Article(id=1242175011323211929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240465, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722182400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1729180800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-18, onlineDate=1774087201194, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087201194, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087201194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087201194, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=225, endPage=238, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175012921241765, articleId=1242175011323211929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Exploration of microbial diversity and identification of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut of Trypoxylus dichotomus larvae, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To elucidate the structural and functional characteristics of the gut microbiota of Trypoxylus dichotomus larvae and isolate cellulose-degrading bacteria. [Methods] Metagenomic sequencing was employed to analyze the structure and functions of the gut microbiota. Cellulose-degrading bacteria were isolated and screened from the larval gut with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. The strains were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. [Results] The gut microbiota was dominated by bacteria, which accounted for 81.3%. At the phylum level, Firmicutes (45.8%) and Bacteroidota (20.3%) were the dominant phyla. The top three abundant genera were Clostridium (3.90%), Bacteroidia (3.52%), and Dysgonomonas (2.41%). The functional analysis of metagenome data revealed that the genes of the gut microbiota were mainly associated with carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. The annotation in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that the genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were predominant. The annotation in the carbohydrate-active enzyme database (CAZy) indicated that 48 856 (7.43%) genes were successfully annotated to 344 carbohydrate metabolism enzyme families, with glycoside hydrolase (GH, 48.67%) being the most dominant enzyme family in the gut bacteria. Among the top ten functionally abundant enzymes, six belonged to the GH family. Additionally, three strains of cellulose-degrading bacteria, TRC-3 (Bacillus subtilis), TRC-5 (B. subtilis), and TRC-6 (B. safensis), were isolated from the gut. TRC-3 exhibited stronger activities of filter paper enzyme, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase. [Conclusion] The gut microbiota of Trypoxylus dichotomus larvae exhibits high diversity and complexity, carrying a large number of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes and harboring rich cellulose-degrading bacteria.

, correspAuthors=Wenli HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*HUANG Wenli, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin ZOU, Meifang PENG, Xinrui KAN, Wenli HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242175019447578889, articleId=1242175011323211929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=双叉犀金龟(Trypoxylus dichotomus)幼虫肠道微生物多样性及纤维素降解菌筛选, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】揭示双叉犀金龟(Trypoxylus dichotomus)幼虫肠道微生物群落的结构组成和功能特征,挖掘纤维素降解细菌资源。【方法】通过宏基因组测序,对肠道细菌的结构组成和功能进行分析。以羧甲基纤维素(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC)为唯一碳源从幼虫肠道分离筛选纤维素降解细菌,进一步采用形态学观察和分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】肠道微生物以细菌为主,占比为81.3%,门水平分布上,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 45.8%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 20.3%)为优势菌门,丰度排名前三的菌属为梭菌属(Clostridium, 3.90%)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides, 3.52%)、营发酵单胞菌属(Dysgonomonas, 2.41%)。宏基因组功能水平分析显示,肠道微生物基因主要与碳水化合物、氨基酸和能量代谢相关,在KEGG数据库注释中,碳水化合物代谢相关基因占据主导地位。CAZy注释结果表明,48 856个(7.43%)基因成功注释到344个碳水化合物代谢酶家族,糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolase, GH) (48.67%)是肠道细菌中占最大优势的酶家族,相对丰度前十的功能酶类有6个属于GH家族。此外,从肠道中分离获得3株纤维素降解细菌TRC-3 (Bacillus subtilis)、TRC-5 (Bacillus subtilis)和TRC-6 (Bacillus safensis),其中TRC-3的滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性更强。【结论】双叉犀金龟幼虫肠道微生物群落具有较高的多样性和复杂性,拥有大量编码碳水化合物活性酶的基因,存在丰富的纤维素降解细菌资源。

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The enzyme production capability of cellulose-degrading bacteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainTRC-3TRC-5TRC-6
Different letters denote significant disparities among different strains (P < 0.05).
Transparent circle diameter D (cm)  2.03±0.21a2.31±0.03b2.38±0.04b
Colony diameter d (cm)  0.41±0.04a1.15±0.14b1.40±0.08b
D/d ratio  5.05±0.13a2.02±0.22b1.71±0.12b
Endoglucanase (U/mL)16.64±2.94a1.24±0.25b0.31±0.14b
Exoglucanase (U/mL)  2.40±0.57a0.56±0.15b0.69±0.27b
β-glucosidase (U/mL)  9.80±1.53a3.09±0.52b2.36±0.39b
Filter paper activity (U/mL)  1.52±0.29a0.97±0.91b1.14±0.08b
), ArticleFig(id=1243300004392190736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011323211929, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纤维素降解细菌的产酶能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainTRC-3TRC-5TRC-6
Different letters denote significant disparities among different strains (P < 0.05).
