Article(id=1242149204072674214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242149197907042945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240398, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719676800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1726070400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-12, onlineDate=1774081048267, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1726156800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081048267, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081048267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081048267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242149197907042945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='12', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4951', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774081046797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081046797, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4701, endPage=4726, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242149206182409184, articleId=1242149204072674214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in mechanism and influencing factors of root nodule senescence in leguminous plants, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules is of great significance for sustainable agricultural development and natural eco-environment protection. The growth period of root nodules can be divided into young, active, and senescence stages. Root nodule senescence is a complex physiological process involving the interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors. The functions and lifespan of root nodules can be altered by regulating nitrogenase activity and leghemoglobin gene expression levels. Biotic and abiotic stresses can accelerate the senescence of root nodules and reduce the biomass and productivity of leguminous plants. This article expounds the mechanism of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes of root nodules during senescence and summarizes the biotic and abiotic factors that affect root nodule senescence. Furthermore, the measures for delaying the senescence of root nodules are discussed. These measures will prolong the symbiotic nitrogen fixation, improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency, and increase the overall nitrogen supply for seed filling of leguminous plants, thereby enhancing food security and reducing the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment.

, correspAuthors=Zhenshan DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*DENG Zhenshan, E-mail:
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豆科植物根瘤中的生物固氮作用对农业可持续发展和自然生态环境保护具有重要意义。依据根瘤的不同发育时期可将根瘤分为初生期、活跃期和衰老期3个时期,其中的衰老期是一个复杂的生理过程,涉及多种基因和环境因素的相互作用,可以通过调节固氮酶活性、豆血红蛋白基因表达水平等来调节根瘤的功能和寿命。同时,各种生物与非生物胁迫也会加速根瘤的衰老,降低豆科植物的生物积累量与生产力。本文系统阐述了根瘤衰老的形态、生理生化与分子变化机制,梳理了影响根瘤衰老的生物与非生物因素,探讨了能有效延迟共生根瘤的衰老,从而延长共生结瘤固氮功能,提高土壤氮利用效率,增加豆科植物种子灌浆期间种子发育的总体氮供应的策略,可在增强粮食安全的同时又减少化学肥料对环境的不利影响。

, correspAuthors=邓振山, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hud/S+mUYtitgjfClx7jug==, magXml=+mjaaTZxl2V8LBvxGDnwQA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=BLY8uiaxqjuVPGnnMl806g==, pdfFileSize=1729904, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=sgJ+4iJ7kWdDsjPkgH4x6A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+y0xLfMze+LvqKV3vrckfg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=任明霞, 艾加敏, 张瑞丽, 李洋, 邓振山)}, authors=[Author(id=1243293087796146277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=生物与非生物胁迫), Keyword(id=1243293091055120719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=延缓衰老)], refs=[Reference(id=1243293094196654591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=59, issue=8, pageStart=1407, pageEnd=1435, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=植物生理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨军, 刘承武, 李霞, 田长富, 谢芳, 曹扬荣, 王二涛.豆科植物-微生物共生固氮研究进展[J]. 植物生理学报,2023,59(8):1407-1435., articleTitle=豆科植物-微生物共生固氮研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243293094314095109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=59, issue=8, pageStart=1407, pageEnd=1435, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, 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X.Seed industry technology and equipment under the goal of agricultural power: situation, challenge and path[J].Science & Technology Review,2023,41(16):23-31 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Seed industry technology and equipment under the goal of agricultural power: situation, challenge and path, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243293111733040061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=e8, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[136], rfOrder=184, authorNames=null, journalName=iMeta, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG ZH, SONG Y.Toward understanding the genetic bases underlying plant-mediated "cry for help" to the microbiota[J].iMeta,2022,1(1):e8., articleTitle=Toward understanding the genetic bases underlying plant-mediated "cry for help" to the microbiota, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243293111800148926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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community assembly to plant health[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2020,18(11):607-621., articleTitle=Plant-microbiome interactions: from community assembly to plant health, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243293111942755264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=4/5, pageStart=82, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[139], rfOrder=187, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Medical Cases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAZAN S, HAROON J, JORDAN S, WALKER SJ.Improvements in gut microbiome composition and clinical symptoms following familial fecal microbiota transplantation in a nineteen-year-old adolescent with severe autism[J].Journal of Medical Cases,2024,15(4/5):82-91., articleTitle=Improvements in gut microbiome composition and clinical symptoms