Article(id=1242149206186603490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242149197907042945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240478, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722441600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730131200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-29, onlineDate=1774081048771, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1733241600000, pubDateStr=2024-12-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081048771, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081048771, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081048771, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242149197907042945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='12', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4951', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774081046797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081046797, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4578, endPage=4592, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242149206660558850, articleId=1242149206186603490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Cable bacteria: "biological cables" driving element recycling and ecological restoration in aquatic ecosystems, columnId=1242149199001756290, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Hydrosphere Microbiology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cable bacteria are a new group of filamentous electroactive microorganisms with the ability of long-distance electron transfer (LDET), playing an important role in the geochemical cycling of elements. Their unique structural and functional characteristics make them like "biological cables". Since the first discovery in marine sediments in 2012, cable bacteria have attracted widespread attention. They have shown unique ecological potential in maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems, environmental restoration, and climate regulation. Focusing on the "biological cable" structures and functions of cable bacteria, this paper reviews their filamentous structural characteristics, electrogenic sulfur oxidation characteristics, diversity and distribution characteristics, and LDET mechanism in sediments, and summarizes their influences on the cycling of key elements such as S, C, N, and P and the migration and transformation of metal ions. In addition, this paper summarizes the interactions of cable bacteria with other organisms and their roles in the natural restoration of ecosystems and analyzes the existing problems and future development directions, with a view to providing a reference for further giving play to the role of "biological cables" in the natural restoration of ecosystems.

