Article(id=1250834190506344881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250821, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761926400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764000000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineDate=1776151710391, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151710391, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151710391, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151710391, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1691, endPage=1703, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834190950941107, articleId=1250834190506344881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening of exopolysaccharide-producing strains in a strongly acidic environment and evaluation of their amelioration effects on acidic soils, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To address problems such as the poor structure and fertility degradation in strongly acidic soils, we isolated acid-tolerant exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing microorganisms, constructed a composite microbial inoculant, and evaluated its improvement effects on the structure and comprehensive fertility of acidic soils. Methods Target strains were obtained through primary and secondary screening from strongly acidic soils (pH<4.5) in Nanchuan, Chongqing and Qujing, Yunnan. After their antagonistic activity and plant growth-promoting traits were assessed, a composite microbial inoculant was constructed. A laboratory soil culture experiment was conducted to investigate changes in nutrient contents and aggregate composition in strongly acidic soils treated with different inoculants, comprehensively evaluate the fertility-improving effects of the inoculants, and clarify the correlation between aggregate formation and EPS content. Results Three strains—Paraburkholderia fungorum C3, Burkholderia cepacia A13, and Cystobasidium minutum B14—with acid tolerance and high EPS-producing capabilities were successfully isolated and screened out. All the strains exhibited the capabilities of secreting indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), synthesizing siderophores, and solubilizing phosphorus. When these strains were applied individually or as a composite inoculant to soils, the composite inoculant showed the best effect of improving soil nutrients, increasing the content of soil organic matter, alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium by 4.51%, 13.92%, 4.92%, and 3.71%, respectively. Application of all the inoculants effectively promoted the formation of soil macro-aggregates, among which the single-strain inoculant C3 had the most significant effect in promoting aggregate formation, increasing the soil mean weight diameter (MWD) by 19.39%. The integrated fertility index of the soil treated with the composite inoculant reached 