将最后一次冲洗液100 μL涂布于LB平板,作为表面消毒对照,以验证表面消毒是否彻底。所有平板置于30 ℃恒温培养箱(上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司)中培养约24 h,观察菌落生长情况。随后根据菌落形态(大小、颜色、边缘形状、表面质地等)以及与表面消毒对照比对挑取与表面消毒对照不同表型的单菌落,转接至新的LB固体培养基上进行三区划线纯化,重复转接直至获得纯净菌株,编号并甘油保藏备用。
按相应配方分别制备纤维素酶、淀粉酶、CAS、含有机磷、含无机磷及固氮培养基。除固氮培养基外,其余培养基均采用点种方式:挑取新鲜单菌落接种于平板中央;固氮培养基则采用划线接种方式,观察菌株在无氮条件下的生长能力。
接种后,将各平板置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养2-3 d。对于有机磷、无机磷和CAS培养基,可直接观察菌落周围是否形成透明圈或显色圈,判断其溶磷或产铁载体等功能。固氮培养基仅需观察菌落是否能够正常生长。
纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性检测需经染色显色后观察透明圈。纤维素酶培养基培养2-3 d后打开平板,加入约1 mL、质量浓度为1 mg/mL的刚果红溶液染色10 min,倒去染液后再加入0.9%的氯化钠溶液洗涤脱色约10 min,观察菌落周围是否形成明显水解圈。淀粉酶培养基则用碘伏溶液染色约1 min,观察菌落周围淀粉水解形成的无色透明圈。
每株菌在各类功能培养基上均设置3个平行重复。以水解圈或透明圈直径(D)与菌落直径(d)的比值D/d作为功能强度指标[24-25]。综合各项功能指标,筛选出具备多种功能特性的候选菌株。
采用平板对峙法检测待测菌株对7种实验室保存的植物病原真菌的抑制作用。将预先在PDA平板上活化培养的病原真菌,用打孔器于菌落边缘取直径约5 mm的菌饼,接种于新鲜PDA平板中央。再取待测菌株发酵液(OD600≈1.0) 5 μL,分别滴加于距菌饼中心约2.5 cm处的上下左右4个位置,呈十字分布。仅接种病原真菌而不接种细菌的PDA平板作为对照。
所有平板置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中黑暗培养5-7 d,每个处理设置3个平行重复。当对照组病原真菌菌落基本长满平板或达到稳定生长状态时测量病原菌沿指向菌株方向的菌落半径,计算抑菌率,如公式(1)所示。
抑菌率=(对照组菌落半径-处理组菌落半径)/对照组菌落半径×100%
其中,对照组菌落半径为不接种拮抗菌条件下病原菌的生长半径,处理组菌落半径为对峙培养条件下病原菌的生长半径。根据抑菌率大小评价各菌株的广谱抑菌能力,并筛选对多种病原真菌均有较强抑制作用的菌株。
采用平板对峙法进一步检测待测菌株对芒果、芭蕉炭疽病原菌的抑制作用,病原菌分别为果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌。具体方法同1.3.2节,分别在PDA平板中央接种2种炭疽病原菌菌饼,四周滴加待测菌株发酵液,对照组仅接种病原菌不接种细菌。前期通过光照与暗培养的多组预实验发现,本研究中针对香蕉、芒果炭疽病原菌的拮抗实验体系,在黑暗条件下的菌落生长均一性及抑菌结果重现性更优,因此本研究统一采用30 ℃黑暗培养5-7 d的条件,测量菌落半径并计算抑菌率,评价菌株对香蕉、芒果炭疽病原菌的对峙拮抗作用。
同时采用平板对扣法测定待测菌株产生的VOCs对2种炭疽病原菌的抑制作用。将直径约5 mm的病原真菌菌饼接种于PDA平板中央;另取待测菌株发酵液100 μL均匀涂布于LB平板表面,以未涂布菌液的LB平板为空白对照。将接种病原真菌的PDA平板与接种细菌的LB平板反向对扣(菌面相对),用封口膜将2平板边缘严密封口,以减少VOCs外逸。每个处理设置3个平行重复。所有对扣平板置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中黑暗培养7 d,结束培养后测量病原真菌菌落半径,按公式(1)计算抑菌率,从而评价待测菌株VOCs对芒果、芭蕉炭疽病原菌的挥发性抑制效果。
将拮抗效果显著的优势菌株接种于LB固体培养基上进行三区划线纯化,30 ℃培养24 h后观察单菌落形态特征,包括菌落大小、颜色、边缘形状、表面光滑度及透明度等。挑取单菌落制作涂片,采用革兰氏染色法染色,经光学显微镜(奥林巴斯公司)观察细胞形态(如细胞形状、排列方式等)及革兰氏反应结果,对菌株进行形态学初步鉴定。
