Article(id=1242175011293851800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240419, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720627200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1728316800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-08, onlineDate=1774087201187, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087201187, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087201187, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087201187, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=182, endPage=195, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175013571358887, articleId=1242175011293851800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Acinetobacter calcoaceticus CDWB36: optimization of fermentation conditions for pyrroloquinoline quinone production and effect on growth of pepper under drought stress, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To explore the effects of strain CDWB36 and its metabolite pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on the drought resistance and growth of pepper, so as to provide efficient strain resources for the development and utilization of multifunctional microbial agents. [Methods] A strain CDWB36 was identified based on the morphological characteristics and the 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic tree. HPLC and spectroscopy were employed to detect PQQ. The fermentation conditions were optimized by single factor tests with PQQ production as the indicator. The effects of the PQQ-containing microbial agent on the growth, physio-biochemical characteristics, soil nutrients, and rhizosphere microbial community structure of pepper under drought stress were determined by pot experiments. [Results] Strain CDWB36 was identified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and it had the ability to produce PQQ. The optimum conditions of strain CDWB36 for producing PQQ were 10 g/L yeast powder, 4 g/L mixed nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate: glutamic acid: tyrosine=2:1:1), 1.0 g/L MgSO4, 0.40 g/L CaCl2, 0.5% inoculum amount, 28 ℃, and pH 6.5. The PQQ production of the strain in shake flasks after 7 days of fermentation at the optimized conditions reached 61.48 mg/L, which increased by 3.3 times compared with that before optimization. Compared with CK, the PQQ-containing microbial agent increased the plant height, stem diameter, aboveground fresh weight, and belowground fresh weight of pepper by 35.05%, 8.22%, 14.41%, and 51.70%, respectively, demonstrating better plant growth-promoting effect than the PQQ solution. Moreover, the PQQ-containing microbial agent significantly improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the content of osmoregulatory substances (soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline) in leaves, while increasing the soil nutrient content. The PQQ-containing microbial agent significantly changed the relative abundance of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere soil of pepper, increasing the relative abundance of Bacillus, Aspergillus, and Streptococcus by 1.99 times, 1.38 times, and 8.75 times, respectively, compared with CK. [Conclusion] A. calcoaceticus CDWB36 has the ability to produce PQQ. Optimizing the fermentation conditions can effectively enhance the PQQ production. The fermentation broth of CDWB36 significantly promotes pepper growth under drought stress, and PQQ is a key substance in the broth for promoting pepper growth. Therefore, the strain has broad application prospects in enhancing the stress resistance and promoting the growth of plants.

