Article(id=1242175015970500782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240495, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722960000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730390400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-01, onlineDate=1774087202302, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087202302, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087202302, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087202302, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=371, endPage=388, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175017740497096, articleId=1242175015970500782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Directed domestication of yeast strains with high tolerance to furfural and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Inhibitors including sugar degradation products (e.g., 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural) and phenols (e.g., 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillin) from lignin degradation are inevitably formed in the pretreatment process of lignocellulose raw materials, exerting a negative impact on the fermentation efficiency. [Objective] To improve the tolerance of yeast to inhibitors in cellulose hydrolysates and ensure the efficient production of industrial biomass ethanol. [Methods] The model strain W303-1A was domesticated with the inhibitor furfural and p-hydroxybenzoic acid alone or in combination. The growth curves and ethanol fermentation performance of the domesticated strain and the original strain were compared under different inhibitor concentrations. We then conducted high-throughput genome resequencing of both the domesticated and original strains to identify the mutations in genes related to the glucose metabolism and drug resistance, thereby analyzing the variation points related to inhibitor tolerance. [Results] In the medium containing 2.0 g/L furfural, the ethanol yield of F-2 was 19.40 g/L, which was 2 times higher than that of the original strain. In the medium containing 1.6 g/L furfural and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, the highest ethanol yield of B-2 was 20.22 g/L, 7.6 times that of the original strain. Then, high-throughput genome resequencing of the original and domesticated strains revealed several mutations in the genes encoding ethanol dehydrogenase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase in the glucose metabolism pathway. The mutations of YAP1 (transcriptional activator involved in oxidative stress response and REDOX homeostasis), PDR5 (pleiotropic ABC transporter tolerant to multiple chemicals), and RPN4 (zinc finger protein) genes played an important role in the inhibitor tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [Conclusion] The findings provide more targets for further optimization and construction of model strains.

, correspAuthors=Meishan FAN, Jun XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: FAN Meishan:
E-mail: XIE Jun:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meishan FAN, Shengjie LU, Hongdan ZHANG, Chunmei ZHONG, Jun XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242175021372764532, articleId=1242175015970500782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=定向驯化高抗糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的酵母菌株, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在木质纤维素原料预处理过程中不可避免地形成抑制剂,包括糖降解产物(如5-羟甲基糠醛、糠醛)以及木质素降解的酚类化合物(如4-羟基苯甲酸、香兰素)等,这些化合物会降低发酵效率。【目的】提高酵母对纤维素水解液中的抑制物耐受性对工业生物质乙醇高效生产至关重要。【方法】采用浓度较高的糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸对模式菌株W303-1A进行梯度驯化,对比驯化菌株和出发菌株在不同抑制物浓度下的生长曲线及发酵乙醇性能;对驯化后菌株和出发菌株进行高通量基因组重测序,分析其糖代谢途径和耐药性相关的变异点基因,对与耐抑制物有关的变异点进行分析挖掘。【结果】在含有2.0 g/L糠醛的培养基中,F-2菌的乙醇产量为19.40 g/L,比原始菌株高2倍。在含有1.6 g/L糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的培养基中,B-2菌的最高乙醇产量为20.22 g/L,是原始菌株的7.6倍。通过对出发菌株和驯化后菌株进行高通量基因组重测序发现,糖代谢途径中编码乙醇脱氢酶、果糖-1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶和丙酮酸脱氢酶的基因发生部分突变,而YAP1 (参与氧化应激反应和氧化还原稳态的转录激活剂)、PDR5 (耐多种化学物质的多效ABC外运载体)和RPN4 (锌指蛋白)基因的部分突变对酿酒酵母的耐抑制物具有重要作用。【结论】研究结果为进一步优化和构建模式菌株提供更多的操作靶点。