Transparent circle diameter D (cm)  2.03±0.21a2.31±0.03b2.38±0.04b
Colony diameter d (cm)  0.41±0.04a1.15±0.14b1.40±0.08b
D/d ratio  5.05±0.13a2.02±0.22b1.71±0.12b
Endoglucanase (U/mL)16.64±2.94a1.24±0.25b0.31±0.14b
Exoglucanase (U/mL)  2.40±0.57a0.56±0.15b0.69±0.27b
β-glucosidase (U/mL)  9.80±1.53a3.09±0.52b2.36±0.39b
Filter paper activity (U/mL)  1.52±0.29a0.97±0.91b1.14±0.08b
), ArticleFig(id=1243300004580934426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011323211929, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Morphological structure of strain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainStrain morphologyColony colorGram stainingSpore stainingStrain morphology
+: Positive.
TRC-3Irregularity; RoughRice white to yellow++Rod
TRC-5Irregularity; SmoothRice white to yellow++Rod
TRC-6Round; SmoothMilky white++Rod
), ArticleFig(id=1243300004727735075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011323211929, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株的形态特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainStrain morphologyColony colorGram stainingSpore stainingStrain morphology
+: Positive.
TRC-3Irregularity; RoughRice white to yellow++Rod
TRC-5Irregularity; SmoothRice white to yellow++Rod
TRC-6Round; SmoothMilky white++Rod
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双叉犀金龟(Trypoxylus dichotomus)幼虫肠道微生物多样性及纤维素降解菌筛选
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邹鑫 1 , 彭梅芳 2 , 阚新锐 1 , 黄文丽 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(1): 225-238
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(1): 225-238
双叉犀金龟(Trypoxylus dichotomus)幼虫肠道微生物多样性及纤维素降解菌筛选
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邹鑫1, 彭梅芳2, 阚新锐1, 黄文丽2, *
作者信息
  • 1 成都大学 食品与生物工程学院, 四川 成都 610106
  • 2 四川省农业科学院生物技术核技术研究所, 四川 成都 610066
Exploration of microbial diversity and identification of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut of Trypoxylus dichotomus larvae
Xin ZOU1, Meifang PENG2, Xinrui KAN1, Wenli HUANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
  • 2 Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240465
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【目的】揭示双叉犀金龟(Trypoxylus dichotomus)幼虫肠道微生物群落的结构组成和功能特征,挖掘纤维素降解细菌资源。【方法】通过宏基因组测序,对肠道细菌的结构组成和功能进行分析。以羧甲基纤维素(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC)为唯一碳源从幼虫肠道分离筛选纤维素降解细菌,进一步采用形态学观察和分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】肠道微生物以细菌为主,占比为81.3%,门水平分布上,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 45.8%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 20.3%)为优势菌门,丰度排名前三的菌属为梭菌属(Clostridium, 3.90%)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides, 3.52%)、营发酵单胞菌属(Dysgonomonas, 2.41%)。