Article(id=1250834190095299040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250771, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760371200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767715200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineDate=1776151710294, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151710294, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151710294, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151710294, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1658, endPage=1674, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834190468592101, articleId=1250834190095299040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Cultivable bacterial diversity, enzyme-producing capacity, and characteristics of dominant Bacillus sensu lato in mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To characterize the cultivable bacterial diversity patterns and extracellular enzyme-producing capacity in mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary, with a particular focus on the distribution of dominant Bacillus sensu lato and the environmental factors shaping their assemblages. Methods Bacterial isolates were obtained by dilution plating. Taxonomic identification was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Plate-based assays were used to evaluate the activities of eight extracellular enzymes. Results In total, 1 392 isolates were obtained, representing 97 genera of 4 phyla. Bacillus sensu lato constituted the dominant assemblage (57.8%). Preliminary screening suggested 263 isolates (18.9%) as putative novel taxa, largely concentrated in Bacillus and allied genera such as Halobacillus. The Shannon diversity of cultivable bacteria was higher in the core mangrove zone and at the estuarine outlet than at the inlet (P<0.05), and the community composition differed among sites (P<0.05), being mainly associated with salinity and metal ions. By contrast, the community structure of Bacillus sensu lato was comparatively stable across space and was primarily associated with pH and carbon-nitrogen nutrient variables. Enzyme screening showed the highest positive rates for proteases (64.2%) and lipases (52.6%). Isolates affiliated with Bacillus sensu lato displayed higher positive rates than the overall community across multiple enzymes, indicating broad metabolic potential. Conclusion Mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary harbor abundant cultivable bacterial resources. In addition to the dominant Bacillus-related taxa, Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota appear to be key components underpinning overall community diversity. The high ecological stability and multi-substrate degradation capacity of Bacillus sensu lato, together with other bacterial groups, contribute to element cycling in mangrove sediments.

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E-mail:
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目的 解析漳江口红树林沉积物中可培养细菌的多样性格局与产酶能力,重点探究其中优势芽孢杆菌类群的分布特征及其环境驱动机制。 方法 采用稀释涂布法分离细菌,基于16S rRNA基因测序进行鉴定;利用平板法检测8种胞外酶活性。 结果 共分离获得1 392株菌株,隶属于4门97属,其中芽孢杆菌类群为绝对优势群(占比57.8%)。初筛发现263株(18.9%)潜在新分类单元,多集中于芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)及喜盐芽孢杆菌(Halobacillus)等属。统计分析表明,可培养细菌整体Shannon多样性在核心区和出海口均显著高于入海口(P<0.05),群落结构存在显著空间差异(P<0.05),主要受盐度及金属离子驱动;而芽孢杆菌群落结构在空间上相对稳定,主要受pH及碳氮营养因子影响。酶活筛选显示,分离菌株在蛋白酶(64.2%)与脂酶(52.6%)上的阳性率最高;芽孢杆菌类群在多种酶类上的阳性率均高于群落平均水平,显示出广谱代谢潜力。 结论 漳江口红树林沉积物蕴藏着丰富的可培养细菌资源。除优势的芽孢杆菌外,假单胞菌门和拟杆菌门是维持群落多样性的关键组分。芽孢杆菌类群凭借其高生态稳定性与多底物降解能力,与其他类群共同驱动红树林沉积物的元素循环。

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作者贡献声明

史怀:数据分析及可视化,论文撰写与修改;刘国红:项目管理,提供资源,实验设计,指导数据分析,论文写作与修改。

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Characteristics of rhizosphere microbial community structure evolution during mangrove plantation[J]. Wetland Science & Management, 2023, 19(1): 9-14 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422375609196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=49, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=70, authorNames=He HH, Li YR, Zhang L, Ding ZY, Shi GY, journalName=Journal of Advanced Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He HH, Li YR, Zhang L, Ding ZY, Shi GY. Understanding and application of Bacillus nitrogen regulation: a synthetic biology perspective[J]. 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Ecology and Evolution, 2024, 14(7): e70040., articleTitle=Homologous recombination and gene-specific selection co-shape the vertical nucleotide diversity of mangrove sediment microbial populations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879422975394694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=906, issue=null, pageStart=167732, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=73, authorNames=Li XY, Cheng XY, Cheng KK, Cai ZH, Feng SY, Zhou J, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li XY, Cheng XY, Cheng KK, Cai ZH, Feng SY, Zhou J. The influence of tide-brought nutrients on microbial carbon metabolic profiles of mangrove sediments[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2024, 906: 167732., articleTitle=The influence of tide-brought nutrients on microbial carbon metabolic profiles of mangrove sediments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423218664338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=52, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=74, authorNames=Zhuang W, Yu XL, Hu RW, Luo ZW, Liu XY, Zheng XF, Xiao FS, Peng YS, He Q, Tian Y, Yang T, Wang SQ, Shu LF, Yan QY, Wang C, He ZL, journalName=npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhuang W, Yu XL, Hu RW, Luo ZW, Liu XY, Zheng XF, Xiao FS, Peng YS, He Q, Tian Y, Yang T, Wang SQ, Shu LF, Yan QY, Wang C, He ZL. Diversity, function and assembly of mangrove root-associated microbial communities at a continuous fine-scale[J]. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, 2020, 6: 52., articleTitle=Diversity, function and assembly of mangrove root-associated microbial communities at a continuous fine-scale, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423424185247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=75, authorNames=吴联钻, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴联钻. 中国东南部滨海湿地生境变化对土壤微生物群落及多功能性的影响[D]. 福州: 福建师范大学, 2022., articleTitle=中国东南部滨海湿地生境变化对土壤微生物群落及多功能性的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1250879423503877029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=76, authorNames=Wu LZ, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu LZ. Effects of habitat changes on soil microbial community and soil multi-functionality in coastal wetlands of southeastern China[D]. Fuzhou: Fujian Normal University, 2022 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1250879408890921917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, awardId=42007221, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(42007221), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879409079665613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, awardId=42007221, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42007221), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879409226466266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, awardId=GJYS202203, language=EN, fundingSource=Agricultural Science and Technology Project of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences(GJYS202203), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1250879409411015653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, awardId=GJYS202203, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省农业科学院国基延伸项目(GJYS202203), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1250879402251338153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879402293281195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, companyId=1250879402251338153, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1250879402314252717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, companyId=1250879402251338153, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所,福建省植物营养与肥料重点实验室,福建 福州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1250879405971686064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Relative abundance of bacterial genera in the mangrove ecosystem. C: Exit; M: Core area; Z: Entrance., figureFileSmall=nKcGt+/UO+jt5qDpkODN/w==, figureFileBig=zDSJULlwMWGLZhjZnASa5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879406152041159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=CN, label=图1, caption=红树林生态系统细菌属水平的相对含量, figureFileSmall=nKcGt+/UO+jt5qDpkODN/w==, figureFileBig=zDSJULlwMWGLZhjZnASa5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879406307230420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Distribution of bacterial species at three sampling sites in the mangrove ecosystem. C: Exit; M: Core area; Z: Entrance., figureFileSmall=9q5qclgjNGYaih6VkXyKCg==, figureFileBig=cNYq45JBrVoXcD55i9CCxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879406470808289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=CN, label=图2, caption=红树林生态系统3个采集地点细菌种类分布, figureFileSmall=9q5qclgjNGYaih6VkXyKCg==, figureFileBig=cNYq45JBrVoXcD55i9CCxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879406672134904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Distribution of potential novel species of Bacillus in mangrove sediments., figureFileSmall=Hct24YwaEHDSrrHAWZvVRw==, figureFileBig=HlZe6F6P/NtVwtgFpjp3pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879406797964033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=CN, label=图3, caption=红树林沉积物芽孢杆菌潜在新种分布, figureFileSmall=Hct24YwaEHDSrrHAWZvVRw==, figureFileBig=HlZe6F6P/NtVwtgFpjp3pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879406936376073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Shannon diversity index of bacteria in the mangrove ecosystem. A: Total bacterial community; B: Bacillus community. C: Exit; M: Core area; Z: Entrance., figureFileSmall=oQIExjj4St+VJbBni5Fm1Q==, figureFileBig=h+oXYI3aAj6RZKUuuUp4PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407062205205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=CN, label=图4, caption=红树林生态系统细菌Shannon多样性指数, figureFileSmall=oQIExjj4St+VJbBni5Fm1Q==, figureFileBig=h+oXYI3aAj6RZKUuuUp4PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407196422949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of bacterial communities in the mangrove ecosystem. A: Total bacterial community; B: Bacillus community. C: Exit; M: Core area; Z: Entrance., figureFileSmall=C602KxRFvXLdnKlFl5UnCg==, figureFileBig=LyRkADrIy4TLfMxsIYi9VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407343223604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=CN, label=图5, caption=红树林生态系统细菌NMDS分析, figureFileSmall=C602KxRFvXLdnKlFl5UnCg==, figureFileBig=LyRkADrIy4TLfMxsIYi9VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407460664127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Correlation between environmental factors and bacterial community composition in the mangrove ecosystem. A: Total bacterial community; B: Bacillus community. C: Exit; M: Core area; Z: Entrance. Arrows represent environmental factors, and factors with asterisks have a significant effect on community structure (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, based