following familial fecal microbiota transplantation in a nineteen-year-old adolescent with severe autism, 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Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243293087611596884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, companyId=1243293087594819664, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 延安大学 生命科学学院, 陕西 延安 716000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1243293087699677277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243293087703871582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, companyId=1243293087699677277, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243293087712260192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, companyId=1243293087699677277, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243293091327750492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Rhizobia establish symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants through infection lines to form nodules[10]., figureFileSmall=I6IooGJSPykEBnLMcnXiXw==, figureFileBig=XSEbMZuOZwUvDO6YeSLBdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293091415830885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, label=图1, caption=根瘤菌以侵染线方式与豆科植物建立共生关系形成根瘤[10], figureFileSmall=I6IooGJSPykEBnLMcnXiXw==, figureFileBig=XSEbMZuOZwUvDO6YeSLBdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293091541660014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The growth cycle of soybean plants and nodules[8]. A: Plant and nodule development at different time points after inoculation with rhizobia. The upper panel illustrates plant growth at the different stages, and the lower panel shows longitudinal sections of the largest root nodule at the base of the main root at different stages. B: Nitrogenase activity and nodule number at different developmental stages. C: Relative expression of leghemoglobin genes LbA, LbC1, LbC2, and LbC3 in nodules at different developmental stages. 2−5 weeks is the soybean seedling stage, 6−8 weeks is the flower bud differentiation period, and 10−12 weeks is the flowering-poding phase., figureFileSmall=k3RGP4PfnQ4T0oV3AIRaEQ==, figureFileBig=hPDaWmx/YEsagqGayCTdWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293091654906230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大豆植株与根瘤生长周期[8], figureFileSmall=k3RGP4PfnQ4T0oV3AIRaEQ==, figureFileBig=hPDaWmx/YEsagqGayCTdWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293091763958143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of main bacterial composition in nodules, rhizosphere soil, and bulk soil at different development stages of Sophora davidii (Franch.) Skeels nodules[16]. A: The distribution of communities at genus level. B: Proportion of relative abundances of Mesorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium in nine samples. C: Differentially abundant diazotroph taxa in nodules, rhizosphere soil, and bulk soil. Detected using linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis. AN, YN, and SN represent the primary, active, and decay stage, respectively; YR, AR, and SR represent the primary, active, and decay stage of rhizosphere soil, respectively; YCK, ACK, and SCK represent the primary, active, and decay stage of contrast soil., figureFileSmall=zmq1qr7+FE+eyTt8SsZ/wQ==, figureFileBig=aXKj51GAQ9K1jbhCQ8rMmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293091969479050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, label=图3, caption=白刺花根瘤不同发育时期根内、根际土、对照土主要细菌组成的比较[16], figureFileSmall=zmq1qr7+FE+eyTt8SsZ/wQ==, figureFileBig=aXKj51GAQ9K1jbhCQ8rMmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293092099502484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Indeterminate nodule (A) and determinate nodule (B)., figureFileSmall=WT4qumZdV6XxycSjDeYeuA==, figureFileBig=bSENcDiocvibet0utAGWGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293092212748701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不定型根瘤(A)与定型根瘤(B), figureFileSmall=WT4qumZdV6XxycSjDeYeuA==, figureFileBig=bSENcDiocvibet0utAGWGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293092309217699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Different ways to characterize root nodule senescence[5, 8, 32-33]. A: In situ observation and slice observation of nitrogen fixing nodules (upper) and senescent nodules (lower). B: Apoptosis analysis in fixing nodules (left) and senescent nodules (right) using a TUNEL assay. The upper panel (4ʹ, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI) illustrates DAPI-stained nuclei and rhizobia. The middle panel (TUNEL) represents double-strand DNA breaks labeled using the TUNEL assay. The lower panel (Merged) represents merged images of the DAPI and TUNEL signals. Nuclei and vacuoles are indicated by white arrows and arrowheads, respectively. C: Transmission electron micrographs of nitrogen fixing nodules (left) and senescent nodules (right). V is lytic vacuolar compartments. PHB is indicated by red arrow. D: Laser capture (upper) microdissection (lower) of the infected cells of 4 weeks after inoculation (WAI) nodules of pea plants cv. Sparkle. E: Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) map of single cell nucleus expression distribution. The different colors represent different cell types with different transcription levels, indicating that the gene expression between different cells in the same nodule is heterogeneous, and different cell types may have different effects on the aging and function of the nodule., figureFileSmall=3HKkqOcXWp8s/n3t7g8D3g==, figureFileBig=KeDKMXnwF2k5IjblOU3JKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293092527321513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同方式表征根瘤衰老[5, 8, 32-33], figureFileSmall=3HKkqOcXWp8s/n3t7g8D3g==, figureFileBig=KeDKMXnwF2k5IjblOU3JKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293092678316462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=DELLA protein is a node of integration in the process of phytohormone regulation of rhizome