宏基因组功能水平分析显示,肠道微生物基因主要与碳水化合物、氨基酸和能量代谢相关,在KEGG数据库注释中,碳水化合物代谢相关基因占据主导地位。CAZy注释结果表明,48 856个(7.43%)基因成功注释到344个碳水化合物代谢酶家族,糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolase, GH) (48.67%)是肠道细菌中占最大优势的酶家族,相对丰度前十的功能酶类有6个属于GH家族。此外,从肠道中分离获得3株纤维素降解细菌TRC-3 (Bacillus subtilis)、TRC-5 (Bacillus subtilis)和TRC-6 (Bacillus safensis),其中TRC-3的滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性更强。【结论】双叉犀金龟幼虫肠道微生物群落具有较高的多样性和复杂性,拥有大量编码碳水化合物活性酶的基因,存在丰富的纤维素降解细菌资源。

双叉犀金龟  /  宏基因组  /  肠道微生物  /  纤维素降解

[Objective] To elucidate the structural and functional characteristics of the gut microbiota of Trypoxylus dichotomus larvae and isolate cellulose-degrading bacteria. [Methods] Metagenomic sequencing was employed to analyze the structure and functions of the gut microbiota. Cellulose-degrading bacteria were isolated and screened from the larval gut with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. The strains were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. [Results] The gut microbiota was dominated by bacteria, which accounted for 81.3%. At the phylum level, Firmicutes (45.8%) and Bacteroidota (20.3%) were the dominant phyla. The top three abundant genera were Clostridium (3.90%), Bacteroidia (3.52%), and Dysgonomonas (2.41%). The functional analysis of metagenome data revealed that the genes of the gut microbiota were mainly associated with carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. The annotation in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that the genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were predominant. The annotation in the carbohydrate-active enzyme database (CAZy) indicated that 48 856 (7.43%) genes were successfully annotated to 344 carbohydrate metabolism enzyme families, with glycoside hydrolase (GH, 48.67%) being the most dominant enzyme family in the gut bacteria. Among the top ten functionally abundant enzymes, six belonged to the GH family. Additionally, three strains of cellulose-degrading bacteria, TRC-3 (Bacillus subtilis), TRC-5 (B. subtilis), and TRC-6 (B. safensis), were isolated from the gut. TRC-3 exhibited stronger activities of filter paper enzyme, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase. [Conclusion] The gut microbiota of Trypoxylus dichotomus larvae exhibits high diversity and complexity, carrying a large number of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes and harboring rich cellulose-degrading bacteria.

Trypoxylus dichotomus  /  metagenome  /  gut microbiota  /  cellulose degradation