, correspAuthors=Xin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Xin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiulan HE, Yuxiang PENG, Yu TAO, Chi ZHOU, Liwei ZHU, Xin LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242175020567458110, articleId=1242175011293851800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=醋酸钙不动杆菌合成吡咯喹啉醌发酵条件优化及干旱胁迫下对辣椒生长的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】研究菌株CDWB36及其代谢产物吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ)对辣椒抗旱促生的应用效果,为多功能菌剂的开发利用提供优良的菌种资源。【方法】结合形态学和16S rRNA基因对菌株CDWB36进行分类学鉴定;利用HPLC法和光谱法对PQQ进行检测;通过单因素试验探究菌株产PQQ的最佳发酵条件;通过盆栽试验,明确含PQQ的菌剂对干旱胁迫下辣椒生长、生理生化、土壤养分以及根际微生物群落结构的影响。【结果】菌株CDWB36经鉴定为醋酸钙不动杆菌,具备生产PQQ的能力。其最佳发酵条件为酵母粉10 g/L、混合氮源(硫酸铵: 谷氨酸: 酪氨酸=2:1:1) 4 g/L、MgSO4 1.0 g/L、CaCl2 0.40 g/L、接种量0.5%、温度28 ℃和pH 6.5。优化后,在摇瓶水平上发酵7 d该菌株PQQ产量可达61.48 mg/L,较优化前提升3.3倍。盆栽试验结果表明,PQQ菌剂处理后,辣椒株高、茎粗、地上部和地下部鲜重较CK分别增加35.05%、8.22%、14.41%、51.70%,促生效果优于PQQ溶液。此外,PQQ菌剂显著提高叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,并显著增加土壤养分含量。同时,它明显改变了辣椒根际土壤中细菌和真菌的相对丰度,其中芽孢杆菌属、曲霉属和嗜热链球菌属相对丰度分别为CK的1.99倍、1.38倍和8.75倍。【结论】醋酸钙不动杆菌CDWB36具有合成PQQ的能力,适宜的发酵条件能够显著提高PQQ产量;该菌株发酵液对处于干旱胁迫下的辣椒生长具有显著的促进作用,其中PQQ是发挥这一作用的关键物质,在植物抗逆促生领域具有广阔的应用前景。

, correspAuthors=李鑫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=25WpmKnQ+mS0G+xsVVskRQ==, magXml=00YyGPP+eePc+ASEzll+5g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=N/dEvg8CfT//dSpJ5J8dFg==, pdfFileSize=1278474, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RapXlhEt9xUXOfwjC/zoKQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=q1sC9LG4d/+B5W2cjMo7vA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=何秀兰, 彭宇翔, 陶禹, 周池, 朱理伟, 李鑫)}, authors=[Author(id=1243300004715147900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1243300004832588427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, authorId=1243300004715147900, language=EN, stringName=Xiulan HE, firstName=Xiulan, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
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2 湖南省蔬菜研究所, 湖南 长沙 410125
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Effects of microbial agents on plant growth, soil fertility and microbial communities under continuous cropping strawberry[J]. 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Characteristics of soil properties and fungal community changes in different micro-geomorphic units in arid gravel desert area[J]. 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The serial number in parentheses is the GenBank accession number of the strain; The branch number indicates the bootstrap support rate; The length indicated by the scale is 0.002 0 nucleotide substitution rate., figureFileSmall=Gv+zYAMayfjCKLIw/4xbyA==, figureFileBig=AsaMIbb7OTtmVb1SnyfdTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009635066771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株CDWB36菌落形态(A)、扫描电镜图(B)和基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树(C), figureFileSmall=Gv+zYAMayfjCKLIw/4xbyA==, figureFileBig=AsaMIbb7OTtmVb1SnyfdTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009748312987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=HPLC chromatogram (A), fermentation kinetics curve (B), and growth curve (C) of strain CDWB36. 