以优势拮抗菌株的基因组DNA为模板,采用16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTT GATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TACGGC TACCTTGTTACGAGTT-3′),以及管家基因gyrB的引物UP-1 (5′-ATTTGGCGCTGGCGGT TAT-3′)和UP-2r (5′-GGTTTCGGCTGGGCTGG TA-3′)进行PCR扩增。挑取新鲜单菌落菌株至100 μL的10% Chelex100中,煮沸30 min,12 000 r/min离心2 min,提取上清液作为模板。
PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Taq PCR Mix 25 μL,DNA模板1 μL,上、下游引物(0.2 μmol/L)各1 μL,ddH2O 22 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性1 min,55 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸2 min,共32个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;4 ℃保存。扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定条带大小及特异性后,送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。将获得的16S rRNA基因序列和gyrB基因序列在NCBI数据库中进行BLAST比对,结合系统发育树分析结果确定菌株的种属归属。部分代表性菌株的16S rRNA基因和gyrB基因序列提交至GenBank获取登录号,以备后续引用和溯源。
采用离体香蕉和芒果试验评价拮抗菌株VOCs对香蕉、芒果采后病害的防控效果及保鲜作用,同时以化学保鲜剂咪鲜胺作为阳性对照组进行效果对比。选取同一品种、大小均匀、成熟度相近且表面无机械伤和明显病斑的水果作为供试材料。保鲜装置采用密闭性良好的塑料保鲜盒(约40 cm×25 cm×20 cm),拮抗菌处理采用相应菌株菌液涂布的LB平板作为VOCs释放源。
将挑选好的水果随机分组,每组3个果实。处理组将水果置于保鲜盒中,并放入预先涂布有拮抗菌株菌液的LB平板,同时放置不含水的无菌棉球以调节湿度;对照组保鲜盒中放入未接种菌液的LB平板,也放置无菌棉球,保持盒内湿度条件与处理组一致。所有保鲜盒置于实验室内避光静置,避免阳光直射。实验室配有基础空调,环境条件较为稳定,温度维持在24-26 ℃,相对湿度为60%-70%,以减少保鲜盒内冷凝水形成或样品过度失水。
保鲜过程中定期观察水果果皮颜色变化、果肉软化程度及有无异味产生,并对腐烂部位及其扩展情况进行拍照记录。根据果皮病斑面积和腐烂程度对果实进行分级评价,记录各处理组的腐烂果数及腐烂程度等指标,必要时可计算腐烂率和腐烂指数等参数。本研究采用果蔬炭疽病通用分级方法,共设0/1/3/5/7/9级,以病斑面积占果皮总面积的比例为核心判定指标,其中0级为无病,1级病斑占比≤10%,3级占比11%-25%,5级占比26%-50%,7级占比51%-75%,9级占比76%以上[26-27]。整个试验持续观察7-21 d。在相同条件下进行3次独立、完整的生物学重复实验。通过比较不同处理组水果腐烂速度、腐烂程度和外观品质变化,综合评估各拮抗菌株VOCs对香蕉和芒果的保鲜效果。实验过程中尽量保持实验室环境的相对稳定,减少外界干扰因素对试验结果的影响。
以解磷、产铁载体、胞外酶产生及固氮等特性为指标,对202株茶树根系和枝条内生细菌进行功能筛选。统计结果表明,具有4种及以上功能特性的菌株共98株,各菌株所具备功能数的分布情况见图1
