Article(id=1242175011390320795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240483, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722614400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1729008000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-16, onlineDate=1774087201210, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087201210, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087201210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087201210, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=402, endPage=415, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175012476645537, articleId=1242175011390320795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Classification ability of extended Kraken2 standard database for digestive tract microbiota in ruminants, columnId=1226236834313847103, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Data Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Metagenomics has enriched our understanding about the composition and functions of digestive tract microbiota in animals. Currently, metagenomic sequencing can generally achieve the classification rate of species between 15% and 45% at the read level. Therefore, improving the alignment rate of microbial reads in metagenomics can help to further mine microbial information from metagenome data. [Objective] To enhance the classification ability for digestive tract microbiota in ruminants by extending the Kraken2 standard database, thereby deeply mining the microbial information from metagenome data. [Methods] A total of 14 827 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of the rumen fluid, feces, and digestive tracts of cattle, sheep, and goats were collected. After quality control and filtering, 3 095 species-level genome bins (SGBs) were retained. These SGBs were integrated into the Kraken2 standard database following taxonomic classification and functional prediction, and the classification effect was evaluated. [Results] In the genome taxonomy database (GTDB), the 3 095 SGBs were identified as bacteria belonging to 782 genera of 28 phyla (3 053 SGBs) and archaea belonging to 8 genera of 2 phyla (42 SGBs). The functional prediction based on eggNOG annotated the SGBs into 26 clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COGs). The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment categorized the top 25 ortholog groups (KO entries) into 14 pathways. The prediction of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) showed that 593 SGBs were annotated into six classes of CAZymes: auxiliary activities (AA), carbohydrate esterases (CE), glycosyltransferases (GT), carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM), glycoside hydrolases (GH), and polysaccharide lyases (PL). Among them, GH was the most common class. The addition of 3 095 SGBs to the Kraken2 standard database (May 2024) increased the number of species in the database by 5.00%, extending the size from 87.2 Gb to 98.2 Gb. Furthermore, a study about the effect of diet fiber-to-concentrate ratio on the rumen microbiota of Holstein cows by metagenomics was reassessed, which showed that the integration of SGBs into the database raised the species alignment rate of rumen metagenome reads from (19.35±1.81)% to (51.04±2.05)%. The principal component analysis results at the species level indicated that the extended database enhanced the ability to distinguish rumen microbiota structures under two different diet fiber-to-concentrate ratios. The linear discriminant analysis effect size results indicated that the microbial markers for low-fiber and high-fiber diets were Xylanibacter ruminicola and Aristaeella hokkaidonensis, respectively, in the standard database, whereas they were Prevotella sp. 902800365 and Prevotella sp. 900316445, respectively, in the extended database. [Conclusion] In summary, introducing SGBs to extend the Kraken2 standard database can increase species coverage and improve the alignment rate of species at the metagenome read level, thereby enhancing the understanding of microbial information in metagenome data.

, correspAuthors=Hongrong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: WANG Hongrong:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yunan WENG, Yongkang ZHEN, Mengzhi WANG, Hongrong WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242175018768101617, articleId=1242175011390320795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=基于Kraken2扩展标准数据库对反刍动物消化道微生物分类能力, columnId=1226236834993324389, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=数据论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