, correspAuthors=Youda HUANG, Meiying XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: HUANG Youda,
E-mail: XU Meiying,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kejiang CHEN, Youda HUANG, Meijun DONG, Jinping YAN, Meiying XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242149210787754255, articleId=1242149206186603490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=电缆细菌:水生态系统中的“生物电缆”驱动元素循环与生态修复, columnId=1242149199161139845, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=水圈微生物专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电缆细菌是一类新兴的丝状电活性微生物,具有长距离电子传递的能力,在元素地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色,其独特的结构和功能特性使其犹如“生物电缆”。自2012年首次在海洋沉积物中被发现以来,电缆细菌就引起了广泛关注,在维持水生态健康、环境修复和气候调节等方面展现出独特的生态潜力。本文围绕电缆细菌的“生物电缆”结构和功能,综述了其在水体沉积物中的长线状结构特性、产电硫氧化特性、多样性与分布特征及其长距离电子传递机制,归纳了其对S、C、N、P等关键元素循环以及金属离子迁移转化的影响,总结了其与其他生物的互作以及在生态系统自然修复方面的作用,并分析了现存的主要问题和下一步的发展方向,以期为进一步发挥“生物电缆”在生态系统自然修复中的功能活性提供科学参考。

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A:电缆细菌的产电硫氧化特性. B:基于扫描电镜的电缆细菌结构特征[17]. C:基于荧光显微镜的电缆细菌结构特征[17]

, figureFileSmall=y8l3LiDZXTrRzh0Wk0hKlg==, figureFileBig=6Z4DbDFZQtDwIkn3AoLZ0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293086533661674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149206186603490, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Schematic diagram of element cycling driven by cable bacteria. Cable bacteria mediate the electrical sulfur oxidation to couple lower sulfide and upper oxygen and nitrate. The H+ generated drives the migration and transformation of phosphate and metal ions, and cooperates with functional microorganisms to promote C element transformation., figureFileSmall=tssbpI/Kf4vKkIU5cdYBZA==, figureFileBig=ZuxgJn7DQfrwQ5l4TF0KiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293086630130680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149206186603490, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电缆细菌驱动元素循环示意图

电缆细菌介导产电硫氧化偶联下层硫化物和上层氧气及硝酸盐,产生的H+驱动磷酸盐和金属离子的迁移转化,同时协同功能微生物促进C元素转化

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电缆细菌:水生态系统中的“生物电缆”驱动元素循环与生态修复
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陈柯江 1, 2 , 黄友达 2, * , 董美君 2 , 严金平 1 , 许玫英 2, *
微生物学报 | 水圈微生物专栏 2024,64(12): 4578-4592
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微生物学报 | 水圈微生物专栏 2024, 64(12): 4578-4592
电缆细菌:水生态系统中的“生物电缆”驱动元素循环与生态修复
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陈柯江1, 2, 黄友达2, * , 董美君2, 严金平1, 许玫英2, *
作者信息
  • 1 昆明理工大学 生命科学与技术学院, 云南 昆明 650000