0.61, indicating the optimal comprehensive improvement effect. The single-strain inoculant C3 and the composite inoculant significantly increased the soil EPS content by 53.17% and 35.79%, respectively. Correlation analysis results showed that soil EPS had significantly positive correlations with macro-aggregate content and MWD, significantly promoting the formation and enhancing the stability of soil macro-aggregates. Conclusion The composite inoculant composed of the three acid-tolerant EPS-producing strains screened in this study effectively improved the soil structure and enhanced the integrated soil fertility. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the development of biological agents for acidic soil remediation.

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目的 为改善强酸性土壤结构不良、肥力衰退等问题,分离具有耐酸产胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)特性的多种微生物,构建复合菌剂,并评估其对酸性土壤结构与综合肥力的改良效应。 方法 从重庆南川、云南曲靖的强酸性土壤(pH<4.5)中经初筛、复筛获得目标菌株,鉴定其拮抗性、促生性等并构建复合菌剂;采用室内土培实验探究不同菌剂处理的强酸性土壤中养分含量及团聚体组成的变化,综合评价肥力改良效果,明确团聚体形成与EPS含量的相关关系。 结果 筛选获得3株具有耐酸、产EPS特性的菌株:副伯克霍尔德菌(Paraburkholderia fungorum) C3、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia) A13以及小囊担子菌(Cystobasidium minutum) B14。这些菌株兼具分泌吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)、合成铁载体以及溶磷能力。进一步将它们单独或构建成复合菌剂分别施入土壤,发现复合菌剂对土壤养分提升效果最佳,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别提升4.51%、13.92%、4.92%、3.71%。施用各菌剂均可有效促进大团聚体形成,其中单一菌剂C3的促团作用最显著,土壤平均质量直径(mean weight diameter, MWD)提升19.39%;经复合菌剂处理后的土壤肥力综合指数(integrated fertility index, IFI)达0.61,综合改良效果最佳;单一菌剂C3与复合菌剂分别使土壤EPS含量显著提高53.17%、35.79%。相关性分析结果表明,土壤EPS含量与大团聚体含量、MWD呈显著正相关,其可显著促进土壤大团聚体形成并增强其稳定性。 结论 本研究筛选出的由3株耐酸产EPS微生物组成的复合菌剂可有效改良土壤结构,提升土壤综合肥力,为改良酸性土壤的生物制剂研发奠定了必要的理论基础。

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作者贡献声明

郭蕊婷:设计并完成实验,数据统计与分析,撰写、修改论文;马征:指导实验设计,修改论文;邓昊:协助实验操作;李振轮:指导实验设计与文章选题,修改论文;杨璐瑶:协助实验操作与校稿。

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A: Soil EPS content; B: Correlation analysis between soil EPS and aggregates. *: The correlation is statistically significant at P≤0.05., figureFileSmall=RIrTEcNj+VD0/U91ZNep0A==, figureFileBig=iaBrxSzPXOPNnu5K/GyZ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879414909743457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190506344881, language=CN, label=图7, caption=土壤EPS含量及其与团聚体相关性分析热图, figureFileSmall=RIrTEcNj+VD0/U91ZNep0A==, figureFileBig=iaBrxSzPXOPNnu5K/GyZ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879415098487148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190506344881, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Turning point thresholds of each indicator

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Indicatorx1x2x3x4
pH4.56.57.58.5
SOM (g/kg)2040
AHN (mg/kg)90150
AP (mg/kg)1040
AK (mg/kg)100200
MWD (mm)2.63.3