宏基因组学技术的应用丰富了对动物消化道中微生物组成以及功能的认识。当前,基于宏基因组测序读长(reads)水平的物种组成的分类比对水平普遍在15%−45%。因此,提高宏基因组测序reads水平微生物的比对率,可进一步挖掘宏基因数据中的微生物信息。【目的】通过扩展Kraken2标准数据库来提高反刍动物消化道微生物的分类能力,从而进一步挖掘宏基因组数据中的微生物信息。【方法】本研究共收集了来自牛、绵羊和山羊瘤胃液、粪便以及消化道中14 827个宏基因组组装基因组(metagenome-assembled genomes, MAGs),经质控过滤后,保留了3 095个物种级基因组箱(species-level genome bins, SGBs),经物种分类以及功能预测后,SGBs被整合进Kraken2标准数据库,并对其分类效果予以评估。【结果】在SGBs在基因组分类数据库(genome taxonomy database, GTDB)物种分类中,3 053个SGBs为细菌,可归类为28门782属;42个SGBs为古菌,可归类为2门8属。基于eggNOG软件功能预测,SGBs在蛋白相邻类的聚簇(cluster of orthologous groups of proteins, COG)功能分类中可注释到26种分类;在京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)功能预测中,前25个直系同源物(KEGG orthology, KO)通路号可归类为14种通路类型;碳水化合物酶(carbohydrate-active enzymes, CAZy)预测中,593个SGBs可注释到6类碳水化合物酶,分别是辅助氧化还原酶类(auxiliary activities, AA)、碳水化合物酯酶(carbohydrate esterases, CE)、糖苷转移酶(glycosyltransferases, GT)、碳水化合物结合模块(carbohydrate-binding modules, CBM)、糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolases, GH)、多糖裂解酶(polysaccharide lyases, PL);其中,GH是最为广泛的碳水化合物酶种类。3 095个SGBs加入Kraken2标准数据库(2024年5月)后,使得数据库中物种数量增加了5.00%,数据库大小从87.2 Gb提升为98.2 Gb。通过对一项基于宏基因组技术解析日粮精粗比对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃微生物组成影响的研究再评估,加入SGBs的数据库使得该研究中瘤胃液宏基因组reads水平的物种比对率从(19.35±1.81)%提升到(51.04±2.05)%,种水平主成分(principal components analysis, PCA)分析结果表明,扩展的数据库增强了区分2种不同日粮精粗比水平下的瘤胃微生物结构的能力,线性判别丰度差异分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)结果表明,在标准数据库中,Xylanibacter ruminicolaAristaeella hokkaidonensis分别是低粗料和高粗料日粮条件下的微生物标志物;而在扩展后的数据库中,Prevotella sp. 902800365和Prevotella sp. 900316445分别是低粗料和高粗料日粮条件下的微生物标志物。【结论】通过引入SGBs扩展Kraken2标准数据库,可进一步增加数据库中物种覆盖度,提高宏基因组reads水平物种比对率,从而增进对宏基因数据中微生物的理解。

, correspAuthors=王洪荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hjcssmE+1Zsd884SzP/vLw==, magXml=4XdcSiXaOHllEwhQvJQVvw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=97GrLrepzVgPfrAuzPhV0A==, pdfFileSize=1615662, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Wf2dF+sAmd8wDPocq5Oa0A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yr+Ihw8ndDpJO56hFCf2ww==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Microorganisms, 2022, 11(1):1., articleTitle=Prevotella: a key player in ruminal metabolism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300017566494858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, doi=10.1038/s41467-023-41075-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=5254, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN M, PRATAMA AA, SOMASUNDARAM S, LI ZJ, JIANG Y, SULLIVAN MB, YU ZT. Interrogating the viral dark matter of the rumen ecosystem with a global virome database[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1):5254., articleTitle=Interrogating the viral dark matter of the rumen ecosystem with a global virome database, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300017658769552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, doi=10.1038/s41396-021-01170-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=4, pageStart=1187, pageEnd=1197, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=The ISME Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SOLOMON R, WEIN T, LEVY B, ESHED S, DROR R, REISS V, ZEHAVI T, FURMAN O, MIZRAHI I, JAMI E. Protozoa populations are ecosystem engineers that shape prokaryotic community structure and function of the rumen microbial ecosystem[J]. The ISME Journal, 2022, 16(4):1187-1197., articleTitle=Protozoa populations are ecosystem engineers that shape prokaryotic community structure and function of the rumen microbial ecosystem, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300017788792983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, doi=10.1111/1758-2229.13298, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=16, issue=4, pageStart=e13298, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=Environmental Microbiology Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TOYBER I, KUMAR R, JAMI E. Rumen protozoa are a hub for diverse hydrogenotrophic functions[J]. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 2024, 16(4):e13298., articleTitle=Rumen protozoa are a hub for diverse hydrogenotrophic functions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243300017872679066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, doi=10.1186/s40168-024-01784-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=69, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=Microbiome, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU YJ, GAO N, SUN CQ, FENG T, LIU QY, CHEN WH. A compendium of ruminant gastrointestinal phage genomes revealed a higher proportion of lytic phages than in any other environments[J]. Microbiome, 2024, 12(1):69., articleTitle=A compendium of ruminant gastrointestinal phage genomes revealed a higher proportion of lytic phages than in any other environments, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243300004849365645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243300004853559953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, companyId=1243300004849365645, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243300004857754255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, companyId=1243300004849365645, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=扬州大学 动物科学与技术学院, 江苏 扬州 225009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243300008968172389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Construction