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Gene, 2009, 446:1-10., articleTitle=A novel NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-12632 involved in the detoxification of aldehyde inhibitors derived from lignocellulosic biomass conversion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300018057228448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=2, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=AMB Express, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAES BG, STEINDORFF AS, FORMIGHIERI EF, PEREIRA IS, ALMERIDA JRM. Physiological characterization and transcriptome analysis of Pichia pastoris reveals its response to lignocellulose-derived inhibitors[J]. AMB Express, 2009, 11(1):2., articleTitle=Physiological characterization and transcriptome analysis of Pichia pastoris reveals its response to lignocellulose-derived inhibitors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300018153697441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=109, issue=1, pageStart=116, pageEnd=127, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Applied Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=de MELO HF, BONINI BM, THEVELEIN J, SIMÕES DA, JR MORAIS MA. Physiological and molecular analysis of the stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae imposed by strong inorganic acid with implication to industrial fermentations[J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2010, 109(1):116-127., articleTitle=Physiological and molecular analysis of the stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae imposed by strong inorganic acid with implication to industrial fermentations, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243300012474610657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, awardId=E439kf0201, language=EN, fundingSource=Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development Project(E439kf0201), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243300012625605609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, awardId=E439kf0201, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省新能源和可再生能源研究开发与应用重点实验室项目(E439kf0201), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243300003905647163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243300003914035772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, companyId=1243300003905647163, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243300003918230077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, companyId=1243300003905647163, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 广东省新能源和可再生能源研究开发与应用重点实验室, 广东 广州 510640)]), AuthorCompany(id=1243300004056642120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243300004060836426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, companyId=1243300004056642120, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Biomass Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243300004073419338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, companyId=1243300004056642120, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 华南农业大学 生物质工程研究院, 广东 广州 510642)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243300008674571084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Schematic diagram of yeast domestication process., figureFileSmall=NPDPFzNRSqPahnyd2xTz2w==, figureFileBig=v0Tr2Kgxjt1wfH9JwsD9DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300008758457175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酵母抗抑制物驯化过程示意图, figureFileSmall=NPDPFzNRSqPahnyd2xTz2w==, figureFileBig=v0Tr2Kgxjt1wfH9JwsD9DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300008871703390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Plate growth of original and domesticated strains under inhibitory stress of different concentrations of furfural (A), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (B) and furfural+p-hydroxybenzoic acid (C)., figureFileSmall=zEF0i5L+2ZS9Y1LBl7MsQw==, figureFileBig=8gk8UEP373CM0kiA7amx+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300008968172391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浓度的糠醛(A)、对羟基苯甲酸(B)和糠醛+对羟基苯甲酸(C)抑制胁迫下原始菌株和驯化菌株的平板生长情况, figureFileSmall=zEF0i5L+2ZS9Y1LBl7MsQw==, figureFileBig=8gk8UEP373CM0kiA7amx+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009052058478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Fermentation performance of original and domesticated strains under inhibitory stress of different concentrations of furfural, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and furfural+p-hydroxybenzoic acid. A: The change of glucose and OD600 concentration under inhibitory stress of 2.0 g/L furfural; B: The change of ethanol concentration under inhibitory stress of 2.0 g/L furfural; C: The change of glucose and OD600 concentration under inhibitory stress of 2.0 g/L p-hydroxybenzoic acid; D: The change of ethanol concentration under inhibitory stress of 2.0 g/L p-hydroxybenzoic acid; E: The change of glucose and OD600 concentration under inhibitory stress of 1.6 g/L furfural+p-hydroxybenzoic acid; F: The change of ethanol concentration under inhibitory stress of 1.6 g/L furfural+p-hydroxybenzoic acid., figureFileSmall=JA5iuER5S8Slcb+i1cDY7A==, figureFileBig=Wkqbya7Y6TORkbWylpRl4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009161110389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同浓度的糠醛、对羟基苯甲酸和糠醛+对羟基苯甲酸抑制胁迫下原始菌株和驯化菌株的发酵性能比较。