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Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=SeiLlOFgjsKI9sj9fuQMhg==, figureFileBig=ncDRlAdkiWss+LkehekS4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010129994676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同发酵条件对PQQ产量的影响, figureFileSmall=SeiLlOFgjsKI9sj9fuQMhg==, figureFileBig=ncDRlAdkiWss+LkehekS4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010255823799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of different treatments on growth and physiological characteristics of pepper under drought stress. A: Plant morphology; B: Plant height; C: Stem diameter; D: Aboveground part fresh weight; E: Underground part fresh weight; F: POD activity; G: SOD activity; H: CAT activity; I: MDA content; J: Proline content; K: Soluble sugar content; L: Soluble protein content. The data in the figure are mean±SD. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=kA+Odfq686ysZbsj56WXuQ==, figureFileBig=qawmd63gfdEFtCBHncYChw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010385847229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=CN, label=图4, caption=干旱胁迫下不同处理对辣椒生长及生理特性的影响, figureFileSmall=kA+Odfq686ysZbsj56WXuQ==, figureFileBig=qawmd63gfdEFtCBHncYChw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010566202311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Diversity analysis of rhizosphere microorganisms in peppers. A: Chao1 index; B: Shannon index; C: PCoA analysis of bacteria; D: PCoA analysis of fungi. The data in the figure are mean±SD. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=pDeFKgOPCeBgg71P/bj7AQ==, figureFileBig=tpd6Q3+XUMD4m5RvquEiYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010692031439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=CN, label=图5, caption=辣椒根际微生物多样性分析, figureFileSmall=pDeFKgOPCeBgg71P/bj7AQ==, figureFileBig=tpd6Q3+XUMD4m5RvquEiYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300012222952403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Relative abundance of microorganisms at phylum level and genus level for different treatments. A: Phylum level of bacteria; B: Genus level of bacteria; C: Phylum level of fungi; D: Genus level of fungi., figureFileSmall=4eakhMEz50p1dk5dy9rbAw==, figureFileBig=dYvwVjtLiQTyv51BbFxwjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300012348781529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理在门水平和属水平的微生物相对丰度, figureFileSmall=4eakhMEz50p1dk5dy9rbAw==, figureFileBig=dYvwVjtLiQTyv51BbFxwjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300012478804962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=db-RDA analysis of bacteria (A), fungi (B) and soil nutrients at the genus level., figureFileSmall=q3o7BFDt5rlAa4Y6Ahc3ew==, figureFileBig=pEVXdxBToqhDf2BaZUt8Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300012654965740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=CN, label=图7, caption=细菌(A)、真菌(B)与土壤养分在属水平上的db-RDA分析, figureFileSmall=q3o7BFDt5rlAa4Y6Ahc3ew==, figureFileBig=pEVXdxBToqhDf2BaZUt8Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300012780794866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of different treatments on soil nutrient content under drought stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentTN (g/kg)TP (g/kg)TK (g/kg)AN (mg/kg)AP (mg/kg)AK (mg/kg)OM (g/kg)
The data in the table are mean±SD. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
CK7.31±0.07c1.16±0.01c18.38±0.35a661.29±2.89c366.83±1.30c1 637.85±54.82c381.57±2.10c
PQQ solution8.41±0.03b1.36±0.01b17.91±0.40a770.32±4.11b387.95±2.23b1 860.23±55.26b429.59±2.80a
PQQ microbial agent10.26±0.22a1.91±0.03a16.90±0.20b796.73±1.27a395.14±1.70a2 404.31±50.42a409.52±1.50b
agent
), ArticleFig(id=1243300012923401208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011293851800, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