  • 2 广东省科学院微生物研究所, 华南应用微生物国家重点实验室, 广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室, 广东 广州 510070
Cable bacteria: "biological cables" driving element recycling and ecological restoration in aquatic ecosystems
Kejiang CHEN1, 2, Youda HUANG2, * , Meijun DONG2, Jinping YAN1, Meiying XU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, Yunnan, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-12-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240478
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电缆细菌是一类新兴的丝状电活性微生物,具有长距离电子传递的能力,在元素地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色,其独特的结构和功能特性使其犹如“生物电缆”。自2012年首次在海洋沉积物中被发现以来,电缆细菌就引起了广泛关注,在维持水生态健康、环境修复和气候调节等方面展现出独特的生态潜力。本文围绕电缆细菌的“生物电缆”结构和功能,综述了其在水体沉积物中的长线状结构特性、产电硫氧化特性、多样性与分布特征及其长距离电子传递机制,归纳了其对S、C、N、P等关键元素循环以及金属离子迁移转化的影响,总结了其与其他生物的互作以及在生态系统自然修复方面的作用,并分析了现存的主要问题和下一步的发展方向,以期为进一步发挥“生物电缆”在生态系统自然修复中的功能活性提供科学参考。

电缆细菌  /  生物电缆  /  长距离电子传递  /  元素循环  /  自然修复

Cable bacteria are a new group of filamentous electroactive microorganisms with the ability of long-distance electron transfer (LDET), playing an important role in the geochemical cycling of elements. Their unique structural and functional characteristics make them like "biological cables". Since the first discovery in marine sediments in 2012, cable bacteria have attracted widespread attention. They have shown unique ecological potential in maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems, environmental restoration, and climate regulation. Focusing on the "biological cable" structures and functions of cable bacteria, this paper reviews their filamentous structural characteristics, electrogenic sulfur oxidation characteristics, diversity and distribution characteristics, and LDET mechanism in sediments, and summarizes their influences on the cycling of key elements such as S, C, N, and P and the migration and transformation of metal ions. In addition, this paper summarizes the interactions of cable bacteria with other organisms and their roles in the natural restoration of ecosystems and analyzes the existing problems and future development directions, with a view to providing a reference for further giving play to the role of "biological cables" in the natural restoration of ecosystems.

cable bacteria  /  biological cables  /  long-distance electron transfer  /  element cycling  /  natural restoration
陈柯江, 黄友达, 董美君, 严金平, 许玫英. 电缆细菌:水生态系统中的“生物电缆”驱动元素循环与生态修复. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4578 -4592 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240478