), ArticleFig(id=1250879415283036538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190506344881, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各指标转折点阈值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Indicatorx1x2x3x4
pH4.56.57.58.5
SOM (g/kg)2040
AHN (mg/kg)90150
AP (mg/kg)1040
AK (mg/kg)100200
MWD (mm)2.63.3
), ArticleFig(id=1250879415509528969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190506344881, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Identification of the proliferation performance of strains C3, A13, and B14

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsIAA-producing (mg/L)Nitrogen fixation (D/d)Siderophore-producing (D/d)Inorganic phosphorus solubilization (D/d)Organic phosphorus solubilization (D/d)Potassium release (D/d)
C33.34-1.362.433.762.04
A135.55-1.131.763.142.62
B147.51-5.00-1.15-
), ArticleFig(id=1250879415622775185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190506344881, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株C3A13B14促生性能鉴定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsIAA-producing (mg/L)Nitrogen fixation (D/d)Siderophore-producing (D/d)Inorganic phosphorus solubilization (D/d)Organic phosphorus solubilization (D/d)Potassium release (D/d)
C33.34-1.362.433.762.04
A135.55-1.131.763.142.62
B147.51-5.00-1.15-
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强酸环境下产胞外多糖菌株筛选及其酸土改良效应
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郭蕊婷 , 马征 , 邓昊 , 李振轮 , 杨璐瑶
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1691-1703
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1691-1703
强酸环境下产胞外多糖菌株筛选及其酸土改良效应
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郭蕊婷, 马征, 邓昊, 李振轮 , 杨璐瑶
作者信息
  • 西南大学 资源环境学院,重庆市界面过程与土壤健康重点实验室,重庆
Screening of exopolysaccharide-producing strains in a strongly acidic environment and evaluation of their amelioration effects on acidic soils
Ruiting GUO, Zheng MA, Hao DENG, Zhenlun LI , Luyao YANG
Affiliations
  • Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Process and Soil Health, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250821
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目的 为改善强酸性土壤结构不良、肥力衰退等问题,分离具有耐酸产胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)特性的多种微生物,构建复合菌剂,并评估其对酸性土壤结构与综合肥力的改良效应。 方法 从重庆南川、云南曲靖的强酸性土壤(pH<4.5)中经初筛、复筛获得目标菌株,鉴定其拮抗性、促生性等并构建复合菌剂;采用室内土培实验探究不同菌剂处理的强酸性土壤中养分含量及团聚体组成的变化,综合评价肥力改良效果,明确团聚体形成与EPS含量的相关关系。 结果 筛选获得3株具有耐酸、产EPS特性的菌株:副伯克霍尔德菌(Paraburkholderia fungorum) C3、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia) A13以及小囊担子菌(Cystobasidium minutum) B14。这些菌株兼具分泌吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)、合成铁载体以及溶磷能力。进一步将它们单独或构建成复合菌剂分别施入土壤,发现复合菌剂对土壤养分提升效果最佳,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别提升4.51%、13.92%、4.92%、3.71%。施用各菌剂均可有效促进大团聚体形成,其中单一菌剂C3的促团作用最显著,土壤平均质量直径(mean weight diameter, MWD)提升19.39%;经复合菌剂处理后的土壤肥力综合指数(integrated fertility index, IFI)达0.61,综合改良效果最佳;单一菌剂C3与复合菌剂分别使土壤EPS含量显著提高53.17%、35.79%。相关性分析结果表明,土壤EPS含量与大团聚体含量、MWD呈显著正相关,其可显著促进土壤大团聚体形成并增强其稳定性。 结论 本研究筛选出的由3株耐酸产EPS微生物组成的复合菌剂可有效改良土壤结构,提升土壤综合肥力,为改良酸性土壤的生物制剂研发奠定了必要的理论基础。