干旱胁迫下不同处理对土壤养分含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentTN (g/kg)TP (g/kg)TK (g/kg)AN (mg/kg)AP (mg/kg)AK (mg/kg)OM (g/kg)
The data in the table are mean±SD. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
CK7.31±0.07c1.16±0.01c18.38±0.35a661.29±2.89c366.83±1.30c1 637.85±54.82c381.57±2.10c
PQQ solution8.41±0.03b1.36±0.01b17.91±0.40a770.32±4.11b387.95±2.23b1 860.23±55.26b429.59±2.80a
PQQ microbial agent10.26±0.22a1.91±0.03a16.90±0.20b796.73±1.27a395.14±1.70a2 404.31±50.42a409.52±1.50b
agent
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醋酸钙不动杆菌合成吡咯喹啉醌发酵条件优化及干旱胁迫下对辣椒生长的影响
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何秀兰 1, 2 , 彭宇翔 1, 2 , 陶禹 2, 3 , 周池 2, 3 , 朱理伟 4 , 李鑫 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(1): 182-195
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(1): 182-195
醋酸钙不动杆菌合成吡咯喹啉醌发酵条件优化及干旱胁迫下对辣椒生长的影响
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何秀兰1, 2, 彭宇翔1, 2, 陶禹2, 3, 周池2, 3, 朱理伟4, 李鑫1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 湖南大学 生物学院隆平分院, 湖南 长沙 410125
  • 2 湖南省蔬菜研究所, 湖南 长沙 410125
  • 3 植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心, 湖南 长沙 410125
  • 4 滩坊盛瑜药业股份有限公司, 山东 寿光 262714
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus CDWB36: optimization of fermentation conditions for pyrroloquinoline quinone production and effect on growth of pepper under drought stress
Xiulan HE1, 2, Yuxiang PENG1, 2, Yu TAO2, 3, Chi ZHOU2, 3, Liwei ZHU4, Xin LI1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • 2 Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • 3 Hunan Engineering Research Center on Excavation and Utilization of the Endophytic Microbial Resources of Plants, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • 4 Tan Fang Sheng Yu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shouguang 262714, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240419
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【目的】研究菌株CDWB36及其代谢产物吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ)对辣椒抗旱促生的应用效果,为多功能菌剂的开发利用提供优良的菌种资源。【方法】结合形态学和16S rRNA基因对菌株CDWB36进行分类学鉴定;利用HPLC法和光谱法对PQQ进行检测;通过单因素试验探究菌株产PQQ的最佳发酵条件;通过盆栽试验,明确含PQQ的菌剂对干旱胁迫下辣椒生长、生理生化、土壤养分以及根际微生物群落结构的影响。【结果】菌株CDWB36经鉴定为醋酸钙不动杆菌,具备生产PQQ的能力。其最佳发酵条件为酵母粉10 g/L、混合氮源(硫酸铵: 谷氨酸: 酪氨酸=2:1:1) 4 g/L、MgSO4 1.0 g/L、CaCl2 0.40 g/L、接种量0.5%、温度28 ℃和pH 6.5。优化后,在摇瓶水平上发酵7 d该菌株PQQ产量可达61.48 mg/L,较优化前提升3.3倍。盆栽试验结果表明,PQQ菌剂处理后,辣椒株高、茎粗、地上部和地下部鲜重较CK分别增加35.05%、8.22%、14.41%、51.70%,促生效果优于PQQ溶液。此外,PQQ菌剂显著提高叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,并显著增加土壤养分含量。同时,它明显改变了辣椒根际土壤中细菌和真菌的相对丰度,其中芽孢杆菌属、曲霉属和嗜热链球菌属相对丰度分别为CK的1.99倍、1.38倍和8.75倍。【结论】醋酸钙不动杆菌CDWB36具有合成PQQ的能力,适宜的发酵条件能够显著提高PQQ产量;该菌株发酵液对处于干旱胁迫下的辣椒生长具有显著的促进作用,其中PQQ是发挥这一作用的关键物质,在植物抗逆促生领域具有广阔的应用前景。

醋酸钙不动杆菌  /  吡咯喹啉醌  /  发酵优化  /  抗旱促生  /  根际微生物群落

[Objective] To explore the effects of strain CDWB36 and its metabolite pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on the drought resistance and growth of pepper, so as to provide efficient strain resources for the development and utilization of multifunctional microbial agents. [Methods] A strain CDWB36 was identified based on the morphological characteristics and the 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic tree. HPLC and spectroscopy were employed to detect PQQ. The fermentation conditions were optimized by single factor tests with PQQ production as the indicator. The effects of the PQQ-containing microbial agent on the growth, physio-biochemical characteristics, soil nutrients, and rhizosphere microbial community