Kejiang CHEN, Youda HUANG, Meijun DONG, Jinping YAN, Meiying XU. Cable bacteria: "biological cables" driving element recycling and ecological restoration in aquatic ecosystems[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4578 -4592 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240478
电缆细菌是一类新型的电活性微生物,它们由成千上万个细胞首尾相接形成长线状结构,长度达到厘米级[1-3]。电缆细菌的发现使微生物电子传递尺度由微米级跨越到厘米级,其通过介导沉积物中的硫化物氧化产生电子,并利用自身细胞周质空间内的导电纤维结构将电子长距离传递到泥水界面的O2或NO3,耦合了空间隔离的氧化还原过程,为自身的新陈代谢和能量获取提供动力,其结构和功能类似于电线,即“生物电缆(biological cables)”,电缆细菌也因此而得名[2, 4-6]。电缆细菌分布广泛,栖息地遍布海洋、淡水河流、红树林湿地和水稻田等水体沉积物,密度高达117 m/cm3,在全球生物地球化学元素循环中扮演着重要的角色[2, 7-11]
由于电缆细菌独特的“生物电缆”结构和电子传递模式,它们在泥-水界面形成错综复杂的“生物电缆”电子传递网络[3-4]。这种独特的“生物电缆”网络特性使电缆细菌能够在存在氧化还原梯度的沉积物中高效地进行电子传导,从而发挥关键的生态工程师作用,调节沉积物环境并促进物质循环[12-13]。电缆细菌被视为最有吸引力的电活性微生物之一,它们在有毒硫化物的去除[14]、甲烷排放的抑制[11]、金属矿物的循环[15]和有机污染物的迁移降解转化[9, 16-17]中发挥着重要的促进作用。目前,尽管电缆细菌在结构、功能及生态意义等方面仍存在认知局限,但近年来研究取得了显著突破。通过新技术应用,研究人员更深入解析了电缆细菌的“生物电缆”结构及其长距离电子传递功能,发现电缆细菌内膜中镍-硫(Ni-S)的蛋白结构是其导电和进行长距离电子传递的关键[1];同时,对电缆细菌的生态分布模式及影响因素也有了更全面认识,发现电缆细菌的形态和功能与水质紧密相关[18];进一步揭示了电缆细菌驱动元素循环的作用,发现电缆细菌可加速黑臭河流沉积物有机污染物去除,且指出有机污染物对电缆细菌的多样性和功能可能具有选择性[19];在电缆细菌与微生物的互作方面,研究发现在缺氧区电缆细菌与有机营养菌、硫氧化菌及铁氧化菌等需氧菌互作紧密[20]。这些研究和发现将有助于进一步挖掘电缆细菌在促进污染治理、调节气候变化、维持生态系统健康等方面的潜在功能。
因此,本文旨在综述电缆细菌的研究现状,重点探讨其“生物电缆”的结构和功能特性、在驱动关键元素循环中的作用、与其他生物的互相作用以及其在沉积物生态系统中的关键生态功能。通过深入分析现有研究成果及存在问题,探讨其未来研究的重点方向,为进一步认识和发挥这类特殊微生物在生态系统自然修复中的功能活性提供理论参考。
电缆细菌的发现极大地拓宽了我们对微生物电子传递机制的认识。2010年,丹麦科学家在研究奥胡斯湾海岸沉积物时,首次发现了沉积物中存在着长距离的垂直电流,将表层氧化区与深层缺氧区的生物地球化学过程紧密耦合在一起[21];其中一个显著的特征是沉积物间隙水的pH值在垂直方向上的显著变化,主要体现为在表层有氧区pH值增大达到一个峰值,随后向下延伸pH值逐渐减小并形成一个酸峰(图1A)。起初,科研人员推测这种天然电流可能是由细菌纳米导线与半导体矿物颗粒或腐殖质颗粒结合后产生的电子传递效应所致,这些导电物质共同构建了一个电子传递网络,实现了氧化和还原过程在空间上的紧密耦合[21-22]。直至2012年,Pfeffer等[2]在这一沉积物中发现了一簇簇缠绕的丝状细菌,它们由成千上万个细胞首尾相接形成一条长链,长度达到几厘米(图1A);细菌内部含有一组整体排列的细线状的丝,这些丝被包裹在细胞膜内,形成了类似电缆的结构(图1B);细菌的细胞外膜具有独特的结构,沿着长线状电缆细菌的纤维纵轴,均匀且连续地分布着嵴状结构,这些结构跨越了整条长线状细胞,构成了电缆细菌特有的细胞外膜壳(图1B1C)。正是这种细菌独特的结构介导了电流的产生,并通过长距离电子传递(long-distance electron transfer, LDET)将表层的氧还原与深层缺氧区的硫化物氧化过程连接起来,实现了空间隔离的电子传递和能量转换[2, 23]。不同于传统的硫氧化代谢方式,这种通过氧化硫化物产生电子传递给间隔厘米级距离的氧进行还原过程的新型方式被称为产电硫氧化(electrogenic sulfur oxidation, e-SOx)[2, 24]。由于它们如同“生物电缆”般的结构外观及长距离电子传递功能,它们也被称为“cable bacteria”[2] (图1)。它们不仅能跨越厘米级的距离进行电子传递,还整合了表层和深层的生物地球化学过程,形成了一个空间耦合的代谢网络。这一过程不仅有助于维持沉积物内部的氧化还原平衡,还在一定程度上为生态系统的能量循环提供了支持。总之,电缆细菌的发现颠覆了我们以往对微生物在能量代谢与电子传递空间尺度上的认知,揭示了它们在生物地球化学循环中的关键作用,为我们认识微生物在维系地球生命系统中的关键地位提供了新的视角。
电缆细菌独特的生理特性赋予了它们在水生生态系统中的关键地位,其属于脱硫球茎菌科(Desulfobulbaceae)[2],广泛分布于全球各种水体环境中[18]。在沿海沉积物,如盐沼[8]、季节性缺氧盆地[14]和潮下带沿海平原[23]等盐度较高的环境中,电缆细菌主要归属于Candidatus Electrothrix属,目前报道物种有Candidatus Electrothrix marina、Candidatus Electrothrix aarhusiensis、Candidatus Electrothrix gigas、Candidatus Electrothrix laxa、Candidatus Electrothrix scaldis、Candidatus Electrothrix rattekaaiensis、Candidatus Electrothrix japonica、Candidatus Electrothrix communis等[25-27]。相比之下,在河流[7]、湖泊[12]、红树林湿地[10]和沼泽[8]等淡水和微咸水沉积物中[25],电缆细菌主要归属于Candidatus Electronema属,目前报道物种有Candidatus Electronema aureum、Candidatus Electronema halotolerans等。此外,电缆细菌还在水生植物的根际区域被发现,如海草和淡水植物,它们能够利用水生植物根际释放的氧气生长并通过降低硫化氢的毒害作用促进水生植物的生长[2, 9],这也表明电缆细菌可能具有比目前已知的更广泛的生态位。