强酸性土壤  /  耐酸产EPS微生物  /  土壤结构  /  土壤综合肥力

Objective To address problems such as the poor structure and fertility degradation in strongly acidic soils, we isolated acid-tolerant exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing microorganisms, constructed a composite microbial inoculant, and evaluated its improvement effects on the structure and comprehensive fertility of acidic soils. Methods Target strains were obtained through primary and secondary screening from strongly acidic soils (pH<4.5) in Nanchuan, Chongqing and Qujing, Yunnan. After their antagonistic activity and plant growth-promoting traits were assessed, a composite microbial inoculant was constructed. A laboratory soil culture experiment was conducted to investigate changes in nutrient contents and aggregate composition in strongly acidic soils treated with different inoculants, comprehensively evaluate the fertility-improving effects of the inoculants, and clarify the correlation between aggregate formation and EPS content. Results Three strains—Paraburkholderia fungorum C3, Burkholderia cepacia A13, and Cystobasidium minutum B14—with acid tolerance and high EPS-producing capabilities were successfully isolated and screened out. All the strains exhibited the capabilities of secreting indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), synthesizing siderophores, and solubilizing phosphorus. When these strains were applied individually or as a composite inoculant to soils, the composite inoculant showed the best effect of improving soil nutrients, increasing the content of soil organic matter, alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium by 4.51%, 13.92%, 4.92%, and 3.71%, respectively. Application of all the inoculants effectively promoted the formation of soil macro-aggregates, among which the single-strain inoculant C3 had the most significant effect in promoting aggregate formation, increasing the soil mean weight diameter (MWD) by 19.39%. The integrated fertility index of the soil treated with the composite inoculant reached 0.61, indicating the optimal comprehensive improvement effect. The single-strain inoculant C3 and the composite inoculant significantly increased the soil EPS content by 53.17% and 35.79%, respectively. Correlation analysis results showed that soil EPS had significantly positive correlations with macro-aggregate content and MWD, significantly promoting the formation and enhancing the stability of soil macro-aggregates. Conclusion The composite inoculant composed of the three acid-tolerant EPS-producing strains screened in this study effectively improved the soil structure and enhanced the integrated soil fertility. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the development of biological agents for acidic soil remediation.