structure of pepper under drought stress were determined by pot experiments. [Results] Strain CDWB36 was identified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and it had the ability to produce PQQ. The optimum conditions of strain CDWB36 for producing PQQ were 10 g/L yeast powder, 4 g/L mixed nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate: glutamic acid: tyrosine=2:1:1), 1.0 g/L MgSO4, 0.40 g/L CaCl2, 0.5% inoculum amount, 28 ℃, and pH 6.5. The PQQ production of the strain in shake flasks after 7 days of fermentation at the optimized conditions reached 61.48 mg/L, which increased by 3.3 times compared with that before optimization. Compared with CK, the PQQ-containing microbial agent increased the plant height, stem diameter, aboveground fresh weight, and belowground fresh weight of pepper by 35.05%, 8.22%, 14.41%, and 51.70%, respectively, demonstrating better plant growth-promoting effect than the PQQ solution. Moreover, the PQQ-containing microbial agent significantly improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the content of osmoregulatory substances (soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline) in leaves, while increasing the soil nutrient content. The PQQ-containing microbial agent significantly changed the relative abundance of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere soil of pepper, increasing the relative abundance of Bacillus, Aspergillus, and Streptococcus by 1.99 times, 1.38 times, and 8.75 times, respectively, compared with CK. [Conclusion] A. calcoaceticus CDWB36 has the ability to produce PQQ. Optimizing the fermentation conditions can effectively enhance the PQQ production. The fermentation broth of CDWB36 significantly promotes pepper growth under drought stress, and PQQ is a key substance in the broth for promoting pepper growth. Therefore, the strain has broad application prospects in enhancing the stress resistance and promoting the growth of plants.

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus  /  pyrroloquinoline quinone  /  fermentation condition optimization  /  drought resisting and growth promoting  /  rhizosphere microbial community
何秀兰, 彭宇翔, 陶禹, 周池, 朱理伟, 李鑫. 醋酸钙不动杆菌合成吡咯喹啉醌发酵条件优化及干旱胁迫下对辣椒生长的影响. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 182 -195 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240419
Xiulan HE, Yuxiang PENG, Yu TAO, Chi ZHOU, Liwei ZHU, Xin LI. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus CDWB36: optimization of fermentation conditions for pyrroloquinoline quinone production and effect on growth of pepper under drought stress[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 182 -195 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240419
微生物菌剂是一种绿色环保、生态友好型肥料,具有促进植物生长、提高植物抗逆性、改善土壤养分状况等特点,对于实现农业生产可持续发展具有重要意义[1-2]。菌剂的应用效果受其所含菌株生物量、活性成分产量以及菌株定殖能力强弱的影响[3],其中,活性成分产量取决于菌体的生长代谢过程,而菌体的生长与培养基成分和培养条件密切相关。因此,挖掘功能菌株及相关代谢产物,并探究其最适发酵条件,对推进功能菌株产业化和商业化应用具有重要作用。
吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ)是继黄素核苷酸和吡啶核苷酸之后被发现的第3种氧化还原酶的辅酶[4],可参与呼吸链电子传递并表现出很强的抗氧化性[5-6]。研究表明,PQQ具有增强细胞代谢、提高土壤养分含量以及抗逆促生等功能。刘卫群等[7]研究表明,PQQ可作为活性氧清除剂,调节植物体内自由基代谢平衡,增强植株的抗逆性。Li等[8]研究发现,在好氧或厌氧的土壤环境中施用PQQ,可以改善土壤养分有效性并抑制辣椒连作土壤中的病原菌。Choi等[9]研究发现,可产PQQ的野生型荧光假单胞菌B16能够显著提高番茄的株高、开花数、坐果数和总果重,而不产PQQ的突变型菌株则不存在促进作用。综上,挖掘产PQQ的菌株作为生物肥料,是提高植物抗逆性和促进植物生长的一项有效手段。
相关研究表明,目前仅发现部分革兰氏阴性菌具有合成PQQ的能力[10],其中以扭脱甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium extorquens)、脱氮生丝微菌(Hyphomicrobium denitrificans)等甲基型营养菌研究为主[11],暂未见有利用醋酸钙不动杆菌(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus)生产PQQ的成熟技术方案,以及将PQQ以微生物菌剂的形式应用在植物上的研究报道。本研究以一株具有PQQ生产能力的醋酸钙不动杆菌CDWB36为研究对象,通过单因素试验在摇瓶水平上对其发酵条件进行优化,进一步提高该菌株的PQQ生物合成量,并探究含PQQ的菌剂在干旱胁迫下对辣椒生长的促进效果,旨在为农用微生物制剂的发展提供高效且功能多样的菌株资源,为菌株的开发及推广利用奠定基础。