symbiosis[91]., figureFileSmall=JWq1cUHfY/5cwib+6Lwk3Q==, figureFileBig=pQGnyihdouyERIXZWybFzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293092808339895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, label=图6, caption=DELLA蛋白在植物激素调节根瘤共生过程中作为整合节点[91], figureFileSmall=JWq1cUHfY/5cwib+6Lwk3Q==, figureFileBig=pQGnyihdouyERIXZWybFzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293092925780411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Multiple measures were taken to delay the senescence of soybean nodule and increase the yield of soybean[8, 11, 133]. A: Knock out GmNAC018 and GmNAC039 increases nitrogenase activity and soybean hemoglobin gene expression in root nodules. B: MoS2 NPs can release Mo in a responsive fashion to support BNF and capture the ROS to promote soybean C and N assimilation. C: Effects of cropping patterns and N rates on the nodule N fixation and antioxidant., figureFileSmall=4VdDwhq3lv7AFBHcI0+IDQ==, figureFileBig=+MtI414qiQalvIwC7iUB6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293093034832318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, label=图7, caption=多种措施延缓大豆根瘤衰老和提高大豆产量[8, 11, 133], figureFileSmall=4VdDwhq3lv7AFBHcI0+IDQ==, figureFileBig=+MtI414qiQalvIwC7iUB6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293093177438662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The plant microbiome[138]. A: Plant colonization and microbiome assembly. B: Beneficial effects of the plant-associated microbiome., figureFileSmall=4PnlBQ3e7fnYX7IoF+fBhA==, figureFileBig=APs2fHVxQ7F9f/RgnJq2ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293093273907662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, label=图8, caption=植物微生物组[138], figureFileSmall=4PnlBQ3e7fnYX7IoF+fBhA==, figureFileBig=APs2fHVxQ7F9f/RgnJq2ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293093357793749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physiological and biochemical changes in root nodule senescence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Leguminous plantClassificationComponents and related coding genesReferences
Glycine max
Pisum sativum
Energy substancesStarch, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, PHB[5, 11, 29]
Glycine maxNitrogen fixing productsAcyl urea, Amide[11, 53-54]
Pisum sativum
Glycine max
Enzymatic oxidation-reduction componentsSOD, CAT, GPx, Grxs, Trx[11, 29]
Glycine maxNon-enzymatic oxidation-reduction componentsGSH, AsA, MDA, RNS, ROS[11, 44]
Glycine max
Robinia pseudoacacia
Medicago truncatula
Medicago sativa
Nitrogen fixation functionNitrogenase, Lb[5, 8, 11-12, 24]
Glycine max
Medicago truncatula
Astragalus sinicus
Cellular phagocytosis and decompositionCysteine protease, PAP, chitinase, peptidase[11, 50-52, 57]
), ArticleFig(id=1243293093479428569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149204072674214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

根瘤衰老生理生化及分子变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Leguminous plantClassificationComponents and related coding genesReferences
Glycine max
Pisum sativum
Energy substancesStarch, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, PHB[5, 11, 29]
Glycine maxNitrogen fixing productsAcyl urea, Amide[11, 53-54]
Pisum sativum
Glycine max
Enzymatic oxidation-reduction componentsSOD, CAT, GPx, Grxs, Trx[11, 29]
Glycine maxNon-enzymatic oxidation-reduction componentsGSH, AsA, MDA, RNS, ROS[11, 44]
Glycine max
Robinia pseudoacacia
Medicago truncatula
Medicago sativa
Nitrogen fixation functionNitrogenase, Lb[5, 8, 11-12, 24]
Glycine max
Medicago truncatula
Astragalus sinicus
Cellular phagocytosis and decompositionCysteine protease, PAP, chitinase, peptidase[11, 50-52, 57]
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豆科植物根瘤衰老机制与影响因素研究进展
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任明霞 1 , 艾加敏 2 , 张瑞丽 1 , 李洋 1 , 邓振山 1, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(12): 4701-4726
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(12): 4701-4726
豆科植物根瘤衰老机制与影响因素研究进展
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任明霞1, 艾加敏2, 张瑞丽1, 李洋1, 邓振山1, *
作者信息
  • 1 延安大学 生命科学学院, 陕西 延安 716000
  • 2 西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
Research progress in mechanism and influencing factors of root nodule senescence in leguminous plants
Mingxia REN1, Jiamin AI2, Ruili ZHANG1, Yang LI1, Zhenshan DENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 School of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2024-09-13 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240398
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豆科植物根瘤中的生物固氮作用对农业可持续发展和自然生态环境保护具有重要意义。依据根瘤的不同发育时期可将根瘤分为初生期、活跃期和衰老期3个时期,其中的衰老期是一个复杂的生理过程,涉及多种基因和环境因素的相互作用,可以通过调节固氮酶活性、豆血红蛋白基因表达水平等来调节根瘤的功能和寿命。同时,各种生物与非生物胁迫也会加速根瘤的衰老,降低豆科植物的生物积累量与生产力。本文系统阐述了根瘤衰老的形态、生理生化与分子变化机制,梳理了影响根瘤衰老的生物与非生物因素,探讨了能有效延迟共生根瘤的衰老,从而延长共生结瘤固氮功能,提高土壤氮利用效率,增加豆科植物种子灌浆期间种子发育的总体氮供应的策略,可在增强粮食安全的同时又减少化学肥料对环境的不利影响。

共生固氮  /  根瘤  /  衰老机制  /  生物与非生物胁迫  /  延缓衰老

The nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules is of great significance for sustainable agricultural development and natural eco-environment protection. The growth period of root nodules can be divided into young, active, and senescence stages. Root nodule senescence is a complex physiological process involving the interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors. The functions and lifespan of root nodules can be altered by regulating nitrogenase activity and leghemoglobin gene expression levels. Biotic and abiotic stresses can accelerate the senescence of root nodules and reduce the biomass and productivity of leguminous plants. This article expounds the mechanism of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes of root nodules during senescence and summarizes the biotic and abiotic factors that affect root nodule senescence. Furthermore, the measures for delaying the senescence of root nodules are discussed. These measures will prolong the symbiotic nitrogen fixation, improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency, and increase the overall nitrogen supply for seed filling of leguminous plants, thereby enhancing food security and reducing the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment.