strongly acidic soil  /  acid-tolerant EPS-producing microorganism  /  soil structure  /  integrated soil fertility
郭蕊婷, 马征, 邓昊, 李振轮, 杨璐瑶. 强酸环境下产胞外多糖菌株筛选及其酸土改良效应. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1691 -1703 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250821
Ruiting GUO, Zheng MA, Hao DENG, Zhenlun LI, Luyao YANG. Screening of exopolysaccharide-producing strains in a strongly acidic environment and evaluation of their amelioration effects on acidic soils[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1691 -1703 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250821
土壤酸化是制约农业生产的重要因素。相关数据显示,全球约50%的耕地正面临土壤酸化问题[1]。其中,我国pH<6.5的酸性土壤面积已达3.11×106 km2,占国土总面积的32.4%,且酸化范围呈逐年扩增趋势[2]。土壤团聚体作为土壤结构的基本单元和养分载体,是影响土壤肥力及作物生长的关键因素[3]。研究表明酸化会导致土壤中的盐基离子大量淋失,大团聚体结构被破坏,小粒径团聚体增加,土壤稳定性变差,进而引发养分流失,最终造成土壤结构变异、肥力衰退,抑制作物生长,严重阻碍农业的可持续发展[4-5]。因此,如何改良酸性土壤结构、快速提升土壤肥力是当前亟待解决的问题。
胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)是微生物分泌的胞外大分子物质,富含负电荷官能团,可通过各种物理作用力(如静电、氢键和范德华力等)以及胶结作用促进大团聚体的形成,改良土壤结构,提高土壤抗侵蚀能力;还可涵养水分、提高养分含量,促进作物生长,丰富微生物多样性[6-8]。目前,农业土壤研究中常用的产EPS微生物主要包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、剑菌属(Ensifer)、固氮菌属(Azotobacter)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)等[9]。近年来,将产EPS微生物应用于土壤结构改良、养分调控等方面的研究逐渐增多。刘丙花等[10]从盐碱土中筛分得到一株高产EPS的巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium) F1,将其施入土壤后发现水稳性大团聚体含量显著提高,可有效改良土壤结构。李慧芬等[11]发现,具有高EPS合成功能的菌株GBW HF-98在中度盐碱土中能显著促进番茄生长,同时可有效提升土壤速效养分含量。常海霞等[12]提取菌株MQ A0的粗多糖发酵液能有效提高盐碱土壤团聚体水稳性。Deka等[13]筛选获得具有耐酸性的细菌p16,发现其所产生的EPS有助于土壤团聚。以上研究均表明,产EPS微生物在土壤养分及结构改良方面具有良好的应用成效和前景。
当前,有关产EPS微生物的分离筛选与应用研究大多集中于盐碱土[14]或中性土壤[15]上,而针对酸性土壤的相关研究较少,且对于应用于pH<4.5的强酸性土壤的结构与养分改良效果尚不清楚。pH是影响微生物生长与功能表达的关键因素,在常规条件下可产EPS的菌株在强酸性环境中通常难以正常生长,其生物量将显著降低,因此多数已报道的产EPS微生物无法在强酸性土壤中实现有效改良[16-17]。此外,在实际复杂的土壤环境中单一菌株易受本土菌群及其他环境因素的制约,导致其生命活动受限。通过利用菌株间的功能互补,构建兼具耐酸、产EPS功能的多种微生物复合菌剂,施入土壤后有望协同增效,共同改良酸性土壤。因此,本研究从强酸环境中筛选出具有耐酸产EPS功能的多种微生物,并基于微生物间的拮抗关系选出合适菌株构建复合菌剂,探究其对酸性土壤的改良效果,为寻求一种兼具环保性、可持续性的酸性土壤生物改良产品提供技术支持。
菌株筛分所用土壤采自重庆南川(pH 4.41)以及云南曲靖(pH 4.32)的耕层土壤;土培试验用土壤取自重庆南川(pH 4.42),为沙溪庙组泥页岩与砂岩发育的紫色土类灰棕紫泥土属,土壤质地为黏壤土。土培实验用土壤采集时先去除表层0-2 cm的土壤及石块、作物残体等杂质,再采集其下至20 cm的耕层土壤,带回实验室自然风干后过2 mm筛,备用。
参考刘丙花等[10]、贺湘睿等[18]的方法及所用培养基进行初筛、复筛,分离出具有耐酸产EPS特性的菌株。其中,培养基pH均调整为4.5。
利用pH 4.5的固体培养基于37 ℃下对各菌株富集培养48 h后,挑取单菌落进行纯化,获得具有耐酸特性的微生物。然后转接至pH 4.5且含苯胺蓝的固体培养基中,于37 ℃培养48 h后进行初筛。认定菌落呈黏稠状且被浸染为蓝色的菌株具备产EPS功能,并对以上菌株进行复筛。其中,丝状真菌因菌丝覆盖而不便观察颜色,因此直接进行复筛。
将初筛所得菌株接种至pH 4.5的LB液体培养基中,每株菌设置3个重复,于37 ℃、160 r/min发酵培养48 h后测定EPS产量。
采用低温乙醇沉淀法提取EPS。吸取10 mL发酵液于4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心15 min。弃沉淀,加入30 mL预冷乙醇,于4 ℃下静置过夜。12 h后取出,于4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心10 min,去除上清液即得EPS沉淀。放入50 ℃烘箱,干燥待测。
采用苯酚-硫酸法测定EPS。将提取出的EPS沉淀溶解于20 mL纯水中,吸取1 mL于试管中,加入1 mL纯水、2 mL 6%苯酚溶液后再迅速加入10 mL浓硫酸,静置至冷却。于490 nm测定吸光度并代入标准曲线,获得EPS产量。
采用“十字划线法”进行菌株间拮抗鉴定。将两菌株在无菌平板上交叉划线后恒温培养48 h,观察交叉处是否出现明显的抑菌带。若存在无菌株生长的透明区域(即抑菌带),则表明两菌株间存在拮抗作用;反之则无。