A:2.0 g/L糠醛抑制下的葡萄糖和OD600浓度变化;B:2.0 g/L糠醛抑制下的乙醇浓度变化;C:2.0 g/L对羟基苯甲酸抑制下的葡萄糖和OD600浓度变化;D:2.0 g/L对羟基苯甲酸抑制下的乙醇浓度变化;E:1.6 g/L糠醛+对羟基苯甲酸抑制下的葡萄糖和OD600浓度变化;F:1.6 g/L糠醛+对羟基苯甲酸抑制下的乙醇浓度变化。

, figureFileSmall=JA5iuER5S8Slcb+i1cDY7A==, figureFileBig=Wkqbya7Y6TORkbWylpRl4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009286939518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Principal component analysis., figureFileSmall=bWv3Q+svP4ERqIM7CH75lQ==, figureFileBig=mkH1uJAHkXbdPOlOXhvmBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009383408514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=图4, caption=主成分分析, figureFileSmall=bWv3Q+svP4ERqIM7CH75lQ==, figureFileBig=mkH1uJAHkXbdPOlOXhvmBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009471488907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Gene ontology (GO) annotations of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A: Classification of DEGs; B: GO analyses of DEGs in biological process; C: GO analyses of DEGs in cellular component; D: GO analyses of DEGs in molecular function. The color scale indicates corrected P-value of enrichment analysis., figureFileSmall=L9Ahdp8iyXYPEJxY2ac9Vw==, figureFileBig=TZ+lyebofiyvaVK4tV/4iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009593123730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=图5, caption=GO功能注释图及富集分析。A:突变基因的GO分类;B:生物过程中突变基因的GO分类;C:细胞成分中突变基因的GO分类;D:分子功能中突变基因的GO分类析。色标为富集分析校正P值。, figureFileSmall=L9Ahdp8iyXYPEJxY2ac9Vw==, figureFileBig=TZ+lyebofiyvaVK4tV/4iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009727341463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=KEGG pathway classification of differentially expressed genes., figureFileSmall=7xh+c5Nn8nmNe3HwD77xJg==, figureFileBig=dkXhTMd36soXfF6TkPIX+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009844781987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=图6, caption=KEGG通路突变基因的分类, figureFileSmall=7xh+c5Nn8nmNe3HwD77xJg==, figureFileBig=dkXhTMd36soXfF6TkPIX+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009920279462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Re-sequence data statistics and evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleRaw bases (bp)Clean bases (bp)Clean Q20
(%)
Clean Q30
(%)
G+C
(%)
DepthCoverage 4× (%)Coverage 10× (%)Coverage 20× (%)
W303-1A34 205 54032 827 66099.096.137.9388.4×99.799.699.6
F-219 689 38219 051 58099.296.939.6229.3×99.699.599.4
A-226 299 89425 382 56899.196.739.7302.3×99.699.599.5
B-239 691 16237 840 81498.895.438.4448.6×99.799.699.6
), ArticleFig(id=1243300010025137069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重测序数据统计与评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleRaw bases (bp)Clean bases (bp)Clean Q20
(%)
Clean Q30
(%)
G+C
(%)
DepthCoverage 4× (%)Coverage 10× (%)Coverage 20× (%)
W303-1A34 205 54032 827 66099.096.137.9388.4×99.799.699.6
F-219 689 38219 051 58099.296.939.6229.3×99.699.599.4
A-226 299 89425 382 56899.196.739.7302.3×99.699.599.5
B-239 691 16237 840 81498.895.438.4448.6×99.799.699.6
), ArticleFig(id=1243300010134188980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of SNP/Indel annotation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EffectF-2A-2B-2
SNPIndelSNPIndelSNPIndel
Exonic31 41093731 41793231 427944
Intergenic251425142514
Intron62899631105629100
Intragenic15101591510
Splicing201201201
Synonymous variant3 39703 39904 3010
Missense variant1 95301 93801 9520
Frameshift variant09901000109
In frame079082077
Start lost626262
Disruptive049052049
Conservative030030028
Upstream000000
Downstream000000
UTR3000000
UTR5000000
), ArticleFig(id=1243300010289378236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SNP/Indel的注释结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EffectF-2A-2B-2
SNPIndelSNPIndelSNPIndel
Exonic31 41093731 41793231 427944
Intergenic251425142514
Intron62899631105629100