在溶磷能力检测中有89株菌株能够在有机磷培养基上形成明显水解圈,表现出溶解有机磷的能力;97株菌株在无机磷培养基上形成透明圈,具有溶解无机磷的能力。在CAS检测培养基上,共有112株菌株在菌落周围产生颜色由蓝色向浅色转变的透明圈,其中23株菌株形成橙黄色透明圈,表明其产铁载体能力较强。胞外酶活性测定结果显示,44株菌株可产生纤维素酶,在纤维素培养基上经刚果红染色后形成明显水解圈;66株菌株可产生淀粉酶,在淀粉培养基上经碘伏显色后形成无色透明圈。在阿须贝氏无氮培养基上,有126株菌株能够正常生长,推测其具有一定固氮能力(图2)。部分代表性功能菌株在不同功能培养基上的表现见图3,部分菌株D/d值统计结果见表1
综合各项功能指标,表明从茶树根系和枝条分离获得的内生细菌具有较为丰富的功能多样性,为进一步筛选兼具拮抗活性和保鲜潜力的优势菌株提供了良好的菌种基础。
在筛选获得的202株菌株中分别统计其对小麦平稷蠕孢菌、新暗色柱节孢菌、瓜笄霉、板栗疫病菌、尖刀镰孢菌、厚垣镰孢菌和葡萄座腔菌7种常见通用植物病原真菌的抑制效果。结果表明,对上述病原真菌抑菌率达到50%以上的菌株数量分别为51、60、47、54、33、46和40株(图4)。其中,对5种及以上病原真菌均具有明显抑制作用的菌株共有18株,对7种病原真菌均表现出拮抗活性的菌株有4株,显示出较好的广谱拮抗潜力(图5)。
在具备广谱拮抗能力的4株菌株中,菌株T-1-6对7种病原真菌均表现出较强的拮抗效果,平板对峙培养可见菌落间形成清晰的抑菌带,病原真菌生长受到明显抑制(图6)。其对不同病原真菌的抑菌率见表2
从前期筛选出的拮抗谱较广且功能特性较优的菌株中选取8株拮抗细菌,采用平板对峙法检测其对芒果、芭蕉炭疽病原菌的抑制作用,病原菌分别为果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌。结果表明,8株菌株对2种炭疽病原真菌均表现出不同程度的拮抗活性,抑菌率总体分布在43.36%-83.50%之间(其中菌株T-1-6对果生炭疽菌的抑菌率最高,达83.50%)。部分菌株对果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌的抑菌结果见表3
多株菌株对至少一种炭疽病原真菌的抑菌率超过55.00%,部分平板上可见病原菌菌落生长受限、抑菌圈清晰且范围较大,说明这些菌株对芒果、芭蕉炭疽病原菌具有较强的抑制能力。图7图8分别为菌株T-1-6对果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌的平板对峙效果,与空白对照组(CK)相比,菌株T-1-6可显著抑制果生炭疽菌、芭蕉炭疽菌的菌落扩展,病原菌生长受抑明显,抑菌圈清晰且范围较大,说明该菌株对两种炭疽病原菌的有较强抑制能力,可作为芒果、芭蕉炭疽病生物防治的潜在菌株。
采用平板对扣法检测拮抗菌株产生的VOCs对果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌的抑制作用。结果表明,各菌株产生的挥发性物质对2种病原真菌均表现出不同程度的抑制效果。对果生炭疽菌的抑菌率介于56.80%-99.25%,对芭蕉炭疽菌的抑菌率介于54.50%-99.85%,其中部分菌株对2种病原菌的抑菌率均接近100.00%,表现出极强的挥发性抑菌活性,多数菌株对至少一种病原菌的抑菌率超过55.00% (表4)。
菌株T-1-6产生的VOCs对芒果炭疽病原菌的抑制效果见图9,对芭蕉炭疽病原菌的抑制效果见图10。与对照相比,处理组病原菌菌落直径明显减小,菌落边缘生长受限,表明VOCs是该菌株重要的拮抗因子之一。部分菌株VOCs对果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌的抑菌结果见表4,各菌株抑菌率数据显示,试供菌株VOCs对果生炭疽菌的抑菌率整体分布于56.80%-99.25%,对芭蕉炭疽菌的抑菌率整体分布于54.50%-99.85%,且多数菌株对两种病原菌的抑菌率均在70%以上。菌株T-1-6 VOCs对果生炭疽菌的抑制作用见图9,对芭蕉炭疽菌的抑制作用见图10
根据菌株对芒果、芭蕉炭疽病原菌的拮抗试验结果,选取综合性能较优的T-1-6、T-1-11、T-2-3、T-3-8、T-3-9共5株菌株进行进一步鉴定。以其基因组DNA为模板扩增16S rRNA基因和gyrB基因,测序后在NCBI数据库中进行BLAST比对分析,结合同源序列的系统发育关系,明确其分类学地位。