菌株CDWB36由湖南省蔬菜研究所农用微生物课题组于辣椒叶片中分离与保存;辣椒幼苗取自湖南省蔬菜研究所实验基地。
LB液体培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,酵母粉5.0,氯化钠10.0,pH 7.0±0.2。
LB固体培养基(g/L):在LB液体培养基中添加琼脂15.0。
初始发酵培养基(g/L):酵母粉10.0,蛋白胨4.0,Na2HPO4 2.0,KH2PO4 1.4,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0,CaCl2·2H2O 0.4,微量元素液0.4,pH 7.0±0.2。微量元素液(mg/L):FeSO4·7H2O 80.0,ZnSO4·7H2O 22.5,NaCl 15.0,KI 0.3,H3BO3 3.0,CuSO4 5.0。
将菌种资源库中由甘油管保存的菌株接种至LB固体培养基,28 ℃恒温培养3−7 d。挑取单菌落接种至装有50 mL液体的LB培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养,当OD600在0.5−0.8时,获得种子液。
参照《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》[12]和《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[13]对菌株CDWB36进行形态学鉴定。以PQQ产生菌为模板,利用16S rRNA基因通用引物进行PCR扩增,产物送北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司测序,将测序结果在NCBI数据库中进行比对,用MEGA 7.0软件以邻接法构建系统发育树[14]
通过HPLC法[15]定性检测菌株发酵液中的PQQ。将发酵液5 000 r/min离心10 min,用0.22 μm的水系膜过滤上清液。HPLC条件,色谱柱:Sun Fire C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为水: 乙腈=85:15 (体积比),用1‰三氟乙酸(trifluoroacetic acid, TFA)调节pH至1.0,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温40 ℃,检测波长330 nm。
采用光谱法[16]测定PQQ含量。设置不同浓度(1、2、5、10、20、25、50、100 mg/L)的PQQ标准溶液,以蒸馏水作为空白对照,测定样品在OD330的吸光值,绘制标准曲线。按1%的接种量将种子液接至盛有50 mL液体LB的摇瓶中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养。将菌株发酵液5 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液测定OD330值,连续监测15 d,根据标准曲线计算PQQ产量,绘制菌株发酵动力学曲线。
发酵条件同1.5.2,以菌株发酵液的OD600值为指标,测定不同发酵时间对菌株生物量的影响。每隔2 h测定1次,OD600趋于平稳后,继续监测至15 d,根据测定结果绘制菌株生长曲线。
按1%的接种量将种子液转移至盛有50 mL发酵培养基的摇瓶中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养7 d,以初始发酵培养基为基本条件,PQQ产量为指标进行单因素试验。碳源种类:葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、半乳糖、酵母粉,含量均为10 g/L;酵母粉含量:5、10、15、20、25 g/L。氮源种类:无水硫酸铵、l-谷氨酸、l-酪氨酸、蛋白胨、混合氮源(硫酸铵: 谷氨酸: 酪氨酸的质量比为2:1:1,下同),含量均为4 g/L。混合氮源含量:4、8、12、16、20 g/L;pH:6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0;温度:28、30、32、34、36 ℃;接种量:0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%;MgSO4:0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 g/L;CaCl2:0.01、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.60 g/L。每个因素的优化都建立在上个因素最优的基础之上。
选取长势良好、大小一致的辣椒幼苗,移栽至装有基质土的盆钵中,每盆1株,(25±3) ℃温室中常规管理。在辣椒正常生长情况下,土壤含水量应为60%−70%,在干旱胁迫下,通过调整浇水间隔时间控制盆栽土壤含水量为20%−30%[17]。按照优化后的发酵条件制备菌剂,稀释备用。试验设置PQQ溶液(500 nmol/L)、PQQ菌剂(含约7.5×107 CFU/mL CDWB36、500 nmol/L PQQ和CDWB36发酵过程中产生的其他代谢物)和CK (无菌水) 3个处理,每个处理5盆,3次重复。定植5 d缓苗后对辣椒同时进行喷施和灌根处理,施用量均为30 mL,每7 d处理1次,第3次处理7 d后进行取样。
生长指标:测定植株株高、茎粗、单株地上部和地下部鲜重。
生理指标:参照张志良等[18]的方法测定辣椒叶片丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量,以及过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)的活性;参照李合生[19]的方法测定脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量。
土壤养分指标:参照鲍士旦[20]的方法测定全氮(total nitrogen, TN)、全磷(total phosphorus, TP)、全钾(total potassium, TK)、有效氮(available nitrogen, AN)、有效磷(available phosphorus, AP)、速效钾(available potassium, AK)、有机质(organic matter, OM)含量。
土壤微生物指标:收集植株根际土壤,−80 ℃保存,送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行测样。提取全基因组DNA后,利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测抽提的DNA质量。细菌16S rRNA基因采用引物338F (5′-ACTCCTA CGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTAC HVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)进行PCR扩增[21],真菌ITS基因采用引物ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTA GAGGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS2R (5′-GCTGCGTT CTTCATCGATGC-3′)进行PCR扩增[22]。通过Illumina MiSeq平台测序,对测序得到的原始序列进行拼接、质控,在97%的相似水平下进行OTU聚类分析,采用RDP classifier贝叶斯算法与Silva和Unite数据库对OTU的代表序列进行物种注释。