电缆细菌的多样性和分布受到多种环境因素的调节,包括溶解氧浓度[28-29]、硫化物含量[30]、盐度[31]、水质状况等[7]。其中,在季节性缺氧的水体环境中,电缆细菌表现出较高的代谢活性,在水体的生物地球化学过程中发挥关键作用[32]。电缆细菌通过反向硫酸盐还原途径氧化硫化物[33],而淡水河流沉积物中硫化物浓度的提高则促进了电缆细菌的种群扩张、增殖加速以及e-SOx活性的增强[30]。盐度是影响电缆细菌多样性和物种组成的一个控制因素,淡水或海洋环境中的电缆细菌拥有不同的离子转运通道以维持渗透平衡[25]。此外,Dong等的前期工作发现,水质状况如水体污染程度和硫化物的可用性,也会影响电缆细菌的分布和活性[7]。尽管电缆细菌的多样性和分布已有一定报道,但现有的数据和分析结果表明,它们的物种多样性可能被严重低估,尤其是不同生境中的多样性及生态位差异仍缺乏研究。
近年来,对电缆细菌这一独特微生物的研究取得了重要进展,其中一个关键发现是其具备一种新的电子传递模式。电缆细菌能够借助其细胞包膜中嵌入的高度有序纤维网络产生电流,从而实现跨厘米级距离的氧化半反应与还原半反应的有效连接[3]。这与其他电活性微生物的胞外电子转移不同,这一独特的长距离电子传递能力使电缆细菌在水体的生物地球化学循环中扮演关键角色[6]
电缆细菌的导电性能在生物界中极为罕见,其导电性能甚至超过了某些合成有机半导体材料[3, 34]。尽管如此,目前对其具体的电子传递机制仍存在一些未解之处。一项利用共振拉曼显微镜来分析活体电缆细菌中的细胞色素氧化还原状态的实验证实了电缆细菌的LDET能力,并提出了电缆细菌的细胞色素具有将电子上传和下载到周质纤维的概念模型[35]。Geerlings等提出电缆细菌在氧气一端的细胞主要负责快速处理电子,而沉积物一端进行代谢[36]。从结构基础上,电缆细菌的细胞外膜下包含有大量导电性的周质纤维,这些纤维形成了绝缘外膜包裹下的电子传导通道,实现了电子从缺氧的沉积物区域向富氧的表层区域的传输[2-3]。Boschker等[1]提出了电缆细菌的一种新的电子传递形式,他们认为电缆细菌是通过嵌入在其细胞包膜中的高度有序的纤维网络产生电流,证明了这些纤维周质丝是由导电蛋白核心和绝缘蛋白壳层组成,其中核心蛋白含有一个硫连接的镍辅助因子,发现当镍被氧化或选择性去除时,电导率降低,推测镍可能以+2价的形式存在,但目前还无确定的证据。随着对电缆细菌长距离电子传递机制研究的深入,一些新的问题也随之产生,如纤维丝中含镍-硫(Ni-S)的蛋白具体的导电机制如何?如何调控电缆细菌的LDET速率?是否存在其他关键基因和蛋白介导其LDET能力和效率?这些问题均需未来深入地研究进行解答。
电缆细菌的“生物电缆”结构与长距离电子传递功能特性,使其对沉积物中的元素地球化学循环发挥重要作用(图2)。总体上,电缆细菌介导的产电硫氧化反应将电子传递给沉积物-水界面的氧气和硝酸盐,实现了空间隔离的氧化还原过程[2]。在这过程中,电缆细菌一方面可同化CO2[33],另一方面耦合其他功能微生物驱动有机污染物降解转化[19]。同时电缆细菌可降低缺氧区pH值,加速金属矿物的溶解,进而促进金属离子的迁移转化[18]。这些离子迁移到沉积物表面形成氧化物层,减少磷向水体的溶解和扩散[13]。总之,电缆细菌是驱动多种关键元素循环的重要参与者和调控者,在维持环境元素平衡中扮演着关键角色。
硫化物是电缆细菌的重要能量来源,电缆细菌在硫的生物地球化学循环中也发挥着关键作用(图2)。它们通过e-SOx过程,在缺氧和有氧区域之间进行电子传递,从而驱动沉积物中硫化物的氧化和硫酸盐的生成[2, 33]。电缆细菌编码反向硫酸盐还原途径的所有关键基因,包括dsrAdsrBaprAaprBsat,并且这些基因所编码的蛋白在电缆细菌蛋白组中高表达[33]。通过e-SOx过程,电缆细菌大规模消耗沉积物中的硫化物,同时释放出大量硫酸盐,这一生物化学过程犹如催化剂,加速了硫元素在全球尺度上的循环与再分配,推动了整个硫循环的进行[33]。在硫含量相对匮乏的沉积环境中,电缆细菌的e-SOx作用能够激发一种独特的隐秘硫循环模式:硫酸盐还原细菌利用电缆细菌生成的硫酸盐作为底物生成硫化物,随后,这些硫化物(如硫化氢)迅速被电缆细菌重新捕获,作为其e-SOx过程的底物,形成了一种检测不到的硫循环机制[37-38]。电缆细菌对硫化物的氧化作用会导致沉积物中出现一个独特的生态现象——亚氧区的形成。这一区域由于硫化物被高效消耗而呈现出明显的黑色褪去特征[2, 21] (图2),表明电缆细菌在调控沉积物微环境、促进硫循环方面不可小觑的生态影响力。
虽然电缆细菌在碳循环中的作用相较于硫循环而言并不那么显著,但它们仍然通过一系列复杂的生物地球化学过程直接或间接地影响着碳循环(图2)。首先,研究表明,电缆细菌具有固定二氧化碳的潜力,可能通过卡尔文循环或其他生化途径将CO2转化为有机物[33]。其次,电缆细菌在水生生态系统的碳循环中扮演着重要的间接角色,它们特有的长距离电子传递机制,能够影响沉积物的氧化还原状态,进而影响有机物的矿化过程[18]。这一过程可能促进有机物的氧化分解,并可能改变沉积物-水体界面的碳交换模式(图2)。例如,电缆细菌的产电硫氧化过程促进H+的生成,从而影响沉积物中有机碳的保存和释放[39]。具体表现为,电缆细菌可以通过调整沉积物的pH值和氧化还原电位,改变有机质的生物可利用性,从而促进污染物的迁移转化[33];在Huang等前期的工作中,也发现电缆细菌在沉积物深层产生的酸性环境可能有助于多环芳烃类有机化合物的释放,增强有机污染物的生物可利用性[19]。最后,一项实验室模拟实验发现电缆细菌可以抑制水稻田93%的甲烷排放[11],这是因为电缆细菌的e-SOx功能使得原本硫酸盐受限的环境中产生并积累大量的硫酸盐,使硫酸盐还原菌在与产甲烷菌竞争底物时占有优势,从而抑制了甲烷的产生,电缆细菌对甲烷的这种调控作用在全球气候变化背景下具有重要意义。