邹鑫, 彭梅芳, 阚新锐, 黄文丽. 双叉犀金龟(Trypoxylus dichotomus)幼虫肠道微生物多样性及纤维素降解菌筛选. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 225 -238 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240465
Xin ZOU, Meifang PENG, Xinrui KAN, Wenli HUANG. Exploration of microbial diversity and identification of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut of Trypoxylus dichotomus larvae[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 225 -238 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240465
双叉犀金龟(Trypoxylus dichotomus),属鞘翅目(Coleoptera)金龟子科(Scarabaeidae),因其雄性成虫头部的独特双叉状犄角而得名。T. dichotomus最早是由Linnaeus从东南亚收集的标本中发现的,在中国、朝鲜半岛、日本、泰国、老挝等亚洲国家和地区分布广泛[1]。在中国分布于东南部的主要亚种为T. dichotomus[2],其对生态环境几乎不会产生危害。作为受国家保护的“三有动物”即具有重要经济、科学研究价值的昆虫,在具有观赏作用的同时也具有较高的药用价值,在中药材中被命名为独角蜣螂,具有息风镇惊、破瘀止疼等功效[3]。在1976年已有人从其体内提取出具有一定抗癌作用的独角仙素(dicotastin)。双叉犀金龟不仅具有重要的药用价值,还因其在生态系统中分解有机质和循环养分的作用而受到关注。成虫与幼虫的食性具有较大差异,成虫主要以肉质厚实、水分和糖分含量高的瓜果为食[3];其幼虫则主要以腐木及落叶为主要食物来源[4],因其可以分泌包括纤维素酶、聚糖酶和糖苷酶等多种消化酶,能够有效分解复杂的木质纤维素,其这一特性已被工业化用于生物转化食用菌生产中产生的菌渣[5]
木质纤维素是生物质主要的组成部分,是最为丰富的可再生有机资源,约占光合作用所产生有机质的50%。其主要由纤维素(通常占细胞壁的40%−50%)、半纤维素(通常占细胞壁15%−25%)及木质素(通常占细胞壁13%−30%)组成,各组分之间通过共价键和非共价力紧密交织在一起[6],3种成分构成复杂的网络,造成了木质纤维素难降解的特性[7]。由于木质纤维素分子结构的复杂性,其降解需要多种酶的协同作用。自然界中,许多微生物通过分泌多种酶类实现木质纤维素的降解。昆虫肠道被认为是木质纤维素降解微生物的一个重要来源,特别是以植物为食的昆虫,其肠道内含有丰富且多样的微生物群落,这些微生物在木质纤维素含量丰富的食物消化过程中起着至关重要的作用[8]。白蚁作为广为人知的食木昆虫,已有大量研究对其肠道微生物群落结构和功能基因进行了深入的分析[9-12]。白蚁肠道共生细菌在纤维素和木聚糖水解中起直接作用,宏基因组分析揭示了大量参与纤维素和木聚糖水解的基因。研究者们已从白蚁肠道微生物中分离鉴定出多株具有纤维素降解能力的细菌[13]。除此之外,蝗虫[14]、蟑螂[15]、甲虫[16]等昆虫的肠道微生物也被发现具有高度特化的纤维素和木质素降解能力。这些食木昆虫通常依赖于肠道共生菌对木质纤维素进行降解,但也可以从自身肠道组织(唾液腺和中肠)产生木质纤维素酶协助木质纤维素的消化[17-18]
近3年来,鞘翅目昆虫在纤维素降解领域受到了很大的关注。Takeishi等[19]发现T. dichotomus可以产生与纤维素降解相关的多种酶类,如纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和糖苷酶等。通过对T. dichotomus的全基因组和肠道转录组分析,发现多个编码纤维素酶基因[20]。从双叉犀金龟幼虫肠道内分离到具有纤维素及半纤维素分解能力的微生物[21-22],而基于细菌相对丰度构建的人工微生物体系显示出最高的木质纤维素降解能力。因此,为了进一步了解T. dichotomus幼虫肠道微生物群落的结构和功能,本研究通过高通量测序技术分析双叉犀金龟幼虫肠道微生物的多样性,系统揭示其微生物群落的组成和结构特征。此外,通过培养筛选方法,分离并鉴定具纤维素降解能力的菌株,筛选具有木质纤维素降解能力的目标菌株,不仅为深入理解双叉犀金龟幼虫的生态角色提供了科学依据,也为探索昆虫肠道微生物的多样性及其潜在应用价值开辟了新的方向。
样品双叉犀金龟3龄幼虫购自广东养殖商户。经分子生物学鉴定为Trypoxylus dichotomus,适应性培养2周后进行实验,适应性培养过程中饲喂发酵杂木屑。采样前禁食24 h。
CMC培养基(g/L):CMC 20.00,K2HPO4 1.00,NaNO3 3.00,FeSO4 0.01,KCl 0.50,MgSO4 0.50,琼脂15.00。SDY培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.00,酵母粉10.00,葡萄糖40.00。发酵产酶培养基(g/L):CMC 20.00,蛋白胨3.00,酵母膏0.50,(NH4)2SO4 2.00,KH2PO4 4.00,CaCl2 0.30,MgSO4·7H2O 0.30,Tween-80 0.20。
E.Z.N.A.® Stool DNA Kit,Omega Bio-Tek公司。
超声波破碎仪,Covaris公司;Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer、PCR仪、NanoDrop,Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;生物分析仪,Agilent公司;测序仪,Illumina公司;凝胶成像仪、电泳仪,Bio-Rad公司。