Intragenic15101591510
Splicing201201201
Synonymous variant3 39703 39904 3010
Missense variant1 95301 93801 9520
Frameshift variant09901000109
In frame079082077
Start lost626262
Disruptive049052049
Conservative030030028
Upstream000000
Downstream000000
UTR3000000
UTR5000000
), ArticleFig(id=1243300010398430144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Annotated results of major genes in glucose metabolism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ChromosomePositionReferenceAlterationGene IDGeneFunction
NC_001134.8678 799CTYBR229CGLK葡萄糖激酶 Glucokinase
NC_001136.10412 388CTYDL022WGPD1甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶[NAD(+)]
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(+))
NC_001139.914 086CTYGL257CSFAα-淀粉酶 Alpha-amylase
NC_001139.9971 560GAYGR240CPFK26-磷酸果糖激酶亚族 6-phosphofructokinases
NC_001139.9986 049ACYGR248WSOL46-磷酸葡萄糖酸内酯酶 6-phosphogluconolactase
NC_001142.9357 352AGYJL045WSDH1b琥珀酸脱氢酶 Succinate dehydrogenase
NC_001143.9140 593GAYKL165CTPI丙糖磷酸异构酶 Triose phosphate isomerase
NC_001143.9521 709GAYKR043CGLK己糖激酶 Hexokinase
NC_001143.9569 825TGYKR067WPGI6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶
Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase
NC_001144.5740 878CAYLR305CPDC丙酮酸脱羧酶 Alcohol dehydrogenase
NC_001145.357 144GAYML106WALD果糖-1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶
Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase
NC_001146.8736 950GCYNR059WADH乙醇脱氢酶 Alcohol dehydrogenase
NC_001145.3540 024CTYMR135CGND6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
NC_001145.3672 129TCYMR205CPFK26-磷酸果糖激酶亚族 6-phosphofructokinases
NC_001145.3680 936TCYMR207CTPL磷酸甘油醛异构酶基因
Phosphoglyceraldehyde isomerase gene
NC_001144.51 039 435TAYLR452CFBA果糖-1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶
Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase
NC_001145.3887 821TCYMR307WGAS11, 3-葡聚糖基转移酶 1, 3-glucanyltransferase
NC_001146.8755 761GTYNR067CFBA果糖-1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶
Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase
NC_001147.668 602GAYOL136CPFK2磷酸果糖激酶 phosphofructokinase
NC_001147.6580 333CGYOR136WZWF6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶
6-phosphate glucose dehydrogenase
), ArticleFig(id=1243300010570396617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

与糖代谢相关主要基因的注释结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ChromosomePositionReferenceAlterationGene IDGeneFunction
NC_001134.8678 799CTYBR229CGLK葡萄糖激酶 Glucokinase
NC_001136.10412 388CTYDL022WGPD1甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶[NAD(+)]
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(+))
NC_001139.914 086CTYGL257CSFAα-淀粉酶 Alpha-amylase
NC_001139.9971 560GAYGR240CPFK26-磷酸果糖激酶亚族 6-phosphofructokinases
NC_001139.9986 049ACYGR248WSOL46-磷酸葡萄糖酸内酯酶 6-phosphogluconolactase
NC_001142.9357 352AGYJL045WSDH1b琥珀酸脱氢酶 Succinate dehydrogenase
NC_001143.9140 593GAYKL165CTPI丙糖磷酸异构酶 Triose phosphate isomerase
NC_001143.9521 709GAYKR043CGLK己糖激酶 Hexokinase
NC_001143.9569 825TGYKR067WPGI6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶
Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase
NC_001144.5740 878CAYLR305CPDC丙酮酸脱羧酶 Alcohol dehydrogenase
NC_001145.357 144GAYML106WALD果糖-1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶
Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase
NC_001146.8736 950GCYNR059WADH乙醇脱氢酶 Alcohol dehydrogenase
NC_001145.3540 024CTYMR135CGND6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
NC_001145.3672 129TCYMR205CPFK26-磷酸果糖激酶亚族 6-phosphofructokinases
NC_001145.3680 936TCYMR207CTPL磷酸甘油醛异构酶基因
Phosphoglyceraldehyde isomerase gene
NC_001144.51 039 435TAYLR452CFBA果糖-1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶
Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase
NC_001145.3887 821TCYMR307WGAS11, 3-葡聚糖基转移酶 1, 3-glucanyltransferase
NC_001146.8755 761GTYNR067CFBA果糖-1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶
Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase
NC_001147.668 602GAYOL136CPFK2磷酸果糖激酶 phosphofructokinase
NC_001147.6580 333CGYOR136WZWF6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶
6-phosphate glucose dehydrogenase
), ArticleFig(id=1243300010687837134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Annotated results of major genes in inhibitor resistance metabolism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ChromosomePositionReferenceAlterationGene IDGeneFunction