电缆细菌凭借其“生物电缆”的结构在缺氧和有氧区域之间传递电子,不仅可以将硫化物氧化与氧气还原耦合,也可以将硫化物氧化与硝酸盐还原耦合[24, 40],进而驱动沉积物中的氮循环(图2)。在缺氧条件下,电缆细菌可以利用硝酸盐(NO3)或亚硝酸盐(NO2)作为电子受体,进行硫酸盐还原相关的硝酸盐还原(dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, DNRA)过程[25, 41-42]。这一过程将硝酸盐还原为氨,而不是通过传统的脱氮途径生成氮气。电缆细菌在DNRA过程中的作用可能通过多种机制实现。一方面,这可能与电缆细菌能够增加沉积物中亚铁离子的可用性有关,Fe2+可以作为硝酸盐还原过程中的电子供体,从而促进DNRA;另一方面,电缆细菌可能通过形成铁氧化物层,为硝酸盐还原菌提供稳定的栖息地,进而增强DNRA过程[14]。Marzocchi等[41]通过15N同位素示踪进一步验证了这个结论,提出电缆细菌通过完整的napAB操纵子将周质硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐,并可能通过一种推定的八血红素细胞色素c (putative octaheme cytochrome c, pOCC)将亚硝酸盐进一步还原为氨,这暗示电缆细菌可作为驱动因子,促使沉积物中反硝化优势环境向DNRA优势环境转换。
此外,尽管电缆细菌本身可能不直接参与反硝化,但它们的电子传递活动可能通过改变沉积物的氧化还原状态,间接影响其他微生物的反硝化过程。例如,电缆细菌的LDET活动显著影响了沉积物中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的浓度梯度,这可能会改变硝化-反硝化过程在沉积物中的空间分布和速率[12]。电缆细菌产生的铁氧化物层[43],可能为反硝化细菌提供了一个适宜的微环境,从而促进了反硝化过程[44-45]。通过调节DNRA和反硝化过程,电缆细菌可能有助于减少水体中的氮负荷,从而对抗富营养化和温室气体排放。
电缆细菌对磷元素的影响主要通过调节沉积物的氧化还原状态、促进铁氧化物的形成等(图2)。首先,电缆细菌通过介导LDET在沉积物-水界面形成明显的氧化还原分层[39],这种化学环境的变化影响到磷的吸附、沉淀和溶解平衡,从而调节沉积物中磷的地球化学循环[15]。其次,电缆细菌通过e-SOx过程在沉积物中营造了一个酸性环境,促进了铁和锰矿物的溶解,释放出可溶性的铁(II)和锰(II)离子;这些离子随后在沉积物表面被氧化,形成铁和锰的氧化物;这些氧化物能够增强沉积物对磷的吸附和固定能力,减少磷在水体中的溶解和扩散[13, 24],这也有助于降低水体中的营养盐浓度,抑制水体富营养化[46]。即使电缆细菌的活性降低,这种吸附和固定作用也能持续发挥作用,有助于减少水体中的磷负荷[13, 46]。此外,铁和锰氧化物层的形成还有助于减少磷酸盐(PO43–)的释放,抑制沉积物中磷的向上迁移[47]
然而,电缆细菌的活性随季节变化而有所波动。在富氧季节,它们的代谢活动增强,有利于铁氧化物层的形成和磷的固定;而在缺氧季节,它们的活性降低,可能导致铁和锰氧化物被还原溶解,释放出之前被吸附的磷,从而增加水体中的磷浓度,加剧沉积物的缺氧状况[38]。值得注意的是,电缆细菌形成的氧化物层在夏季低氧期间可能并不完全被还原溶解,部分仍然存在,这在一定程度上限制了磷酸盐的释放[46]。此外,电缆细菌形成的生物地球化学屏障有助于维持沉积物中的铁和锰氧化物,为磷的吸附和埋藏提供了有利条件[14-15]
电缆细菌通过其产电硫氧化反应,在沉积物中驱动金属离子的迁移和转化,对生物地球化学循环产生重要影响(图2)。在沉积物深层,电缆细菌促进硫化铁和碳酸盐的溶解,释放金属阳离子(如Ca2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Mg2+)[18]。这些释放的金属阳离子由于扩散和电缆细菌诱导的电场向沉积物-水界面迁移,最终在氧气的作用下形成金属氧化物[39]。其中,电缆细菌通过e-SOx过程促进FeS的溶解,释放Fe2+;随着季节变化,当水体溶氧增加时,这些Fe2+在沉积物水界面被氧化形成一层铁氧化物壳,覆盖在沉积物表面,影响其他金属离子的迁移[39]。Mn元素的迁移转化也有相似规律,电缆细菌的LDET活动导致沉积物中pH值的变化,促进了锰碳酸盐的溶解,释放出Mn2+,这些Mn2+可以被氧化形成Mn氧化物,其迁移转化规律也随季节变化[39]。Ca2+和Mg2+的释放主要源于电缆细菌产生的酸性环境引起的碳酸盐矿物的溶解,这些Ca2+在沉积物中向上迁移,并可能在有氧条件下重新沉淀形成碳酸钙[32]或碳酸镁[48]。这些作用不仅对沉积物的化学性质至关重要,还可能为Cu、Cd等重金属污染修复提供新的视角和潜在的技术手段。
鉴于电缆细菌在驱动水体生物地球化学循环、调控能量流动以及促进物质转化过程中所展现出的关键性作用,它们对生态系统中的其他生物群体(包括微生物、植物及动物)产生了深远的影响(图3)。这种影响不仅体现在对生物多样性的维护上,还关乎整个生态系统的功能与平衡。电缆细菌通过其独特的代谢活动,为其他生物提供了必要的生态环境和生存条件,从而在生态系统中扮演着不可或缺的角色。
电缆细菌在生态系统中与众多微生物之间存在着复杂的相互作用,这种互作涉及微生物群落结构、生物地球化学循环、有机质代谢以及环境修复等多个方面(图3)。Bjerg等[20]借助trench slide培养体系,直接观察到了电缆细菌与多种微生物的紧密互作关系;他们观察到有机营养菌、硫氧化菌及铁氧化菌等在缺氧部分的电缆细菌周围紧密地游动,当与氧气的连接中断时(用激光切割电缆细菌),这些细菌会立即散开;他们认为,电缆细菌与这些细菌的互作可能通过溶解性的电子中介体进行电子传递。
