Article(id=1242175008676610768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240471, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1729180800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-18, onlineDate=1774087200564, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087200564, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087200564, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087200564, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=268, endPage=282, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175010048148214, articleId=1242175008676610768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Protein elicitors HSyp1 and HSyp2 from Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 enhance disease resistance of plants, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Preliminary studies have identified four protein elicitors from the whole genome of Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 that can induce a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana. This study investigated the two elicitors capable of triggering a strong HR and their associated immune mechanisms, aiming to provide a basis for probing into the molecular mechanisms by which Hhs.015 enhances the disease resistance of plants. [Methods] The protein elicitors capable of inducing the immune responses of plants were screened based on the HR and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. A prokaryotic expression system was used to purify the proteins. Furthermore, we verified the roles of the protein elicitors in inducing plant disease resistance by observing the disease spots, measuring the activities of defense-related enzymes, and analyzing the expression of defense genes. Additionally, we treated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with the protein elicitors to evaluate the plant growth-promoting effects of the elicitors. [Results] The protein elicitors HSyp1 and HSyp2 from Hhs.015 that could induce a HR, callose and ROS deposition, and upregulation of defense genes in N. benthamiana, were screened and found to be soluble. HSyp1 and HSyp2 enhanced the resistance of different plants to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phytophthora capsica, and Valsa mali. Furthermore, HSyp1 and HSyp2 promoted the cotyledon and root development of A. thaliana seedlings, and HSyp2 exhibited stronger plant growth-promoting effect than HSyp1. [Conclusion] This study identified two protein elicitors HSyp1 and HSyp2 capable of triggering immune responses, enhance disease resistance, and promoting growth of plants. The findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of new biocontrol agents and offer experimental evidence for their future field application.

, correspAuthors=Xia YAN, Lili HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*YAN Xia, E-mail:
