Article(id=1242149205846864840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242149197907042945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240482, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722614400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730822400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-06, onlineDate=1774081048689, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1730908800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-07, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081048689, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081048689, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081048689, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242149197907042945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='12', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4951', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774081046797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081046797, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4593, endPage=4606, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242149206421484528, articleId=1242149205846864840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Visualization of pili and its applications in the study of cyanobacteria, columnId=1242149199001756290, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Hydrosphere Microbiology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cyanobacteria have garnered great attention as important players in the marine hydrosphere and the source of bioactive compounds. Type Ⅳ pili (TFP) play a crucial role in cyanobacteria by participating in various physiological functions such as substrate surface movement, phototaxis, and natural transformation. With the continuous advancements in the visualization of pili, we have gained a deeper understanding of the TFP-mediated cell behaviors of cyanobacteria. We review the recent progress and applications of visualization of pili in the research on the twitching, phototaxis, and natural transformation of cyanobacteria. This review is expected to improve our understanding of the TFP-mediated cell behaviors and the ecological function and significance of cyanobacteria in the hydrosphere. Additionally, it provides new insights for developing TFP-based regulation on cell behaviors of cyanobacteria.

, correspAuthors=Kun ZHAO, Weiwen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHAO Kun,
E-mail: ZHANG Weiwen,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingchao ZHANG, Wei LI, Kun ZHAO, Weiwen ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242149208069845113, articleId=1242149205846864840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=菌毛可视化及其在蓝细菌研究中的应用, columnId=1242149199161139845, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=水圈微生物专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蓝细菌是海洋水圈的重要成员,同时作为海洋生物活性化合物的重要来源而备受关注。Ⅳ型菌毛(type Ⅳ pili, TFP)在蓝细菌中至关重要,参与多种生理功能,包括介质表面运动、趋光行为和自然转化等过程。随着菌毛可视化技术的不断进步,对这些微生物的TFP相关细胞行为有了更深入的了解。本文以菌毛可视化为切入点,总结了该技术在蓝细菌蹭行运动、趋光、自然转化等研究领域的最新研究和应用,本文旨在促进对蓝细菌中TFP介导的细胞行为的理解,以及蓝细菌在水圈中的生态学功能及意义,同时也为发展基于TFP的蓝细菌行为调控提供新思路。

, correspAuthors=赵坤, 张卫文, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YIXIWH7ZT+kRE4aojMpuPQ==, magXml=XRpn58iRq14edJkkDnnoWw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4NG+VUl2RBfhR72dgimfJg==, pdfFileSize=667580, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=r4pM9U20eI83DuaK87t4UQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=BYVDm3YYSzTS4Xz8XCzdng==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=趋光), Keyword(id=1243293095509475745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149205846864840, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=自然转化)], refs=[Reference(id=1243293097476604420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149205846864840, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=2015, issue=null, pageStart=754934, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=BioMed Research International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LAU NS, MATSUI M, ABDULLAH AAA.Cyanobacteria: photoautotrophic microbial factories for the sustainable synthesis of industrial products[J].BioMed Research International,2015,2015: 754934., articleTitle=Cyanobacteria: photoautotrophic microbial factories for the sustainable synthesis of industrial products, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243293097598239241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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A: Two pilus morphotypes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 wild-type cells. I: Thick pili (upper left and lower right by green arrows) and thin pili (red arrows), magnification 65 450×; II: Thick pili (upper right by green arrows) and thin pili (lower left by red arrows), magnification 173 250×[24]. B: Schematic, micrograph, and profile of the beads distribution when light was laterally illuminated and when light was partially illuminated in the right half of the cell from the bottom (thick blue arrow represents the direction of light, blue and red thin arrows represent the retraction and extension of pili, respectively, the light-illuminated region is shown in pale blue)[29]. C: Fluorescent micrograph labeled by FITC-avidin[29]. D: The fluorescence images of TFP taken at dusk and dawn. Pili stained with AF-488-C5 were shown in green. The top row shows cells at dawn initially have less and short pili, but after 12 hours incubation in light, at dusk cells have more and long pili. The bottom row is opposite[30]., figureFileSmall=LW2UzjeejLqywfSbNRT2WA==, figureFileBig=ImxTvS4AT96jj+RrDwMplQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293096075706821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149205846864840, language=CN, label=图2, caption=蓝细菌菌毛可视化方法