另外,研究报道电缆细菌与硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)、产甲烷菌、芳香化合物降解菌、贝加藻菌等微生物存在紧密的相互作用关系。SRB是与电缆细菌直接相关的微生物群落之一,电缆细菌通过介导e-SOx将硫化物氧化为硫酸盐,为SRB的生长和代谢活动提供了必需的电子受体。Liu等[49]的前期工作发现,电缆细菌可以增加SRB的丰度或者使其功能活性增强,这一过程不仅改变了沉积物中的硫循环,还影响了其他微生物的代谢活动。Scholz等研究发现,电缆细菌通过营造有利于SRB活动的微环境,显著抑制了产甲烷菌的活性,进而调控了甲烷生成过程[11]。此外,Huang等研究发现,电缆细菌的富集可显著提升SRB、有机质降解菌及芳香化合物降解菌的相对丰度,其中电缆细菌的丰度与SRB、有机质降解菌及芳香化合物的丰度均显著正相关,这直接促进了沉积物中有机污染物的去除[19]
电缆细菌与贝加藻科细菌的互作主要体现在这2种菌在季节性变化中的交替出现,这归因于它们对共同底物——H2S的竞争[15]。电缆细菌依赖于H2S作为其代谢过程中的电子供体,而贝加藻菌也有相同的需求。在春季,随着底层水体溶解氧的减少,沉积物中形成了一个氧化亚层,为电缆细菌提供了适宜的生存环境。然而,随着季节的推移,特别是在夏季,底层水体的溶解氧水平进一步降低,形成了季节性低氧条件。这时,贝加藻科细菌开始在沉积物表层占据优势,它们通过代谢活动消耗沉积物中的硫化氢,从而抑制了电缆细菌的生长。到了秋季,随着底层水体的再氧化,电缆细菌可能重新占据优势地位,开始新一轮的生长周期。这种季节性的交替出现模式,反映了2种细菌对硫化氢这一共同底物的竞争关系,以及它们对环境变化的适应策略[15]
电缆细菌与水生植物之间的相互作用是一个多维度、多层次的过程,涉及生物地球化学循环、植物生理生态以及微生物群落结构等多个方面(图3)。电缆细菌通过e-SOx过程,将沉积物中的硫化物转化为硫酸盐,这一过程有助于减轻硫化物对水生植物根部的毒害作用,从而保护水生植物的生长[50-51]。这种共生关系不仅对植物有益,也有助于电缆细菌获取稳定的电子供体,增强其长距离电子传递能力[14]。因此,水生植物根系与电缆细菌的相互作用可能不具有物种特异性。虽然这种互利关系已在硅藻生物膜和多种海草中观察到[51-53],但是电缆细菌与很多重要的水生经济作物,例如莲藕、水芹等的互作还亟待探索。此外,电缆细菌还能够影响沉积物中铁、锰、磷等元素的循环[47],这些元素对植物的营养吸收至关重要。
电缆细菌与水生动物之间的相互作用是一个相对较新的研究领域,但已经显示出其对水生生态系统具有潜在的重要影响(图3)。电缆细菌可能通过影响沉积物中的氧化还原状态和营养盐循环,间接影响水生动物的栖息地和食物来源。例如,电缆细菌通过LDET过程改变沉积物的氧化还原状态,影响沉积物中的化学成分,进而影响沉积物中铁、锰和硫的循环,这些元素的生物可利用性变化可能影响水生动物的营养摄取[39]。电缆细菌在鱼类养殖沉积物中具有去除硫化物的能力,从而有助于改善鱼类养殖环境,维持水生环境中硫化物的动态平衡,这对于许多水生动物(尤其是底栖生物)至关重要,因为硫化物的毒性可能对它们的生存构成威胁[54]。此外,水生动物的活动,如觅食和栖息,可能扰动沉积物,影响电缆细菌的分布和活性;这种生物扰动可能改变沉积物的物理结构,干扰电缆细菌的分布和代谢活动,进而抑制电缆细菌的生长和长距离电子传递能力[23]
国际自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN) 2016年提出基于自然的解决方案(nature-based solutions, NbS),是一种利用自然过程和生态系统服务来应对环境挑战和促进可持续发展的理念,强调通过保护、恢复和可持续管理生态系统,以实现生态、社会和经济的多重收益[55]。电缆细菌作为驱动多种元素循环的生态工程师,对水生态系统中的污染物自然净化发挥重要作用(图4),这与NbS的理念高度契合。
首先,在缺氧和富营养化的水体环境中,电缆细菌可凭借e-SOx过程在沉积物中形成铁氧化物层,该层能够有效吸附并固定硫化氢与磷酸盐,阻止其释放,进而降低水体营养盐负荷,对缓解水体富营养化与缺氧问题效果显著[8, 27, 56]。其次,电缆细菌在固定有机污染物和金属离子方面具有巨大的应用价值。例如,Huang等前期工作发现,电缆细菌可与功能微生物相耦合,促进有机污染物的降解转化[19];与此同时,电缆细菌形成的铁氧化物层也能吸附金属元素,降低其在水体中的迁移能力和生物可利用性[39]。再者,电缆细菌对温室气体排放起着重要作用。它们通过介导e-SOx过程刺激SRB的硫酸盐还原活动,抑制甲烷生成,从而减少水稻土壤中CH4的排放[11];而且,电缆细菌可借助反硝化氨氧化过程调节沉积物中的氮循环[41],对温室气体N2O的排放也可能具有潜在调节作用;最后,电缆细菌在水生植物和鱼类养殖中的应用体现了其在环境修复中的多功能性。它们能够与水生植物的根系建立共生关系,减轻硫化物对植物的胁迫,促进植物生长[23];在水产养殖领域,电缆细菌还能加速沉积物的恢复,减少有机废物的积累和硫化物的释放[57]
电缆细菌与其他先进技术的有机结合在生态系统自然修复中呈现出极为广阔的应用前景。一方面,电缆细菌的“生物电缆”特性可与微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells, MFCs)相结合,凭借自身的电子传递功能助力MFCs提高电力输出,在此过程中能有效地推动沉积物中有机污染物的降解和去除[58-59]。其次,电缆细菌可与微生物电化学呼吸器(microbial electrochemical snorkels, MESs)相结合,强化沉积物中的电子传递过程,从而加快污染物的降解[60]。另一方面,在实现这些技术的集成过程中,电缆细菌还可与其他前沿技术进行整合。例如,纳米气泡技术(nanobubbles, NBs)可利用纳米气泡提升水体中氧气的溶解和传递,从而增强电缆细菌的LDET能力[61]。生物炭技术也是重要的整合方向,生物炭能够充当电缆细菌的载体,使其在沉积物中的稳定性和活性得以增强[62]。最后,电缆细菌还可以与植物修复技术结合,利用其与水生植物根系形成的共生关系,降低硫化物对植物的胁迫,促进植物生长[53]