NC_001136.10180 644ACYDL154WMSH5MutS 家族蛋白 Proteins of the MutS family
NC_001139.916 217CTYGL256WADH4乙醇脱氢酶 Alcohol dehydrogenase
NC_001143.9120 268CTYKL175WRPN4锌指蛋白 Zinc finger protein
NC_001144.5624 955TCYLR243WGPN3推测信号序列结合
GTPaseThe signal sequence is inferred to bind GTPase
NC_001145.3556 437GAYMR145CNDE1NADH-泛素酮还原酶(H(+)-转移)酶 NADH-ubiquitin-keto reductase (H(+)-transfer) enzyme
NC_001146.8112 698CTYNL279WPRM1信息素调节蛋白 Pheromone regulatory protein
NC_001146.8450 515GAYNL093WYPT53Rab 家族 GTPase 蛋白激酶
Rab family GTPase protein kinases
NC_001146.8740 284GAYNR060WFRE1高铁螯合物还原酶 Ferric chelate reductase
NC_001147.657 959TCYOL141WTPO聚胺类物质转运蛋白 Transporters of polyamines
NC_001147.6286 252ACYOL020WTAT2芳香族氨基酸跨膜转运蛋白
Aromatic amino acid transmembrane transporter
NC_001147.6558 497TGYOR124CHAA转录激活因子 Transcriptional activator
NC_001147.6563 945AGYOR127WRGA1GTPase 激活蛋白 GTPase activating protein
NC_001147.6985 344GAYOR347CPYK2丙酮酸激酶 Pyruvate kinase
NC_001147.6730 587TAYOR207CRET1DNA 导向 RNA 聚合酶Ⅲ核心亚基
DNA directed RNA polymerase Ⅲ core subunit
NC_001148.4880 017CGYPL125WHXK己糖激酶蛋白 Hexokinase protein
NC_001148.4191 944CTYPL188WYAP1AP-1结合蛋白 AP-1 binding protein
NC_001148.4890 346TAYPR175WPDR5多重药物输出 ABC 转运蛋白
Multiple drug exporting ABC transporters
), ArticleFig(id=1243300012227146709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175015970500782, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

与抑制物抗性相关主要基因的注释结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ChromosomePositionReferenceAlterationGene IDGeneFunction
NC_001136.10180 644ACYDL154WMSH5MutS 家族蛋白 Proteins of the MutS family
NC_001139.916 217CTYGL256WADH4乙醇脱氢酶 Alcohol dehydrogenase
NC_001143.9120 268CTYKL175WRPN4锌指蛋白 Zinc finger protein
NC_001144.5624 955TCYLR243WGPN3推测信号序列结合
GTPaseThe signal sequence is inferred to bind GTPase
NC_001145.3556 437GAYMR145CNDE1NADH-泛素酮还原酶(H(+)-转移)酶 NADH-ubiquitin-keto reductase (H(+)-transfer) enzyme
NC_001146.8112 698CTYNL279WPRM1信息素调节蛋白 Pheromone regulatory protein
NC_001146.8450 515GAYNL093WYPT53Rab 家族 GTPase 蛋白激酶
Rab family GTPase protein kinases
NC_001146.8740 284GAYNR060WFRE1高铁螯合物还原酶 Ferric chelate reductase
NC_001147.657 959TCYOL141WTPO聚胺类物质转运蛋白 Transporters of polyamines
NC_001147.6286 252ACYOL020WTAT2芳香族氨基酸跨膜转运蛋白
Aromatic amino acid transmembrane transporter
NC_001147.6558 497TGYOR124CHAA转录激活因子 Transcriptional activator
NC_001147.6563 945AGYOR127WRGA1GTPase 激活蛋白 GTPase activating protein
NC_001147.6985 344GAYOR347CPYK2丙酮酸激酶 Pyruvate kinase
NC_001147.6730 587TAYOR207CRET1DNA 导向 RNA 聚合酶Ⅲ核心亚基
DNA directed RNA polymerase Ⅲ core subunit
NC_001148.4880 017CGYPL125WHXK己糖激酶蛋白 Hexokinase protein
NC_001148.4191 944CTYPL188WYAP1AP-1结合蛋白 AP-1 binding protein
NC_001148.4890 346TAYPR175WPDR5多重药物输出 ABC 转运蛋白
Multiple drug exporting ABC transporters
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定向驯化高抗糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的酵母菌株
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樊美杉 1, 2, * , 卢圣捷 2 , 张红丹 2 , 钟春梅 2 , 谢君 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(1): 371-388
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(1): 371-388
定向驯化高抗糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的酵母菌株
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樊美杉1, 2, * , 卢圣捷2, 张红丹2, 钟春梅2, 谢君2, *
作者信息
  • 1 广东省新能源和可再生能源研究开发与应用重点实验室, 广东 广州 510640
  • 2 华南农业大学 生物质工程研究院, 广东 广州 510642
Directed domestication of yeast strains with high tolerance to furfural and p-hydroxybenzoic acid
Meishan FAN1, 2, * , Shengjie LU2, Hongdan ZHANG2, Chunmei ZHONG2, Jun XIE2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
  • 2 Institute of Biomass Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240495
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在木质纤维素原料预处理过程中不可避免地形成抑制剂,包括糖降解产物(如5-羟甲基糠醛、糠醛)以及木质素降解的酚类化合物(如4-羟基苯甲酸、香兰素)等,这些化合物会降低发酵效率。【目的】提高酵母对纤维素水解液中的抑制物耐受性对工业生物质乙醇高效生产至关重要。【方法】采用浓度较高的糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸对模式菌株W303-1A进行梯度驯化,对比驯化菌株和出发菌株在不同抑制物浓度下的生长曲线及发酵乙醇性能;对驯化后菌株和出发菌株进行高通量基因组重测序,分析其糖代谢途径和耐药性相关的变异点基因,对与耐抑制物有关的变异点进行分析挖掘。【结果】在含有2.0 g/L糠醛的培养基中,F-2菌的乙醇产量为19.40 g/L,比原始菌株高2倍。在含有1.6 g/L糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的培养基中,B-2菌的最高乙醇产量为20.22 g/L,是原始菌株的7.6倍。通过对出发菌株和驯化后菌株进行高通量基因组重测序发现,糖代谢途径中编码乙醇脱氢酶、果糖-1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶和丙酮酸脱氢酶的基因发生部分突变,而YAP1 (参与氧化应激反应和氧化还原稳态的转录激活剂)、PDR5 (耐多种化学物质的多效ABC外运载体)和RPN4 (锌指蛋白)基因的部分突变对酿酒酵母的耐抑制物具有重要作用。【结论】研究结果为进一步优化和构建模式菌株提供更多的操作靶点。

酵母  /  驯化  /  抑制物  /  纤维素乙醇