and expansion process of Kraken2 standard database., figureFileSmall=ZojUD7RuO3xecGx8XoaPOg==, figureFileBig=k3HnPl2OXWlT9xYlf2jSYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009052058479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Kraken2标准数据库构建及拓展流程图, figureFileSmall=ZojUD7RuO3xecGx8XoaPOg==, figureFileBig=k3HnPl2OXWlT9xYlf2jSYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009173693303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Information of SGBs used for database construction. A: An overview of the average gene length, integrity, contamination, N50, and average genome size distribution of 3 095 SGBs; B: Basic information description for 3 095 SGBs., figureFileSmall=gJ4HaTUrro73ZiqIlZuLow==, figureFileBig=932VNbRTIgOc1VwNgzxY2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009291133823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=CN, label=图2, caption=用于数据库构建的物种级基因组箱(species-level genome bins, SGBs)基本信息, figureFileSmall=gJ4HaTUrro73ZiqIlZuLow==, figureFileBig=932VNbRTIgOc1VwNgzxY2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009387602819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Taxonomy results of SGBs., figureFileSmall=fRqbEnKMK0Z2dsJmk8z7rg==, figureFileBig=d53Ftai+QFGy3gIWHA8mnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009471488905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=CN, label=图3, caption=物种级基因组箱物种分类结果, figureFileSmall=fRqbEnKMK0Z2dsJmk8z7rg==, figureFileBig=d53Ftai+QFGy3gIWHA8mnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009597318033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Function prediction results of eggNOG. A: The COG function classification result; B: Annotation results for KEGG functionality; C: Predicted results for CAZymes., figureFileSmall=meBG+gnfvFqEkwa4uygOaA==, figureFileBig=IIWRcnA4wbJ0wjWjoxBDeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009739924378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=CN, label=图4, caption=eggNOG功能预测结果, figureFileSmall=meBG+gnfvFqEkwa4uygOaA==, figureFileBig=IIWRcnA4wbJ0wjWjoxBDeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009895113637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Comparison of database alignment results. A: The alignment rate of metagenomic reads, **** means P < 0.000 1; B: Based on the species comparison results of RefSeq database at the species level; C: Based on the RefSeq database, the principal component analysis results of the species level comparison were obtained; D: Based on the RefSeq database, the LEfSe analysis results at the species level were obtained; E: Compare species at the species level in the RefSeq+SGBs database; F: Principal component analysis results based on RefSeq+SGBs database level comparison results; G: Based on the RefSeq+SGBs database, the LEfSe analysis results at the species level were obtained., figureFileSmall=k932VrksdW1yuHXovY2Kgw==, figureFileBig=odG8l/7ui+0enpfULt7Qxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010012554154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=CN, label=图5, caption=数据库比对结果比较, figureFileSmall=k932VrksdW1yuHXovY2Kgw==, figureFileBig=odG8l/7ui+0enpfULt7Qxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010129994674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Metagenome reads level alignment strategy and corresponding software comparison[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Alignment strategyMarker geneK-merProtein
Δ:MetaPhlAn4的数据库主要包括细菌和古细菌序列,病毒和真核微生物序列的覆盖范围有限;#:CPU 10核条件下运行时间(h: m: s为时: 分: 秒)。
Δ: MetaPhlAn4’s database primarily encompasses bacterial and archaeal sequences, with limited coverage of viral and eukaryotic microbial sequences; #: Runtime with a 10-core CPU (h: m: s means hour: minute: second).
Classifier softwareMetaPhlAnKraken2Kaiju
Software versionv3.0v4.0v2.1.1v1.7.4
Third party dependent softwareBowtie2Bowtie2NoneNone
Database versionCHOCOPhlAn 201901CHOCOPhlAnSGB 202103Δplus-pfnr-euk
Organisms included
in the database
Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotaBacteria, archaea, microbial eukaryotes, virusBacteria, archaea, eukaryota, plasmid, human, univec_core, protozoaBacteria, archaea, eukaryota, virus, microbial eukaryotes
Database size (Gb)2.423.061.0144.0
Processing time per sample h: m: s#3:02:384:24:140:43:2911:23:26
Classified (%)5.509.4020.7062.57
), ArticleFig(id=1243300010255823800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011390320795, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

宏基因组reads水平比对策略及相应软件比较[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Alignment strategyMarker geneK-merProtein
Δ:MetaPhlAn4的数据库主要包括细菌和古细菌序列,病毒和真核微生物序列的覆盖范围有限;#:CPU 10核条件下运行时间(h: m: s为时: 分: 秒)。
Δ: MetaPhlAn4’s database primarily encompasses bacterial and archaeal sequences, with limited coverage of viral and eukaryotic microbial sequences; #: Runtime with a 10-core CPU (h: m: s means hour: minute: second).