HUANG Lili, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hongjia YU, Jiayang ZHANG, Pingping WANG, Chuanbin CUI, Xia YAN, Lili HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242175013382620143, articleId=1242175008676610768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=杨凌糖丝菌蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2诱导植物抗病功能, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】前期研究从杨凌糖丝菌(Saccharothrix yanglingensis) Hhs.015全基因组中初步筛选出4种能够诱导烟草发生过敏反应(hypersensitive response)的蛋白激发子,本研究进一步探讨引发明显HR的2个激发子及其相关的免疫机理,为深入研究Hhs.015诱导植物抗病性的分子机制提供依据。【方法】通过过敏反应和活性氧检测等方法筛选能够诱发植物免疫反应的蛋白激发子。使用原核表达系统纯化蛋白,通过观察病斑表型、测定防御相关酶活性及分析防御基因表达,验证这些激发子在诱导植物抗病性方面的功能。同时,将蛋白激发子应用于苗期拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana),以观察其促生效果。【结果】从Hhs.015中筛选出能够引起烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)过敏反应、促进胼胝质和活性氧沉积、防御基因上调,且能够以可溶性形式表达的蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2。植物抗病性检测结果表明,HSyp1和HSyp2能够提高不同植物对核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、黑杆病菌(Phytophthora capsica)以及黑腐皮壳菌(Valsa mali)的抗病性。此外,研究还发现HSyp1和HSyp2对苗期拟南芥的子叶和根部发育具有一定的促生作用,其中HSyp2的促生效果比HSyp1更为显著。【结论】本研究筛选出2个蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2,能够激发植物免疫反应,提高植物抗病能力,并具有促生作用。这些发现为开发新型生物农药提供了理论基础,也为其未来的田间应用提供了实验依据。

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Five days after Agrobacterium injection into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. A: Hypersensitive reaction; B: H2O2 accumulates; C: Outburst of callose., figureFileSmall=444fBPQ666zh9Mqflm7uAw==, figureFileBig=7Gydx6AKSXYnNtnHLIkoMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009391797124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=CN, label=图1, caption= 农杆菌GV3101介导的烟草瞬时表达, figureFileSmall=444fBPQ666zh9Mqflm7uAw==, figureFileBig=7Gydx6AKSXYnNtnHLIkoMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009551180685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Expression of protein elicitors in Escherichia coli DH5α. A: Coomassie bright blue staining of HSyp1 and HSyp2 proteins; B: Western blotting analysis of HSyp1 and HSyp2 proteins., figureFileSmall=xtdeAUZGqzbaBkudVy9ndg==, figureFileBig=u01e0x/cKhK3lLenKSzDZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009630872467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=CN, label=图2, caption=蛋白激发子在大肠杆菌DH5α中的表达, figureFileSmall=xtdeAUZGqzbaBkudVy9ndg==, figureFileBig=u01e0x/cKhK3lLenKSzDZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009731535767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Bioinformatics analysis of protein elicitors. A and B: Protein structure and function prediction of HSyp1 and Hsyp2; C: Phylogenetic trees of HSyp1 and Hsyp2; D: Protein 3D structure prediction of HSyp1 and HSyp2., figureFileSmall=j0vwBLawMmTLxy8645sKtw==, figureFileBig=mgAS/0zaOWXgJsh+NDHmwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009790256031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=CN, label=图3, caption=蛋白激发子生物信息学分析, figureFileSmall=j0vwBLawMmTLxy8645sKtw==, figureFileBig=mgAS/0zaOWXgJsh+NDHmwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300009874142116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Injection of four-weeks-old Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with different concentrations of HSyp1 and HSyp2 proteins elicits an immune response. Nicotiana benthamiana leaves were injected with different concentrations of HSyp 1 and HSyp2 pure proteins at four weeks of age. A: Hypersensitive response and Taipan blue staining; B: Assay of H2O2 and callose; C: Assay of defence-related enzyme activity, in the order of SOD, CAT and POD; D: Assay of