A:透射电子显微镜下野生型集胞藻PCC 6803细胞中的2种菌毛形态. I:厚菌毛(左上和右下用绿色箭头指出)和薄菌毛(用红色箭头指出),放大65 450倍;II:厚菌毛(右上用绿色箭头指出)和薄菌毛(左下用红色箭头指出),放大173 250倍[24]. B:用荧光珠来显示菌毛位置,光线横向照射时以及当光线从底部照亮细胞右半部分时珠子分布的示意图、显微照片和轮廓(蓝色粗箭头表示光照方向,蓝色和红色细箭头分别表示菌毛收缩和伸展,光照区域显示为淡蓝色)[29]. C:在光学显微镜下用FITC-亲和素标记集胞藻PCC 6803菌毛的荧光显微照片[29]. D:活细胞菌毛可视化下的聚球藻PCC 7942菌毛。上图表示细菌经黑暗培养后刚加入光照(黎明)时的菌毛情况以及经过光照培养后进入黑暗(黄昏)时的菌毛情况,下图则相反[30]

, figureFileSmall=LW2UzjeejLqywfSbNRT2WA==, figureFileBig=ImxTvS4AT96jj+RrDwMplQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293096184758728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149205846864840, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Applications of pili visualization in the study of cyanobacteria. A: Twitching motility of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 on the surface under the traction of pili. B: Location distribution of pili of Thermosynechococcus vulcanus during phototaxis[46]. C: Electron micrographs of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 mutants with different natural conversion efficiencies correspond to the following: WT (a, e), mutant Δhfq (b, f), mutant ΔpilA9-slr2019 (c, g), and mutant ΔpilA5-pilA6 (d, h) [47]. Among them, a−d represent whole cells, while e−h depict ultrastructural details of pili., figureFileSmall=/DeBoOPXPuOl/zvwqnkftw==, figureFileBig=vcVlzKvo9tfVxu2CB0kAMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293096310587859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149205846864840, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌毛可视化在蓝细菌研究中的应用

A:菌毛牵引下聚球藻PCC 7942在介质表面的蹭行运动. B:趋光运动时杆状嗜热蓝细菌的菌毛位置分布[46]. C:集胞藻PCC 6803具有不同自然转化效率的突变株的电子显微图,分别对应WT (a, e)、Δhfq突变株(b, f)、ΔpilA9-slr2019突变株(c, g)、ΔpilA5-pilA6突变株(d, h) [47]. 其中a−d为完整细胞,e−h为对应细胞的菌毛超细微结构

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菌毛可视化及其在蓝细菌研究中的应用
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张静超 1, # , 李威 2, # , 赵坤 2, 3, * , 张卫文 4, 5, 6, 7, *
微生物学报 | 水圈微生物专栏 2024,64(12): 4593-4606
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微生物学报 | 水圈微生物专栏 2024, 64(12): 4593-4606
菌毛可视化及其在蓝细菌研究中的应用
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张静超1, #, 李威2, #, 赵坤2, 3, * , 张卫文4, 5, 6, 7, *
作者信息
  • 1 电子科技大学 四川省人民医院, 医学遗传中心, 四川 成都 610054
  • 2 电子科技大学 基础与前沿研究院, 四川 成都 610054
  • 3 电子科技大学 四川省人民医院, 四川省人类疾病基因研究重点实验室, 四川 成都 610054
  • 4 教育部合成生物学前沿科学中心, 天津 300072
  • 5 教育部系统生物工程重点实验室, 天津 300072
  • 6 天津大学 化工学院, 合成微生物学实验室, 天津 300072
  • 7 天津大学, 生物安全战略研究中心, 天津 300072
Visualization of pili and its applications in the study of cyanobacteria
Jingchao ZHANG1, #, Wei LI2, #, Kun ZHAO2, 3, * , Weiwen ZHANG4, 5, 6, 7, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Medical Genetics Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
  • 2 Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
  • 3 Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
  • 4 Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 5 Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 6 Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 7 Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2024-11-07 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240482
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蓝细菌是海洋水圈的重要成员,同时作为海洋生物活性化合物的重要来源而备受关注。Ⅳ型菌毛(type Ⅳ pili, TFP)在蓝细菌中至关重要,参与多种生理功能,包括介质表面运动、趋光行为和自然转化等过程。随着菌毛可视化技术的不断进步,对这些微生物的TFP相关细胞行为有了更深入的了解。本文以菌毛可视化为切入点,总结了该技术在蓝细菌蹭行运动、趋光、自然转化等研究领域的最新研究和应用,本文旨在促进对蓝细菌中TFP介导的细胞行为的理解,以及蓝细菌在水圈中的生态学功能及意义,同时也为发展基于TFP的蓝细菌行为调控提供新思路。

蓝细菌  /  菌毛可视化  /  蹭行运动  /  趋光  /  自然转化

Cyanobacteria have garnered great attention as important players in the marine hydrosphere and the source of bioactive compounds. Type Ⅳ pili (TFP) play a crucial role in cyanobacteria by participating in various physiological functions such as substrate surface movement, phototaxis, and natural transformation. With the continuous advancements in the visualization of pili, we have gained a deeper understanding of the TFP-mediated cell behaviors of cyanobacteria. We review the recent progress and applications of visualization of pili in the research on the twitching, phototaxis, and natural transformation of cyanobacteria. This review is expected to improve our understanding of the TFP-mediated cell behaviors and the ecological function and significance of cyanobacteria in the hydrosphere. Additionally, it provides new insights for developing TFP-based regulation on cell behaviors of cyanobacteria.