Inhibitors including sugar degradation products (e.g., 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural) and phenols (e.g., 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillin) from lignin degradation are inevitably formed in the pretreatment process of lignocellulose raw materials, exerting a negative impact on the fermentation efficiency. [Objective] To improve the tolerance of yeast to inhibitors in cellulose hydrolysates and ensure the efficient production of industrial biomass ethanol. [Methods] The model strain W303-1A was domesticated with the inhibitor furfural and p-hydroxybenzoic acid alone or in combination. The growth curves and ethanol fermentation performance of the domesticated strain and the original strain were compared under different inhibitor concentrations. We then conducted high-throughput genome resequencing of both the domesticated and original strains to identify the mutations in genes related to the glucose metabolism and drug resistance, thereby analyzing the variation points related to inhibitor tolerance. [Results] In the medium containing 2.0 g/L furfural, the ethanol yield of F-2 was 19.40 g/L, which was 2 times higher than that of the original strain. In the medium containing 1.6 g/L furfural and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, the highest ethanol yield of B-2 was 20.22 g/L, 7.6 times that of the original strain. Then, high-throughput genome resequencing of the original and domesticated strains revealed several mutations in the genes encoding ethanol dehydrogenase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase in the glucose metabolism pathway. The mutations of YAP1 (transcriptional activator involved in oxidative stress response and REDOX homeostasis), PDR5 (pleiotropic ABC transporter tolerant to multiple chemicals), and RPN4 (zinc finger protein) genes played an important role in the inhibitor tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [Conclusion] The findings provide more targets for further optimization and construction of model strains.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae  /  domestication  /  inhibitors  /  cellulosic ethanol
樊美杉, 卢圣捷, 张红丹, 钟春梅, 谢君. 定向驯化高抗糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的酵母菌株. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 371 -388 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240495
Meishan FAN, Shengjie LU, Hongdan ZHANG, Chunmei ZHONG, Jun XIE. Directed domestication of yeast strains with high tolerance to furfural and p-hydroxybenzoic acid[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 371 -388 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240495
过度使用石油等化石燃料带来的储量枯竭、温室气体排放等问题危害着能源安全和生态环境[1]。近年来,生物质燃料凭借其原料廉价、来源丰富且可再生性等受到了广泛关注,成为替代能源的新选择[2]。木质纤维素燃料乙醇是二代生物质能源,包括农林废弃物、工业废残留物、餐厨垃圾等,可以缓解粮食危机[3]。利用木质纤维素生产乙醇要经过预处理过程,然而在此过程中会产生一些抑制物,严重影响微生物生长和乙醇得率[4]。抑制物的种类和含量因原料和预处理方法的不同存在差异,主要分为酚类化合物(香草醛、丁香醛、苯酚等)、酸类化合物(乙酸、甲酸等)和呋喃醛类化合物(糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛)三大类。其中酚类化合物在纤维素水解液中的含量很低,但其毒性却很大,且一些低分子含有脂肪族官能团的酚类化合物的抑制效果最强[5]。为了降低抑制剂的抑制作用,通常会选择在发酵前脱毒处理,然而此过程复杂,工业成本较高,并且会造成糖分的损失,经济效益不高[6]。因此,选育抑制物高耐受性的微生物更加经济有效[7]
酿酒酵母是传统乙醇生产工业中使用的微生物,发酵效率高并且对一些毒性物质耐受性较强,因此进一步选育抑制物高抗性的酿酒酵母对提高纤维素乙醇生产效率具有重要意义[8-9]。目前,选育酿酒酵母主要利用诱变筛选[10]、定向梯度驯化[11]、基因工程[12]等手段。诱变筛选是一种简单的传统选育方法,会产生多种突变,具有较强的随机性。基因工程手段是基于基因组、转录组和蛋白组分析,挖掘靶点基因,设计出合理的基因改造策略和路线,有针对性地强化菌株对抑制剂的耐受性。定向梯度驯化则通过施加外界环境压力筛选获得高耐受力菌株,是自然选择理想表型性状突变菌株的有力方法,广泛应用于产生耐抑制剂的酵母菌株[13]。虽然已获得多种耐受单一抑制剂的工程菌株,并揭示了其耐受机理[14-15],但实际水解液的复合抑制剂作用复杂,包括累加作用和协同作用[16-18],其作用机制尚不明了。
本研究选取糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸作为环境压力,对酿酒酵母W303-1A进行单一抑制物和复合抑制物的定向梯度驯化。得到的耐受菌株在不同抑制物种类和浓度的培养基中验证其生长和发酵性能,并通过高通量重测序分析基因差异,以期找到新的靶点基因,阐明酿酒酵母对糠醛、对羟基苯甲酸的代谢通路,揭示其耐受机制。
本研究所用的酿酒酵母菌株为模式菌株W303-1A,购自广州星禾科技生物有限公司,活化后的甘油菌平板划线培养,挑取单菌落接种于YPD液体培养基中振荡培养12−16 h备用。
YPD活化培养基(g/L):葡萄糖20.0,蛋白胨20.0 g,酵母浸粉10.0。121 ℃灭菌15 min后备用(固体培养基则另添加2%琼脂粉)。
YPD驯化培养基(g/L):葡萄糖20.0,蛋白胨20.0,酵母浸粉10.0。121 ℃灭菌15 min后备用。分别加入不同剂量过滤除菌的抑制物,抑制物为糠醛或对羟基苯甲酸。
YPD发酵培养基(g/L):葡萄糖50.0,蛋白胨20.0,酵母浸粉10.0。121 ℃灭菌15 min后备用(可加入不同浓度的抑制物制成检测培养基)。
葡萄糖、蛋白胨、酵母浸粉、琼脂粉均购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;糠醛购自广州化学试剂厂;对羟基苯甲酸购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
从YPD平板挑取生长较好的初代单菌落于YPD活化培养基中,在30 ℃、200 r/min下培养过夜,取1 mL的菌液4 ℃、5 000×g离心5 min收集细胞,用无菌水重悬,最终以初始OD600=0.2接种于抑制物浓度为0.2 g/L的驯化培养基中,在30 ℃、200 r/min下培养24−48 h,使得酵母细胞OD600值达到2.0−3.0左右(即进入稳定期),重复上述步骤2−3次,直至酵母细胞在当前浓度的抑制物胁迫下生长速度显著提高;接着,以相同的初始OD600值再次接种至抑制物浓度为0.4 g/L的驯化培养基中,培养至细胞达到稳定期,在此浓度下重复培养2−3次,以此类推,直至完成所有浓度批次的驯化。驯化结束后取菌液划线YPD平板培养,挑取生长良好的单菌落作为最终的进化菌株, 接种至YPD活化培养基中振荡培养12−16 h备用,并甘油保存于−80 ℃。不同抑制物的浓度都是以0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6、1.8、2.0 g/L梯度提高。