defence-related genes., figureFileSmall=AxE4ZdRVoebfwSw2dhDJ6g==, figureFileBig=iGvKiNBNzCtnQ/k7PAGsYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010004165547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度HSyp1和HSyp2蛋白注射四周龄的烟草叶片引起免疫反应, figureFileSmall=AxE4ZdRVoebfwSw2dhDJ6g==, figureFileBig=iGvKiNBNzCtnQ/k7PAGsYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010125800370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=HSyp1 and HSyp2 induce enhanced disease resistance to pathogens in different plants. A: HSyp1 and HSyp2 induced disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at 24 h and 36 h; B: HSyp1 and HSyp2 induced disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana against Phytophthora capsica; C: HSyp1 and HSyp2 induced disease resistance of apple histocultures against Valsa mali at 48 h and 56 h. Using t-test for comparison, ***: P < 0.001, indicating extremely significant differences., figureFileSmall=cVksm4E0CU1ayLH53hKrYA==, figureFileBig=W8oU8t5Jk9ywJeWOC6gZGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010213880758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=CN, label=图5, caption=HSyp1和HSyp2诱导不同植物增强对病原菌的抗病性, figureFileSmall=cVksm4E0CU1ayLH53hKrYA==, figureFileBig=W8oU8t5Jk9ywJeWOC6gZGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300010276795323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175008676610768, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Promoter effects of protein elicitors on seedling Arabidopsis thaliana. A and B: Arabidopsis thaliana seedling phenotypes after different protein elicitors treatments; C: Arabidopsis thaliana seedling root phenotypes after different protein elicitors treatments; D: Root length statistical results; E: Fresh weight statistical results; F: Growth promotion related gene expression. 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杨凌糖丝菌蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2诱导植物抗病功能
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于洪佳 1, 2 , 张家阳 1, 2 , 王平平 3 , 崔传斌 3 , 颜霞 1, 2, * , 黄丽丽 2, 4, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(1): 268-282
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(1): 268-282
杨凌糖丝菌蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2诱导植物抗病功能
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于洪佳1, 2, 张家阳1, 2, 王平平3, 崔传斌3, 颜霞1, 2, * , 黄丽丽2, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 2 作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 3 中国烟草总公司陕西省烟草公司, 陕西 西安 710000
  • 4 西北农林科技大学 植物保护学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
Protein elicitors HSyp1 and HSyp2 from Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 enhance disease resistance of plants
Hongjia YU1, 2, Jiayang ZHANG1, 2, Pingping WANG3, Chuanbin CUI3, Xia YAN1, 2, * , Lili HUANG2, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-efficiency Production, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • 3 Shaanxi Tobacco Company, China National Tobacco Corporation, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
  • 4 College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240471