将幼虫用无菌水反复冲洗后用75%乙醇对幼虫表面进行消毒,置于无菌操作台中在紫外光下照射5−10 min。用灭菌后的剪刀剪掉幼虫头部,将幼虫从尾部剖开,分离出肠道,取后肠内容物,置于无菌离心管于−80 ℃保存,用于提取DNA进行测序。
使用E.Z.N.A.® Stool DNA Kit提取肠道内容物的DNA,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析DNA的纯度和完整性,使用NanoDrop进一步检测DNA纯度,Qubit对DNA浓度进行精确定量。检测合格的DNA样品用Covaris超声波破碎仪随机打断成长度约为350 bp的片段,经末端修复、加A尾、加测序接头、纯化、PCR扩增等步骤完成文库构建。库检合格后,按照有效浓度及目标下机数据量的需求pooling后进行Illumina PE150测序。
获得的原始数据(raw data)使用readfq对原始的测序数据进行预处理,去除含低质量碱基(质量值≤38)的reads、N碱基达到10 bp的reads以及与adapter之间overlap超过15 bp的reads,获取用于后续分析的有效数据(clean data)。使用MEGAHIT软件对过滤后的有效数据进行拼接组装,得到的scaffolds从N连接处打断,获得不含N的scaftigs[23],过滤掉500 bp以下的片段,进行统计分析和后续基因预测。
用MetaGeneMark对各样品的scaftigs (≥500 bp)进行开放阅读框预测(open reading frame, ORF) [24],并过滤掉预测结果中长度小于100 nt的序列[25]。对ORF预测结果,采用CD-HIT软件进行去冗余[26],以获得非冗余的初始gene catalogue。采用Bowtie2将各样品的有效数据比对至初始gene catalogue,计算得到基因在各样品中比对上的reads数目,过滤掉各个样品中reads数目≤2的基因[27],获得最终用于后续分析的uigenes。
利用Diamond软件[28]将unigenes与KEGG、eggNOG和CAZy数据库进行比对,得到相关基因的注释结果。使用Diamond软件将unigenes与从NCBI的NR数据库中抽提出的细菌(bacteria)、真菌(fungi)、古菌(archaea)和病毒(viruses)序列进行比对。对于每一条序列的比对结果,选取E value≤最小E value×10的结果,由于每一条序列可能有多个比对结果,采取最近公共祖先算法(least common ancestors, LCA)[29],将出现第一个分支前的分类级别,作为该序列的物种注释信息。
将上述肠道内容物置于5 mL生理盐水中匀浆,将1 mL肠道匀浆接种至含100 mL LB培养基的锥形瓶中,32 ℃、200 r/min富集培养48 h。将菌液梯度稀释从10−3至10−8。将100 μL梯度稀释后的菌液涂布至刚果红纤维素培养基,每个梯度做3个平行。置于32 ℃恒温培养箱孵育72 h,观察具有降解圈的菌落,将其挑取接种于LB固体培养基,通过反复划线进行纯化,将纯化菌株于32 ℃、200 r/min富集培养24 h后与50%甘油1:1混合,储存于−80 ℃。
将保存的菌液活化后接种于CMC培养基中央,每个菌株接种3个平板,32 ℃培养3−7 d。取1%刚果红染色液铺满平板,染色30 min后用1 mol/L NaCl溶液洗涤30 min。用游标卡尺对菌落直径(d)和水解圈直径(D)进行测量。D/d比值越大,相应菌株纤维素降解能力越强。
将分离得到的纤维素降解细菌划线接种于LB固体培养基,32 ℃恒温培养24 h,观察菌落形状、大小、颜色、边缘、透明等形态特征,并通过革兰氏染色和芽孢染色结合形态学特征对菌株进行初步鉴定。使用细菌DNA提取试剂盒提取各菌株的DNA,细菌通用引物27F (5′-GAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492F (5′-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGAC-3′)扩增细菌16S rRNA基因。PCR反应体系(50 μL):1×TSE101金牌Mix 45 μL,上、下游引物(20 μmol/L)各2 μL,DNA模板1 μL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性3 min,98 ℃变性10 s,55 ℃退火15 s,39个循环;72 ℃延伸5 min。PCR产物由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司进行测序,用ContigExpress拼接测序结果,使用BLAST将菌株16S rRNA基因的拼接序列与NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中已知序列进行比对。在MEGA 11.0软件中采用近邻相接法(neighbor-joining method, NJ)构建系统发育树。
将菌株接种至SDY培养基中,32 ℃、200 r/min活化48 h,之后按10%接种量接种至100 mL产酶培养基中,32 ℃、200 r/min摇瓶培养3 d,每株菌设3个重复。取10 mL发酵液于4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心10 min,所得上清液即为粗酶液。采用3, 5-二硝基水杨酸(3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)法[30],以滤纸、羧甲基纤维素钠、脱脂棉、水杨苷为底物分别测定滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性。具体操作步骤:取0.5 mL粗酶液加入1.5 mL含不同底物的柠檬酸缓冲液(0.05 mol/L, pH 4.5),混合均匀后于50 ℃水浴孵育30 min。加入1.5 mL DNS试剂,沸水浴10 min后冷却至室温,定容至10 mL,测定OD540。以高温灭活的粗酶液为空白对照。所测吸光值在葡萄糖标准曲线(y=6.697 1x+0.033 9, R2=0.991)中计算葡萄糖含量,酶活性的定义为1 mL粗酶液在1 min内水解底物产生1 μmol葡萄糖的所需酶量为1个酶活单位,单位为U/mL,计算如公式(1)所示。