采用SPSS 27进行单因素方差分析,并运用Duncan法进行组间多重比较,以P < 0.05表示差异显著;使用Origin 2021软件绘图。另外,借助Mothur 1.30.2、R v3.3.1、vegan 2.4.3进行微生物群落特征分析。
菌株CDWB36的菌落呈乳白色、不透明、圆形扁平状、边缘规整(图1A),菌体呈短粗杆或球杆状(图1B)。经NCBI BLAST比对分析表明,16S rRNA基因序列与醋酸钙不动杆菌同源性最高,为99.93%,综合菌落和菌体形态特征鉴定菌株CDWB36为醋酸钙不动杆菌(图1C)。
通过HPLC法定性检测菌株发酵液中的PQQ,PQQ在14.413 min出峰(图2A),证明菌株代谢产物中含有PQQ。连续15 d监测菌株发酵液PQQ产量,结果显示PQQ产量随发酵时间的延长而逐渐增加(图2B)。
菌株生长曲线如图2C所示,0−8 h为菌株生长延迟期,8−28 h为菌株生长对数期,此时菌体浓度急速增长;28 h左右进入生长稳定期,发酵液中的菌体浓度能够保持稳定且PQQ产量持续增长,7 d后,OD600值下降趋势明显,因此选取发酵7 d作为时间节点进行后续试验,在保证菌液浓度较高的前提下,通过优化发酵条件提高PQQ产量。
碳源种类及添加量对菌株CDWB36合成PQQ的影响如图3A所示,以酵母粉作为碳源时,PQQ产量最高,达24.52 mg/L,显著高于葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、半乳糖。进一步研究发现,当酵母粉添加量为10 g/L时,其PQQ产量最高,并显著高于其他添加量处理。
氮源种类及添加量对菌株CDWB36合成PQQ的影响如图3B所示,以混合氮源(硫酸铵: 谷氨酸: 酪氨酸=2:1:1)作为氮源时,PQQ产量高达43.65 mg/L,显著高于其他处理(P < 0.05);相较于初始氮源蛋白胨,PQQ产量提高了78.02%。进一步研究发现,混合氮源添加量为4 g/L时,PQQ产量最高,添加量为20 g/L时,产量反而降到最低。
不同培养条件对菌株CDWB36合成PQQ具有明显影响(图3C3E),在弱酸环境下更有利于PQQ的合成,初始pH为6.5时,PQQ产量达45.17 mg/L;接种量为0.5%时,PQQ产量达59.43 mg/L;温度为28 ℃时,PQQ产量达组内最高,随后逐渐降低。
不同浓度的MgSO4和CaCl2对PQQ产量的影响如图3F3G所示,MgSO4的浓度变化对菌株合成PQQ无明显影响,浓度为1.0 g/L时,PQQ产量最高;CaCl2浓度对PQQ产量的影响呈现先增后减的变化趋势,浓度为0.40 g/L时,PQQ产量最高,达61.48 mg/L。
综上所述,菌株合成PQQ的最佳发酵条件为酵母粉10 g/L、混合氮源(硫酸铵: 谷氨酸: 酪氨酸=2:1:1) 4 g/L、pH 6.5、接种量0.5%、温度28 ℃、MgSO4 1.0 g/L、CaCl2 0.40 g/L。
图4A4E可知,PQQ可以促进干旱胁迫下辣椒的生长,且PQQ菌剂(含约7.5×107 CFU/mL CDWB36、500 nmol/L PQQ以及CDWB36发酵过程中产生的其他代谢物)的促生效果明显优于PQQ溶液(500 nmol/L)。与CK相比,施用PQQ溶液可以显著增加辣椒的株高和地下部鲜重;施用PQQ菌剂可以显著增加辣椒的株高、茎粗、地上部和地下部鲜重,较CK分别增加35.05%、8.22%、14.41%、51.70% (P < 0.05)。
图4F4I可知,PQQ溶液和PQQ菌剂均能提高辣椒叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,显著降低MDA含量(P < 0.05),以SOD活性差异最为明显,二者较CK分别提高3.67倍和6.24倍。此外,与PQQ溶液相比,PQQ菌剂能使辣椒叶片积累更多的渗透调节物质,叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量较CK分别显著增加24.36%、76.26%、59.19% (P < 0.05)。
各处理间土壤养分含量存在显著差异(表1),与CK相比,PQQ溶液和PQQ菌剂均能提高土壤全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量,其中,除有机质含量外,PQQ菌剂较PQQ溶液的其他土壤养分含量增幅明显更大(P < 0.05)。
利用Chao1指数和Shannon指数来表征微生物群落的α多样性(图5A5B)。从细菌群落来看,PQQ溶液的Chao1指数和Shannon指数均高于CK和PQQ菌剂。从真菌群落来看,PQQ菌剂的Chao1指数较高,但各处理间无显著性差异(P > 0.05);PQQ菌剂显著提高了Shannon指数,较CK和PQQ溶液分别提高22.65%、36.80% (P < 0.05)。
对不同处理下辣椒根际微生物进行PCoA分析,结果如图5C5D所示,不同处理的细菌群落之间存在明显分离。经ANOSIM检验发现,PQQ溶液和PQQ菌剂均对细菌群落结构产生极显著影响(P≤0.001 0)。不同处理的真菌群落之间无显著区别(P > 0.05),但与CK相比,PQQ菌剂的真菌群落结构存在差异。
不同处理条件下土壤门水平和属水平细菌群落组成情况如图6A6B所示,在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)是优势菌门,占70.00%以上。与CK相比,施用PQQ溶液后,厚壁菌门增加了16.40%,绿弯菌门增加了43.01%;而施用PQQ菌剂后,厚壁菌门增加了75.29%,绿弯菌门增加了50.59%。在属水平上,施用PQQ溶液和PQQ菌剂后优势菌属中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、norank_f__LWQ8、norank_o__SBR1031、马杜拉放线菌属(Actinomadura)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)较CK均有所增加,其中PQQ菌剂处理后芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)相对丰度增加最多,是对照的1.99倍。
不同处理下土壤门水平和属水平真菌群落组成情况如图6C6D所示,在门水平上,各处理优势菌门为担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、未知菌门(unclassified_k__ Fungi)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)。施用PQQ溶液可以显著增加担子菌门,较CK提升22.54%,施用PQQ菌剂后子囊菌门、未知菌门、被孢霉门显著高于CK,其中子囊菌门占比最高,为49.48%。在属水平上,施用PQQ溶液可以增加Auriculariales_g_Incertae_sedis、嗜热链球菌属(Mycothermus),施用PQQ菌剂可以显著增加曲霉属(Aspergillus)、嗜热链球菌属(Mycothermus)、unclassified_o__SordarialesSagenomella,其中,曲霉属(Aspergillus)和嗜热链球菌属(Mycothermus)占比较高,分别是CK的1.38倍和8.75倍。
对不同处理的前10个菌属与土壤养分进行db-RDA分析(图7)。结果表明,AK (P=0.011)、TN (P=0.012)、TP (P=0.013)、TK (P=0.014)对辣椒根际土壤细菌群落结构具有重要影响;AN (P=0.004)、AK (P=0.011)、OM (P=0.008)对辣椒根际土壤真菌群落结构具有重要影响。芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、norank_f_LwQ8、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、嗜热链球菌属(Mycothermus)、unclassified_o__Sordariales与AK、TP、TN、OM、AP和AN呈正相关;norank p_wPS-2、小粒胞菌属(Granulicella)、假散囊菌属(Pseudeurotium)、Trichomonascus与TK呈正相关关系。