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【目的】前期研究从杨凌糖丝菌(Saccharothrix yanglingensis) Hhs.015全基因组中初步筛选出4种能够诱导烟草发生过敏反应(hypersensitive response)的蛋白激发子,本研究进一步探讨引发明显HR的2个激发子及其相关的免疫机理,为深入研究Hhs.015诱导植物抗病性的分子机制提供依据。【方法】通过过敏反应和活性氧检测等方法筛选能够诱发植物免疫反应的蛋白激发子。使用原核表达系统纯化蛋白,通过观察病斑表型、测定防御相关酶活性及分析防御基因表达,验证这些激发子在诱导植物抗病性方面的功能。同时,将蛋白激发子应用于苗期拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana),以观察其促生效果。【结果】从Hhs.015中筛选出能够引起烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)过敏反应、促进胼胝质和活性氧沉积、防御基因上调,且能够以可溶性形式表达的蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2。植物抗病性检测结果表明,HSyp1和HSyp2能够提高不同植物对核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、黑杆病菌(Phytophthora capsica)以及黑腐皮壳菌(Valsa mali)的抗病性。此外,研究还发现HSyp1和HSyp2对苗期拟南芥的子叶和根部发育具有一定的促生作用,其中HSyp2的促生效果比HSyp1更为显著。【结论】本研究筛选出2个蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2,能够激发植物免疫反应,提高植物抗病能力,并具有促生作用。这些发现为开发新型生物农药提供了理论基础,也为其未来的田间应用提供了实验依据。

原核表达  /  蛋白激发子  /  过敏反应  /  植物抗病性  /  促生作用

[Objective] Preliminary studies have identified four protein elicitors from the whole genome of Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 that can induce a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana. This study investigated the two elicitors capable of triggering a strong HR and their associated immune mechanisms, aiming to provide a basis for probing into the molecular mechanisms by which Hhs.015 enhances the disease resistance of plants. [Methods] The protein elicitors capable of inducing the immune responses of plants were screened based on the HR and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. A prokaryotic expression system was used to purify the proteins. Furthermore, we verified the roles of the protein elicitors in inducing plant disease resistance by observing the disease spots, measuring the activities of defense-related enzymes, and analyzing the expression of defense genes. Additionally, we treated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with the protein elicitors to evaluate the plant growth-promoting effects of the elicitors. [Results] The protein elicitors HSyp1 and HSyp2 from Hhs.015 that could induce a HR, callose and ROS deposition, and upregulation of defense genes in N. benthamiana, were screened and found to be soluble. HSyp1 and HSyp2 enhanced the resistance of different plants to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phytophthora capsica, and Valsa mali. Furthermore, HSyp1 and HSyp2 promoted the cotyledon and root development of A. thaliana seedlings, and HSyp2 exhibited stronger plant growth-promoting effect than HSyp1. [Conclusion] This study identified two protein elicitors HSyp1 and HSyp2 capable of triggering immune responses, enhance disease resistance, and promoting growth of plants. The findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of new biocontrol agents and offer experimental evidence for their future field application.

prokaryotic expression  /  protein elicitors  /  hypersensitive response  /  disease resistance of plants  /  plant growth-promoting effect
于洪佳, 张家阳, 王平平, 崔传斌, 颜霞, 黄丽丽. 杨凌糖丝菌蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2诱导植物抗病功能. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 268 -282 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240471