$\text { 酶活性 }(\mathrm{U} / \mathrm{mL})=\frac{A \times n \times 1000}{T \times V}$
式中:A为样品吸光值在标准曲线上相应葡萄糖含量(mol);n为稀释倍数;1 000为mg到μg的转换系数;T为反应时间(min);V为酶液体积(mL)。
使用软件SPSS 26.0进行数据的统计分析,所有描述性数据用mean±SD表示。采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan’s多重极差检验进行组间比较,P < 0.05代表差异显著。
T. dichotomus后肠肠道内容物中共获得6 308.76 Mb的原始数据,经处理后得到有效数据为6 270.77 Mb,经质控后有效数据占原始数据比例达到99%以上,G+C含量约为46%。有效数据中测序错误率小于0.01的碱基数目的百分比超过98%,95%以上的碱基测定准确率超过99.9%。研究表明本次测序数据有较高可靠性,可以进行后续分析。通过预处理后的数据经过组装总共得到210 126条scafitigs,总长度为262 246 232 bp,N50长度超过1 400 bp,N90长度超过570 bp。
通过注释结果可知肠道微生物在各分类水平的组成结构和丰度分布。双叉犀金龟幼虫肠道微生物在界水平主要分布于细菌(bacteria, 81.3%)、真菌(eukaryota, 0.3%)、病毒(viruses, 2.0%)和古细菌(archaea, 0.3%),部分分布于未知微生物(unknown, 14.1%)和未分类微生物(unclassified, 2.0%)。在细菌界门水平上,主要以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 45.8%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 20.3%) 2个门类为主,少量分布于放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 2.6%)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 1.9%)、Uroviricota门(1.4%)等其他门类(图1)。厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门存在大量能够降解木质纤维素的微生物。在属水平上,相对丰度前10位的菌属依次为梭菌属(Clostridium, 3.90%)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides, 3.52%)、营发酵单胞菌属(Dysgonomonas, 2.41%)、Massilibacteroide属(1.07%)、木聚糖单胞菌属(Xylanimonas, 0.97%)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus, 0.89%)、Lachnoclostridium属(0.65%)、分支菌酸小杆菌属(Mycolicibacterium, 0.64%)、Anaeropeptidivorans属(0.59%)、厌氧棍状菌属(Anaerotruncus, 0.57%)。梭菌属、拟杆菌属、营发酵单胞菌属等均具有纤维素降解能力,Kato等[31]分离出具有纤维素降解能力的梭菌解草秸梭菌(Clostridium straminisolvens sp. nov.);Weiss等[32]通过宏基因组学在甘蔗渣中发现拟杆菌属具有降解纤维素潜力;营发酵单胞菌属中大多菌株分离自白蚁肠道内,如黄翅大白蚁(Macrotermes barneyi)中分离出大白蚁营发酵单胞菌(Dysgonomonas macrotermitis)[33]、自白蚁(Reticulitermes speratu)中分离出的白蚁营发酵单胞菌(Dysgonomonas termitidis)[34]。这些均说明T. dichotomus后肠中存在丰富的纤维素降解菌资源。
基于KEGG[35-36]数据库,共有186 585个(27.03%)基因注释到细胞过程(cellular processes)、环境信息处理(environmental information processing)、遗传信息处理(genetic information processing)、人类疾病(human diseases)、新陈代谢(metabolism)、生物体系统(organismal systems)六大类生物代谢通路中。其中注释到新陈代谢通路相关的基因数目最多(89 945个),其次是遗传信息处理(33 121个),生物体系统的基因数目最少(6 452个)。在二级水平上相对丰度前10的功能中,大部分基因与代谢通路相关,注释到碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism)的基因数目最多(30 266个),约占新陈代谢通路的33.65%,氨基酸代谢(amino acid metabolism)和能量代谢(energy metabolism)也占据了较大的比重,注释的基因数目分别为24 567个和16 935个(图2A)。基于eggNOG[37]数据的注释结果显示,在已知基因功能分类中,注释基因数目最多的类别是复制、重组和修复(replication, recombination and repair),其次是碳水化合物转运与代谢(carbohydrate transport and metabolism),相关的基因数目为42 649个。转录(transcription)、细胞壁/膜/包膜的生物发生(cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis)和氨基酸转运和代谢(amino acid transport and metabolism) 3个类别的注释数目也较多(图2B)。