电缆细菌作为水生态系统中独特的“生物电缆”,在驱动元素循环中起着至关重要的作用,其存在和活动对水生态系统的功能和稳定性具有深远影响,也在生态系统自然修复中展现巨大应用潜力。然而,受限于电缆细菌仍不能被纯培养,目前对电缆细菌的研究大多基于有限的实验室观察和模型系统,仍存在较多问题,包括电缆细菌的物种多样性可能被严重低估,不同生境中的多样性及生态位差异缺乏研究;电缆细菌的长距离电子传递机理仍需深入,如其介导电子传递的基因信息、电子传递过程中的能量变化等仍然未知;在驱动元素循环方面,电缆细菌对有机硫和元素硫等形态硫的调节以及对生态系统功能的影响尚不清晰,对全局碳循环中的作用仍不明确,其利用碳源的种类、机制以及在低硫环境下的转化利用等问题还有待解答,其驱动氮、磷循环的具体作用机制及生态贡献也需进一步探索;此外,电缆细菌与微生物、水生植物、水生动物的相互作用研究较缺乏,尤其是电缆细菌与微生物的互作方面,电缆细菌如何与其他功能微生物组成长距离电子传递网络,网络的结构组成、演替规律、驱动物质交换和能量循环的机制如何,如何影响水体的健康和功能等;最后,如何进一步挖掘电缆细菌在生态系统自然修复中的应用潜力也需要更多的探索。
基于此,未来的研究可以从以下几个方面进一步拓展:(1) 创新电缆细菌富集培养新方法新技术,如简易培养体系乃至纯培养体系,以获得电缆细菌简单培养物,深入研究电缆细菌在生理和代谢方面的适应性调控机制及电子传递机制;(2) 深入剖析电缆细菌驱动元素地球化学循环的作用机制,评估其在水-沉积物-大气界面物质交换和能量循环中的关键作用;(3) 研究电缆细菌在不同水生态系统中的多样性和分布特征,明确其生态网络特征,评估其在调控温室气体释放、水体富营养化等过程的生态贡献;(4) 探索电缆细菌与其他生物之间的相互作用,阐明这些互作对生态系统功能的影响;(5) 探索电缆细菌与生物电化学等技术的结合在生态系统自然修复的潜在应用,建立基于电缆细菌调控的水生态系统自然修复技术体系。
最后,除了电缆细菌这类“生物电缆”,沉积物中是否还存在其他的长线状电活性微生物扮演着“生物电缆”的角色?这些微生物主要包括哪些?其生理特性及生态功能如何?通过对这些问题以及上述研究方向的深入探索,我们不仅能全面理解“生物电缆”在水生态系统中的角色,还能为环境管理和生物技术应用开发提供科学依据,推动相关领域的发展与进步。
  • 国家自然科学基金(92251301)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42277391)
  • “广东特支计划”杰出人才项目(2023JC07L096)
  • 广东省科学院青年人才专项(2023GDASQNRC-0211)
  • 广州市科技计划(2023A04J0929)
  • 广东省海洋经济发展(海洋六大产业)专项(粤自然资合[2024]38号)
  • 广东省科技计划(2022A0505090004)
  • 广东省科学院打造综合产业技术创新中心行动资金项目(2022GDASZH-2022010105)
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2024年第64卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240478
  • 接收时间:2024-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-12-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-01
  • 录用日期:2024-10-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(92251301)
国家自然科学基金(92251301)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277391)
国家自然科学基金(42277391)
Guangdong Special Support Plan Outstanding Talents Project(2023JC07L096)
“广东特支计划”杰出人才项目(2023JC07L096)
GDAS' Special Project of Young Talents(2023GDASQNRC-0211)
广东省科学院青年人才专项(2023GDASQNRC-0211)
Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(2023A04J0929)
广州市科技计划(2023A04J0929)
Special Project for Marine Economic Development of Guangdong Province (Six Major Marine Industries)(粤自然资合[2024]38号)
广东省海洋经济发展(海洋六大产业)专项(粤自然资合[2024]38号)
Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province(2022A0505090004)
广东省科技计划(2022A0505090004)
GDAS' Special Project of Science and Technology Development(2022GDASZH-2022010105)
广东省科学院打造综合产业技术创新中心行动资金项目(2022GDASZH-2022010105)
作者信息
    1 昆明理工大学 生命科学与技术学院, 云南 昆明 650000
    2 广东省科学院微生物研究所, 华南应用微生物国家重点实验室, 广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室, 广东 广州 510070

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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