symbiotic nitrogen fixation  /  root nodule  /  senescence mechanism  /  biotic and abiotic stresses  /  delaying senescence
任明霞, 艾加敏, 张瑞丽, 李洋, 邓振山. 豆科植物根瘤衰老机制与影响因素研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4701 -4726 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240398
Mingxia REN, Jiamin AI, Ruili ZHANG, Yang LI, Zhenshan DENG. Research progress in mechanism and influencing factors of root nodule senescence in leguminous plants[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4701 -4726 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240398
豆科植物种类繁多,分布广泛,在维持生物多样性、供给食物、促进全球氮素循环等方面发挥着重要作用[1-3]。豆科植物因其能够与土壤中的根瘤菌共生并形成根瘤或茎瘤,且其中的根瘤菌利用植物通过光合作用产生的碳源将空气中的游离氮转化为植物可直接吸收利用的含氮化合物氨,为宿主植物提供氮源的同时也提高了土壤的肥力;这种生物固氮作用对植物的生长、作物的产量增加、土壤的健康以及农业的绿色发展都具有重要意义[4-6],已成为内生菌与宿主植物良性共生研究的热点领域。根瘤有效固氮周期的长短直接影响着植物生物量和生产力[7-9],因此,了解根瘤衰老的机制和影响因素,通过多种措施延缓根瘤的衰老是提高豆科作物产量和质量的创新策略之一,对于保障农业的可持续发展和环境的保护至关重要。
本文系统阐述了根瘤衰老的形态、生理生化与分子变化机制,并总结了影响根瘤衰老的生物和非生物因素,以及有效延迟根瘤衰老的措施。这些研究有助于延缓根瘤的衰老过程,提升生物固氮效率和土壤氮利用效率,同时为豆科植物在种子灌浆期间提供总体氮供应,从而增强粮食安全,减轻化学肥料对环境的不利影响。
根瘤是植物与根瘤菌有序相互作用的结果。以侵染线方式入侵的根瘤菌为例,其根瘤形成过程主要包括以下几个步骤:(1) 豆科植物根部分泌氨基酸和类黄酮等信号物质,引诱根瘤菌集聚于根毛处;(2) 根瘤菌识别信号物质,调控结瘤基因表达,合成结瘤因子(nod factors, NF)和脂壳寡糖(lipo-chito-oligosaccharides);(3) 植物识别结瘤因子,导致根毛细胞膜去极化和离子通量变化,引发根毛的异常卷曲并形成侵染线,侵染线不断延伸,将根瘤菌包裹于根部皮层细胞中,形成根瘤原基;(4) 根瘤菌持续增殖,侵染线继续延长,皮层细胞不断分化,最终形成完整的根瘤[10-12] (图1)。
以大豆为代表,豆科植物生长经历6个时期:发芽期、幼苗期、花芽分化期、开花结荚期、鼓粒期和成熟期[13]。随着宿主植物的生长发育,根瘤也经历着不同步的变化;根据根瘤在形态和生理生化上的差异,可将根瘤的生长周期划分为3个阶段:初生期、活跃期和衰老期[8-9] (图2)。通常在植物幼苗期,根瘤菌开始侵染根系形成初生期根瘤;在开花结荚期,形成活跃期根瘤,具有成熟且高固氮活性;而在鼓粒期(有些种类甚至更早的阶段),观察到明显的根瘤衰老,即衰老期根瘤[9, 14]。根瘤发育阶段的转变反映了宿主植物养分分配和生长繁殖策略的变化;例如,在植物鼓粒期由繁殖策略主导,根瘤内的养分被重新吸收以支持种子充盈,植物以相同的碳成本换取不到较高的氮养分,为了保证产量和种子品质,根瘤开始衰老[8, 15]
随着根瘤的发育,根瘤内的微生物也发生着动态变化[16]。首先,植物根际微生物群落的演替是一个动态过程[17-18]。随着植物生长不同时期会向土壤分泌不同种类和含量的代谢物,引起根际土壤化学和生物特性的变化,根际微生物群落也会根据植物的宿主效应逐渐形成特异性群落[19]。因此,植物的生长状态会影响根际微生物群落演替的方向[20]。其次,环境过滤作用驱动着植物根际和根瘤内细菌群落的组装,在根瘤中,只有特定类型的微生物才能通过根系的选择和过滤作用在根际定殖并繁衍生息;当根际微生物群落发生变化时,进入根瘤内并定殖的微生物也会发生变化[21]。根瘤的发育过程同时也伴随着微生物的侵入与定殖,根瘤活跃期伴随着功能固氮微生物的大量增殖,而根瘤衰老期则伴随着内容物的泄漏与类菌体释放,表明随着根瘤发育阶段的推进,根瘤和根际土壤中的微生物群落也在发生演替[10, 16]。根据植物不同的生长阶段和环境需求,微生物群落的变化将贯穿整个植物生命周期,因此根瘤与根际土壤中的微生物群落处于持续动态变化之中[16, 22] (图3)。总的来看,根瘤的发育是一个复杂的生理过程,涉及多种基因、环境因素以及宿主植物与微生物之间的相互作用。因此,阐明豆科植物根瘤的衰老机制,探究延缓根瘤衰老的策略,将为提高豆科植物生物量和产量,尤其是突破同时增加大豆生长量和大豆蛋白质含量的科学难题提供科学依据。