on 999 permutation tests)., figureFileSmall=NBsodWbjjCgGnRmV+5ChUQ==, figureFileBig=dZSTBaFHjGlfhyMuhP6dzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407645213522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=CN, label=图6, caption=环境因子与红树林生态系统组成相关性, figureFileSmall=NBsodWbjjCgGnRmV+5ChUQ==, figureFileBig=dZSTBaFHjGlfhyMuhP6dzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407758459744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Distribution of enzyme-producing capabilities of bacteria isolated from mangrove sediments., figureFileSmall=7HQNj0GCH89e3cTrVWzapw==, figureFileBig=RcLpHOPBqefqQZMSMn3Ucg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879407867511658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=CN, label=图7, caption=红树林沉积物细菌产酶资源分布特征, figureFileSmall=7HQNj0GCH89e3cTrVWzapw==, figureFileBig=RcLpHOPBqefqQZMSMn3Ucg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1250879408094004095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Distribution of Bacillus community in the sediments of mangrove ecosystem

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SitesCore areaExitEntranceTotal
MMMTMBMQMLMGCHCGZHZGZXZQ
Bacillus483736466342332654626669579
Alkalihalobacillus7312515732324366
Brevibacillus0000000000101
Cytobacillus0000100100103
Fictibacillus11244244234233
Halobacillus114468645443463
Jeotgalibacillus0000010010002
Lysinibacillus21002030110111
Mesobacillus0000000100001
Oceanobacillus0000000200002
Paenibacillus0010100000002
Paucisalibacillus0000000000101
Psychrobacillus1000001000204
Solibacillus0000000001102
Terribacillus0000000000101
Thalassobacillus01020213310013
Virgibacillus11020223324020
Total strains714855659462514771768876804
), ArticleFig(id=1250879408253387663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

红树林生态系统沉积物中芽孢杆菌群落分布特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SitesCore areaExitEntranceTotal
MMMTMBMQMLMGCHCGZHZGZXZQ
Bacillus483736466342332654626669579
Alkalihalobacillus7312515732324366
Brevibacillus0000000000101
Cytobacillus0000100100103
Fictibacillus11244244234233
Halobacillus114468645443463
Jeotgalibacillus0000010010002
Lysinibacillus21002030110111
Mesobacillus0000000100001
Oceanobacillus0000000200002
Paenibacillus0010100000002
Paucisalibacillus0000000000101
Psychrobacillus1000001000204
Solibacillus0000000001102
Terribacillus0000000000101
Thalassobacillus01020213310013
Virgibacillus11020223324020
Total strains714855659462514771768876804
), ArticleFig(id=1250879408437937056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of potential novel taxa at the phylum and genus levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhylumGenusStrain numbersTotalNearest type strainSimilarity (%)
ActinomycetotaAgromyces18Agromyces humatus97.64
Microbacterium2Microbacterium arthrosphaerae98.21
Promicromonospora1Promicromonospora kroppenstedtii98.60
Pseudarthrobacter1Pseudarthrobacter niigatensis98.26
Streptomyces3Streptomyces kebangsaanensis98.43
BacteroidotaAestuariibaculum2641Aestuariibaculum suncheonense98.46
Algoriphagus1Algoriphagus halophilus98.39
Gramella2Gramella gaetbulicola96.60
Lacinutrix1Lacinutrix gracilariae98.50
Robertkochia1Robertkochia marina94.11
Snuella1Snuella lapsa97.90
Tenacibaculum9Tenacibaculum lutimaris98.49
BacillotaBacillus1729Bacillus hwajinpoensis98.49
Cytobacillus1Cytobacillus praedii97.04
Fictibacillus1Fictibacillus solisalsi98.59
Halobacillus6Halobacillus andaensis98.61
Psychrobacillus1Psychrobacillus lasiicapitis98.57
Thalassobacillus3Thalassobacillus hwangdonensis98.57
PseudomonadotaAcinetobacter9185Acinetobacter modestus98.10
Aeromonas1Aeromonas taiwanensis98.27
Bowmanella5Bowmanella pacifica98.12
Celeribacter1Celeribacter ethanolicus97.95
Croceicoccus1Croceicoccus pelagius97.94
Defluviimonas2Defluviimonas aquaemixtae97.85
Erythrobacter6Erythrobacter nanhaisediminis98.63
Ferrimonas1Ferrimonas balearica98.28
Gaetbulibacter1Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis97.12
Labrenzia2Labrenzia aggregata98.56
Limimaricola1Limimaricola hongkongensis96.45
Mangrovicoccus4Mangrovicoccus ximenensis98.19
Marinibacterium27Marinobacterium nitratireducens98.57
Maritimibacter1Maritimibacter alkaliphilus96.88
Meridianimarinicoccus1Meridianimarinicoccus roseus97.34
Microbulbifer42Microbulbifer variabilis98.63
Nitratireductor2Nitratireductor aquimarinus98.56
Novosphingobium2Novosphingobium panipatense97.32
Paracoccus1Paracoccus aestuariivivens98.58
Pararhizobium1Pararhizobium herbae96.82
Photobacterium12Photobacterium halotolerans98.30
Pseudoalteromonas2Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis97.78
Pseudomonas19Pseudomonas alcaligenes98.64
Pseudooceanicola4Pseudooceanicola nitratireducens97.05
Psychrobacter1Psychrobacter piscatorii98.08
Rheinheimera2Rheinheimera muenzenbergensis98.48
Rhizobium1Pararhizobium herbae96.82
Rhodobacter1Rhodobacter lacus98.49
Rhodococcus1Rhodococcus hoagii98.17
Ruegeria1Ruegeria intermedia98.27
Salinovum1Salinovum rubellum96.32
Serratia1Serratia oryzae96.50
Shewanella10Shewanella litorisediminis98.16
Simiduia1Simiduia aestuariiviva97.94
Thalassobius2Thalassobius gelatinovorus97.06
Vibrio13Vibrio plantisponsor98.51
Yangia2Yangia pacifica98.46
Total263263
), ArticleFig(id=1250879408588932005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1250834190095299040, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

潜在新分类单元在门和属水平的分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhylumGenusStrain numbersTotalNearest type strainSimilarity (%)
ActinomycetotaAgromyces18Agromyces humatus97.64
Microbacterium2Microbacterium arthrosphaerae98.21
Promicromonospora1Promicromonospora kroppenstedtii98.60
Pseudarthrobacter1Pseudarthrobacter niigatensis98.26