将所筛菌株送北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司测序鉴定,其中基因组DNA模板提取及PCR反应均由该公司完成。细菌用16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTC AG-3′)和1492R (5′-TACGGCTACCTTGTTAC GACTT-3′);真菌采用rDNA ITS区域通用引物ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′)和ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′)。测序结果在NCBI上进行比对分析并利用MEGA 7.0构建系统发育树。
采用“划线法”获得单菌落,对细菌进行革兰氏染色,对各菌株的菌落形态、颜色、质地等进行观察记录。
对各菌株是否具备产IAA、固氮、溶磷、解钾、产铁载体等促生性能进行鉴定。IAA分泌能力采用直接测定法进行评估;其余促生性能通过观察在相应鉴别培养基上有无透明圈出现进行判定[19-20]
将各菌株分别接种至LB液体培养基中扩繁2代后于5 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清并用无菌水洗涤3-5次后,利用无菌水重悬并调整至OD600=1得到单一菌剂。将各单一菌剂等比例混合得到复合菌剂,施用前也需将OD600值调整为1.0。
共设置5个处理组别,每组3个重复,进行为期60 d的室内土培实验,其间以田间持水量的70%为标准定时浇灌清水,保持土壤始终处于湿润状态。每盆土250 g,以2%的接种量施加菌剂(CK以等量无菌水代替),施入前与20 mL已灭菌的LB液体培养基混合后施用,以保证菌体在土壤中均匀分布并更好定殖。后续土壤补水均使用清水,不再添加LB。具体设置如下:(1) CK:5 mL无菌水+20 mL LB;(2) D1:5 mL单一菌剂C3+20 mL LB;(3) D2:5 mL单一菌剂A13+20 mL LB;(4) D3:5 mL单一菌剂B14+20 mL LB;(5) F1:5 mL复合菌剂+20 mL LB。相关土壤理化性质及养分测定方法参考《土壤农化分析与环境监测》[21],并测定菌体中氮磷钾及有机质含量以排除其对土壤养分的影响。土壤pH采用pH计直接测定,土水比为1:2.5;有机质测定采用重铬酸钾容量-外加热法;有效态氮、磷、钾含量分别采用NaOH碱解扩散法、Olsen法及NH4Ac-火焰光度法测定。苯酚-硫酸法测定土壤EPS含量[22];土壤水稳性团聚体采用湿筛法测定,按粒径分为大团聚体(>2.00 mm)、中团聚体(0.25-2.00 mm)、小团聚体(0.053-0.25 mm)、微团聚体(<0.053 mm);并选取平均质量直径(mean weight diameter, MWD)作为其稳定性评价指标,计算如公式(1)所示[23]
MWD=i=1nDiWi                                                     
式中:Di代表第i级团聚体平均直径(mm);Wi代表第i级团聚体的质量分数(%)。
参照林小丁[24]的方法,以土壤肥力综合指数(integrated fertility index, IFI)为标准对土壤肥力进行评估。采用主成分分析法计算各指标权重,相关函数计算方法如下。除pH外,其余指标均采用S型函数计算。隶属度函数计算如公式(2)、(3)所示。
抛物线型:
F(x)=0.1,   x<x1xx40.1+0.9(x-x1)/(x2-x1),x1x<x21.0+0.9(x-x3)/(x4-x3),x3x<x41.0,      x2x<x3
S型:
F(x)=0.1,   x<x10.1+0.9(x-x1)/(x2-x1),x1x<x21.0,   xx2
式中:x为测定值;各指标转折点阈值见表1
土壤肥力综合指数(IFI)计算如公式(4)所示。
IFI=i=1nFiWi                                                          
式中:n为测定指标总数,FiWi分别为第i个指标的隶属度与权重值。
采用Excel 2019、IBM SPSS Statistics 25进行数据处理与统计分析,通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA)结合邓肯氏新复极差法(Duncan法)进行显著性检验(P<0.05);Origin 2021绘制图片。
本研究分别从重庆南川、云南曲靖的强酸性土壤中富集获得106株具有耐强酸特性的细菌及30株真菌。初筛共得到77株具有产EPS功能的微生物,由于丝状真菌不便观察其颜色,因此与初筛所得菌株一同复筛。通过比较EPS产量,复筛出EPS合成能力较强的14株细菌与12株真菌作为候选菌株并进行拮抗测试。依据各菌株的EPS产量与拮抗关系,最终选定C3、A13、B14作为目标菌株,其EPS产量分别为246.08、202.75、176.88 mg/L,且菌株间互不拮抗(图1图2)。相较于已有报道[13]中同等酸度条件下其他菌株EPS产量(约20-90 mg/L),本研究所筛菌株的EPS合成能力更强。
利用NCBI数据库进行BLAST序列比对并采用邻接(neighbor-joining)法对3株目标菌株构建系统发育树,结果如图3所示。菌株C3、A13分别与Paraburkholderia fungorum NBRC 102489、Burkholderia cepacia TY5-SH的16S rRNA基因序列具有高度一致性,相似度分别达99.86%、99.93%;菌株B14与Cystobasidium minutum LH227的相似度达100.00%。因此,本研究筛选获得的3株菌株经鉴定分别为2个细菌和1个酵母菌。经形态学鉴定发现,各菌落形态均呈圆形,质地黏稠湿润且不透明。其中,C3为革兰氏阳性菌,菌落为乳白色,表面呈褶皱状;A13为革兰氏阴性菌,菌落呈乳黄色,表面平整,边缘整齐,具芳香气味;B14菌落呈乳白色,表面凹陷,边缘呈锯齿状。
通过菌株分子鉴定与形态学鉴定结果综合评判,初步确定菌株C3、A13与B14分别属于副伯克霍尔德菌(Paraburkholderia fungorum)、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia)以及小囊担子菌(Cystobasidium minutum)。以上菌株不同于前人常用于土壤研究的产EPS微生物,且目前尚未有关于其关应用于土壤结构改良的报道。
表2结果表明,3株目标菌株均具备较为多样的促生性能,兼具分泌IAA、合成铁载体以及溶磷的能力。此外,菌株C3、A13还表现出一定的解钾能力。