取进化菌株的活化液划线平板培养,挑取单菌落于适量无菌ddH2O中,使各个菌液的OD600保持一致,并将重悬的细胞稀释4个梯度(1、10、100、1 000倍),分别吸取4 µL对应的菌液点样于添加了不同浓度抑制物的检测平板上,30 ℃倒置培养2−3 d,观察细胞生长情况并拍照保存。
取进化菌株活化液,接种在含有50 mL的150 mL锥形瓶中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养12−16 h作为发酵种子液。取2.5 mL种子液以相同的OD600值接种至含有不同浓度抑制物的YPD发酵培养基中,30 ℃、150 r/min下振荡培养3−4 d,每隔一段时间取样测定葡萄糖、糠醛、对羟基苯甲酸、乙醇等物质的含量。
菌株生长量用紫外分光光度计检测,取不同时间段的发酵液于600 nm吸收波长下读取OD值。发酵液中的各物质含量测定用高效液相色谱法,其中葡萄糖和乙醇含量的检测用醇柱,柱温50 ℃,流速0.5 mL/min,流动相为5 mmol/L的硫酸溶液。
分别挑取出发菌株W303-1A和不同抑制物下驯化完成的单菌落于YPD液体培养基中,在30 ℃、200 r/min下培养24−48 h,待细胞生长至稳定期后,收集菌液,液氮快速冷却后,置−80 ℃存放待测。
重测序工作由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司利用Illumina测序平台完成。Illumina MiSeqTM得出的原始图像数据文件经CASAVA碱基识别(base calling)分析转化为原始测序序列(sequenced reads)。此外,对原始数据质量值等信息进行统计,并使用FastQC对样本的测序数据质量进行可视化评估。
以适合实验室研究的营养缺陷型单倍体菌株W303-1A作为出发菌株,分别以糠醛、对羟基苯甲酸以及糠醛+对羟基苯甲酸作为胁迫条件对其进行定向驯化,主要过程如图1所示。经过50 d的培养后涂布于含有2.0 g/L抑制物的YPD平板,将平板倒置于37 ℃恒温恒湿培养箱中,培养24−48 h分离单克隆。筛选得到糠醛抗性提高的5株菌,分别命名为F-1、F-2、F-3、F-4、F-5,对羟基苯甲酸抗性提高的菌株5株,分别命名为A-1、A-2、A-3、A-4、A-5,以及糠醛+对羟基苯甲酸抗性提高的菌株5株,分别命名为B-1、B-2、B-3、B-4、B-5。
为了测试酿酒酵母W303-1A中经过一段时间驯化后是否能促进糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸胁迫下的生长性能,比较了经糠醛驯化后生长较好的5株菌(即F-1、F-2、F-3、F-4、F-5)和对照菌株(W303-1A)在含有不同糠醛浓度培养基中的有氧生长活性(图2A)。驯化后5株菌在糠醛为0.8 g/L的YPD板上能够较好地生长,而原始菌株在0.8 g/L糠醛的YPD培养基上生长相对较弱。原始菌株在1.2 g/L糠醛的YPD培养基上也能够存活,但生长速度远慢于驯化后的菌株。驯化后的5株菌在含有1.6 g/L糠醛的YPD的培养基中也可以较好地生长,而未经驯化的原始菌株则无法生长。当培养基中糠醛的浓度提升至2.0 g/L时,驯化的菌株中F-2的生长速度明显高于其他4株驯化菌株,以上结果表明,驯化后的菌株对糠醛产生了一定的耐受性,其中,F-2菌株的耐受性最好。
此外,本研究测试了经对羟基苯甲酸梯度驯化后的菌株耐受性。如图2B所示,挑取生长状态较好的5株驯化后菌株在含有0.8、1.2、1.6、2.0 g/L对羟基苯甲酸浓度的YPD培养基上生长,并评估菌落的生长情况。与原始菌株W303-1A相比,驯化后酵母菌株并无明显生长优势。此外,随着对羟基苯甲酸浓度的增加,驯化后的5株酵母细胞的生长情况与原始菌株W303-1A相似且均可以很好地生长。其中,驯化后的菌株在2.0 g/L对羟基苯甲酸条件下的生长优于对照菌株,这些结果表明,定向驯化能够一定程度上提升菌株在对羟基苯甲酸胁迫条件下的生长性能。
为了评估糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的协同抑制对驯化菌株的毒性,测定了不同浓度糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸(0.8、1.2、1.6、2.0 g/L)的YPD平板上菌株的生长速度。图2C显示了原始菌株以及驯化后菌株的生长情况,对于驯化后的菌株,在0.8 g/L和1.2 g/L的抑制物浓度下未观察到生长抑制现象。随着抑制物浓度的增加,5株经驯化后的菌株细胞生长均受到明显的生长抑制,在1.6 g/L的浓度时,原始菌株已无法正常适应当前的环境,此外,驯化的菌株生长也受到了一定的抑制。尤其是在浓度2.0 g/L时,几乎所有的菌株均不能在培养基中生长。在添加0.8–1.6 g/L糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的条件下,B-2的生长速度始终高于其他4株驯化菌株,以上结果表明,驯化后的菌株对抑制物协同作用的环境产生了一定的耐受性,其中,B-2菌株的耐受性最好。
为了更好地评价驯化后酵母菌株对抑制物的耐受性影响,对含有不同浓度抑制物的葡萄糖发酵液中原始酵母菌株和驯化菌株的乙醇发酵性能进行了研究。在酿酒酵母的亲本菌株培养中,添加2.0 g/L糠醛可以显著抑制细胞生长,培养基中葡萄糖的含量几乎未被消耗。与W303-1A相比,驯化后的5株菌在48 h内达到稳定,具有通常观察到的滞后期,并完全消耗葡萄糖(50 g/L),表明驯化后的菌株已经适应了糠醛环境。在相同的糠醛胁迫条件下,F-2菌株的生长明显优于其他驯化菌株,发酵24 h时,F-2菌株乙醇产量为8.96 g/L,比其他4株驯化菌株高2.43−6.29 g/L (图3A3B),这一结果与之前的梯度稀释实验结果一致。随着发酵时间的延长,驯化后的5株菌最终的乙醇浓度几乎相同,而出发菌株W303-1A最终的乙醇浓度约为2.66 g/L,远低于驯化后菌株的发酵效率。驯化菌株在培养基中消耗了几乎所有的葡萄糖,最大乙醇浓度为19.40 g/L,葡萄糖转化率为94.4%。以上结果表明驯化菌株具有较高的糠醛耐受性,乙醇产量比出发菌株高2倍。Li等将酿酒酵母菌株E7在复合抑制剂中驯化,获得进化菌株E7403在36 h即可消耗培养基中全部葡萄糖(50 g/L),最终的乙醇产量也比原始菌株E7多了22.9%[19]。Liu等利用进化工程获得了一株对糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural, HMF)耐受的菌株,其在20 mmol/L的糠醛和HMF的存在下,48 h葡萄糖被完全消耗且乙醇产量正常,相比之下,原始菌株的细胞生长则完全被抑制,未产生显著的乙醇[20]。这一结果与本研究观察到的现象相似。
本研究测试了出发菌株W303-1A和驯化菌株在含2.0 g/L对羟基苯甲酸的葡萄糖培养基中的发酵情况(图3C3D)。所有的菌株均能在含有对羟基苯甲酸的培养液中生长,对照菌株和驯化后的5株菌生长和发酵响应相当,在发酵12 h时,原始菌株出现生长迟缓,但细胞生长在指数期不受影响。这一结果表明,在发酵前期,驯化后的菌株会导致生长速度的增加。原始菌株在72 h的葡萄糖发酵过程中能够产生与驯化菌株相似的乙醇量,但在发酵12 h后观察到乙醇产量的降低,这可能是由于发酵液中部分乙醇挥发导致的。因此,与上述糠醛对酵母发酵性能的结果相比,对羟基苯甲酸的抑制能力远低于糠醛对酵母细胞生长的抑制,而驯化后的酵母菌株则能有效提升细胞对抑制物的耐受性。
在相同的培养条件下,用含有1.6 g/L糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的发酵培养基进行发酵性能测试(图3E3F)。原始菌株在含有抑制物的发酵液中细胞生长完全被抑制,其OD600值和发酵液中葡萄糖的含量几乎无变化。在添加1.6 g/L糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸的条件下,被驯化后的5株菌生长响应相当。与出发菌株W303-1A相比,驯化后菌株的葡萄糖消耗速度更快、消耗量更大,其中B-2和B-4菌株在48 h内完全消耗葡萄糖,B-1、B-3和B-5菌株在72 h后发酵液中的葡萄糖含量也被消耗完全。B-2菌株的乙醇产生速率比其他4株驯化菌都要快,且在48 h获得最大乙醇浓度,为20.22 g/L,葡萄糖转化率为98.4%,比在糠醛抑制物下驯化菌株高4.0%。B-2菌株产生的乙醇浓度是出发菌株的7.6倍。在混合抑制物胁迫下的生长和发酵响应规律与单一抑制物存在的时有所不同,这可能是两种抑制物间存在协同作用。研究表明多种抑制物的协同作用对发酵性能的影响高于单一发酵抑制物[21]。Wang等通过协同因子(continuous integration, CI)值来判断化合物是否具有协同作用,得出糠醛,香草酸,HMF和甲酸对酵母的生长具有明显的协同抑制作用,同时对胞内ADH酶活和ATP含量也可能具有协同抑制作用,且协同抑制作用大于单一抑制作用[22]。因此本研究利用糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸对酵母菌株进行驯化十分有意义,结果也表明驯化后的菌株对混合抑制物的耐受显著增强,或许一定程度上了解除了乙醇发酵中的抑制物协同 作用。
本研究利用驯化策略在不同程度上提高了酿酒酵母在单一和混合抑制物胁迫下的生长和发酵性能。研究表明微生物通过短期驯化获得的抑制物耐受表型不能在后代中稳定遗传,并有学者推测发生抑制物耐受性提高现象的原因是短期抑制物压力胁迫使酵母产生应激作用,并形成了对酚酸应激反应的转录记忆而未发生相关基因突变[23-24]。因此本研究选取在上述实验中发酵和生长表型优异的进化菌株F-2、A-2、B-2进行基因组重测序,进一步了解基因型与表型的关系。