Streptomyces3Streptomyces kebangsaanensis98.43
BacteroidotaAestuariibaculum2641Aestuariibaculum suncheonense98.46
Algoriphagus1Algoriphagus halophilus98.39
Gramella2Gramella gaetbulicola96.60
Lacinutrix1Lacinutrix gracilariae98.50
Robertkochia1Robertkochia marina94.11
Snuella1Snuella lapsa97.90
Tenacibaculum9Tenacibaculum lutimaris98.49
BacillotaBacillus1729Bacillus hwajinpoensis98.49
Cytobacillus1Cytobacillus praedii97.04
Fictibacillus1Fictibacillus solisalsi98.59
Halobacillus6Halobacillus andaensis98.61
Psychrobacillus1Psychrobacillus lasiicapitis98.57
Thalassobacillus3Thalassobacillus hwangdonensis98.57
PseudomonadotaAcinetobacter9185Acinetobacter modestus98.10
Aeromonas1Aeromonas taiwanensis98.27
Bowmanella5Bowmanella pacifica98.12
Celeribacter1Celeribacter ethanolicus97.95
Croceicoccus1Croceicoccus pelagius97.94
Defluviimonas2Defluviimonas aquaemixtae97.85
Erythrobacter6Erythrobacter nanhaisediminis98.63
Ferrimonas1Ferrimonas balearica98.28
Gaetbulibacter1Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis97.12
Labrenzia2Labrenzia aggregata98.56
Limimaricola1Limimaricola hongkongensis96.45
Mangrovicoccus4Mangrovicoccus ximenensis98.19
Marinibacterium27Marinobacterium nitratireducens98.57
Maritimibacter1Maritimibacter alkaliphilus96.88
Meridianimarinicoccus1Meridianimarinicoccus roseus97.34
Microbulbifer42Microbulbifer variabilis98.63
Nitratireductor2Nitratireductor aquimarinus98.56
Novosphingobium2Novosphingobium panipatense97.32
Paracoccus1Paracoccus aestuariivivens98.58
Pararhizobium1Pararhizobium herbae96.82
Photobacterium12Photobacterium halotolerans98.30
Pseudoalteromonas2Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis97.78
Pseudomonas19Pseudomonas alcaligenes98.64
Pseudooceanicola4Pseudooceanicola nitratireducens97.05
Psychrobacter1Psychrobacter piscatorii98.08
Rheinheimera2Rheinheimera muenzenbergensis98.48
Rhizobium1Pararhizobium herbae96.82
Rhodobacter1Rhodobacter lacus98.49
Rhodococcus1Rhodococcus hoagii98.17
Ruegeria1Ruegeria intermedia98.27
Salinovum1Salinovum rubellum96.32
Serratia1Serratia oryzae96.50
Shewanella10Shewanella litorisediminis98.16
Simiduia1Simiduia aestuariiviva97.94
Thalassobius2Thalassobius gelatinovorus97.06
Vibrio13Vibrio plantisponsor98.51
Yangia2Yangia pacifica98.46
Total263263
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漳江口红树林沉积物可培养细菌多样性、产酶潜力及优势芽孢杆菌特征
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史怀 , 刘国红
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1658-1674
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1658-1674
漳江口红树林沉积物可培养细菌多样性、产酶潜力及优势芽孢杆菌特征
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史怀, 刘国红
作者信息
  • 福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所,福建省植物营养与肥料重点实验室,福建 福州
Cultivable bacterial diversity, enzyme-producing capacity, and characteristics of dominant Bacillus sensu lato in mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary
Huai SHI, Guohong LIU
Affiliations
  • Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250771
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目的 解析漳江口红树林沉积物中可培养细菌的多样性格局与产酶能力,重点探究其中优势芽孢杆菌类群的分布特征及其环境驱动机制。 方法 采用稀释涂布法分离细菌,基于16S rRNA基因测序进行鉴定;利用平板法检测8种胞外酶活性。 结果 共分离获得1 392株菌株,隶属于4门97属,其中芽孢杆菌类群为绝对优势群(占比57.8%)。初筛发现263株(18.9%)潜在新分类单元,多集中于芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)及喜盐芽孢杆菌(Halobacillus)等属。统计分析表明,可培养细菌整体Shannon多样性在核心区和出海口均显著高于入海口(P<0.05),群落结构存在显著空间差异(P<0.05),主要受盐度及金属离子驱动;而芽孢杆菌群落结构在空间上相对稳定,主要受pH及碳氮营养因子影响。酶活筛选显示,分离菌株在蛋白酶(64.2%)与脂酶(52.6%)上的阳性率最高;芽孢杆菌类群在多种酶类上的阳性率均高于群落平均水平,显示出广谱代谢潜力。 结论 漳江口红树林沉积物蕴藏着丰富的可培养细菌资源。除优势的芽孢杆菌外,假单胞菌门和拟杆菌门是维持群落多样性的关键组分。芽孢杆菌类群凭借其高生态稳定性与多底物降解能力,与其他类群共同驱动红树林沉积物的元素循环。

红树林沉积物  /  芽孢杆菌  /  可培养细菌  /  多样性  /  环境因子  /  潜在新分类单元  /  酶活

Objective To characterize the cultivable bacterial diversity patterns and extracellular enzyme-producing capacity in mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary, with a particular focus on the distribution of dominant Bacillus sensu lato and the environmental factors shaping their assemblages. Methods Bacterial isolates were obtained by dilution plating. Taxonomic identification was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Plate-based assays were used to evaluate the activities of eight extracellular enzymes. Results In total, 1 392 isolates were obtained, representing 97 genera of 4 phyla. Bacillus sensu lato constituted the dominant assemblage (57.8%). Preliminary screening suggested 263 isolates (18.9%) as putative novel taxa, largely concentrated in Bacillus and allied genera such as Halobacillus. The Shannon diversity of cultivable bacteria was higher in the core mangrove zone and at the estuarine outlet than at the inlet (P<0.05), and the community composition differed among sites (P<0.05), being mainly associated with salinity and metal ions. By contrast, the community structure of Bacillus sensu lato was comparatively stable across space and was primarily associated with pH and carbon-nitrogen nutrient variables. Enzyme screening showed the highest positive rates for proteases (64.2%) and lipases (52.6%). Isolates affiliated with Bacillus sensu lato displayed higher positive rates than the overall community across multiple enzymes, indicating broad metabolic potential. Conclusion Mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary harbor abundant cultivable bacterial resources. In addition to the dominant Bacillus-related taxa, Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota appear to be key components underpinning overall community diversity. The high ecological stability and multi-substrate degradation capacity of Bacillus sensu lato, together with other bacterial groups, contribute to element cycling in mangrove sediments.