Hongjia YU, Jiayang ZHANG, Pingping WANG, Chuanbin CUI, Xia YAN, Lili HUANG. Protein elicitors HSyp1 and HSyp2 from Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 enhance disease resistance of plants[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 268 -282 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240471
植物病害一直是严重影响农作物品质和产量的世界性难题。在长期进化中,植物形成了复杂的免疫系统抵御病原菌的侵害。2006年,Jones等[1]提出了经典的“Zig-zag”模型,阐明了植物免疫系统可以处于3种不同状态:pathogen-associated molecular patterns triggered immunity (PTI)、effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS)以及effector-triggered immunity (ETI)。植物可以单独处于这3种状态中的一种,也可以同时存在于多种状态,从而构建了一个复杂的植物免疫体系模型。
激发子是一类能够诱导植物产生防卫反应并提高植物抗病和抗逆性的物质。根据其化学性质,激发子可以分为蛋白质、多肽、低聚糖和脂质等[2-3]种类。在植物防御机制中,蛋白激发子具有重要作用。它们可以诱导植物产生一系列免疫应答,例如在响应过程中某些组织会积累活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)和胼胝质,增强防御相关酶的活性,并诱导免疫基因的表达,从而进一步提高植物抗病和抗逆能力。Sun等[4]揭示了蛋白激发子GP1pro作用于蛋白NbPIP2;4启动宿主细胞防御,调控植物免疫;Li等[5]研究证明蛋白激发子PevD1能够强烈诱导ERF114转录因子的表达,通过激活苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因PAL1的转录,进而增强了PevD1诱导的水杨酸和木质素的合成,最终提高植物抗病性;此外,Wang等[6]发现来自于短孢短小芽孢杆菌A60的新型蛋白激发子PeBL1可激活本氏烟草的防御反应和系统抗性。
杨凌糖丝菌(Saccharothrix yanglingensis) Hhs.015是一株分离自黄瓜根部的生防放线菌[7]。在前期研究中,已经证实Hhs.015对黑腐皮壳菌(Valsa mali)、黑杆病菌(Phytophthora capsica)及不致病普通假丝酵母(Candida vulgaris)等植物病原菌均有较好防治效果[8-9]。同时,研究发现Hhs.015能够在苹果组培苗中定殖,并且组织学与细胞学观察表明Hhs.015可以通过拮抗溶菌、竞争作用、诱导植物抗性等防止V. mali对寄主进行侵染[10-11],然而Hhs.015具体的诱抗机制仍不清楚。对Hhs.015进行全基因组测序,发现142个未知功能的假定蛋白。目前只鉴定出蛋白激发子BAR11与PeSy1参与了诱导植物免疫过程[12-13]。本研究通过优选得到2个蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2,对提高植物抗病能力和促生功能进行研究,为新型生物农药的开发奠定了理论基础,也为未来在田间应用提供实验依据。
杨凌糖丝菌Hhs.015、黑杆病菌、核盘菌和黑腐皮壳菌均保存于西北农林科技大学植物保护学院和作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室,农杆菌感受态GV3101、大肠杆菌感受态DH5α和BL21均购自北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司。
本氏烟草种子、1月龄苹果组培苗(GL-3)、野生型Col-0拟南芥种子、原核表达载体pET28a和马铃薯X病毒载体(potato virus X)均由本实验室提供。
PDA培养基(g/L):土豆200.0,葡萄糖20.0,15.0−20.0琼脂粉[14];LB液体培养基(g/L):酵母粉5.0,胰蛋白胨10.0,NaCl 10.0;LB固体培养基加15.0−20.0琼脂粉[15];V8果汁培养基(g/L):V8果汁200.0,CaCO3 3.0,琼脂15.0−20.0,pH 5.8[16];1%水琼脂培养基(g/L):琼脂粉10.0。
限制性内切酶,赛默飞世尔科技公司;2×Taq MasterMix,康为世纪生物科技股份有限公司;RealStar Green Mixture定量检测Mix,北京康润诚业生物科技有限公司;溶菌酶(MP biomedicals)、5×SDS蛋白上样缓冲液和蛋白质SDS-PAGE Marker,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;蛋白凝胶快速染液,北京庄盟国际生物基因科技有限公司;高保真DNA聚合酶Phanta® Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase试剂盒、ClonExpress®Ⅱ一步克隆试剂盒,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;质粒DNA提取试剂盒和凝胶回收试剂盒,Omega公司;植物RNA提取试剂盒,北京华越洋生物科技有限公司;细菌DNA提取试剂盒PrepManTM Ultra、反转录试剂盒和Ni-NTA蛋白纯化试剂盒,赛默飞世尔科技公司。
使用Primer Premier软件进行引物设计,用于片段扩增的引物序列见附表S1 (已提交国家微生物科学数据中心,编号为HSyp1:NMDCNO00646H,HSyp2:NMDCN0006461,HSyp3:NMDCN000646J,HSyp4:NMDCNO00646K)。使用赛默飞世尔科技公司的PrepManTM Ultra提取Hhs.015基因组DNA,对目的基因进行扩增。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Phanta Max Buffer 25 µL,dNTP Mix (10 mmol/L each) 1 µL,Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase 1 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各2 µL,DNA模板2 µL,ddH2O 17 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,57 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸2 min,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。回收的PCR产物与酶切后的pET28a载体(Sal Ⅰ/EcoR Ⅰ)以及PVX载体(Cla I/Sal Ⅰ)进行连接,热激转入大肠杆菌DH5α感受态,24 h后提取质粒,所有质粒送至北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司进行测序验证。