为了进一步了解肠道微生物菌群在木质纤维素食物消化中的功能,基于CAZy[38]数据库对碳水化合物酶类进行分析。48 856个(7.43%)基因成功注释到糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolase, GH)、糖基转移酶(glycosyl transferase, GT)、多糖裂合酶(polysaccharide lyase, PL)、碳水化合物酯酶(carbohydrate esterase, CE)、辅助氧化还原酶(auxiliary activity, AA)和碳水化合物结合模块(carbohydrate-binding module, CBM)六大功能类的344个酶家族。GH、PL、CE和AA主要负责催化碳水化合物和多糖复合物的分解或修饰,这对于木质纤维素的降解和利用非常重要。GH是双叉犀金龟肠道菌群中占最大优势酶家族,基因数目23 779个(48.67%),分别注释到143个GH家族,占据已知GH功能酶类的75.66%。其次是GT (15 198个)、CBM (6 964个)、CE (2 031个),基因数目最少的是AA (200个) (图3)。GT催化糖苷键的形成,对生物发育和环境适应至关重要。CBM作为非催化模块,是纤维素酶中的一个重要组成部分,能特异性地调节纤维素酶的生物学活性。在二级水平上,GT2和GT4是肠道菌群中丰度最高的酶家族,相对丰度前10的功能酶类有6个属于GH家族,包括GH13、GH2、GH3、GH43、GH28和GH23。
T. dichotomus幼虫后肠中分离得到3株纤维素降解细菌,分别命名为TRC-3、TRC-5、TRC-6。3株细菌均能降解微晶纤维素,在刚果红染色的纤维素培养基上显示不同大小的透明圈(表1),通过刚果红培养基透明圈大小(D)与菌落直径(d)比值初步判断纤维素降解能力的强弱。其中,细菌TRC-3产纤维素酶的能力最强,D/d值高达5.05,与其余2株细菌有显著差异(P < 0.05),TRC-6的D/d值最小。使用DNS法对3株纤维素降解细菌的内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和滤纸酶的活性进行定量分析,结果发现,TRC-3的内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和滤纸酶活性均高于TRC-5和TRC-6 (P < 0.05)。特别是,TRC-3内切葡聚糖酶的活性高达16.64 U/mL,远高于其余2株细菌。TRC-5和TRC-6的内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和滤纸酶活性无明显差异。
将上述筛选的3株纤维素降解细菌划线接种于LB固体培养基,培养24 h后对其进行革兰氏、芽孢染色及形态观察。结果发现,3株菌均为杆状,革兰氏染色、芽孢染色均显示为阳性(表2)。3株细菌在菌落形态上有明显的差异(图4),TRC-3的菌落不规则,有明显突起,表面干燥有明显褶皱,边缘呈波浪形;TRC-5的菌落不规则,略微突起,表面干燥光滑;TRC-6菌落圆形,有明显突起,表面湿润光滑。3株细菌的菌落颜色有略微差异,TRC-3和TRC-5为米白色偏黄,TRC-6为乳白色。
将3株纤维素降解细菌的16S rRNA基因序列提交到NCBI数据库,通过BLAST与GenBank中已知的16S rRNA基因序列进行比对。结果发现,TRC-3和TRC-5与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的相似度最高,相似度达99%,TRC-6与沙福芽孢杆菌(Bacillus safensis)相似度达99%。结合菌株的形态特征和染色镜检结果,确定分离到的纤维素降解细菌TRC-3和TRC-5均属于枯草芽孢杆菌,TRC-6属于沙福芽孢杆菌。使用MEGA 11.0软件对16S rRNA基因多重序列比较构建系统发育树,3株分离菌中,TRC-3与TRC-5亲缘关系更近,TRC-6在芽孢杆菌的另一个分支(图5)。
腐食性昆虫的肠道微生物已成为挖掘木质纤维素降解菌的重要来源。宏基因组显示T. dichotomus幼虫后肠肠道中的微生物群落具有较高的多样性和复杂性,主要由细菌组成(占81.3%),其次是病毒、古菌和真菌。厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)是幼虫肠道中的两大主要类群,其中厚壁菌门通常与放线菌门、疣微菌门和纤维杆菌门协同,在降解残留植物的过程中发挥重要作用[39]。拟杆菌门在低等白蚁肠道中尤为常见[40],具有显著的纤维素降解能力[41]T. dichotomus幼虫肠道微生物的结构组成与其他金龟子科昆虫类似,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门也是云杉树皮甲虫(Ips typographus L.)的肠道优势菌门[42]。金龟子科白星花金龟(Protaetia brevitarsis)肠道微生物也以厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门为主,这些微生物能够产生多种纤维素酶和半纤维素酶,显著促进木质纤维素的降解[43]。Huang等[44]在对不同龄期、不同地理区域的暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia parallela)幼虫的肠道菌群研究中发现,肠道菌群的多样性和结构会随幼虫生长发育而变化,早期幼虫中拟杆菌门占主导,而后期幼虫中厚壁菌门逐渐成为主要类群。然而,在眉斑并脊天牛(Glenea cantor)[45]和稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus)[46]等昆虫中,变形菌门成为主导类群,这可能与这些昆虫不同的饮食结构有关。