mangrove sediments  /  Bacillus sensu lato  /  cultivable bacteria  /  diversity  /  environmental factor  /  putative novel taxa  /  enzyme activity
史怀, 刘国红. 漳江口红树林沉积物可培养细菌多样性、产酶潜力及优势芽孢杆菌特征. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1658 -1674 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250771
Huai SHI, Guohong LIU. Cultivable bacterial diversity, enzyme-producing capacity, and characteristics of dominant Bacillus sensu lato in mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1658 -1674 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250771
红树林是一类分布于海陆交汇地带的典型滨海生态系统,约占全球海岸线总长度的75%以上[1]。作为连接海洋与陆地的重要界面,红树林在全球碳氮储存、营养固定和气候调节等方面发挥着关键作用[2-4],其复杂的根系结构为多种动植物提供栖息地,能有效缓解潮汐与风浪的冲击,维系沿海生态安全与生物多样性[5-6]。因此,红树林常被誉为“海上森林”,在全球生态安全格局中具有不可替代的战略地位。
作为陆海交互作用的典型生态系统,红树林长期处于高温、高盐、高湿、低氧以及潮汐周期性扰动的复杂环境中,多样的生理条件和植被类型共同塑造了其独特的微生物群落结构,该结构在有机质分解、营养盐转化及元素循环等生态过程中发挥着核心作用[7-8]。这种独特的群落结构不仅体现了微生物对极端环境的适应能力,也为探索发掘新型功能菌提供了重要资源[9-10]。已有研究表明,细菌是红树林生态系统中最主要的微生物类群,不同地区的优势细菌类群虽有所差异,但整体上多以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)为主[11-13]
在可培养的红树林细菌群落中,芽孢杆菌门的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)常占据显著比例。芽孢杆菌的产孢特性使其能够在沙漠、深海、盐碱湖以及红树林沉积物等多种极端环境下生存并协同进化[14-15]。这种生态适应性赋予了芽孢杆菌生理和代谢多样性,使其能够产生多种具有应用价值的代谢产物,在农业、工业和医学领域展现出广阔的应用前景[16-17]。因此,系统研究红树林生态系统中芽孢杆菌多样性与功能潜力,不仅有助于深入理解其在红树林生态系统中的生态学角色,也为新型微生物资源的发掘与利用提供重要科学依据。
福建省漳江口红树林是北回归线以北树种最丰富、群落最完整、生态功能最典型的天然红树林湿地之一,是中国第二大、福建省最重要的湿地生态系统[18],是微生物多样性研究和资源发掘的理想研究平台。本研究以漳江口红树林为研究对象,在3个具有不同生态特征的代表性沉积环境中,系统开展可培养细菌的分离与鉴定工作,重点解析在本研究培养条件下可培养细菌群落的组成特征、潜在新物种资源、群落多样性与环境因子的驱动机制,并对其产酶能力进行系统测定。研究旨在:(1) 系统揭示漳江口红树林沉积物中可培养细菌群落的多样性及其空间分布特征;(2) 在此基础上,解析其中优势芽孢杆菌类群(Bacillus sensu lato,含近缘属)的群落组成及其与环境因子的关系,并与整体可培养菌群进行比较;(3) 测定可培养细菌的多种胞外底物降解酶活性,初步评估其代谢功能潜力,为后续资源开发与应用评价提供基础数据。本研究以期为理解红树林生态系统微生物多样性、挖掘功能菌株以及后续的生态修复与可持续利用提供科学依据。
试验样地位于漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区(福建省漳州市东山县境内,地理坐标约为117°24′-117°30′E,23°53′-23°56′N),属亚热带海洋性季风气候,年平均气温21.2 ℃,年平均降雨量为1 715 mm。根据红树林植被分布和潮汐梯度,将研究区划分为入海口(Z)、核心区(M)和出海口(C) 3个功能区。
于2019年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)的低潮期间以及2020年2月(冬季)共进行了4次样品采集。退潮后在各采样点用无菌工具去除地表凋落物,采集表层沉积物(0-20 cm),每点采集≥3个平行样本合并为1份,合计样本144份。样品信息包括样品温度、采集地点、日期、经纬度。每个沉积物样品被分为2份:一份约5 g,在运输过程中用干冰冷冻,并在实验室中于-80 ℃保存,用于DNA提取;另一份于4 ℃保存,用于进一步物理化学性质分析。
沉积物pH和盐度采用电位法测定(土水比1:2.5);总碳(total carbon, TC)和总氮(total nitrogen, TN)利用元素分析仪测定;NH4+和NO3-采用氯化钾浸提-流动分析仪测定;主要金属离子(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定;Cl-采用硝酸银滴定法测定。关于采样点具体的地理坐标、植被分布及理化性质分析结果等详细信息参见本课题组Liu等[19]前期文献。
本研究采用2216E海洋细菌培养基和统一培养条件进行分离,以获得红树林沉积物中具有代表性、易培养的异养细菌资源。该分离策略不可避免地会对芽孢杆菌门等易培养类群存在偏好,所得群落结构仅代表在此条件下可培养细菌的多样性。
采用稀释涂布法分离红树林沉积物中的可培养细菌,具体参照刘国红等[20]的方法。称取10 g沉积物样本,加至装有90 mL无菌水的三角瓶中,于振荡器上振荡10 min以上,使其充分悬浮,再于30 ℃、170 r/min下摇匀30 min。所得悬浮液按10倍系列梯度稀释,取200 µL涂布至2216E平板,于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养2-3 d。挑取菌落形态差异明显的单菌落,采用不连续划线法多次纯化,直至获得纯培养物。