cyanobacteria  /  visualization of pili  /  twitching  /  phototaxis  /  natural transformation
张静超, 李威, 赵坤, 张卫文. 菌毛可视化及其在蓝细菌研究中的应用. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4593 -4606 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240482
Jingchao ZHANG, Wei LI, Kun ZHAO, Weiwen ZHANG. Visualization of pili and its applications in the study of cyanobacteria[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4593 -4606 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240482
蓝细菌是地球上最古老的生物群落之一,其起源可追溯至约35亿年前[1]。它们以其卓越的生存能力著称,除了能在淡水和海洋中生存外,也能够在诸如沙漠、温泉等极端环境中存活[2-3]。作为目前唯一能够进行含氧光合作用的原核生物,蓝细菌可以在代谢过程中利用太阳能将二氧化碳和氮转化为大量生物质,对于地球碳氮循环的维持发挥着关键性作用[4-5]。此外,蓝细菌还被视为潜在的微生物工厂,可以利用自然资源,如太阳能、水和二氧化碳,来生产化学品或药物[6-7]。蓝细菌也被确认为是丰富的生物活性化合物来源,其部分代谢物具有抗氧化、抗病毒、抗菌和抗癌活性[8-9],因此在海水养殖、食品、燃料、肥料、着色剂以及各种次生代谢物的生产中具有广泛的生物技术应用前景[10-14]
在蓝细菌的多种生命活动中,Ⅳ型菌毛(type Ⅳ pili, TFP)发挥着重要作用。Ⅳ型菌毛是由菌毛蛋白亚基聚合组装而成的蛋白质纤维[15]。如图1所示,菌毛的主要结构成分是PilA蛋白,PilD可去除其N端前导序列并使其甲基化。菌毛的组装和解聚需要三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)驱动,其中PilB ATPase是菌毛组装所必需的,而PilT ATPase可促进菌毛的解聚,2种ATPase都位于菌毛的底部,很可能与嵌入内膜的PilC相互作用,PilQ形成菌毛穿过外膜的孔[15]。Ⅳ型菌毛的功能之一是可以驱动细胞进行蹭行运动,其驱动过程首先是菌毛伸长,菌毛的尖端黏附在表面上,然后菌毛收缩,由于菌毛前端锚定在介质表面,菌毛收缩产生的牵引力可以将细胞向前拉,使细胞向前运动[16-18]。由于蓝细菌无鞭毛,无法进行鞭毛驱动的游泳运动,因而通过Ⅳ型菌毛牵引或者通过表面蛋白和黏液挤压驱使细菌运动就成为蓝细菌的主要运动机制[19]。细胞运动是蓝细菌生存及适应多变环境的关键策略之一,在它们的生理功能中扮演着重要角色。通过运动,蓝细菌可以寻找并定居于适宜的生长环境,获取必需的营养物质,同时避开有害环境,促进子代的分散,也可以驱动群体行为和生态交流[20]。除了驱动蓝细菌进行蹭行运动外,Ⅳ型菌毛还与蓝细菌的表面附着、生物被膜形成、致病性以及自然转化过程中结合并获取外源DNA等功能密切相关[15, 21-25]。自然转化是一种保守的水平基因转移机制,是细菌细胞主动摄取游离DNA并将其遗传信息整合到自身基因组的过程,对细菌种群的遗传多样性、进化动态以及物种形成有显著的影响[26]。蓝细菌展现出较强的自然转化能力,而该能力依赖于Ⅳ型菌毛和其他相关蛋白的存在和功能发挥[27]
菌毛可视化技术是指能够对细菌表面的菌毛形貌及其动态行为进行观测的技术。从最开始的电子显微镜技术到光学显微镜技术,再到能够实现原位、实时观测的荧光显微镜技术,菌毛可视化技术在持续发展着,由此对蓝细菌多种TFP相关行为的研究也更加深入。本文以菌毛可视化为切入点,总结了该技术在蓝细菌蹭行运动、趋光、自然转化等方面的研究和应用,期望有助于进一步理解蓝细菌中TFP介导的细胞行为,以及蓝细菌TFP在水圈中的生态学功能及意义。