根据形态和结构特征,豆科植物根瘤分为定型根瘤和不定型根瘤两类,其主要由宿主植物种类所决定;在成熟的根瘤中,这2种类型具有不同的组织分区;不定型根瘤即苜蓿、含羞草和刺槐等的根瘤,在成熟后可分为6个发育区域:根尖分生区、侵染区、过渡区、成熟固氮区、衰老区和分化根瘤菌暂存区,根瘤的衰老从固氮区靠近根部的位置开始,逐渐向根部和根尖蔓延;相比之下,定型根瘤如百脉根、大豆和降香黄檀等,则无永久的分生组织,其成熟根瘤是由未侵染区域、侵染细胞、成熟固氮细胞以及衰老细胞构成均匀组织,其发育与衰老都呈现出由中心向边缘辐射的特征[11-12] (图4)。
定型根瘤与不定型根瘤的类菌体结构和分化方式存在差异[11]。不定型根瘤的功能单元是单个类菌体包裹在包膜内,只有在衰老的根瘤中才有类菌体中细菌碳源类贮藏物聚-β-羟丁酸(poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, PHB)的积累,而定型根瘤的功能单元通常由多个包裹在同一被膜内的类菌体组成,且整个发育过程中均可观察到多个类菌体中PHB的积累[23]。由于基因组扩增和细胞膜内的渗透压变化等因素导致类菌体的生长差异,不定型根瘤形成终端分化类菌体,而定型根瘤形成非终端分化类菌体;这一过程主要受到根瘤特异性共生多肽(nodule cysteine rich peptide, NCR)的调控[11, 24]。NCR是一类富含半胱氨酸的植物多肽,是介导不定型根瘤类菌体分化的关键驱动力,几乎所有的NCR均来源于反向重复区缺失类群(inverted repeat-lacking clade, IRLC)豆科植物。NCR多肽定位于类菌体上,在结构上与植物防御素和蝎神经毒素等抗菌肽相似,一些阳离子NCR在体外显示出较强的抗菌活性,能够引发膜损伤和细胞死亡[25-26]。此外,NCR基因失调也与根瘤异常发育相关[27],例如,AsNCR083在根瘤菌中的组成型表达导致共生的紫云英植株根瘤发育异常,类菌体分化受阻,共生体早衰。
根瘤衰老是指豆科植物与根瘤菌共生固氮系统中根瘤的退行性变化,该过程涉及到一系列基因表达、信号传导通路和生理生化变化。与叶片等器官的衰老类似,根瘤衰老的直接原因在于氧化还原平衡的紊乱,引发氧化应激反应,主要表现为细胞膜过氧化和活性氧(ractive oxygen species, ROS)的积累[28],这种氧化状态破坏了固氮酶体系的正常工作条件,导致固氮酶活性下降甚至失活。根瘤菌和豆科植物的氧化还原及其调节系统与固氮根瘤衰老密切相关;在根瘤菌与豆科植物中,还原组分包括超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、谷胱甘肽合成酶(glutathione synthetase, GSS)、硫基氧还原蛋白(thioredoxin, Trx)、谷氧还蛋白(glutaredoxin, GRX)、抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid, AsA)等和与氧化组分NADPH氧化酶(respiratory burst oxidase homologue, RBOH)、一氧化氮合成酶(nitric oxide synthase, NOS)、活性氮(reactive nitrogen species, RNS)和ROS等,这些成分之间维持着微妙的平衡[11, 29-35]。各种环境胁迫会加剧氧化组分的积累,加速氧化还原平衡状态的破坏,从而加速根瘤衰老的发生;面对各种胁迫,植物或者根瘤菌也会激活一系列基因以对抗被动的衰老过程,但这场“博弈”最终会以加速氧化的一方获胜而导致衰老结束[4-5, 11, 32, 35]
根瘤衰老分为程序性衰老和环境诱导的衰老两大类;程序性衰老是一种自然发育进程,由于根瘤的寿命较豆科植物短,通常在种子成熟前便发生根瘤衰老,与种子发育后期需要大量蛋白质积累的需求相矛盾[8]。因此,在农业生产中,通常在豆荚灌浆期间施用氮肥,以提高大豆产量和种子蛋白质含量[36]。环境诱导的衰老则是指由于环境压力或相关因素(如弱光[37-38]、盐碱[39]、高温[40]、干旱[41]、高氮[42]和病原体攻击[43])导致根瘤衰老过早激活,进而降低共生固氮效率。这可能是因为根瘤中的固氮酶体系的最适工作条件(适宜温度、微氧、低氮和充分的能量供应)被破坏,固氮酶活力的抑制或丧失会快速激活根瘤衰老程序[35, 44]。尽管“植物免疫与生长理论”和“碳氮平衡学说”等理论可以部分解释这一现象,但其中深层机制尚不明确,特别是关于融合植物和环境胁迫这2个因素对机制的影响还鲜有报道。