采用Illumina MiSeqTM分别得到的出发菌株W303-1A、F-2、A-2和B-2基因组序列图像数据,经过CASAVA碱基识别(base calling)分析转化为原始测序序列(raw reads)。由于测序得到的原始数据中含有带接头、低质量的序列,为了保证信息分析质量,使用Trimmomatic对原始数据进行过滤,得到clean数据。如表1所示,出发菌株W303-1A、F-2、A-2和B-2检测到的序列数分别为34 205 540、19 689 382、26 299 894和39 691 162 bp,经过滤处理后,有效数据均超过了95.0%,且数据处理后,4株菌的重测序结果Q20、Q30都在95.0%以上,其中,G+C含量处于37.9%−39.7%,结果表明,测序结果有效,可用于进一步的信息分析。
测序覆盖度能够间接反映变异检测的完整性,因此,平均测序深度(depth)越大,后续能够检测到的变异位点则越多。如表1所示,出发菌株W303-1A、F-2、A-2和B-2全基因组的平均覆盖深度分别为388.4×、229.3×、302.3×和448.6×,此外,4×、10×和20×的测序深度覆盖率(coverage)均为99.0%以上,这一结果进一步表明测序结果的准确性和可靠性。
图4所示,通过主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)对三重复和互反实验中显示一致结果的反应微阵列数据点进行分析。出发菌株W303-1A与经驯化后菌株的差异基因分布在不同的区域,可以得出4种菌株的表达模式各不相同。其中,对羟基苯甲酸对第1个PC有正向影响,糠醛对第2个PC有负向影响。因此,A-2大致位于PC1的x轴位置。F-2位于左侧的y轴位置,A-2位于右侧象限。驯化后菌株对不同抑制环境的适应性使得部分基因的表达模式发生不同变化,这可能是因为不同驯化菌株对抑制剂的反应差异导致的。
表2所示,对4种菌株遗传变异进行分析发现,大部分突变位点分布在基因的外显子区(即CDS区域),而在UTR3以及剪切位点区域的突变数为0,这一结果表明经过驯化后,突变基因多发生在编码区,这或许是由于非编码区本身在整个基因组的比例较小。此外,与出发菌株W303-1A相比,F-2菌株具有3.7×104个SNP位点,其中在编码区的突变点有3.1×104个,同义突变点有3 397个;A-2菌株具有3.7×104个SNP位点,其中在编码区的突变点有3.1×104个,同义突变点有3 399个;B-2菌株具有3.7×104个SNP位点,其中在编码区的突变点有3.1×104个,同义突变点有4 301个。Meriem等[25]研究表明,当基因突变位点位于编码区时,突变增加了编码蛋白序列差异的可能性,从而导致相应基因功能的改变。
基于GO (gene ontology)数据库对获得的SNP位点和Indel位点进行注释,确定突变基因的功能及相关描述信息,以便更加精准高效地找到目的基因。GO分析包括生物过程(biological process, BP)、细胞成分(cellular component, CC)和分子功能(molecular function, MF)[26]。数据(false discovery rate, FDR < 0.01)以条形图表示(图5A),其中,在生物过程类别下,大多数基因被注释为代谢过程和细胞过程。在细胞成分方面,差异表达基因(DEGs)主要与细胞和细胞组分有关,在分子功能类别上,大多数基因被注释为催化活性。GO功能富集分析如图5B5D所示。其中,生物过程中含量最高是细胞缺氧反应过程(GO: 0071456),其次是细胞内信号传递过程(GO: 000494)和肌动球蛋白结构组织的调控过程(GO: 0034497)。细胞成分中,内质网(GO: 0005783)和内质网膜(GO: 0005789)的含量最高。在分子功能类别中,生物素羧化酶活性(GO: 0004360)是最重要的,其次是谷氨酰胺果糖-6-磷酸转氨酶活性(GO: 0004075)和锌离子结合能力(GO: 0008270)。
KEGG通路数据库是提供一个分子水平有关分子相互作用、反应和关系网络的生物系统,KEGG通路对DEGs的分类主要分为5类:代谢、生物系统、环境信息处理、细胞过程和遗传信息处理[27]。一般来说大多数基因被注释在代谢相关的途径中,其中,代谢类别中,脂类代谢是第二类,其次是碳水化合物代谢和外源性生物降解代谢。在生物系统分类中,消化系统是最丰富的第二类。蛋白质通常不是独立行使其功能的,而是相互协调以完成一系列生化反应,因此,KEGG通路分析可以帮助揭示与疾病机制或药物作用有关的细胞过程。以KEGG数据库为参考,将158个差异基因连接到不同的路径,其中ko 00360:苯丙氨酸代谢、ko 04728:多巴胺能突触、ko 00983:药物代谢和ko 04923:调节脂肪细胞的脂质分解通路信号含量较高(图6)。通过功能富集分析可以看出,驯化后的菌株发生了一系列突变,其中参与催化活性功能的相关酶基因和参与药物代谢途径的相关基因能与菌株的耐受性密切相关,这些基因的功能注释为进一步明确驯化后菌株抗性机制提供重要素材。糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸抑制了酵母的生长或导致较长的滞后期,进而降低了纤维素乙醇的产量和生产力。根据已公布的W303-1A基因组序列[28],对基因组进行比对,排除匹配的遗传物质。根据SNP/Indel注释和发酵参数的统计信息,找到了与糖代谢和抑制剂抗性相关的基因(表3表4),几种机制可以解释呋喃对乙醇发酵的抑制作用。在酵母细胞中,葡萄糖首先经过糖降解途径转换为丙酮酸,然后丙酮酸经过丙酮酸脱羧酶和乙醇脱氢酶生成乙醇。高浓糠醛进入细胞后,糠醛降解过程会与TCA循环、糖降解以及PPP等途径竞争NADH和还原酶,进而限制酵母菌生长和发酵效率[29]。其中,在糠醛存在下生长的细胞粗提物中,与糖酵解相关的己糖激酶和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的活性下降,使得乙醇脱氢酶中的NADH和NADPH进行特异性还原HMF和糠醛而被消耗。此外,糠醛可以损伤DNA,阻碍RNA和蛋白质的合成,降低酶活性,从而抑制细胞生长,同样,酿酒酵母中的多种脱氢酶/还原酶能够将糠醛和HMF还原为相应的毒性较低的醇[30]。此外,也有研究分析表明,在酿酒酵母中,糠醛会导致活性氧积累、液泡和线粒体膜损伤、染色质和肌动蛋白损伤[31]。通过重测序分析发现,进化菌株F-2/B-2中编码乙醇脱氢酶(alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH)、果糖-1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶(fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase, FBA)和丙酮酸脱氢酶(pyruvate dehydrogenase, PDH)的基因发生部分突变,这些基因与酵母的糖代谢途径相关,而脱氧酶/还原酶基因的过表达增加了糠醛还原酶的活性,从而增加了酵母对抑制剂的耐受性。Liu等的研究表明,与野生型相比,过度表达醛还原酶基因的酿酒酵母NRRL Y-12632不仅对糠醛(20 mmol/L)和HMF (40 mmol/L)的耐受性更高,而且更容易恢复,生长更佳[32]
酵母耐受对羟基苯甲酸的生理机制与维持细胞内pH有关,这是由质子-ATP酶泵提供的,它以ATP为代价从细胞质中去除质子。在糖酵解过程中,己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶和烯醇酶在弱酸和呋喃衍生物存在下的抑制已经被报道[33]。对羟基苯甲酸在酿酒酵母中引起氧化应激,抑制蛋白质合成,损伤DNA,可能是酿酒酵母细胞生长受到抑制的原因,同时也会干扰胞内TCA循环、糖降解以及PPP等途径中酶的活性,影响菌株生长和代谢速率。通过重测序结果和相关基因的代谢通路相结合,将酿酒酵母中与抗抑制物相关的基因与已报道的相关基因进行综合分析与比较,初步确定了与抑制物相关的YAP1 (参与氧化应激反应和氧化还原稳态的转录激活剂)、PDR5 (耐多种化学物质的多效ABC外运载体)和RPN4 (锌指蛋白)基因产生部分突变或许是导致酿酒酵母中抑制因子耐受性的主要原因[34]
驯化策略对于构建工业化纤维素乙醇发酵菌株十分有效。本研究通过逐渐提高压力值-抑制物浓度的策略显著提高了菌株的抑制物抗性,有效提高了乙醇生产效率。在糠醛和对羟基苯甲酸同时存在的情况下,进化菌株的最终糖转化率为98.4%。然而在实际预处理水解液中,抑制物的组成更为复杂多样;并且在纤维素乙醇生产的发酵过程中,pH值、温度以及五碳糖的利用都是影响发酵效率的重要因素。因此,提高菌株对多重胁迫的适应性才能更大限度地提升生产效率。本研究还对出发菌株和驯化后菌株进行了基因组重测序,结合参考文献耐抑制物数据对变异点进行分析挖掘,发现与抗抑制物有关的潜在突变位点,并对潜在基因进行了分析,为后续菌株构建提供更多可能的操作靶点。
  • 广东省新能源和可再生能源研究开发与应用重点实验室项目(E439kf0201)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240495
  • 接收时间:2024-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-07
  • 录用日期:2024-11-01
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Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development Project(E439kf0201)
广东省新能源和可再生能源研究开发与应用重点实验室项目(E439kf0201)
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    1 广东省新能源和可再生能源研究开发与应用重点实验室, 广东 广州 510640
    2 华南农业大学 生物质工程研究院, 广东 广州 510642

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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