为了深入解析蓝细菌的菌毛形貌及其生物学功能,蓝细菌菌毛的可视化是一个重要的基础技术。在早期研究中,科研人员普遍利用传统的扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)或者透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)对蓝细菌的菌毛进行形态学观察,以辅助相关生理研究。Bhaya等的研究表明,在集胞藻(Synechocystis sp.) PCC 6803中破坏替代sigma因子(由sigF编码)后,细胞失去了趋光性运动,同时在透射电镜下观测发现,与野生型相比,突变株细胞表面的菌毛数量显著减少[28]。通过透射电镜结合基因敲除实验发现,集胞藻PCC 6803细胞具有2种形态不同的菌毛类型(图2A):(1) 直径约为6−8 nm、长度超过2 μm的厚菌毛;(2) 直径约为2−3 nm、长度小于1 μm的薄菌毛[24-25],薄菌毛沿整个细胞表面分布并排列成束[24]。相比之下,厚菌毛与异养生物的菌毛有很多共同之处,例如相似的菌毛直径、长度,且都在细菌运动和黏附中发挥着重要作用[31]。集胞藻细胞使用厚菌毛进行基质黏附与细胞运动,其中PilA1是厚菌毛形成所必需的,而PilA2则对运动和菌毛形成无显著影响[24]。Yoshimura等的研究发现,破坏编码蓝细菌环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP)受体蛋白的sycrp1基因会使集胞藻PCC 6803细胞无法运动,并利用电镜观察到了sycrp1缺陷菌株细胞表面的厚菌毛数量减少[32]。借助于电子显微镜的高分辨率优势,研究人员可以看到菌毛的不同形态,包括弯曲、刚直或者扭曲打结等,这些研究结果使我们对蓝细菌菌毛的形态细节有了初步了解[24-25, 32]
为了深化对菌毛在蓝细菌生理活动中作用机制的理解,科研工作者们致力于在活体细胞层面上探究其菌毛行为。2017年,Nakane等采用荧光微球技术对菌毛的动态力学特性进行了研究(图2B)[29]。在该过程中,尽管细胞被固定,但菌毛伸展功能(包括捕获和缩回目标的能力)得以保留,当TFP收缩时,被菌毛捕获的荧光珠也被带回并积累在细胞表面,进而对细胞表面的荧光强度分布进行分析,荧光越强,说明TFP伸展和收缩次数越多,从而利用荧光强度间接表征了TFP在不同光照下的动力学活性[29]。后续该团队利用荧光素异硫氰酸盐(fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC)偶联的亲和素标记菌毛,能够直接观测到菌毛(图2C),从而定量展示了菌毛在胞体的不对称分布[29]。菌毛的这种亲和素特异性标记是由亲和素的糖基化区域引起的[33]。使用这种方法让我们在活体细胞上看到了菌毛的分布,但其局限在于需要固定细胞因而无法获得蓝细菌细胞的真实动态。
为了观测到在相对理想状态下活细胞上菌毛的自由表现,近年来研究人员又做了大量探索。例如,通过将霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae)中甘露糖敏感的血凝素(mannose sensitive hemagglutinin, MSHA) Ⅳ型菌毛的主要菌毛蛋白的丝氨酸改为半胱氨酸,用特异性较好的马来酰亚胺染料进行染色,可以实现对活细胞在自由运动状态下菌毛的原位实时观测[34-35]。基于此方法,本课题组Zhang等也开发了一种简单的、可切换的方法,在保持原有细菌基因组不变的情况下,使用含有诱导启动子和半胱氨酸替代菌毛基因的质粒能够在需要时标记菌毛[36]。利用此方法,对蓝细菌聚球藻(Synechococcus elongatus) PCC 7942来源的pilA基因进行定点突变,用半胱氨酸替代丝氨酸并以重组质粒的形式导入宿主细胞中[36],实现了蓝细菌的实时菌毛可视化(图2D)[30]
蓝细菌菌毛可视化技术的进步,也促进了蓝细菌在微观层面研究的进一步深入,通过直观清晰地原位观测菌毛相关行为,很好地推动了对蓝细菌生理功能及其机理的理解。接下来,我们讨论菌毛可视化在3个典型的蓝细菌行为研究中的应用进展。
随着菌毛可视化技术的不断发展和应用,可以实现对蓝细菌更加微观和深入的研究。这些先进的可视化技术使研究人员能够更全面地了解蓝细菌的菌毛形貌以及与细胞蹭行运动、趋光性和自然转化等生理活动之间的关系。通过深入研究蓝细菌微观层面的特性,人们可以更好地挖掘其在生物工业生产、环境修复、食品科学等领域的潜在应用价值,为未来的微生物细胞工厂研究和应用提供更多可能性。
蓝细菌的运动性最早于19世纪被观测到,研究者在琼脂平板上发现了蓝细菌的运动行为,这些基于宏观层面的运动观察开启了人们关于蓝细菌运动学的研究之路[37]。到了1985年,借助电子显微镜技术,科学家们判断蓝细菌表面缺乏鞭毛结构,其游泳运动需要依靠丰富的表面多肽来进行[38-39]。大多数蓝细菌都携带编码与Ⅳ型菌毛同源蛋白质的基因,暗示这些基因可能参与细胞在表面的运动[40]。比如集胞藻PCC 6803已被证明可以使用Ⅳ型菌毛在介质表面上进行类似假单胞菌和黏球菌的蹭行运动[19]。另外,丝状菌株Nostoc punctiforme的分化运动丝(hormogonia)的连接孔复合物部分也被发现是由Ⅳ型菌毛结构组成[41]。这些研究结果表明Ⅳ型菌毛或者由这些基因编码的替代结构在蓝细菌蹭行运动中扮演着关键的功能性角色[40-41]