刮取新鲜菌体,采用酚-氯仿法提取基因组DNA。PCR反应体系及程序参照刘国红等[20]扩增细菌16S rRNA基因,所用通用引物为27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)。引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。PCR产物送至福州博尚生物技术有限公司进行测序。所得16S rRNA基因序列上传至EzBioCloud数据库(https://www.ezbiocloud.net/)进行序列相似性比对,依据相似性结果确定菌株的系统发育地位。
酶活检测方法参考Ren等[21]、Singh等[22],并对培养条件和检测体系进行了优化。鉴于分离菌株多为中温、耐盐菌株,且在基础培养基中生长良好,本研究将培养温度统一设定为30 ℃,培养时间标准化为48 h,以确保菌株充分生长并产酶。同时,基于预实验结果调整了部分底物浓度以及显色剂的染色时间以提高水解圈的清晰度。木聚糖酶测定:采用含酵母提取物10.0 g/L、NaCl 5.0 g/L、胰蛋白胨10.0 g/L、木聚糖5.0 g/L、琼脂15.0 g/L的培养基(pH 7.5),培养后加入无水乙醇,阳性菌株在木聚糖降解区形成透明圈。纤维素酶测定:培养基配方与木聚糖酶测定相似,但以羧甲基纤维素钠(10.0 g/L)为底物,培养后加入碘液(2.0 g KI+1.0 g I2溶于300 mL H2O)染色,水解区呈透明圈。脂酶测定:在LB琼脂中添加1% Tween-80,阳性菌落周围形成乳化晕圈。蛋白酶测定:在LB琼脂中添加1%脱脂奶粉(分开灭菌),产酶菌株形成透明圈。木质素降解酶测定:在基本培养基中加入1%苯胺蓝母液(每100 mL基础培养基加1.0 mL),产木质素过氧化物酶或锰过氧化物酶的菌株形成脱色圈。鞣酸酶测定:在LB平板表面涂布0.1 g/mL单宁酸溶液,形成白色不透明薄层,透明圈表示阳性。谷氨酰胺酶测定:在LB培养基中添加1% L-谷氨酰胺和0.009%酚红指示剂,37 ℃培养后产酶使培养基由黄变粉红。天冬酰胺酶测定:使用专用培养基(g/L) (Na2HPO4 6.0、KH2PO4 2.0、NaCl 0.5、l-天冬酰胺20.0、甘油2.0、MgSO4·7H2O 0.2、CaCl2·2H2O 0.005、琼脂20.0,pH 5.5),并添加0.007%溴百里酚蓝指示剂,产酶菌株引起颜色变化或形成水解圈。
将纯化后的单菌落点接至各检测平板,培养后以菌落周围是否出现透明圈、水解圈或变色圈为标准,判断菌株是否具备产酶能力。出现明显特征圈的记录为阳性(+),否则为阴性(-)。基于阳性结果占测试菌株总数的百分比统计不同菌群在各底物上的产酶阳性率以评估其代谢功能潜力。
所有统计分析均使用R软件(v4.3.0)完成,绘图使用ggplot2包。利用vegan包计算Shannon、Simpson等α多样性指数,并采用方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)检验不同采样点间的显著性差异。基于Bray-Curtis距离进行非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)以评估群落结构差异,并通过置换多元方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA)结合999次置换,检验不同采样地点对群落结构的整体影响。为解析环境驱动作用,先利用Mantel检验分析细菌群落结构与沉积物理化性质之间的整体相关性,再通过冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)量化具体环境因子的贡献;RDA模型的显著性经置换检验验证,结果以排序图可视化。除特殊说明外,统计检验的显著性水平设为P<0.05,所有P值均采用错误发现率(false discovery rate, FDR)法进行校正。
从漳江口红树林生态系统的144份沉积物中共分离获得1 392株细菌纯培养物,其中入海口359株、保护区核心区846株、出海口187株。基于16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析,这些细菌隶属于假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)共4个门,涵盖97个属、328个种(图1)。
在门水平上,芽孢杆菌门菌株数量最多(817株,占总分离株的58.7%),其次为假单胞菌门(453株、55个属)、拟杆菌门(86株、7个属)、放线菌门(36株、8个属)。属水平上,优势属包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus, 41.6%)、嗜碱盐芽孢杆菌属(Alkalihalobacillus, 4.7%)、喜盐芽孢杆菌(Halobacillus, 4.5%)、伪芽孢杆菌属(Fictibacillus, 2.4%),微泡菌属(Microbulbifer, 9.6%)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas, 4.0%)、弧菌属(Vibrio, 3.8%)、海小杆菌属(Marinobacterium, 2.2%)以及黏着杆菌属(Tenacibaculum, 2.8%) (图1)。
不同采样生境间的细菌群落组成存在显著差异。核心区分离到的物种数最多(230种),出海口和入海口分别为113种和119种。韦恩图分析显示,仅在核心区、出海口、入海口发现的物种数分别为139、45和40种(图2) [原始数据存储在ScienceDB (https://cstr.cn/31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00037),DOI为10.57760/sciencedb.j00231.00037]。
在漳江口红树林沉积物中分离获得的可培养细菌中,芽孢杆菌类群(Bacillus sensu lato)占据显著优势。共分离得到芽孢杆菌及其近缘属菌株804株,占全部分离菌株的57.8%,在芽孢杆菌门中占98.4%。这些菌株隶属于芽孢杆菌属及其近缘属共17个属(表1)。
三个采样点(入海口、核心区、出海口)均以Bacillus属为主要优势类群,其次为AlkalihalobacillusHalobacillus。其中,核心区样品中AlkalihalobacillusHalobacillus的丰度相对较高。
参照Kim等[23]提出的16S rRNA基因相似性98.65%物种划分参考阈值,本研究对分离菌株进行初步筛选,共有263株(占总分离菌株的18.9%)显示出较低的序列相似性,据此暂推测为潜在新分类单元(表2),其真实分类地位仍需结合基因组学和多相分类学证据进一步确认。这些潜在新分类单元分别隶属于假单胞菌门、拟杆菌门、芽孢杆菌门和放线菌门等4个门。其中,假单胞菌门数量最多(185株,37个属),其次为拟杆菌门(41株,7个属)、芽孢杆菌门(29株,6个属)和放线菌门(8株,5个属)。