鉴定结果(表5)显示,5株拮抗菌株均隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。其中,T-1-6为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),T-1-11和T-3-8为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis),T-2-3为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),T-3-9为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。上述结果表明,从茶树内生菌中筛选获得的优势拮抗菌株主要集中于典型的生防芽孢杆菌类群。系统发育分析结果显示菌株T-1-6的16S rRNA基因序列与解淀粉芽孢杆菌聚集于同一进化分支(图11),gyrB序列比对结果发现与解淀粉芽孢杆菌相似度最高,且系统发育树聚在同一支(图12)。
综合菌株功能特性和拮抗谱结果,选取上述5株性能较优的拮抗菌株开展离体水果保鲜试验,评价其对香蕉和芒果的保鲜能力,并以化学保鲜剂咪鲜胺为阳性对照进行效果对比。与对照组相比,所有拮抗菌株VOCs处理组和咪鲜胺对照组在芒果和香蕉的贮藏过程中均表现出一定程度的保鲜效果,主要体现在:果实腐烂发生时间推迟、腐烂率较低、果肉软化速度减缓等方面。
在室温条件下,随着贮藏时间延长,对照组香蕉和芒果逐渐出现果皮变黄、黑斑扩展、果肉软烂及霉菌滋生等现象,而多数菌株VOCs处理组上述变化发生明显滞后,腐烂进程相对缓慢,不同菌株之间的保鲜效果存在一定差异。整体来看,大部分处理组果面霉斑扩展速度和腐烂速度均显著低于对照组,说明拮抗菌株产生的VOCs对延缓果实衰老发挥积极作用。
其中,菌株T-1-6的保鲜效果最为突出。在芒果保鲜试验中,T-1-6 VOCs处理组果面病斑较少、霉层形成明显减轻,对芒果表面霉菌的防效约为50% (图13),保鲜效果显著优于对照组。在香蕉保鲜试验中,T-1-6 VOCs处理可将香蕉明显腐烂时间延长至21 d,终止观察时腐烂等级为0,其保鲜效果与咪鲜胺相当(图14);综合分析推测,菌株VOCs保鲜原理与咪鲜胺作用类似,也可能通过抑制病原菌暴发等机制实现水果绿色保鲜,为水果贮藏提供了具有应用潜力的生物保鲜技术方向。
植物内生菌广泛存在于植物体内,与宿主植物形成相对稳定的共生体系。宿主植物为内生菌提供营养和栖息环境[28],内生菌则通过帮助宿主吸收氮、磷、钾等必需营养元素促进多种酶系活化[29],进而影响植物生长发育和次生代谢物质积累。例如,杨金新等[30]从水稻叶片中分离得到的菌株JKDY-3兼具解钾、溶磷、产铁载体、分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)和固氮等多种功能,显著促进水稻幼苗根系生长;李锦等[31]从威廉斯香蕉抗枯萎病株系根、球茎及假茎中分离到的变栖克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella variicola) XQJ0301具有产生生长素、解钾、产铁载体和产纤维素酶能力,单独施用时对根长、株高、根体积和假茎周长等指标的促进效果均优于其他处理;刘天金等[32]从巨菌草茎中分离到一株耐盐碱内生菌,具备解磷、解硅酸盐、固氮和产铁载体等促生特性,在玉米和番茄盆栽试验中表现出一定促生作用。上述研究表明,内生菌的分离鉴定及功能菌筛选不仅有助于解析植物促生机制,也为农业生产提供了潜在的生防和促生菌资源。功能特性丰富的菌株通常同时具有杀虫、抑菌等多重应用潜力,因此开展多功能内生菌的系统筛选具有重要研究价值。
本研究以茶树根系和枝条内生细菌为对象,通过筛选具备基础生理代谢能力和多种功能特性的菌株,初步淘汰代谢能力较弱、定殖潜力有限的菌株,从而获得多功能候选菌株,为后续用于常见水果病原菌防治和果实保鲜奠定基础。结果显示,从茶树根系和枝条共分离获得202株内生细菌,其中98株同时具备4种及以上功能特性;在功能性测试中具有溶解有机磷能力的菌株有89株,具有溶解无机磷能力的有97株,能产生铁载体的有112株,可产纤维素酶的有44株,可产淀粉酶的有66株,能在无氮条件下正常生长、具有固氮能力的有126株。这表明茶树根系和枝条内生细菌群体具有较高的功能多样性和代谢潜力,为进一步挖掘其促生、杀虫和抑菌等综合应用价值提供了物质基础。后续可通过盆栽或田间试验,系统评价代表性菌株在茶树等作物上的促生、抗逆和潜在杀虫效果,对茶树根系和枝条内生细菌资源进行更深入开发。