经菌剂处理后的土壤pH处于4.17-4.29之间,与CK相比无显著差异。图4展示了不同菌剂处理对土壤有机质及速效养分含量的影响,各数据均已扣除菌体中相关物质含量。数据表明,不同处理下的各指标变化呈现异质性;整体而言,复合菌剂处理F1的施用效果最优,可有效提升土壤相关养分含量。
与CK相比,处理组D1、D2、F1的加入可分别使土壤有机质含量提高9.69%、7.01%、4.51%,且三者效果相当;而处理组D3使有机质含量下降2.65%。对于土壤碱解氮,单一菌剂组施用后均呈现含量削减态势,而复合菌剂组F1则表现出显著的提升效应,含量有效增加13.92%,效果显著优于单一菌剂组。不同菌剂处理下,土壤有效磷含量呈现不同差异,其含量由高到低依次为F1>D1>CK> D3>D2。其中,复合菌剂组F1溶磷能力最强,使土壤有效磷含量提升4.92%;而在单一菌剂组D2、D3的处理下,土壤有效磷含量显著下降。土壤速效钾含量依次为F1>D1>CK>D2>D3,复合菌剂F1的施用效果最优,含量显著提升3.71%。
不同菌剂处理对土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分级占比和MWD的影响如图5所示。结果表明,菌剂的加入对土壤大团聚体的形成均有促进作用,有效提高了土壤MWD值,且土壤中大团聚体与中团聚体含量变化最为明显。
与CK相比,处理组D1、D3、F1分别使大团聚体含量显著增加24.15%、14.70%、13.87%;处理D2提升3.28%,无显著效果。除处理组D2使中团聚体含量上升8.20%外,其余组别均分别减少了13.45%、22.43%、27.88%。随着大团聚体含量的提高,土壤MWD值也相应增长:D1>D3>F1>D2>CK,其增量分别达19.39%、10.20%、8.84%、3.74%。上述结果表明,菌剂的添加均对土壤大团聚体的形成与稳定有促进作用,其中处理组D1促团效果最优,其次为D3和F1。
图6所示,各指标对土壤肥力的贡献度可由隶属度值表征,土壤肥力状况则可通过土壤肥力综合指数(IFI)直观评价。在本研究中pH贡献率最低,其隶属度值为0.1,是土壤肥力最主要的限制因素;其次,有效磷与速效钾含量对土壤综合肥力提升也有一定的制约作用。与CK相比,所有处理组均使IFI值得到提升。其中,经F1处理后的IFI值显著提高15.08%,效果最佳;单一菌剂对土壤综合肥力也表现出显著提升效果,依次为D1>D3>D2。
经不同菌剂处理后的土壤EPS含量及其与各团聚体指标的相关性分析如图7所示。结果表明,菌剂的施用均可使土壤EPS含量有不同程度的增加:D1>F1>D3>D2>CK。其中,D1和F1处理下的增量最为显著,分别提高53.17%和35.79%。
土壤EPS与大团聚体含量、MWD呈显著正相关,而与粒径<2.00 mm的团聚体含量呈负相关。由此表明,大团聚体的形成与EPS的胶结作用密切相关,EPS可促进小粒径团粒转化为大团聚体,且EPS含量越高则大团聚体越多,土壤团聚体稳定性越强。
本研究从强酸土壤环境中分离获得3株与前人研究不同、可在强酸条件下产EPS的菌株,并将三者复合构建出细菌-真菌复合菌剂,开展土培实验,分析其对酸性土壤的改良效应。
土壤有机质与氮磷钾含量是衡量土壤肥力的核心指标,同时也是影响土壤结构、作物生长的重要因素[25-26]。前人研究表明[27],EPS可凭借其特殊结构参与矿质养分的分解转化,提高相关养分的有效性,促进养分循环,提升土壤肥力。本研究中施用复合菌剂后的土壤有机质及速效养分含量均高于对照组;而单一菌剂在不同养分指标中呈现出不同的变化趋势,对部分养分含量的提升无明显作用。Karmakar等[28]的研究也有相似发现,将2株产EPS菌株复合后与土壤混合处理,可有效提高土壤保肥能力。这可能是由于多菌株的复合施用促进了菌株间的生长及生物活性[22],进而协同互作展现出优于单一菌剂的养分提升效应。
土壤团聚体是优质土壤的结构基础,对维持土壤生态健康与稳定具有重要意义[29]。在土壤酸化过程中,大团聚体会逐步破碎为小团聚体,稳定性变差[30]。土壤微生物是驱动团聚体形成和稳定的首要生物因素,其产生的EPS作为重要的“胶结剂”,可通过其表面存在的不同种电荷与多样的官能团吸附土壤黏粒,胶联形成团聚体[28,31]。本研究表明,土壤EPS含量与大团聚体占比及MWD间呈现显著的正相关效应。因此,EPS的增加是促进大团聚体形成、提高其稳定性的重要原因——产EPS微生物可通过提高土壤中EPS的含量实现对土壤黏粒的胶结促团作用。本研究中大团聚体的形成主要来源于中团聚体的转化,而中团聚体则主要由微、小粒径黏粒团聚而来。由此,各粒径间团聚体的层层转化最终推动了大团聚体的形成,使其含量及稳定性显著提升。此外,单一施用菌株C3对土壤团聚体的形成效果最优。其产生的团聚差异可能由各菌株合成EPS的能力不同所致:菌株C3的EPS产量最高,因此团聚能力最强;而将其与其他菌株复合后可能导致EPS产量整体降低,促团效果相对减弱。Vardharajula等[32]的研究也印证了这一观点,即土壤团聚体的稳定性主要与EPS含量有关。因此,提高菌剂活性、促进产EPS是后续利用菌剂改良土壤结构的关键。
土壤肥力是决定土壤质量的核心因素,也是影响农田生产力的关键要素[33]。土壤肥力综合指数(IFI)越大则土壤综合肥力越高。通过对各指标隶属度值分析发现,土壤pH仍是最主要的障碍因子,后续可采用配施碱性土壤改良剂的方式进行优化提升。复合菌剂的施用使土壤综合肥力得到大幅提升,其效果显著优于单一菌剂组。这表明产EPS微生物的施入可有效提高土壤肥力,而复合菌剂的构建更利于各菌株在功能上形成协同互补,进而展现出优于单一菌剂的培肥效果。
本研究从强酸性土壤中筛选分离得到3株具有耐酸产EPS特性的微生物并将其构建为复合菌剂进行强酸性土壤培养实验。结果表明,该复合菌剂在改良强酸性土壤结构及提升综合肥力方面成效显著,且其肥力优化效果显著优于单一菌剂。
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250821
  • 接收时间:2025-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-01
  • 录用日期:2025-11-25
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农业科技重大项目
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    西南大学 资源环境学院,重庆市界面过程与土壤健康重点实验室,重庆
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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