微生物发酵是合成PQQ的重要方法之一,优化发酵工艺条件有利于控制微生物代谢产物的合成方向,以此提高目标产物产量。本研究发现,菌株CDWB36的PQQ产量随发酵时间的延长而逐渐增加,但发酵7 d后,发酵液中的菌体浓度下降趋势明显,因此选取发酵7 d作为时间节点,在保证菌液浓度较高的前提下,通过优化发酵条件提高PQQ产量。李红月[23]研究发现,经单因素试验优化后,高产突变菌株扭脱甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium extorquens) 1-C6的PQQ产量可达29.1 mg/L,较初始条件提高81.9%。本研究中,醋酸钙不动杆菌CDWB36的PQQ初始产量仅为18.65 mg/L,对其发酵条件进行优化后,PQQ产量提高至61.48 mg/L,较初始条件提高了3.3倍。钟杉杉等[24]研究表明,酵母粉作为碳源时更有利于假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas) 0813发酵合成PQQ。这与本研究结果类似,在添加单一碳源时菌株CDWB36的PQQ产量并不理想,而以10 g/L酵母粉作为碳源时PQQ产量最高,推测菌株体内可能含有多种脱氢酶,导致在其代谢途径中以成分复杂的酵母粉对PQQ的合成更为有利。在氮源利用方面,以4 g/L混合氮源(硫酸铵: 谷氨酸: 酪氨酸=2:1:1)作为氮源时,菌株CDWB36的PQQ产量最高,这可能是因为PQQ由谷氨酸和酪氨酸缩合而成,两者同时供应有利于PQQ的合成[24]。此外,本研究还发现,添加1.0 g/L MgSO4和0.40 g/L CaCl2时菌株CDWB36的PQQ产量最高,且CaCl2浓度变化对PQQ合成影响较大,这与周留柱[25]的研究结果一致,其原因可能是游离的Ca2+能与细胞膜结合形成钙离子通道,提高细胞膜的通透性,从而促使PQQ从菌株体内转运到体外。研究表明,微生物在营养物质和外界条件均适宜的情况下,产生的代谢物往往较为丰富[26]。本研究结果表明,培养温度28 ℃、接种量0.5%、pH 6.5为菌株CDWB36合成PQQ的最佳培养条件,此时PQQ产量最高。
作为一种多功能的生理活性物质,PQQ在植物抗逆促生方面发挥着重要作用。在已有研究中,施用的PQQ多以纯化学品配制而成的溶液为主。李巳夫等[27]研究表明,在水稻全生育期喷施PQQ对纹枯病的防治效果较好,且具有一定的增产效果。何曙光等[28]研究发现,PQQ可通过调控抗氧化系统和渗透调节系统减轻低温胁迫对水稻幼苗造成的伤害,提高水稻幼苗的抗逆能力。本研究也证实了这一点,PQQ能显著提高植株抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性,减少过氧化产物MDA的积累,减轻干旱胁迫对细胞的氧化损伤,同时增加渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量,降低细胞渗透势,有助于维持辣椒正常的生理代谢,提高抗旱性,促进植株生长。此外,本研究还发现由微生物发酵而成的PQQ菌剂在植物抗逆促生方面的作用效果明显优于化学合成的PQQ溶液,这可能是因为微生物本身及其他对植物具有抗逆促生功能的代谢产物也在其中发挥作用,具体原因有待进一步探究。
土壤微生物在分解有机质、参与养分循环与交换,以及促进植物生长等方面具有重要作用,其多样性和群落组成是根际微环境的重要组成部分[29]。本研究表明,PQQ菌剂降低了细菌群落α多样性,提高了真菌群落α多样性,推测这可能是因为菌株CDWB36定殖土壤与其他细菌竞争生态位,导致根际土壤细菌群落的物种趋于均一化;而真菌与细菌在营养物质需求上的差异,使得PQQ及菌株其他代谢产物的添加为真菌提供多种营养来源,满足了不同真菌的生长需求。本研究结果还显示,PQQ菌剂处理下的土壤微生物群落结构与CK存在明显差异,但优势类群基本相似,主要改变了不同菌群的相对丰度,显著提高了细菌中芽孢杆菌属丰度占比,较CK提高1.99倍。研究表明,芽孢杆菌能通过溶磷、解钾、固氮、产吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)、产铁载体等机制促进植物生长及提高植物抗逆性[30-31]。同时,PQQ菌剂显著提高了真菌中曲霉属和嗜热链球菌属的丰度占比,二者具有较强的耐受性[32-33]。孙美美等研究表明,曲霉属和嗜热链球菌属所属的子囊菌门,在干旱生态系统中对碳氮循环起着重要的推动作用,当土壤养分丰富时,子囊菌门的相对丰度会显著增加[22],这与本研究结果一致。相关性分析结果显示芽孢杆菌属、曲霉属和嗜热链球菌属均与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和有效养分含量呈正相关关系。PQQ菌剂处理后土壤全氮、全磷和有效养分含量显著增加,与PQQ溶液相比,菌剂处理后土壤有机质含量有所降低,其原因可能是PQQ菌剂改变了根际微生物群落结构,从而促进土壤微生物对有机质的分解,为细胞生长和代谢活动提供更多底物,增加土壤养分含量。
综上所述,对菌株CDWB36产PQQ发酵工艺条件进行优化后,PQQ产量从18.65 mg/L提高至61.48 mg/L。最佳发酵条件为酵母粉10 g/L、混合氮源(硫酸铵: 谷氨酸: 酪氨酸=2:1:1) 4 g/L、MgSO4 1.0 g/L、CaCl2 0.40 g/L、接种量0.5%、温度28 ℃和pH 6.5。在干旱胁迫下施用PQQ菌剂能显著提高辣椒叶片的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,调节根际微生物群落结构,增加土壤养分含量,显著促进辣椒植株生长。本研究结果为发展利用生物合成的PQQ进行植物抗逆促生应用提供了优良的菌种资源和理论基础。
  • 邹学校院士创新工作站平台建设支撑项目(TL2023YF007)
  • 湖南省重点研发计划(2023NK2030)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1700100)
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2025年第65卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240419
  • 接收时间:2024-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-11
  • 录用日期:2024-10-08
基金
Innovation Workstation Platform Construction Support Project of ZOU Xuexiao Academician(TL2023YF007)
邹学校院士创新工作站平台建设支撑项目(TL2023YF007)
Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province(2023NK2030)
湖南省重点研发计划(2023NK2030)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1700100)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1700100)
作者信息
    1 湖南大学 生物学院隆平分院, 湖南 长沙 410125
    2 湖南省蔬菜研究所, 湖南 长沙 410125
    3 植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心, 湖南 长沙 410125
    4 滩坊盛瑜药业股份有限公司, 山东 寿光 262714

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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