Classifier softwareMetaPhlAnKraken2Kaiju
Software versionv3.0v4.0v2.1.1v1.7.4
Third party dependent softwareBowtie2Bowtie2NoneNone
Database versionCHOCOPhlAn 201901CHOCOPhlAnSGB 202103Δplus-pfnr-euk
Organisms included
in the database
Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotaBacteria, archaea, microbial eukaryotes, virusBacteria, archaea, eukaryota, plasmid, human, univec_core, protozoaBacteria, archaea, eukaryota, virus, microbial eukaryotes
Database size (Gb)2.423.061.0144.0
Processing time per sample h: m: s#3:02:384:24:140:43:2911:23:26
Classified (%)5.509.4020.7062.57
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基于Kraken2扩展标准数据库对反刍动物消化道微生物分类能力
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翁玉楠 # , 甄永康 # , 王梦芝 , 王洪荣 *
微生物学报 | 数据论文 2025,65(1): 402-415
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微生物学报 | 数据论文 2025, 65(1): 402-415
基于Kraken2扩展标准数据库对反刍动物消化道微生物分类能力
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翁玉楠#, 甄永康#, 王梦芝, 王洪荣*
作者信息
  • 扬州大学 动物科学与技术学院, 江苏 扬州 225009
Classification ability of extended Kraken2 standard database for digestive tract microbiota in ruminants
Yunan WENG#, Yongkang ZHEN#, Mengzhi WANG, Hongrong WANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240483
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宏基因组学技术的应用丰富了对动物消化道中微生物组成以及功能的认识。当前,基于宏基因组测序读长(reads)水平的物种组成的分类比对水平普遍在15%−45%。因此,提高宏基因组测序reads水平微生物的比对率,可进一步挖掘宏基因数据中的微生物信息。【目的】通过扩展Kraken2标准数据库来提高反刍动物消化道微生物的分类能力,从而进一步挖掘宏基因组数据中的微生物信息。【方法】本研究共收集了来自牛、绵羊和山羊瘤胃液、粪便以及消化道中14 827个宏基因组组装基因组(metagenome-assembled genomes, MAGs),经质控过滤后,保留了3 095个物种级基因组箱(species-level genome bins, SGBs),经物种分类以及功能预测后,SGBs被整合进Kraken2标准数据库,并对其分类效果予以评估。【结果】在SGBs在基因组分类数据库(genome taxonomy database, GTDB)物种分类中,3 053个SGBs为细菌,可归类为28门782属;42个SGBs为古菌,可归类为2门8属。基于eggNOG软件功能预测,SGBs在蛋白相邻类的聚簇(cluster of orthologous groups of proteins, COG)功能分类中可注释到26种分类;在京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)功能预测中,前25个直系同源物(KEGG orthology, KO)通路号可归类为14种通路类型;碳水化合物酶(carbohydrate-active enzymes, CAZy)预测中,593个SGBs可注释到6类碳水化合物酶,分别是辅助氧化还原酶类(auxiliary activities, AA)、碳水化合物酯酶(carbohydrate esterases, CE)、糖苷转移酶(glycosyltransferases, GT)、碳水化合物结合模块(carbohydrate-binding modules, CBM)、糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolases, GH)、多糖裂解酶(polysaccharide lyases, PL);其中,GH是最为广泛的碳水化合物酶种类。3 095个SGBs加入Kraken2标准数据库(2024年5月)后,使得数据库中物种数量增加了5.00%,数据库大小从87.2 Gb提升为98.2 Gb。通过对一项基于宏基因组技术解析日粮精粗比对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃微生物组成影响的研究再评估,加入SGBs的数据库使得该研究中瘤胃液宏基因组reads水平的物种比对率从(19.35±1.81)%提升到(51.04±2.05)%,种水平主成分(principal components analysis, PCA)分析结果表明,扩展的数据库增强了区分2种不同日粮精粗比水平下的瘤胃微生物结构的能力,线性判别丰度差异分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)结果表明,在标准数据库中,Xylanibacter ruminicolaAristaeella hokkaidonensis分别是低粗料和高粗料日粮条件下的微生物标志物;而在扩展后的数据库中,Prevotella sp. 902800365和Prevotella sp. 900316445分别是低粗料和高粗料日粮条件下的微生物标志物。【结论】通过引入SGBs扩展Kraken2标准数据库,可进一步增加数据库中物种覆盖度,提高宏基因组reads水平物种比对率,从而增进对宏基因数据中微生物的理解。

Kraken2  /  反刍动物  /  消化道微生物  /  分类数据库

Metagenomics has enriched our understanding about the composition and functions of digestive tract microbiota in animals. Currently, metagenomic sequencing can generally achieve the classification rate of species between 15% and 45% at the read level. Therefore, improving the alignment rate of microbial reads in metagenomics can help to further mine microbial information from metagenome data. [Objective] To enhance the classification ability for digestive tract microbiota in ruminants by extending the Kraken2 standard database, thereby deeply mining the microbial information from metagenome data. [Methods] A total of 14 827 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of the rumen fluid, feces, and digestive tracts of cattle, sheep, and goats were collected. After quality control and filtering, 3 095 species-level genome bins (SGBs) were retained. These SGBs were integrated into the Kraken2 standard database following taxonomic classification and functional prediction, and the classification effect was evaluated. [Results] In the genome taxonomy database (GTDB), the 3 095 SGBs were identified as bacteria belonging to 782 genera of 28 phyla (3 053 SGBs) and archaea belonging to 8 genera of 2 phyla (42 SGBs). The functional prediction based on eggNOG annotated the SGBs into 26 clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COGs). The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment categorized the top 25 ortholog groups (KO entries) into 14 pathways. The prediction of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) showed that 593 SGBs were annotated into six classes of CAZymes: auxiliary activities (AA), carbohydrate esterases (CE), glycosyltransferases (GT), carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM), glycoside hydrolases (GH), and polysaccharide lyases (PL). Among them, GH was the most common class. The addition of 3 095 SGBs to the Kraken2 standard database (May 2024) increased the number of species in the database by 5.00%, extending the size from 87.2 Gb to 98.2 Gb. Furthermore, a study about the effect of diet fiber-to-concentrate ratio on the rumen microbiota of Holstein cows by metagenomics was reassessed, which showed that the integration of SGBs into the database raised the species alignment rate of rumen metagenome reads from (19.35±1.81)% to (51.04±2.05)%. The principal component analysis results at the species level indicated that the extended database enhanced the ability to distinguish rumen microbiota structures under two different diet fiber-to-concentrate ratios. The linear discriminant analysis effect size results indicated that the microbial markers for low-fiber and high-fiber diets were Xylanibacter ruminicola and Aristaeella hokkaidonensis, respectively, in the standard database, whereas they were Prevotella sp. 902800365 and Prevotella sp. 900316445, respectively, in the extended database. [Conclusion] In summary, introducing SGBs to extend the Kraken2 standard database can increase species coverage and improve the alignment rate of species at the metagenome read level, thereby enhancing the understanding of microbial information in metagenome data.