将质粒PVX-HSyp1 (His.015_GM002882)、PVX-HSyp2 (His.015_GM007256)、PVX-HSyp3 (His.015_GM003220)和PVX-HSyp4 (His.015_ GM007061)转入农杆菌感受态GV3101,在28 ℃、220 r/min摇床中避光培养18 h (LB双抗液体培养基:卡那霉素50 μg/mL,利福平25 μg/mL)。用10 mmol/L MgCl2溶液将收集的菌体洗涤2次,7 000 r/min离心2 min,弃上清;再用10 mmol/L MMA溶液(10 mmol/L MES、0.2 mmol/L乙酰丁香酮、10 mmol/L MgCl2)洗涤1次后重悬菌体,与P19 1:1混合,用MMA溶液调节OD600至0.6,避光静置2 h[17]。选取长势良好的本氏烟草,背面进行注射,并以PVX-GFP (GV3101)为阴性对照,PVX-INF1 (GV3101)为阳性对照。注射后将烟草置于22 ℃温室(14 h光照/10 h黑暗)继续生长,5 d后观察结果,拍照记录并取样。
用二氨基联苯氨染色法(DAB染色法)对烟草叶片进行染色,检测H2O2的累积[18]。农杆菌注射24 h后,对叶片进行取样,然后置于1 mg/mL DAB (pH 3.8)溶液中,在光照条件下反应18 h,用脱色液(75 mL无水乙醇、25 mL氯仿、体积分数0.15%的三氯乙酸)进行脱色至叶片表面无明显绿色,观察并拍照记录结果。
胼胝质观察采用苯胺蓝染色法[18],先将经过实验处理的叶片脱色至无色,然后置于苯胺蓝染色液(150 mmol/L K2HPO4、体积分数0.01%的苯胺蓝、pH 9.5)中避光放置12 h,通过荧光显微镜紫外通道观察结果,并拍照记录。
将重组质粒热激转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态,挑取阳性单菌落接种于5 mL含有50 μg/mL卡那霉素的LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养14−18 h;取培养好的菌液按1:100比例转接到300 mL LB液体培养基中(50 μg/mL卡那霉素),37 ℃、220 r/min培养至OD600为0.6;加入终浓度为0.3 mmol/L的IPTG在16 ℃条件下诱导18 h。4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心3 min收集菌体,PBS缓冲液洗涤2−3次后再悬浮,加入终浓度0.2 mg/mL的溶菌酶、1 mmol/L PMSF和1 mmol/L β-巯基乙醇后室温反应30 min。反应后放置冰上进行超声破碎(功率40%,超声开3 s关4 s,持续30 min),之后4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min收集上清液。
上述收集的蛋白上清液用0.22 μmol/L细菌过滤器对其进行了过滤处理,使用Thermo HisPur Ni-NTA Resin并依据说明书进行纯化。得到的纯化蛋白使用PBS缓冲液进行透析除咪唑。取200 μL上清液加入50 μL 5×SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液,煮沸10 min后进行蛋白电泳检测,采用考马斯亮蓝染色观察蛋白纯化结果。其余样品液氮速冻后于−80 ℃保存备用。
通过ExPasy对蛋白序列进行分析,使用SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/)和InterProScan数据库(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/)对激发子的蛋白质家族和结构域进行预测分析。通过NCBI的BLAST数据库(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)检索蛋白激发子相似序列,用MEGA构建系统发育树,通过Phyre2 (www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/~phyre2)对蛋白激发子三级结构进行预测。
将经过纯化且透析除盐后的蛋白激发子稀释至1、2、5、10、15、20和25 μmol/L浓度梯度,对烟草叶片进行真空注射,观察烟草叶片的过敏反应。以最后1次PBS透析液为对照。
提前配制台盼蓝染色液,按照1 mg/mL的浓度称取台盼蓝,加入等体积的蒸馏水、乳酸、丙三醇和苯酚(体积比为1:1:1:1),充分混匀后备用。将进行实验处理的烟草叶片置于台盼蓝染色液中,完全浸没后煮沸4 min,常温下避光静置24 h,2.5 g/mL的水合氯醛进行脱色。观察并拍照记录脱色结果。
蛋白激发子真空注射烟草叶片,在0、12、24、36和48 h分别取样,液氮速冻。采用北京华越洋生物科技有限公司植物组织RNA提取试剂盒,参照说明书提取RNA,利用NanoDrop Micro Photomenter进行浓度测定,使用RevertAidTM First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit反转为cDNA。以cDNA为模板,引物序列详见附表S1。用RealStar Green Mixture进行RT-qPCR。反应体系:RealStar Green Mixture 10 μL,Primer F (10 μmol/L) 0.5 μL,Primer R (10 μmol/L) 0.5 μL,cDNA 2 μL,ddH2O补至20 μL。Roche LightCycler 96实时荧光定量PCR仪进行测定,反应条件:95 ℃预变性10 min;95 ℃变性15 s,60 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共循环45次。
纯化后的蛋白激发子真空注射烟草叶片。在0、12、24、36和48 h分别取样,每组鲜重0.2 g,以PBS缓冲液为对照组,每组实验重复3次。样品置于液氮中冷冻,使用全自动样品快速研磨仪进行研磨。向离心管内加入2 mL酶提取液,混匀之后于冷冻离心机中4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心20 min,将离心后上清转入新的2 mL离心管中,即为酶粗提液。
取2.9 mL过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)反应液提前置于37 ℃水浴锅中预热15 min[19],然后加入0.1 mL酶粗提液迅速混匀,倒入比色皿中记录470 nm处吸光值(A0),2 min后再次测定吸光值(A2)。以每分钟单位样品质量A470值变化0.01为1个酶活单位,用公式(1)计算POD酶活。
将0.1 mL酶粗提液在避光条件下加入到2.9 mL超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)反应液中[20],混匀后放置在日光灯下反应20 min,然后立刻避光终止反应并测定在560 nm处的吸光值(A处理)。用煮沸5 min的酶粗提液作为对照组(A对照)。以抑制硝基蓝四唑(nitroblue tetrazolium, NBT)光化还原反应50%酶量为1个酶活力单位,用公式(2)计算SOD酶活。