为了深入解析蓝细菌中TFP介导的蹭行运动机制,研究人员对与TFP组装和伸缩直接相关的基因突变株进行了功能分析。在集胞藻PCC 6803中,发现敲除pilT会导致细胞菌毛的过表达以及琼脂上运动的缺陷[42];而在丝状蓝藻Phormidium lacuna中,pilMpilNpilQpilT的缺失突变体在滑行运动、横向运动等方面存在缺陷[43]。除了与TFP组装和伸缩直接相关的基因外,敲除一些编码其他蛋白的基因也会影响到蓝细菌的运动[32]。比如集胞藻PCC 6803菌株中存在2种cAMP受体蛋白,即Sycrp1 (由sll1371编码)和Sycrp2 (由sll1924编码),敲除sycrp1基因会使集胞藻PCC 6803细胞无法运动[32]。电子显微镜的观测结果显示,sycrp1缺失突变细胞表面的厚菌毛数量减少,而薄菌毛数量与野生型细胞无异[32]。为了确定集胞藻PCC 6803的Sycrp2是否参与菌毛的生物合成和运动,研究人员使用透射电子显微镜在放大10 000倍的条件下检查了野生型菌株和突变菌株的菌毛表型,发现sycrp2: : C.K2突变体的细胞表面缺乏菌毛,但仍保留了一些“薄”菌毛;且突变体表现出不同的菌落形态,它们形成圆顶状菌落,表明细胞运动能力丧失[44]。这些结果说明Sycrp2参与了集胞藻PCC 6803中的菌毛生物合成和细胞运动,其分子机制可能是sycrp2影响了pilA9-pilA11操纵子(对细胞运动至关重要,受cAMP受体蛋白Sycrp1调控)的转录水平[44]
在探究TFP如何驱动细胞蹭行运动的机制方面,研究人员利用菌毛及菌毛相关蛋白的可视化技术,发现在细胞运动过程中,其运动方向与菌毛定位密切相关。以集胞藻PCC 6803为模型系统,Schuergers等采用绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)标记PilB1蛋白后发现,PilB1倾向于定位在与细胞质膜特定区域相邻的“新月形”中,运动方向与新月体的方向密切相关,PilB1新月可以看作是等同于杆状细胞中的前极[45]。随后,Nakane等利用光学显微镜以及荧光微球检测菌毛动力学,展示了定向光会触发Ⅳ型菌毛的不对称分布,进而牵引细胞定向运动[29]。本课题组Zhang等[30, 36]利用基于半胱氨酸替代的菌毛可视化方法,测量了聚球藻PCC 7942活细胞上TFP的数量、长度以及动态活性(1 min内菌毛伸缩次数),且通过追踪细胞运动发现,细胞在TFP的延伸-收缩作用下展示了丰富的蹭行行为,包括垂直爬行(即细胞沿垂直于其长轴的方向移动)、平行爬行(即细胞沿其长轴移动)以及行走(即细胞在移动时倾斜或完全垂直),其中,细胞爬行的轨迹相对平滑,而细胞行走的轨迹则更加曲折[30]。这些丰富的蹭行行为跟菌毛在细胞表面的分布和伸缩情况密切相关,推测当细胞表面有多根菌毛时,比如细胞体两侧都有菌毛,如果两侧的菌毛都处于收缩状态,则细胞的运动方向指向收缩力大的一侧;而当细胞体只有一侧有菌毛或者只有一侧的菌毛收缩时,细胞的运动方向指向有菌毛的一侧或者菌毛收缩的一侧(图3A)。然而,这种菌毛之间的博弈或合作是如何调控的还需要深入研究。
上述研究表明,在蓝细菌的蹭行运动研究中,菌毛可视化技术在揭示运动机制方面发挥重要作用。在后续的研究中,利用菌毛可视化,通过原位实时观察和分析蓝细菌在运动过程中菌毛的数量、长度以及动态活性等参数,并结合细胞内相关的信号传导系统,有望对菌毛在细胞蹭行运动中的调控机制有更深入的理解。
蓝细菌可以通过一种被称为趋光性的过程朝向或远离光源运动,从而优化光合作用。前期由于技术的限制,大部分对于蓝细菌趋光运动的研究都是在琼脂板上完成的,以扫描/透射电子显微镜等手段辅助研究[28-29]
先前的研究结果已经明确了蓝细菌中菌毛和细胞趋光性的相关性。Bhaya等发现集胞藻PCC 6803野生型会向光源方向移动,成手指状凸起,而缺失了sigF基因的突变株并未表现出任何定向移动的行为,且通过透射电子显微镜可以观察到在野生型细胞周围有大量的菌毛,这些菌毛呈束状或者聚集状,而sigF突变体周围无菌毛,说明sigF基因对于菌毛的形成至关重要,可以初步推测菌毛与趋光运动具有一定的相关性[28]。Bhaya等[24]的研究进一步证实,集胞藻PCC 6803的趋光运动依赖于Ⅳ型厚菌毛结构。从运动的角度很容易理解在蓝细菌中菌毛与细胞趋光性的密切联系,因为蓝细菌要实现趋光或者避光需要细胞的运动,而细胞运动通常需要TFP介导。因此,与趋光性相关的基因中有一类就是包括产生Ⅳ型菌毛所需的基因,这些基因主要参与菌毛亚基的加工、跨膜运输和组装,这些基因的突变可能导致菌毛结构的改变和趋光性的丧失[24-25]。还有一类包括调控趋光性的信号转换基因[48-49],例如,Chen等发现集胞藻PCC 6803 sll1384突变体与野生型对温度的适应性及转化效率无差异,但