无论哪种类型根瘤,其衰老时具有相似的颜色变化,根瘤由粉红色变为绿色、棕色和黑色,这是根瘤衰老的典型指标之一;根瘤衰老还伴随着细胞液泡破裂,酸度改变,共生体膜的完整性丧失,固氮细菌被水解消失,内含物(核酸和蛋白质)被降解和吸收[45]。光镜下观察成熟根瘤纵向切片,发现衰老根瘤切片呈白色、棕色或绿色(图2A);用甲苯胺蓝对根瘤切片进行染色,明显观察到衰老根瘤中类菌体的数量减少而增加了溶解空泡的大小[8, 29]。在电镜下可以明显观察到类菌体形态发生不规则变化,内部组织溶解形成空腔,PHB在类菌体中过度积累[5, 29]。在荧光显微镜下,通过SYT09绿色荧光核酸染料(green fluorescent nucleic acid stain)染色[5]和绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)染色标记活细胞,或通过DNA断裂的原位末端标记法(terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, TUNEL][8]和碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)染色法标记死细胞,以荧光强度反映衰老根瘤中根瘤菌的死亡。虽然以上方法揭示了根瘤衰老的形态变化信息,但它在探索根瘤衰老过程中时空变化方面存在不足。近年来,应用激光捕获显微切割技术和单细胞核转录组测序技术是破解植物单细胞表达异质性的有效手段,通过从组织中分离特定细胞与构建单细胞核和空间转录组图谱可以直接揭示根瘤不同发育时期特异基因表达与细胞形态,例如Liu等[46]通过单细胞核转录组测序建立了大豆根瘤细胞图谱,发现同一根瘤不同细胞的基因表达具有异质性,未感染的细胞在根瘤发育过程中分化为功能不同的亚型;Serova等[47]通过激光显微切割直接获得了4个根瘤侵染细胞[46-47] (图5)。这些方法在探索根瘤衰老过程中形态变化显示出了有效性。
根瘤内一系列氧化还原组分的含量与活性直接影响根瘤的老化进程。不论是哪种类型的根瘤衰老,其生物化学机制都呈现相似的特征,主要表现为抗氧化组分含量或活性降低,氧化与分解组分含量或活性增加[11, 29-35, 48]
在衰老根瘤中,非酶促抗氧化组分含量降低。例如,可溶性蛋白是植物体内重要的渗透调节物质,具有维持细胞渗透势、增强细胞的保水能力、保护细胞的生命物质和生物膜的作用,有助于植物体抵御氧化胁迫和减轻逆境伤害等[48];谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)是一种含有硫基的小分子肽类物质,具有重要的抗氧化作用和解毒作用[34-35];AsA作为一种有效的抗氧化剂,能够直接清除活性氧自由基,还可作为酶的辅助因子,参与如脱落酸、乙烯等多种植物激素合成的酶促反应,并且AsA代谢相关酶参与生物胁迫与非生物胁迫应答[30-32];豆血红蛋白(leghemoglobin, Lb)不仅向根瘤中的根瘤菌输送氧气,满足固氮过程中能量的供应[49],还通过其氧合能力维持根瘤内部的低氧环境,确保高固氮酶活性,避免过度积累的RNS和ROS[33]。在衰老的根瘤中,酶促抗氧化类物质的活性降低,如SOD、CAT、GRX、Trx等[29, 34]。同时,表征细胞氧化损伤与水解的组分含量增加,例如丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶、紫色磷酸酶(purple acid phosphatase, PAP)、CLE (CLAVATA3/embryo surrounding region-related)肽等[48, 50-52]
此外,地下部和地上部中能源物质和固氮产物的过度积累也标志着根瘤的老化,例如可溶性糖、PHB,以及定型根瘤与不定型根瘤分别将类菌体产生的NH4+转化为酰脲与酰胺类物质[53-54]。这可能是由于衰老根瘤中碳氮代谢失衡,导致碳源物质无法及时消耗,从而在根瘤中积累;相比之下,主要固氮产物通过根瘤的维管系统运输到茎、叶中被吸收利用,豆科植物的地上部在固氮后期表现出酰脲和酰胺类总含量及总积累量最高[55-56]
豆科根瘤衰老受到一系列基因调控,已有一系列转录因子和基因表达量的变化被用作根瘤老化的分子指标(表1)。
在大豆中,GmNAC039和GmNAC018是介导大豆根瘤衰老的关键转录因子,它们直接结合并激活4种半胱氨酸蛋白酶GmCYP基因的表达,这些基因的过表达均会导致根瘤早衰[8]。半胱氨酸蛋白酶在豆科植物根瘤衰老中普遍发挥着关键作用,例如,在紫云英中,沉默编码根瘤特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶Asnodf32基因的表达可以延缓根瘤的衰老,延长根瘤的寿命[57]
bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix)类转录因子作为植物中第二大类转录因子,在调控植物对光的响应、抗非生物胁迫和次生代谢合成中发挥了关键作用。近年来,研究表明bHLH转录因子也参与了豆科植物结瘤与固氮过程的调控。苜蓿和大豆中均存在bHLH类转录因子调控根瘤菌与宿主植物间的养分交换的情况,影响根瘤菌的共生,进而影响根瘤发育与活性[58-59]。Breakspear等[60]发现,在苜蓿中处理根瘤菌及结瘤因子3 d后,一些bHLH类转录因子基因表达发生明显变化,证实了bHLH响应根瘤菌和结瘤因子并参与根瘤菌侵染和根瘤形成过程。此外,一些bHLH转录因子在豆科植物铁稳态调控网络上游发挥重要作用,如在缺铁条件下大豆中GmbHLH47[61]、GmbHLH57和GmbHLH300[62]会在根或根瘤中表达。与NAC转录因子类似,在紫花苜蓿中,MtbHLH2可通过抑制木瓜蛋白酶样半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因MtCP77的表达,减缓植物细胞程序性死亡和ROS的积累来负向调控根瘤的衰老[63]
C2H2转录因子是一种锌指蛋白类转录因子,含有乙烯响应元件结合因子EAR基序的C2H2型锌指蛋白在耐盐、抗寒和抗旱等非生物胁迫相关基因的表达中都发挥了重要作用[64]。在豆科植物中,C2H2转录因子对宿主与根瘤菌共生关系的建立、根瘤正常发育和共生固氮具有重要功能。在紫花苜蓿中,根瘤特异性C2H2转录因子MtRSD可通过结合到囊泡相关膜蛋白VAMP721a的启动子区域调控其表达,进而抑制VAMP721a的转录和结瘤细胞中囊泡的运输,最终抑制共生体的发育与类菌体分化,RSD突变体的根瘤表现出早期的根瘤衰老与结瘤数明显增加[65-66]
结瘤起始因子NIN (nodule inception)是豆科植物中非常重要的结瘤起始转录因子,NLP (NIN-like protein)是NIN的同源蛋白,这2类蛋白不仅影响结瘤调控共生基因的表达,控制结瘤信号通路中根瘤产生及根瘤数量[67-68],还能够诱导Lbs基因表达,控制根瘤内豆血红蛋白的含量[69-70]。NLP主要调控氮营养条件下根瘤的生长发育过程,例如,在大豆中,不同硝酸盐浓度处理会导致GmNLP过表达毛状根和野生型毛状根产生根瘤数量、根瘤干重和结瘤表型差异[71]
此外,参与细胞降解的基因、防御反应基因和胁迫制裁等相关的基因也与根瘤衰老有关。例如,在截形苜蓿中编码肽酶(peptidase)、几丁质酶(chitinase)、PAP、E3泛素连接酶和结瘤受体激酶的基因[50-52]与紫云英中编码宿主特异性共生多肽NCR的基因等[27]
全球气候变暖导致极端逆境如高温、强光、渍水、干旱和病虫害频繁发生,这些极端逆境对全球作物产量造成了负面影响,是作物生产中的主要环境胁迫因素[72-74]。各种胁迫包括干旱、盐碱和低温等都会引发细胞内渗透压和氧化应激,而脯氨酸作为一种相容渗透剂、分子伴侣和ROS (活性氧类)清除剂,在非生物胁迫适应中发挥作用[75]
多种病虫害的侵染会诱导根瘤快速衰老。例如,斑驳病毒[76]、黄曲霉、假盘孢菌[43]、镰孢菌[77]和线虫[78]均会显著降低根瘤的数量、质量、大小、固氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量,甚至导致根瘤细胞变形坏死,这可能是因为病虫害分泌的某些代谢产物能够干扰植物与根瘤菌的共生关系,增加植株体内ROS含量,抑制植物正常生理代谢,从而影响植株根系生长和根瘤的固氮功能。目前实验室条件下使用芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌[79]、伯克霍尔德氏菌、丛枝菌根真菌、木霉菌、链霉菌等生物防治剂对豆科作物的根腐病、菌核病、炭腐病、胞囊线虫等病害有良好的防治效果,在增加根瘤数量和固氮酶活性的同时,具有显著的促进生长、增加产量、控制病害的效果,但在田间的防治效果尚不理想[80]
根瘤内生菌也会影响根瘤衰老。豆科植物根瘤中存在2类根瘤菌:低效根瘤菌和高效根瘤菌;低效根瘤菌消耗植物有机物,固氮效率低甚至不固氮;高效根瘤菌消耗有机物,固氮效率高[81]。无论接种哪种根瘤菌,都会导致宿主植物诱导防御相关基因表达,使根瘤菌必须抵抗宿主的免疫防御;在成功的共生相互作用中,高效根瘤菌能够抑制宿主的防御反应[50]。根瘤菌的种类和固氮效率会影响植物生长、营养状况、宿主转录变化以及微生物群落组成,其中低效根瘤菌会导致植物相关基因的转录水平增加,而高效根瘤菌接种则减少相关基因的转录水平[50, 82-83]。根瘤内存在低效根瘤菌具有独特意义,如增加生物多样性以增强环境抵抗力。此外,根瘤内还存在着大量非根瘤菌,它们对根瘤衰老的影响尚未得到充分研究,它们通过多种方式对根瘤的发育产生间接影响,包括激素分泌、抗菌物质释放以及影响共生性能。无论哪种根瘤菌接种,均会导致宿主植物与防御相关的基因被瞬时诱导,因此根瘤菌在侵染植物时需抵抗宿主的免疫防御,主要表现为宿主吞噬细胞利用氧化剂对其产生细胞毒性作用[84]。然而,在成功、相容的共生相互作用中,高效率的根瘤菌能够克服宿主的防御反应,表现为关闭防御反应;Lagunas等[50]发现具有不同结瘤和固氮效率的根瘤菌菌株会对植物生长、营养、宿主转录变化和微生物组补充产生不同影响;其中,低效率根瘤菌会引起植物半胱氨酸蛋白酶、几丁质酶、紫色磷酸酶等与根瘤衰老、胁迫和防御相关基因的转录水平提高,而高效率根瘤菌的接种则会降低这些基因的转录水平。当然,根瘤内低效率根瘤菌的存在有着独特的意义,例如增加微生物群落多样性,以提高对环境的抵抗力[85]。此外,根瘤内还存在着大量非根瘤菌,它们对根瘤衰老的影响目前尚未深入研究,它们可能通过产生长激素、抗菌物质、影响宿主与根瘤菌共生性能等多种方式[86]间接影响根瘤的发育过程。