Kraken2  /  ruminants  /  digestive tract microbiota  /  classification database
翁玉楠, 甄永康, 王梦芝, 王洪荣. 基于Kraken2扩展标准数据库对反刍动物消化道微生物分类能力. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 402 -415 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240483
Yunan WENG, Yongkang ZHEN, Mengzhi WANG, Hongrong WANG. Classification ability of extended Kraken2 standard database for digestive tract microbiota in ruminants[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 402 -415 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240483
反刍动物消化道中栖居的微生物促进了对饲料中营养物质的消化利用[1]。当前的研究表明,消化道中的微生物在动物生命史中对维持宿主健康、改善生产性能、减轻环境负担等方面具有重要作用[2-6]。宏基因组学技术对反刍动物消化道中的微生物功能的表征,拓展了微生物在甲烷减排、胆酸盐代谢、碳水化合物酶谱、抗生素抗性等功能与作用[4, 7-10],并为微生物调控及微生物资源开发利用提供了参考。因而,对宏基因组数据中微生物信息的挖掘,可进一步量化微生物的作用,以及环境、试验处理等因素对微生物的影响。
宏基因组测序读长(reads)水平的微生物物种比对主要通过标记基因、K-mer以及蛋白质水平3种策略进行(表1)[11]。基于蛋白质水平比对策略的Kaiju软件存在运行时间长以及比对结果假阳性高的问题[11]。在当前的研究中,基于标记基因比对策略的MetaPhlAn系列软件和基于K-mer比对策略的Kraken2软件是宏基因reads水平物种比对常用的2种软件。MetaPhlAn系列软件基于标记基因的比对算法,具有对未分类物种的注释能力,但纳入数据库的宿主源微生物标记基因的覆盖度会在一定程度上造成比对率低,假阴性高的问题,且对算力需求较大[11]。相比较于MetaPhlAn系列软件,Kraken2系列软件更适合消化道中微生物的分类且更为精准高效[12-14]。Kraken2主要针对已知物种的比对,计算速度快,但基于标准数据库的宏基因组reads水平的物种比对率在15%−45%[15],这一局限性导致了宏基因组reads水平物种信息挖掘程度不足,进而削弱了我们对微生物作用的理解。因此,引入外源基因组扩展标准数据库物种覆盖范围,提高Kraken2软件的物种比对率,可进一步探索宏基因组中微生物信息[15-16]。当前的外源基因组引入策略中主要依赖引入宿主源的宏基因组组装基因组(metagenome- assembled genomes, MAGs)[7, 15-16]。因此,对引入的MAGs的亲缘关系以及质量予以评估后过滤,可减少扩展数据库中微生物的冗余。
本研究旨在基于Kraken2软件扩展标准数据库对反刍动物消化道微生物的分类能力,并减少在该过程中引入的微生物基因组之间的冗余问题。本研究收集了来自牛、绵羊、山羊瘤胃液、粪便以及消化道中基于宏基因组获得的MAGs,质控过滤后,获得物种级基因组箱(species-level genome bins, SGBs),经基因组分类数据库(genome taxonomy database, GTDB)物种分类后,基于获得的物种分类信息,可以扩展Kraken2标准数据库(图1)。以期提高反刍动物消化道宏基因组reads水平物种比对率,并为扩展宏基因组分类数据库提供参考。
用于消化道微生物构建的数据分别收集于Stewart、Cao以及Zhang等研究[17-19],共计14 827个MAGs。
使用CheckM2 (v1.0.2)软件中的“checkm2 predict”功能用于对收集的MAGs的完整性和污染度评估,并使用fastANI (v1.32)软件中的“fastANI --rl MAGs_genome_list.txt --ql MAGs_genome_list.txt --matrix”功能计算收集的MAGs平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)。过滤完整性小于80%,污染度大于10%,或ANI大于95%的MAGs,剩余的MAGs认定为SGBs,并用于Kraken2分类数据库扩展。
使用eggNOG (v2.1.12)软件中“emapper.py -i SGBs_genome.fa --itype genome -m diamond”参数对SGBs进行功能预测。以描述SGBs的蛋白相邻类的聚簇(cluster of orthologous groups of proteins, COG)、直系同源物(KEGG orthology, KO)以及碳水化合物酶(carbohydrate-active enzymes, CAZy)预测信息。