在芽孢杆菌门中,潜在新分类单元主要集中于芽孢杆菌类群,分布于6个属(图3)。其中,Bacillus属菌株数量最多(17株),占全部潜在新分类单元的6.5%,其次为Halobacillus (6株)和海水女神芽孢杆菌属(Thalassobacillus,3株),泡状芽孢杆菌属(Cytobacillus)、Fictibacillus和嗜冷芽孢杆菌属(Psychrobacillus)各1株。根据16S rRNA基因相似性分析,芽孢杆菌属潜在新种的最相近参考种包括红树林芽孢杆菌(Metabacillus mangrovi)、霞浦芽孢杆菌(Bacillus xiapuensis)、岸滨芽孢杆菌(Metabacillus litoralis)、巴基斯坦芽孢杆菌(B. pakistanensis)等,Halobacillus属潜在新种与H. marinus、达班湖喜盐芽孢杆菌(H. dabanensis)、沉积物喜盐芽孢杆菌(H. sediminis)等呈较近亲缘关系;Thalassobacillus属潜在新种的近缘种为食有机物海水女神芽孢杆菌(T. devorans)、黄岛海水女神芽孢杆菌(T. hwangdonensis)等。红树林沉积物中潜在新分类单元比例较高,且在厚壁菌门内呈明显富集,表明红树林生态系统是芽孢杆菌类群新种的重要潜在来源地,具有较高的系统发育多样性与资源开发潜力。
α多样性分析表明,红树林沉积物3个采样点的细菌Shannon多样性存在显著差异(ANOVA, P<0.05)。其中,出海口和核心区的Shannon指数均显著高于入海口(图4A)。β多样性分析基于Bray-Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)表明,3个采集点的细菌群落组成在二维排序空间中存在明显分离(图5A)。PERMANOVA检验进一步证实,不同采样点间整体细菌群落结构差异显著(P<0.01),表明群落组成具有统计学意义上的地理分布差异。相比之下,芽孢杆菌群落的多样性变化趋势与整体细菌群存在差异,其Shannon指数在核心区最低、出海口最高(图4B)。与整体细菌群落β多样性不同,芽孢杆菌群落未呈现地理分布差异(图5B),说明其群落结构在空间上较为稳定,受地理分布影响较小。
Mantel test结果表明,沉积物理化性质与整体细菌群落结构之间存在显著相关性(P<0.05)。冗余分析(RDA)进一步解析了各理化因子的作用方向,基于置换检验的RDA模型显著(P<0.05)。如图6A所示,盐度、Cl-及Ca2+、K+、Na+等离子浓度与整体细菌群落结构呈显著正相关,是主要的驱动因子,而pH的影响最小。相比之下,芽孢杆菌类群的群落结构(图6B)主要受pH和NH4+驱动,其次为TC、TN与Na+ (图6B)。pH和Na+对出海口和保护区核心区的芽孢杆菌分布呈正相关,而与入海口的呈负相关。相反,TC、TN、温度和NH4+与入海口的芽孢杆菌分布呈正相关,与其余2个地点则呈负相关。Mg2+、NO3-、Ca2+、K+、Cl-等因子与芽孢杆菌组成相关性较低。
从红树林沉积物分离获得的1 392株菌株中,具备产蛋白酶能力的菌株所占百分比最高(阳性率为64.2%),其次分别为脂酶(52.6%)、纤维素酶(41.8%)、木聚糖酶(38.4%)、鞣酸酶(33.1%)、谷氨酶(30.7%)、天冬酶(28.9%),而木质素酶阳性比例最低(22.5%)。总体上,分离菌株中具备蛋白质与脂类底物降解功能的类群分布最为广泛,而能够降解多糖及芳香族底物的菌株比例相对较低。
不同属群间的产酶特征存在明显差异,Microbulbifer属在纤维素酶和木聚糖酶阳性检出率方面表现突出,HalobacillusVirgibacillus属则在产脂酶方面表现出较高的功能丰度。热图分析显示,蛋白酶和脂酶阳性菌株分布最广,多糖降解相关酶次之(图7)。值得注意的是,芽孢杆菌类群(包括BacillusFictibacillusVirgibacillus等)在8种酶类中均呈现较高的阳性率,具有明显的广谱产酶特征。其中,该类群的蛋白酶和脂酶阳性率分别为72.4%和63.8%,且纤维素酶和木聚糖酶阳性率也超过整体平均水平。由此表明,芽孢杆菌类群在各类底物降解酶中均具有较强的代谢响应潜力,体现了该类群在种群水平上普遍具备的代谢多样性与广谱产酶特征。
福建漳江口红树林沉积物中蕴藏着丰富多样的可培养细菌资源,共分离获得1 392株菌株,隶属于假单胞菌门、拟杆菌门、芽孢杆菌门和放线菌门4门97属328种。总体群落结构与以往红树林沉积物的研究结果一致[24-26],表明红树林沉积物可培养细菌在门水平上具有相对稳定的群落组成特征。然而,不同地区的优势门类排序存在一定差异。本研究中芽孢杆菌门菌株数量最多,而假单胞菌门在种类多样性上占优,这与中国深圳及印度尼西亚塔拉坎红树林的结果相似[25,27]。相较之下,海南北港岛和三亚青梅港红树林中假单胞菌门为主要优势菌群[28-29],而广西茅尾海红树林则以放线菌门为主[30]。这种区域性差异可能源于采样环境、沉积物理化性质及分离培养策略的不同。
本研究基于2216E培养基和统一的好氧培养条件,仅获得了红树林沉积物中在该条件下可培养的细菌群落,难以覆盖大量难培养或不可培养的环境细菌,因此对群落结构的刻画存在一定偏好性。随着宏基因组测序和16S rRNA扩增子高通量测序技术的广泛应用,环境样本整体微生物多样性的解析已成为主流。本研究的分离培养工作旨在为功能菌株获取和后续多相分类学研究提供基础,可视为对高通量测序结果的有益补充。后续研究有必要将多培养基、多培养条件的分离策略与宏/元基因组和扩增子测序相结合,深入解析红树林沉积物中可培养与不可培养微生物的多样性及其功能。
本研究显示,芽孢杆菌类群在漳江口红树林沉积物中占据绝对优势(57.8%),且在3个环境梯度迥异的采样点间保持了相对稳定的群落结构(图5B)。这种“高丰度-高稳定性”的分布模式,结合RDA分析中该类群主要响应pH和营养因子而非盐度梯度的结果,表明其已高度适应了红树林频繁的潮汐扰动与盐度波动。这一现象与深圳、塔拉坎等红树林中基于分离培养的研究结果相似,后者也报道芽孢杆菌在可培养菌群中占据优势地位[25,27,31-32],而与高通量测序通常观察到其在整体群落中比例有限的结果形成对比[11-13]。这说明,芽孢杆菌类群可能代表了红树林沉积物中“易培养、抗逆性强”的一类典型功能菌群。