将配制好的过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)反应液提前置于30 ℃水浴锅中预热15 min[21],将2.9 mL CAT酶反应液置于5 mL离心管中,然后加入0.1 mL酶粗提液迅速混匀后倒入比色皿中,测定在240 nm处的吸光值(A0)。反应2 min后再次测定(A2)。以每分钟单位样品质量A240值变化0.01为1个酶活单位,用公式(3)进行计算CAT酶活。
PDA培养基活化核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum),V8果汁培养基活化P. capsici,使用5 mm打孔器在菌丝边缘取菌饼。用2 μmol/L HSyp1和5 μmol/L HSyp2的蛋白对4−6周龄的烟草叶片进行真空注射,以最后1次PBS透析液为对照,24 h后取叶片接种病原菌,25 ℃继续培养24 h,拍照记录,用ImageJ计算病斑面积。每组实验重复3次。
PDA培养基活化V. mali,使用4 mm打孔器在V. mali菌丝边缘取菌饼,蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2分别稀释至2 μmol/L和5 μmol/L。选取一月龄的苹果组培苗(Malus domestica),整株浸泡于蛋白液中5 min,再插入1%的水琼脂培养基培养24 h,取苹果叶片接种病原菌,室温继续培养24 h,用ImageJ计算病斑面积。实验进行3次生物学重复。
将消毒后的拟南芥种子(75%乙醇浸泡10 min,无菌水洗涤3次,3%−5%次氯酸钠溶液避光浸泡10 min,无菌水洗涤3次)点在1/2 MS培养基中,避光置于4 ℃冰箱培养3 d。在22 ℃培养箱自然生长10−14 d后,分别将2 μmol/L HSyp1和5 μmol/L HSyp2蛋白溶液浸没芽苗期拟南芥上,继续放回培养箱,14 d后对拟南芥表型进行观察并拍照记录,对其性状进行统计分析。以最后1次PBS透析液为对照,每组处理进行3次重复,实验进行3次生物学重复。
对蛋白激发子处理后的苗期拟南芥进行相关基因RT-qPCR分析。主要包括生长素运输蛋白基因(AtAUX1AtEIR1)和生长素反应因子相关基因(AtAXR3AtARF1),以及相关抗性基因RT-qPCR分析,相关基因序列及内参详见附表S1。
将农杆菌GV3101介导的蛋白激发子HSyp1、HSyp2、HSyp3和HSyp4在烟草叶片背部进行真空注射,观察发现瞬时表达第5天时,4个蛋白激发子均能使烟草产生较明显的坏死(图1A),其中HSyp2坏死程度最强。
为了进一步验证候选蛋白激发子是否能诱导植物产生早期防卫反应,在瞬时表达24 h后,观察其活性氧(ROS)和胼胝质的累积。其中蛋白激发子HSyp2导致的叶片H2O2累积的量最多,HSyp1其次,HSyp4累积的量最少(图1B)。4个蛋白激发子均能使烟草叶片产生胼胝质的迸发(图1C),其中HSyp2能够使烟草叶片产生大量的胼胝质沉积,其他3个蛋白激发子无明显差异。阳性对照INF1活性氧和胼胝质均有明显沉积,阴性对照GFP则相反。
将带有重组质粒的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行诱导,经过前期试验,诱导条件为IPTG 0.5 mmol/L,在16 ℃、180 r/min培养18 h最佳。经过纯化后成功得到2个激发子的蛋白,分别为HSyp1和HSyp2 (图2A)。
为了进一步验证目的蛋白是否表达,采用Western blotting检测进行进一步验证。结果表明,蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2能够稳定表达,大小分别在25 kDa和55 kDa左右(图2B)。结合过敏反应结果,优选出蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2进行后续试验。
通过InterProScan数据库和SMART对蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2进行分析,结果显示HSyp1前18个氨基酸为信号肽,HSyp2前24个氨基酸为信号肽。2个蛋白激发子均未预测到同源蛋白家族,为假想蛋白(hypothetical protein)。HSyp2有1个Septum-form结构域,位置在第43−258个氨基酸之间(图3A3B)。
经过NCBI序列比对,从中选取22条同源性较高的序列构建系统发育树,HSyp1同源性较高的蛋白大部分为放线菌假想蛋白,主要为糖丝菌属(Saccharothrix)和伦茨氏菌属(Lentzea)。HSyp2同源性较高蛋白主要为糖丝菌属(图3C)。通过Phyre2预测蛋白结构,发现HSyp1结构较简单,仅有2个α螺旋,HSyp2显示有3个α螺旋、4个β折叠(图3D)。
为了确认激发植物诱导抗性的最小浓度,将纯化后的激发子蛋白HSyp1和HSyp2稀释后对烟草叶片真空注射。3 d后烟草叶片出现过敏反应,同时进行台盼蓝染色。结果显示当HSyp1浓度大于2 μmol/L时,叶片开始发黄,浓度为20 μmol/L时会使叶片明显坏死;当HSyp2蛋白浓度大于5 μmol/L时叶片开始发黄,浓度大于20 μmol/L时叶片明显坏死(图4A)。
用稀释至2 μmol/L的HSyp1和5 μmol/L的HSyp2注射烟草叶片,注射24 h后用DAB染色法进行活性氧检测,用苯胺蓝染色法进行胼胝质沉积的检测。可以看到纯化后的蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2均可以引起活性氧的累积,其中HSyp2产生活性氧较多。胼胝质沉积的检测结果证实2 μmol/L HSyp1和5 μmol/L HSyp2均能诱导烟草叶片产生胼胝质的沉积(图4B)。
用2 μmol/L HSyp1和5 μmol/L HSyp2对烟草进行真空注射,不同时间段的酶活力水平均有明显的变化。如图4C所示,HSyp1处理烟草后POD酶活力在24 h达到峰值,在36 h时短暂下降后上升,相较于对照组差别不大;SOD酶活力在24 h之后水平缓慢上升后下降,在36 h是对照组的2.0倍;CAT酶活力水平持续上升,在24 h时达到最高,约为对照组的55.0倍,24 h后迅速降低,在48 h时与对照组基本一致。HSyp2处理烟草后POD酶活快速上升,24 h是对照组的2.1倍,36 h达到峰值,约为对照组的3.2倍,在48 h相是对照组的1.6倍;SOD酶活力在24 h时快速提高,并且持续上升,在48 h时是对照组的5.0倍;CAT酶活力水平在12 h后开始缓慢上升,24 h之后呈现快速增长的趋势,36 h后趋势逐渐平缓,处理48 h时CAT酶活力水平是对照组的12.9倍。
在用HSyp1处理烟草后发现,PR蛋白基因NbPR1NbPR2NbPR4及ET通路标志基因NbERF1均明显上调,其中NbPR1在处理36 h后表达量是对照组的120.0倍,NbPR2在24 h时表达量达到峰值,较对照组上调9.0倍。NbPR4NbERF1在处理12 h后表达量达到峰值,此时分别较对照组上调23.0倍和20.0倍。JA通路的NbLOX1NbPDF1.2和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalnine ammonialyase, PAL)相关基因NbPAL均有小幅度上调。NbLOX1在36 h时较对照组上调3.5倍,NbPDF1.2在12 h时较对照组上调4.3倍。NbPAL在12 h时上调表达4.6倍(图4D)。HSyp2处理烟草12 h后NbPR1NbPR4表达量达峰值,分别较对照组上调116.0倍和100.0倍。NbPR2从12 h后持续上调,36 h时达到峰值,此时较对照组上调18.0倍。NbLOX1NbERF1NbPAL在HSyp2处理后均有小范围上调。其中NbLOX1在24 h时表达量达峰值,较对照组上调6.8倍,NbERF1在12 h较对照组上调6.4倍,NbPAL在24 h时上调2.6倍。NbPDF1.2较对照组未上调表达。以上结果表明,HSyp1和HSyp2激活了SA、JA/ET介导的植物抗性相关通路。