使用GTDB-Tk (v2.4.0)软件的“gtdbtk classify_wf”功能,基于GTDB分类数据库(220版本)对SGBs进行物种分类,PhyloPhlAn (v3.1.68)软件默认参数用于SGBs发育树构建,并使用iTOL在线工具(https://itol.embl.de/)对发育树进行可视化。
基于Kraken2软件(v2.1.3)标准数据库构建流程,使用“kraken2-build--download-taxonomy”命令下载物种分类文件,使用“kraken2-build-- download-library”命令下载1个载体(UniVec_Core),610个古菌(archaea),14 972个病毒(viral),109个真菌(fungi),46 190个细菌(bacteria),2个人类(human)在内的基因组数据(2024年5月数据),使用“kraken2-build --build”命令构建标准数据库(RefSeq)。基于获得的GTDB分类结果,编辑物种分类文件,并使用“kraken2-build --add-to-library”加入SGBs,使用“kraken2-build --build”拓展标准数据库(RefSeq+SGBs)。
从NCBI数据库中收集试验数据原始测序数据(NCBI BioProject: PRJNA522848)[20],使用trimmomatic (v0.39)软件去除原始reads中的接头序列,bwa (v0.7.17)软件中的mem算法和samtools (v1.18)软件去除包含苜蓿[21]、玉米(GCA_027171705.3)、人类(GCF_009914755.1和GCF_000001405.40)、牛(GCF_002263795.3)、黑麦草(GCA_019359855.2)以及黄豆(GCA_ 000004515.5)在内的宿主序列,以获得clean reads序列。使用Kraken2软件分别基于RefSeq数据库和RefSeq+SGBs数据库进行比对。
SGBs基本信息使用“平均值±标准差”描述,并使用GraphPad Prism (version 9.0.0)进行可视化。R软件(v4.3.3)用于奶牛宏基因组数据比对结果可视化以及统计分析,结果可视化使用“ggplot2”包进行,“geom_pwc(method= “t_test”, label=“p.signif”, p.adjust.method=“fdr”)”功能用于数据统计分析,****表示P < 0.000 1;“factoextra”包用于主成分(principal components analysis, PCA)分析,“microeco”包用于线性判别丰度差异分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)。
本研究共收集了来自牛、绵羊和山羊瘤胃液、粪便以及消化道中共计14 827个消化道MAGs,使用CheckM2和fastANI对收集的MAGs的完整度、污染度以及平均核苷酸一致性进行评估,经质控过滤后,保留的3 095个MAGs被认定为SGBs,用于数据库构建。SGBs基本信息如图2所示。SGBs完整度为(90.05±5.78)%,污染度为(1.87±1.92)%,平均基因长度为(328.32±27.28) bp,N50为(42 589.76± 48 639.09) bp,平均基因组大小为(2 179 499.00± 738 921.41) bp。
使用GTDB-Tk软件对SGBs进行物种分类,SGBs的物种组成如图3所示,3 053个SGBs被分类为细菌,可归类为28门782属,在细菌门水平中,Bacillota_A是最丰富的门,占比为51.29%,在细菌属水平中,Prevotella是最丰富的属,占比为3.54%;42个SGBs为古菌,可归类为2个门,8个属;在古菌门水平中,Methanobacteriota占比为59.52%,Thermoplasmatota占比为40.48%;在古菌属水平中,Methanobrevibacter_A是古菌中最丰富的属,占比为47.62%。
SGBs的COG分类、KO通路以及CAZy注释预测结果如图4所示。在COG分类中,共注释了26个COG分类。其中,注释最多的COG分类是“未知功能”,SGBs中共有737 941个假定基因注释到该分类;注释最少的COG分类是“核酸结构”,共有1个假定基因注释到该分类(图4A)。在KO通路中,在前25个KO通路号中,可归类为14种KEGG通路,共有9个KO通路与“转运功能”相关(图4B)。在CAZy中,共有593个SGBs注释到了97种碳水化合物酶,可分为辅助氧化还原酶类(auxiliary activities, AA)、碳水化合物酯酶(carbohydrate esterases, CE)、糖苷转移酶(glycosyltransferases, GT)、碳水化合物结合模块(carbohydrate-binding modules, CBM)、糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolases, GH)、多糖裂解酶(polysaccharide lyases, PL) 6类碳水化合物酶类型,其中GH是注释最为广泛的碳水化合物类型(图4C)。