基于功能板试验结果及已有研究报道可对本研究筛选到的拮抗菌株抑菌机制作出一定推测。(1) 部分菌株能够合成并分泌铁载体等小分子配体,高效螯合环境中的游离铁离子形成病原菌难以利用的稳定络合物,从而在铁等关键营养元素竞争中占据优势,抑制病原菌的生长繁殖。(2) 多数植物病原真菌的细胞壁以纤维素和几丁质为主要成分,产纤维素酶等胞外酶的菌株可能通过分解或破坏病原菌细胞壁结构,干扰其正常代谢过程,从而抑制病原真菌的生长[33]。这些推测性机制与本研究中解淀粉芽孢杆菌等优势菌株所表现出的溶磷、产铁载体和产纤维素酶等功能特性相吻合,但其具体作用途径仍有待后续通过分子生物学和生化水平的实验进一步证实。
近年来,国内外学者对生物防治的关注度不断提升,大量研究表明,自然环境中广泛存在的生防细菌对多种植物病原菌具有显著拮抗作用。侯会霞等[34]从剑麻、火龙果和橡胶树等作物组织中分离得到的菌株PpHyHNCJ2和PpHyHNCJ5能广谱抑制辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsica)、大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)、瓜疫霉菌(Phytophthora melonis)和棕榈疫霉菌(Phytophthora palmivora)等11种病原菌生长;丁艳哲等[35]从人工栽培刺五加根际土壤中获得的菌株YZ-375对人参立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、人参链格孢菌(Alternaria panax)、人参茄腐皮镰孢菌(Fusarium solani)、人参毁灭柱孢菌(Cylindrocarpon destructans)及五味子尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)均表现出拮抗活性,抑菌率为69.21%-77.44%。本研究通过对7种常见通用植物病原真菌和果生炭疽菌、芭蕉炭疽菌2种芒果、芭蕉炭疽病原菌的拮抗筛选,从茶树内生菌中获得了5株对上述9种植物病原真菌均具有较强抑制作用的拮抗菌株,表现出良好的广谱拮抗活性。在本研究设定的模拟贮藏条件下,这些菌株的生长表型及其对水果腐烂进程的抑制效果均较为稳定,使用方式相对简便,具有一定的应用潜力。上述拮抗菌株不仅为多种植物病害的生物防治提供了新的候选菌株,也为水果保鲜技术开发及后续应用推广提供了重要的菌种基础,为水果保鲜应用提供了具备商业推广价值的菌种支撑。需要指出的是,本研究尚未深入解析这些拮抗菌株对病原真菌的具体抑菌机制,也未开展与其他高效菌株的复配防治策略研究,后续可围绕拮抗物质类型、诱导抗性及菌株间互作机制等方面开展系统研究,以期进一步提高防治效率并拓展应用场景。
在水果保鲜技术领域,生物保鲜因其安全性高、实用性强且具有良好环境友好性,逐渐成为研究热点[36-37]。目前,在水果采后病害生物防治和保鲜方面应用最广的是芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)细菌[38-39]。例如,周炜凯等[40]研究表明,巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)及其次级代谢产物发酵液对芒果炭疽病菌和蒂腐病菌均具有显著抑制作用,同时能够明显抑制芒果果皮转黄,延缓果实衰老。植物内生菌作为与寄主长期共生的一类微生物群体,可通过养分竞争、空间位点竞争、产生拮抗物质、诱导植物系统抗性等多种机制增强植物抗逆与抗病能力。多项研究已证实内生菌在果蔬保鲜中的应用潜力,张敏等[41]从猕猴桃根、茎、叶和果实中分离到的内生菌MR-1,其发酵滤液处理的樱桃番茄(圣女果)保鲜效果最佳,其次为复合果蔬保鲜剂;储藏至第8天,与空白对照组相比,腐烂直径分别降低50.6%、50.6%和44.9%。周金伟等[42]的研究也表明,植物内生菌011的粗提液能够显著提高番茄的贮藏保鲜效果。