用2 μmol/L HSyp1和5 μmol/L HSyp2的蛋白对整片烟草叶片进行真空注射。接种S. sclerotiorum 24 h后对叶片发病情况进行观察,从图5A可以看出,对照组发病情况明显,经过蛋白激发子处理的烟草叶片病斑面积显著小于对照。通过测量病斑面积,对照组病斑面积在24 h约为HSyp1和HSyp2的2.0倍,36 h约为3.0倍(图5A)。
为了验证蛋白激发子诱导植物提高抗病性是否针对专一病原菌,在N. benthamianao上接种P. capsici 24 h后由HSyp1和HSyp2处理过的烟草叶片病斑面积相对偏小(图5B)。对病斑面积进行统计,接种24 h时HSyp1和HSyp2处理后叶片病斑面积均小于对照组,对照组病斑面积是HSyp1的2.0倍,是HSyp2的2.7倍。
为了进一步验证诱导抗性功能是否具有寄主专一性,采用2 μmol/L HSyp1和5 μmol/L HSyp2的蛋白处理苹果组培苗,24 h后接种V. mali,对发病情况进行持续观察。如图5C所示,蛋白激发子处理后的苹果组培苗对苹果腐烂病抗病能力明显上升。在接种苹果腐烂病48 h时,对病斑面积进行统计,对照组发病面积是HSyp1的2.9倍,是HSyp2的2.2倍。在接种苹果腐烂病56 h时,对照组病斑面积是HSyp1的3.7倍,是HSyp2的2.3倍。
用2 μmol/L HSyp1和5 μmol/L HSyp2的蛋白对10−14 d的芽期拟南芥进行处理,14 d后对拟南芥进行观察,结果如图6所示。通过图6A–6C可以看出,经过HSyp1处理的拟南芥叶片要略大于对照组,HSyp2处理的拟南芥叶片大小明显大于对照组。对根长进行统计和数据分析,HSyp1处理的拟南芥根长约为对照组的1.5倍,HSyp2处理的拟南芥根长为对照组2.0倍(图6D)。对鲜重进行统计和数据分析,以10棵/组进行计量,结果如图6E所示,HSyp1每组鲜重为对照组的1.6倍,HSyp2每组鲜重为对照组的2.2倍。
通过对蛋白激发子处理后的拟南芥进行促生相关基因RT-qPCR检测,分析促生机制。结果如图6F所示,HSyp1处理的拟南芥乙烯(ET)通路标志基因AtERF1表达量上调2.7倍,HSyp2处理的拟南芥SA通路标志基因AtPR2、乙烯通路AtERF1和JA通路标志基因AtAOS均有一定上调,其中AtPR2上调11.0倍、AtERF1上调5.8倍、AtAOS上调3.2倍。HSyp1、HSyp2均未诱导拟南芥生长素相关基因的上调。
糖丝菌属(Saccharothrix)是典型稀有的丝状放线菌。基因组分析发现,参与放线菌许多抗生素生物合成的非核糖体多肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetases, NRPSs)途径相关基因在糖丝菌属中高频率存在[22],同时从S. algeriensisS. espanaensisS. xinjiangensis[23-26]菌株中分离到具有抗细菌、抗真菌和抗肿瘤等广泛生物活性的次级代谢产物。此外,糖丝菌S. australiensis IFO 14444产生的纤维素酶系主要成分——内切β-1, 4-葡聚糖酶作为一种酶制剂可应用于洗涤剂或纺织工业中[27]S. mutabilis NM-6-5可在40−50 ℃下有效分解纤维素,在工业和农业中具有很好的应用前景[28]
生长素(auxin)在植物生长发育过程中起着核心作用,通过调节细胞生长、细胞分裂以及细胞特异性的分化参与一系列生长发育过程[29]。其早期响应基因可归为3类:Aux/IAAsGH3sSAURs[30]。本研究中HSyp1和HSyp2在拟南芥苗期对子叶和根部发育有一定促生作用。然而在RT-qPCR的结果中我们发现蛋白激发子并未引起相关基因AtAUX/IAA[31] (auxin/indole-3-acetic acid)、AtEIR1[32] (ethylene insensitive root 1)和AtAXR3[33] (auxin co-receptor 3)表达量的变化。说明HSyp1和HSyp2对拟南芥的促生作用不依赖于Aux/IAA信号通路,具体的促生机制仍需进一步研究探讨。
综上所述,糖丝菌属的菌株大多具有良好的活性,极具研发潜力。然而针对生防放线菌中功能性外泌蛋白的研究仍十分有限。本实验室前期研究发现,S. yanglingensis Hhs.015的分泌蛋白BAR11通过与烟草中过氧化氢酶catalases相互作用提高烟草对病原菌的抗性[12],PeSy1作为MAMP分子与NbRSy1相互作用激发植物免疫功能[13]。本研究从生防放线菌Hhs.015中筛选得到2个诱导植物提高抗性的蛋白激发子HSyp1和HSyp2。首次报道了假想蛋白HSyp1和HSyp2的功能,通过影响SA、JA/ET信号通路基因来激发植物免疫系统,诱导植物提高对核盘菌、黑杆病菌和黑腐皮壳菌的抗性,具有广谱诱导植物抗性的功能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32072477)
  • 中国烟草总公司重大科技项目(110202101056(LS-16))
  • 中国烟草总公司陕西省公司科技项目(KJ-2021-02)
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2025年第65卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240471
  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
  • 录用日期:2024-10-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072477)
国家自然科学基金(32072477)
Science and Technology Major Project of China National Tobacco Corporation(110202101056(LS-16))
中国烟草总公司重大科技项目(110202101056(LS-16))
Science and Technology Project of Shaanxi Branch of China National Tobacco Corporation(KJ-2021-02)
中国烟草总公司陕西省公司科技项目(KJ-2021-02)
作者信息
    1 西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
    2 作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100
    3 中国烟草总公司陕西省烟草公司, 陕西 西安 710000
    4 西北农林科技大学 植物保护学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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