根据GTDB物种分类结果,将SGBs加入标准数据库,以构建RefSeq+SGBs分类数据库。RefSeq数据库包含61 884个物种基因组序列,大小为87.2 Gb;RefSeq+SGBs数据库包含64 949个物种基因组序列,大小为98.2 Gb。相较于RefSeq数据库,RefSeq+SGBs数据库中3 095个SGBs的加入,使得数据库中的物种数量增加了5.00%,数据库大小增加了12.61%。
用于数据库比对的宏基因数据分别来自饲喂高粗料日粮(HF,精粗比=30:70)和低粗料日粮(LF,精料: 粗料=70:30)的荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃液。数据库比对结果如图5所示。图5A展示了2个数据库物种比对率,RefSeq数据库比对率为(19.35±1.81)%,RefSeq+SGBs数据库比对率为(51.04±2.05)%,SGBs的加入显著提高了宏基因组reads水平物种比对率(P < 0.000 1);在RefSeq数据库比对结果中,相对丰度最高的10个物种在HF组和LF组中分别占37.67%和54.69%,Xylanibacter ruminicolaPrevotella communis是两组中含量最高的2个细菌(图5B),PCA结果表明,主成分1和主成分2分别贡献了47.42%和10.93%的解释度(图5C),LEfSe结果显示,Xylanibacter ruminicola是LF组LDA分数绝对值最高的生物标志物,Aristaeella hokkaiidonensis是HF组LDA分数绝对值最高的生物标志物(图5D);在RefSeq+SGBs数据库比对结果中,相对丰度最高的10个物种在HF组和LF组中分别占14.01%和18.96%,Prevotella sp. 900316445和Prevotella sp. 902776545是HF组中含量最高的3个细菌,Prevotella sp. 902800365和Xylanibacter ruminicola是LF组中含量最高的2个细菌(图5E),PCA结果表明,主成分1和主成分2分别贡献了44.41%和10.87%的解释度(图5F),LEfse分析结果表明Prevotella sp. 902800365是LF组LDA分数绝对值最高的生物标志物,Prevotella sp. 900316445是HF组LDA分数绝对值最高的生物标志物(图5G)。
反刍动物消化道中的微生物与宿主之间的互作,影响了动物的消化功能,以及生产性能、健康状况等诸多生理功能[2-3]。先前基于细菌培养技术获得了微生物的生长参数以及功能特性[22-23]。然而,培养条件和微生物生长特点限制了我们对动物消化道中不可培养微生物的认识,并为这类微生物的体外培养带来了挑战。基因组学的技术手段显著增进了我们对该类微生物的理解[16, 24-25]。高通量测序技术的应用在获得微生物遗传信息的同时,可对消化道中不可培养微生物的功能进行表征[24]。相比较于扩增子测序技术,宏基因组的测序深度增加了对物种序列的覆盖度,reads水平的分析策略可实现对微生物量化观测,因而对序列的识别、归类以及鉴定可进一步了解微生物的组成。
宏基因组reads水平的比对可通过标记基因、K-mer以及蛋白质水平3种策略进行(表1),Kraken2基于K-mer的比对策略,保证了Kraken2在物种分类中的准确性[11, 26]。Kraken2标准数据库基于已知物种微生物构建,缺少对于未分类微生物的鉴定能力,致使宏基因组数据中的比对率在15%−45%[12, 15]。一项对Kraken2软件比对能力的研究表明,数据库中物种覆盖度的增加可进一步挖掘宏基因组数据中的微生物信息[27]。引入单一物种源微生物基因组是扩展标准数据库微生物分类能力的可行性方案[7],在本课题组前期的验证中,4 941个瘤胃未培养微生物基因组的加入可显著提高物种比对率[17]。MAGs可表征诸多生物学功能[28],是数据库引入基因组常见的形式。尽管MAGs的引入会在一定程度上增加数据库中物种的覆盖度,但MAGs质量以及亲缘关系会在一定程度上造成扩展数据库的冗余。在Yan等[29]的研究中,基于GTDB r207数据库构建的Kraken2数据库中通过引入MAGs,表明数据冗余对于数据整体比对提升能力有限。在本研究中,过滤了ANI > 95%或完整性 < 80%,污染度 > 10%的MAGs,保留的MAGs数量为收集的MAGs的20.87%,保留的MAGs被认定为SGBs,并用以扩展标准数据库,从而均衡多物种源微生物基因组的覆盖度以及数据库中物种冗余。SGBs物种分类信息的确定可进一步明确宏基因数据比对中物种信息,在本研究中,SGBs的GTDB物种分类结果中,明确了SGBs的门、纲、目、科、属、种信息。