sll1384突变体失去了趋光性,利用电镜检测细胞表面的菌毛,发现2种菌株具有相同的菌毛,从而推测Sll1384通过蛋白-蛋白相互作用调节集胞藻的趋光性,这是在蓝细菌中发现的第一个编码具有趋光性作用的Dnaj样蛋白基因[49]
这些研究虽然能确定菌毛和细胞趋光性的相关性,但是由于这些研究中大多需要固定细胞和干扰菌毛活性来表征菌毛,会影响菌毛活性以及部分结构的真实性,限制了对于菌毛相关基因在细胞趋光性中的作用和调控机制的进一步理解。得益于光学显微成像技术和生物分子技术的发展,Chau等使用延时显微镜结合定量单细胞跟踪技术研究了细胞对各种光条件响应的时间尺度,表征了光受体TaxD1 (PixJ1)对趋光性的贡献,除了先前确定的促进正向趋光性的作用外,TaxD1在增强运动方向性方面还具有补充作用,并将单细胞追踪与生物物理模拟相结合,从而将细胞尺度上的运动行为与群体动力学相联系[50]。相比之下,在趋光性和菌毛之间的交流调控方面也取得了很好的研究进展。PixE有着特殊的PATAN结构域,通过体内共定位、酵母双杂交和共免疫沉淀分析,PixD-PixE与运动ATPase PilB1的相互作用研究表明,PixD-PixE信号转导系统直接靶向TFP,从而控制依赖蓝光的负趋光性,同时在洗脱液中富集了PATAN结构域反应调节因子,这也为多种环境信号通过这些调节因子整合来控制菌毛功能提供了可能路径[51]。Han等[52]利用荧光显微镜和酵母双杂交分析表明,PATAN域是pata型调节器的主要输出域,而pata型调节器通过与菌毛运动元件结合来调节菌毛的延伸。此类研究虽保持了细胞的活性,但菌毛仍然不容易观测到,因而对于菌毛在细胞趋光中是如何发挥作用的,目前尚不清楚。
为了进一步理解在细胞趋光行为中菌毛的作用机制,Nakane等[46]利用菌毛可视化技术在光学显微镜下观察了杆状嗜热蓝细菌(Thermosynechococcus vulcanus)在生理温度和光照条件下的Ⅳ型菌毛依赖的细胞运动;TFP的直接可视化观察显示,杆状细胞可以垂直于光矢量移动,这表明极性不仅可以通过极对极调节来控制,还可以通过极内调节来控制,且当细胞垂直于其长轴方向运动时,其菌毛动力学是不对称的,这种不对称激活通过延伸-附着-收缩循环引导细胞在某个方向上运动(图3B)[46]。类似地,该作者也观察了集胞藻PCC 6803的趋光运动,采用荧光标记直接可视化了TFP在细胞趋光/负趋光过程中的动力学[29],将趋光运动分为3个阶段:第一阶段,横向蓝光照射时,细胞出现0.2 min的延迟;第二阶段,菌毛均匀地从细胞各个方向出现,细胞随机运动,1 min后,通过细胞胞体的“微透镜”作用,PixD (一种蓝光感应蛋白)会抑制弱光强区域的TFP延伸,导致TFP分布变为不对称,并积累在与光照相对的细胞一侧;第三阶段,细胞凭借未受到抑制的菌毛运动,从而远离光源,表现为负趋光运动[29]
鉴于菌毛可视化可以实现对细胞菌毛的原位实时观测,这为未来深入研究细胞趋光性行为中细胞是如何感知和响应光刺激的,以及菌毛在调控趋光反应中的作用方式方面提供了一个强有力的技术手段。
蓝细菌的自然转化于1970年在蓝绿藻Anacystic nidulans中被Shestakov等发现,随后研究又发现聚球藻PCC 7942可以在自然状态下转化外源基因,它不需要被诱导成感受态就可高效地吸收外源DNA[53-54]。在蓝细菌自然转化的研究中,大部分以球状的集胞藻属为对象,对于丝状蓝细菌研究较少。Weber等通过从海相岩池中分离出新的丝状蓝细菌,描述了如何从细丝中提取DNA以及如何对基因组进行排序,并建立了一种简化的方法来研究其自然转化[55]
蓝细菌的自然转化能力与其菌毛表型密切相关。通过对集胞藻PCC 6803的基因干扰分析,Yoshihara等研究了不同的菌毛相关基因与自然转化的相关性,结果显示自然转化的DNA摄取是由一种特定的Ⅳ型菌毛结构介导的,且需要一种假定的由基因slr0197 (被命名为comA)编码的DNA结合蛋白[25]。Nakasugi等通过将slr0388 (被命名为comF)突变株与野生型对比研究,认为PilA1亚基的增加可能有助于观察到菌毛捆绑形态,从而反过来通过阻碍菌毛收缩来延缓DNA的摄取[56]。在聚球藻PCC 7942中,Taton等通过全基因组筛选鉴定了自然转化所需要的基因,结果显示这些基因包括了编码保守的Ⅳ型菌毛的基因;同时,结果显示在黄昏时聚球藻PCC 7942的自然转化效率是最高的,表明该转化行为也与蓝细菌的节律相关[15]。