与上述报道类似,本研究选取健康茶树根系和枝条内生菌作为生防菌筛选来源,但来自茶树的菌株具有一定独特性。茶树在长期生长过程中会合成并释放茶多酚、咖啡碱、茶氨酸等多种生物活性物质,形成具有一定“化学压力”的微环境,我们推测长期适应这一特殊环境的菌株可能形成了与宿主互作的独特代谢策略:一方面,这些植物源化合物可能作为信号分子,调控菌株特定代谢通路(如与VOCs合成相关基因簇的表达);另一方面,它们也可能被菌株作为特殊前体物质加以利用,从而合成结构或功能上具有特异性的挥发性有机物(VOCs)。这种基于宿主特异性代谢物的互作关系,或许正是本研究菌株所产生VOCs在抑菌谱和保鲜效果上呈现出差异性与优势的重要原因。与来源于普通土壤或其他宿主植物的菌株相比,这一特性使其成为具有高度宿主适应性和较强靶向应用潜力的独特生物资源,为开发源自茶树微生态系统的专属生防制剂提供了理论支撑。因此,茶树来源菌株产生的VOCs在组分和功能上有望不同于土壤、海洋或其他植物来源菌株,这为发现新型抗菌VOCs提供了重要菌源。本研究从中筛选获得的解淀粉芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌等典型生防类群,不仅在平板对峙中对多种病原真菌表现出高效拮抗能力,其产生的VOCs对芒果、芭蕉炭疽病原菌也表现出接近100.00%的强抑制作用,并在离体果实保鲜试验中展现出延缓腐烂、降低腐烂率的显著效果,进一步印证了茶树内生芽孢杆菌资源在水果保鲜领域的应用潜力。
目前,关于微生物VOCs在水果采后炭疽病和水果保鲜中应用的研究仍相对有限。本研究通过平板对扣法初步验证了拮抗菌株VOCs对果生炭疽菌和芭蕉炭疽菌的显著抑制作用,体现了其作为生物保鲜剂的潜在应用价值。本研究紧密围绕广西地区生产中高发的芒果炭疽病和芭蕉炭疽病开展试验,应用对象相对明确,所得数据对区域水果生产具有一定的实际指导意义。当然,本研究仍存在一些不足:(1) 试验中涉及的植物病原真菌种类有限,尚未系统评估拮抗菌株对更多水果病原真菌的抑制谱;(2) 仅以芒果和香蕉为试验对象,尚未验证其在广西其他特色水果(如荔枝霜疫霉病、砂糖橘青霉/绿霉病、火龙果病害等)上的保鲜效果。未来可在明确其对芒果、香蕉有效的基础上增加水果防病实验的样本量,将研究对象拓展至更多地方特色水果,评估其更广泛的适用性和应用潜力。此外,将菌株VOCs与低剂量咪鲜胺复配使用有望实现“增效减量”的协同效果,这也是后续值得重点探索的研究方向。
本研究尚未对拮抗菌株产生的VOCs成分进行解析,具体的活性物质基础和作用机制仍不清楚。后续研究的核心将是利用代谢组学等技术鉴定VOCs中的关键活性单体,并系统评估其单一及协同的抑菌效果及潜在分子靶点,可借助GC-MS或LC-MS等技术手段对菌株VOCs进行成分分离与鉴定,将鉴定出的主要挥发性单体分别开展抑菌试验,锁定关键活性组分,进一步阐明其抑菌及保鲜作用机制,为高效生物保鲜剂的开发提供理论依据。
总体来看,本研究筛选获得的拮抗菌株及其VOCs对多种植物病原真菌具有较强抑制活性,并在香蕉和芒果的采后保鲜中展现出良好应用前景,为开发多功能生物防治及保鲜制剂提供了新的菌种资源。然而,其活性物质组成、细胞靶点及寄主响应等方面仍有待深入研究。未来工作中一方面需进一步评价这些拮抗菌株在不同水果上的保鲜效果,拓展其在多种果品上的应用场景;另一方面可探索将生防菌或其VOCS与低剂量化学防治剂、物理保鲜技术等手段相结合,构建绿色、高效、可持续的综合防控策略,更好地服务于水果贮藏与保鲜生产实践。
  • 广西民族大学国家级重点支持领域大学生创新创业训练计划(202410608035X)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250913
  • 接收时间:2025-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-08
  • 录用日期:2026-01-21
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Guangxi Minzu University National-level Key Support Project for College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410608035X)
广西民族大学国家级重点支持领域大学生创新创业训练计划(202410608035X)
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    广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西多糖材料与改性重点实验室,广西 南宁
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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