在基因功能水平上,T. dichotomus幼虫肠道微生物反映出强大的代谢能力,特别是在碳水化合物的代谢方面。通过KEGG数据库的注释,发现与碳水化合物代谢相关的通路基因数量最多,这与幼虫的腐食性密切相关。共生的肠道细菌通过生产宿主无法合成的碳水化合物活性酶,促进纤维素等难降解物质的消化,从而为宿主提供代谢底物和能量[47]。CAZy注释结果发现,T. dichotomus后肠中微生物木质纤维素降解酶具有较高的多样性和丰度,与瘤胃宏基因组相似[48]。在344个碳水化合物活性酶类中,GH是最占优势的酶家族,涵盖了一系列纤维素和半纤维的水解酶类,这些酶主要由厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的肠道共生菌贡献[49]。肠道细菌的功能显著富集于碳水化合物的代谢途径,这也说明参与该功能的肠道细菌的丰度也相应较高。在T. dichotomus后肠中,梭菌属(Clostridium)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)是丰度最高的菌属,其中多个物种被报道具有木质纤维素降解能力[50]。营发酵单胞菌属(Dysgonomonas)在T. dichotomus幼虫肠道中也占据了较大的比重,作为黄翅大白蚁后肠的第二优势微生物,它被发现具有多个木质纤维素降解酶基因,且具备完整的木质纤维素降解通路[51]
基于对T. dichotomus幼虫肠道微生物群落结构及功能基因分析,反映出其肠道内具有丰富的纤维素降解细菌资源。从双叉犀金龟幼虫后肠分离出的3株纤维素降解细菌,经鉴定均属于芽孢杆菌属,包括2株枯草芽孢杆菌和1株沙福芽孢杆菌。芽孢杆菌能够产生纤维素酶和木聚糖酶等多种木质纤维素水解酶类,常被应用在农业废弃物堆肥以及植物原料的降解中[52-53]。Liu等[54]从白蚁肠道中分离到一株枯草芽孢杆菌,显示出内切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、滤纸酶和木聚糖酶活性,并在与麦秸共培养发酵时能显著破坏木质纤维素的结构,增加还原糖的含量。TRC-3展示出更强的内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和滤纸酶活力,在木质纤维素的降解中展现出巨大的潜力。
综上所述,本研究通过宏基因组技术揭示了T. dichotomus幼虫肠道微生物的生态特征及其在碳水化合物代谢中的功能,分离并鉴定了3株具有木质纤维素酶活性的芽孢杆菌菌株,为未来木质纤维素生物质降解的研究和应用提供了重要的微生物资源。这些发现不仅丰富了对腐食性昆虫肠道微生物的认识,也为农业废弃物的高效利用开辟了新的方向。未来的研究应继续挖掘这些功能微生物资源,探索其实际应用潜力,特别是在农业废弃物的堆肥处理和可再生能源开发中的作用。需要注意的是,饲料中的微生物群落可能对独角仙肠道微生物的组成和功能产生影响,因此,后续研究应进一步关注饲料微生物与肠道微生物的相互作用,这将有助于更准确地揭示肠道微生物在木质纤维素降解过程中的实际作用。
  • 四川省农业科学院“2035原始创新”计划(YSCX2035-005)
  • 四川省自然科学基金(2022NSFSC0164)
  • 四川省农业科学院自主创新项目(2022ZZCX028)
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2025年第65卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240465
  • 接收时间:2024-07-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-29
  • 录用日期:2024-10-18
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"2035 Original Innovation" Project of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(YSCX2035-005)
四川省农业科学院“2035原始创新”计划(YSCX2035-005)
Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC0164)
四川省自然科学基金(2022NSFSC0164)
Independent Innovation Project of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural(2022ZZCX028)
四川省农业科学院自主创新项目(2022ZZCX028)
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    1 成都大学 食品与生物工程学院, 四川 成都 610106
    2 四川省农业科学院生物技术核技术研究所, 四川 成都 610066

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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