Zhang等[30]利用菌毛可视化技术直接观察了蓝细菌在昼夜节律周期中菌毛的变化,结果显示,在昼夜(light-dark, LD)周期内,对于黑暗期结束后刚刚进入光照期的细胞(即黎明时分),它们的TFP通常少而短,经过光照期培养后,细胞的TFP变多、变长;而当细胞在光照结束后刚刚进入黑暗期(即黄昏)时,细胞的TFP表型刚好相反,即黄昏时的TFP数量多且长,经过黑暗期培养后,TFP数量减少,长度缩短;TFP的动态活性也不同,在黄昏时TFP的伸展和收缩速率为(2±1)次/min,而在黎明时,该速率降至(1±1)次/min。考虑到TFP在自然转化中的重要作用,上述观察到的TFP形貌和活性在黄昏和黎明时刻的差异,或许可以解释Taton等报道的聚球藻PCC 7942在黄昏时的自然转化效率更高的现象[15]。Zhang等[30]对LD循环中不同时间点细胞的自然转化效率的测量结果也证实了这种相关性,即蓝细菌自然转化效率的高低对应TFP的长度、数量和活性的大小。
另外,越来越多的研究表明与菌毛合成和功能相关的基因和信号分子并不是在所有的菌毛功能中都发挥作用,而是通常具有一定的特异性,即只与某一种或几种功能有关[47, 57]。例如,对蓝细菌中生物被膜抑制机制研究发现,糖基转移酶同源物O-连接N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶(o-linked n-acetylglucosamine transferase, OGT)对于菌毛亚基的糖基化和足够的菌毛形成是必需的,但对于DNA转化并不需要,从而认为未糖基化的菌毛可能有利于DNA转化[57]。还有学者结合透射电镜观测发现集胞藻PCC 6803会编码较少的类菌毛蛋白(被称为小菌毛蛋白) (图3C),不同的小菌毛蛋白会促进不同的菌毛功能,比如小菌毛蛋白PilA5对于自然转化是必需的,而对于运动和絮凝则可有可无,而由pilA9-slr2019转录单元编码的小菌毛蛋白则是运动必需的,对于自然转化无影响[47]。Samir等首先通过对比野生型集胞藻PCC 6803和ΔdacA突变株对DNA摄取的能力,以及在昼夜节律下的蛋白质组学分析,证明了第二信使环二腺苷酸(cyclic diadenosine monophosphate, c-di-AMP)对于蓝细菌自然转化的重要性,然后利用等温滴定量热法等多种生物物理方法验证了ComFB是一种新的c-di-AMP结合蛋白,最后对比了ΔcomFB突变株和野生型及ΔsbtB突变株的自然转化效率,进一步证实了自然转化依赖于c-di-AMP信号传导,并被ComFB作为c-di-AMP受体蛋白特异性控制,而其他c-di-AMP靶点不参与这一过程[58]
由于菌毛是蓝细菌自然转化过程中的关键参与者,因此能够实现原位、实时观测的菌毛可视化技术对于解析蓝细菌自然转化的分子机制具有不可替代的作用。后续期待利用菌毛可视化技术可以进一步解析菌毛捕获、转移外源DNA并将DNA从胞外转运至胞内的整个动力学过程,从而为全面理解蓝细菌中自然转化的分子机制奠定坚实的基础。
菌毛可视化技术的发展和应用丰富了我们对细胞运动机制的认识,不仅有助于深入理解细胞对光刺激的感知和响应机制,还为探究蓝细菌自然转化行为的分子机理提供了重要的研究手段和工具。然而,当前关于菌毛表征主要依赖于传统的电子显微镜或者免疫荧光技术,这些方法存在无法实时判断菌毛形态及功能的局限性,从而导致了相应功能研究的细节性缺失。具体而言,传统的电子显微镜需要经过复杂的制样过程,这可能引起菌毛在数量或形态上的失真;使用常规的荧光染料染色时,细胞胞体与染料结合具有更强的荧光强度从而干扰了菌毛的观察效果[29, 59];荧光微球的使用只有在微珠附着在TFP上之后才能检测到伸展和收缩,从而间接可视化菌毛的变化,但该过程需要固定细胞,无法获得细胞真实的运动情况[29];本课题组Zhang等基于菌毛特异性染色开发的方法则避免了上述问题,在保证不影响细胞正常生理活动和行为的情况下,能够较好地直接可视化观察TFP[30]。然而,限于光学显微镜的分辨率,在菌毛的清晰度方面,菌毛染色方法与电子显微镜相比仍有很大的差距。未来的研究可以致力于开发更高分辨率、更灵敏的菌毛可视化工具,结合生物成像技术的进步,实现对菌毛在不同蓝细菌中的精细观察和分析。这将有助于揭示菌毛在蓝细菌中的多样化功能和作用机制,有望为实现相关领域的研究突破提供先进的探测手段和技术支撑。