本研究的酶活筛选证实,芽孢杆菌类群在蛋白酶(72.4%)和脂酶(63.8%)等多类酶的阳性率上均优于群落平均水平,纤维素酶和木聚糖酶阳性率也较高,显示出广谱底物利用能力。已有研究表明,来源于红树林和盐沼环境的Bacillus通常具备较强的蛋白酶、脂酶及多糖酶活性,在凋落物分解和有机质矿化中发挥重要作用[33-34]。与这些报道相一致,本研究的结果进一步表明,芽孢杆菌类群不仅在丰度上占据优势,而且在功能上具有明显的代谢宽度和生态位宽度,使其能够在富含动植物残体的红树林生境中长期保持优势,并可能成为驱动碳氮循环的关键功能类群。
红树林沉积物环境复杂、盐度梯度大、营养条件多变,通常蕴藏着大量尚未被描述的细菌类群[35-36]。本研究基于16S rRNA基因相似性初步筛选出263株潜在新分类单元,占总菌株数的18.9%,提示漳江口红树林沉积物中可能蕴藏较丰富的未描述类群,是重要的微生物新种富集环境之一。
本研究初筛获得的263株潜在新分类单元中,芽孢杆菌门候选株高度集中于BacillusHalobacillusThalassobacillus等属,暗示漳江口红树林特殊的生境条件(如高盐、厌氧交替)可能促进了这些类群的特异性演化。现有研究从红树林、盐碱地及其他高盐环境中已分离出多株耐盐、耐碱的BacillusHalobacillus新种或新记录,且常伴随具有特殊的蛋白酶、脂酶或多糖酶活性[37-39]。本研究中这些属同样在酶活筛选中表现出较高的阳性检出率。综合来看,漳江口红树林沉积物中大量未被描述的芽孢杆菌类群不仅是系统分类学研究的重要对象,也很可能是挖掘耐逆、特异性酶制剂和功能代谢途径的关键基因资源库,值得进行后续的深度开发。
红树林沉积物微生物群落在空间分布上表现出显著的环境响应,受盐度、有机质含量、植被类型等驱动[9,40]。3个采样点(入海口、核心区及出海口)的整体可培养细菌群落组成存在明显分化,符合环境梯度对群落结构塑造的预期影响。相比之下,芽孢杆菌群落α多样性在核心区最低、出海口最高,呈现与整体群落相反的分布格局;而β多样性无显著空间分化,群落结构更为稳定。这种稳定性可能源于芽孢杆菌较强的生态适应能力和保守的生理生态位[41]。在入海口和出海口等扰动强烈区域,其他细菌的生长受抑,而芽孢杆菌凭借其卓越的抗逆优势获得更高的局部多样性[15,42]。这一特性表明,芽孢杆菌类群在红树林中可能充当“功能种子库”的角色,在环境胁迫下维持微生态稳定性[43]
RDA分析显示,整体细菌群落分布主要受盐度、Cl-,以及Ca2+、K+、Na+等金属离子影响,表明从淡水(入海口)到咸水(核心区和出海口)的盐度梯度是驱动群落更替的关键因子[40,44-45]。本研究中pH的影响相对较弱,而现有研究普遍认为pH是塑造土壤细菌群落结构的重要因子[46]。这可能与本研究采用的培养方法偏向耐培养类群有关[47]。不同生境对相同环境因子的响应方向不一,可能源于各区域微生物群落在长期演化中形成的差异化生态适应性[48]。例如,出海口频繁的潮汐扰动和盐度波动筛选出了具有离子稳态调节机制的微生物[49],而在环境相对稳定的核心区,群落结构更多受有机质积累和根际作用的影响[50]。相较于整体细菌群落,芽孢杆菌群落组成与pH和NH4+相关性最大,其次为C、N等营养因子。这说明芽孢杆菌的群落构建更依赖于养分可利用性与局部化学环境,呈现以资源响应为主的生态策略[51-52]
可培养细菌的产酶能力系统筛查揭示了红树林沉积物微生物群落功能型多样性。分离菌株在蛋白质和脂类底物降解方面活性最高,与红树林沉积物中富含凋落物和有机碎屑的生态特征相吻合,体现了微生物群落在长期资源选择压力下的适应性演化[53]。这些酶活为沉积体系的碳氮循环提供了微生物驱动基础[54-55]。不同属群的酶活分布存在功能分化,表明群落内部形成了生态位互补和代谢协同,有助于资源高效利用与群落稳定性[56]。芽孢杆菌类群展现出显著的酶活分布多样性,在碳氮底物上的酶活阳性率普遍高于群落平均水平,反映出其广泛的营养利用能力与生态位宽度。结合其群落稳定性,可推测芽孢杆菌在红树林生态系统中通过功能冗余与代谢多样性维持生态平衡。此外,源于红树林的芽孢杆菌在高盐、高有机质、高波动环境中表现出优异的产酶与抗逆能力,显示其在工业发酵、污染修复与生态工程中具有广阔的应用前景。
本研究系统解析了福建漳江口红树林沉积物中可培养细菌和芽孢杆菌的群落组成、潜在新种资源、环境因子驱动机制及功能酶资源潜力,主要结论如下。
(1) 红树林沉积物中可培养细菌多样性丰富,共分离获得1 392株菌株,隶属4门97属328种。其中,芽孢杆菌类群占全部分离菌株数的57.8%,在芽孢杆菌门中占比接近98.4%。基于16S rRNA基因相似性初步筛选出263株潜在新分类单元,其中芽孢杆菌类群候选新种最为集中,部分为首次在红树林生态系统中记录。该结果反映了在本研究培养条件下可培养细菌群落的特征,揭示了该区域作为潜在新种资源富集地的可能性。
(2) 细菌群落在空间上呈显著分化,整体群落主要受盐度及金属离子梯度驱动,而芽孢杆菌群落结构相对稳定,其分布主要受pH、NH4+及碳氮营养因子调控,体现了对复杂环境的高度生态适应性与资源响应特征。
(3) 沉积物细菌群落具备较强的蛋白质与脂类代谢潜力。假单胞菌门和拟杆菌门在多糖降解方面表现出特定优势,而芽孢杆菌类群凭借其广谱的产酶特性及在环境扰动下的稳定性,在有机质矿化及生态修复中具有重要的储备功能与应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42007221)
  • 福建省农业科学院国基延伸项目(GJYS202203)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250771
  • 接收时间:2025-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-14
  • 录用日期:2026-01-07
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(42007221)
国家自然科学基金(42007221)
Agricultural Science and Technology Project of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences(GJYS202203)
福建省农业科学院国基延伸项目(GJYS202203)
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    福建省农业科学院资源环境与土壤肥料研究所,福建省植物营养与肥料重点实验室,福建 福州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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