在SGBs物种分类结果中,本研究中共有1个SGBs未有明确的门、纲、目、科、属、种分类信息,2个SGBs未有明确的科、属、种分类信息,52个SGBs未有明确的属、种分类信息,1 231个SGBs未有明确的种分类信息,上述未有明确分类信息的SGBs被认定为新的微生物物种基因组,据此创建SGBs在分类文件中的物种分类信息。未有明确物种分类的SGBs在一定程度上增加了对于后续的物种定性的不确定性,对于MAGs的过滤应基于更为严格的平均核苷酸一致性、基因组完整度以及污染度参数,从而获得高质量的SGBs[28-30],但该方式同时对MAGs数据收集以及算力带来挑战。eggNOG软件对SGBs功能预测中,COG功能分类涵盖了26种功能分类,展示了用于数据库扩展的SGBs中假定基因功能的多样性,“未知功能”是COG中被最多假定基因注释的功能分类,“转运功能”是KEGG功能预测中被最多SGBs假定基因注释的通路。表明用于数据库扩展的SGBs可揭示消化道微生物在物质转运和代谢等方面的多种潜在功能,可为消化道中微生物与宿主之间的通讯、互扰等相互作用提供新见解。此外,19.15%的SGBs可预测到碳水化合物酶表达能力,先前的研究表明了瘤胃中宏基因组编码的碳水化合物酶在饲料消化利用上的作用[20, 31],该类SGBs的引入可丰富反刍动物消化道微生物对饲料中的碳水化合物消化代谢的认识。
反刍动物瘤胃中微生物会响应日粮的改变,用于数据库验证的宏基因组数据来自饲喂日粮精粗比水平在30:70和70:30的荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃液。厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门以及变形菌门是瘤胃中最为丰富的菌门,其相对丰度的变化可伴随动物生命史以促进对日粮中营养物质的利用[32]。先前对所收集的宏基因数据的研究中,可表征到日粮类型对碳水化合物酶类丰度的改变[20]。微生物类群精准的碳水化合物酶表达策略增加了对环境中特定碳水化合物多糖的可用性[33]。进一步明确各微生物类群对于碳水化合物酶类的贡献,可增进对微生物参与日粮中碳水化合物代谢的理解。在本研究中,RefSeq+SGBs数据库的应用使得宏基因数据比对率增加了163.84%。物种组成中,RefSeq+SGBs数据库的应用使得在两组中高丰度微生物由RefSeq数据库比对结果中木糖杆菌属中的Xylanibacter ruminicola转变为在HF组为普雷沃氏菌属中的Prevotella sp. 900316445和LF组为普雷沃氏菌属中的Prevotella sp. 902800365。PCA结果表明,标准数据库的扩展提高了瘤胃内未分类微生物作用的权重。LEfSe分析结果显示,HF组中的Prevotella sp. 900316445和LF组的Prevotella sp. 902800365可分别作为两组的生物标志物。当前的研究指出普雷沃氏菌属具有专门处理复杂碳水化合物的基因簇以及多种类型多糖分解能力[34]。本研究对标准数据库的扩展在一定程度上提高了对瘤胃微生物的挖掘程度。然而本研究中,宏基因reads水平比对率在(51.04±2.05)%,对于宏基因reads水平的比对率仍有较大的提升空间。因此,对纳入数据库中的SGBs应当进一步提高物种覆盖度,同时,还应拓展在不同物种、日粮模式、地理环境、生理状况等条件下收集的MAGs。对于纳入数据库中的SGBs应当满足在物种稀释曲线上的稳定。在Zhang等[19]的研究中,纳入数据库的MAGs在满足物种稀释曲线稳定的前提下,使得新构建的数据库对宏基因组数据reads水平的比对率可达到79.22%−79.60%。在Yan等[29]的研究中,同样可以观察到物种稀释曲线稳定可使得宏基因组数据reads水平比对率达到75%。此外,近年来对于瘤胃内病毒以及原虫的关注[35-38],进一步丰富了瘤胃微生态各组分作用;因而,在扩展数据库中还应考虑对病毒、原虫等微生态角色信息的补充。进而增进对消化道微生态的理解。
综上所述,基于Kraken2软件,通过引入外源消化道SGBs,可增加数据库中微生物物种覆盖度,相较于标准数据库,可提高宏基因样品reads水平物种比对率,从而增进对反刍动物消化道中微生物的理解。
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240483
  • 接收时间:2024-08-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-03
  • 录用日期:2024-10-16
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    扬州大学 动物科学与技术学院, 江苏 扬州 225009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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