在应用研究方面,目前菌毛可视化技术在蓝细菌中主要用于蹭行运动及趋光方面的研究,特别是活体可视化技术能够直接原位、实时地观测在这些细胞活动中TFP的变化及分布,这为揭示TFP具体的作用机制提供了直接证据[30, 46]。然而,在蓝细菌的其他生命行为中,菌毛可视化技术的应用尚且较少。自然转化对于蓝细菌遗传多样性和适应性的提升具有重大意义,该过程需要TFP的参与,但是目前对于自然转化的研究还停留在主要依靠电子显微镜技术的阶段[15],尚未在蓝细菌中实现直接可视化TFP介导的自然转化过程的报道。后续若能进一步发展完善菌毛可视化技术,以实现原位、实时捕捉到蓝细菌捕获外源DNA的整个过程,将对于深入理解蓝细菌的自然转化机制具有重大的科学意义。相比之下,在水圈环境中,作为无鞭毛的蓝细菌如何对抗重力的沉降作用,将自己保持于合适的位置是一个仍然悬而未决的问题。有研究显示其可能通过TFP来增加阻力并保持在水柱中的合适位置,逃避食草动物的捕食[60]。然而TFP能否起到调整蓝细菌水中位置的作用以及其机制如何还需要直接的实验证据,而菌毛可视化技术为研究这一问题提供了一个很好的工具和手段,这也为进一步理解蓝细菌TFP的生态学功能和意义提供了一个很好的视角。另外,蓝细菌的生物被膜对于自然环境中养分循环和生物修复技术非常重要。有研究发现缺乏细胞表面结构(即Ⅳ型菌毛和s层)的蓝细菌突变体不能形成生物被膜[61],而在环境胁迫下蓝细菌可以从浮游状态转变为自聚集和生物被膜形态[62],可见生物被膜形成与Ⅳ型菌毛密切相关。目前在蓝细菌生物被膜的研究中也是采取的利用电子显微镜来间接探索TFP的作用,并未直接可视化研究TFP在生物被膜形成过程中的变化及作用。菌毛可视化技术有望成为研究蓝细菌构建三维结构过程的重要手段,这对于蓝细菌生物被膜形成的研究将有着重要意义。
综上所述,菌毛作为多功能器官,在细菌表面附着、运动、信号传导等过程中起着重要作用[63-64]。相比之下,菌毛可视化技术实现了在活体细胞上对于TFP的原位、实时观察。在目前发展的菌毛可视化方法中,使用荧光染料对TFP进行染色更具优势。然而也存在一些问题,比如时间和空间分辨率还有待于进一步提高等,相信随着科技的进步与发展,这些问题终将被解决。在蓝细菌研究领域,通过对菌毛的可视化观察,可以更深入地了解蓝细菌的生长、代谢和相互作用机制,从而推动蓝细菌生理生态领域的研究。另外,通过监测环境中蓝细菌菌毛的特征和数量,也有助于及时发现潜在的环境问题,并采取相应的措施进行处理和管理,以保障环境的可持续发展。
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2023M740523)
  • 四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院院科研基金(2022B1013)
  • 国家自然科学基金(91751102)
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2024年第64卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240482
  • 接收时间:2024-08-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-11-07
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-03
  • 录用日期:2024-11-06
基金
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M740523)
中国博士后科学基金(2023M740523)
Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital(2022B1013)
四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院院科研基金(2022B1013)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(91751102)
国家自然科学基金(91751102)
作者信息
    1 电子科技大学 四川省人民医院, 医学遗传中心, 四川 成都 610054
    2 电子科技大学 基础与前沿研究院, 四川 成都 610054
    3 电子科技大学 四川省人民医院, 四川省人类疾病基因研究重点实验室, 四川 成都 610054
    4 教育部合成生物学前沿科学中心, 天津 300072
    5 教育部系统生物工程重点实验室, 天津 300072
    6 天津大学 化工学院, 合成微生物学实验室, 天津 300072
    7 天津大学, 生物安全战略研究中心, 天津 300072

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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