根瘤菌合成的激素与植物内源激素共同调节根瘤的形成与发育过程;正向调控根瘤发育与固氮的激素有生长素(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)、赤霉素(gibberellin, GA)、油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroids, BRs)等,它们在器官发育和侧根形成中发挥重要作用[87-93]。对于豆科植物来说,IAA的极性运输至根瘤原基和维管束交界区域是根瘤形成与后期膨大的先决条件,这依赖于PIN1基因编码蛋白的极性运输与侧向化分布[87]。GA通过对信号通路的中枢负调节因子赤霉素不敏感蛋白DELLA水平的调控,不仅影响共生信号通路中核心钙振荡信号和钙调蛋白激酶CCaMK-CYCLOPS (CCaMK-IPD3)复合物的形成,还可以与结瘤信号通路蛋白NSP2-NSP1相互作用,进而调控下游共生基因的表达,最终影响根瘤的形成从而影响固氮效率[88-89]。值得注意的是,DELLA蛋白被认为是激素串扰的关键中枢调节剂[90-91],可以整合多种激素信号以调节根瘤共生过程(图6)。BRs通过与受体激酶BRI1结合触发磷酸化反应,从而调节植物的生长发育,且其外源施用方式会导致不同的根瘤表现型,例如,花生叶面施用BRs能够增加植株的根瘤数、根瘤质量和固氮酶活性[92],但在大豆根部施用BRs却抑制了结瘤和固氮能力[93]
负向调控根瘤发育与固氮、促进根瘤衰老的激素包括乙烯(ethylene, ETH)、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA)、水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)和脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)等。ETH对侵染线的形成、根瘤的形态、位置和数量均具有调控作用,高浓度ETH与内质网膜上的乙烯受体蛋白ETR1结合,导致受体失活和相应蛋白激酶CTR1失活,从而促使传递蛋白EIN2去磷酸化而激活,进而启动核内转录因子EIN3和ERFs的表达,最终抑制结瘤和固氮的过程,并引发植物免疫响应[1, 91, 94]。JA可通过调控对结瘤Nod因子的响应影响根瘤的形成[95],在大豆中,JA的合成与响应还受到结瘤自动调控途径(autoregulation of nodulation, AON)关键调控因子NARK的负调控[96]。近期研究发现,在截形苜蓿中,JA通过调控转录因子MtMYC2,不仅可以激活MtIPD3MtNINMtDNF1基因表达促进共生建立,同时在共生体形成阶段激活MtDNF2MtNAD1MtsymCRK基因表达来抑制宿主防御以确保高效的共生固氮[97-98]。SA参与植物对病原菌的防御,因此高内源水平的SA会抑制根瘤菌的侵染与生长,进而抑制结瘤形成,尤其在不定型根瘤中这种抑制效果更为显著[99-101];ABA对根瘤发生与功能的调控取决于环境条件。正常情况下,ABA通过抑制早期结瘤基因ENOD11NINRIP1的表达来抑制根瘤形成[91, 102],但在盐胁迫条件下,脱落酸预处理却提高了紫花苜蓿的固氮能力[103]
多种非生物逆境,如寒冷、干旱、高温和土壤酸碱度异常等,都会损害豆科植物和根瘤菌的相互作用,进而影响菌植互作、根瘤发育和共生固氮的一系列过程[104],并对植物基因表达、蛋白质和代谢物的生物合成,以及激素信号传导等方面带来改变。
高氮和低氮对植物根瘤产生不同影响。适量氮的施用不仅能促进植物生长,还可增加结瘤数量和根瘤质量,因此豆科植物在适宜生长阶段需要适量氮肥来提高根瘤固氮能力。然而,氮肥过量会导致“氮阻遏”现象发生,抑制根瘤形成,同时通过豆血红蛋白抑制固氮酶活性,其抑制程度和时间与施肥量呈正相关,氮肥用量越大,抑制越重,抑制时间越长[105]。与铵盐相比,硝酸盐在高氮条件下抑制根瘤形成和促进根瘤衰老中起着关键作用[67, 106]。高硝酸盐会抑制结瘤起始因子NIN的表达,促使NIN同源蛋白NLP通过核-质穿梭进入细胞核与NIN形成复合体,与NIN竞争结合位点,从而抑制NIN对下游CRE1NF-YA1等基因的激活,最终抑制根瘤形成[68]。在大豆中,GmNLP基因参与了硝酸盐响应下的结瘤的形成和调控,GmNLP基因过表达和敲除对不同硝酸盐浓度呈现不同反应,导致不同的根瘤表型[71]。此外,AON相关基因整合结瘤信号与土壤硝酸盐信号,以平衡根瘤发育与植物资源分配,如高氮环境会激活AON系统,负向调控结瘤固氮[67]
关于高氮抑制根瘤固氮的原因,有多种假说,其中亚硝酸盐毒性和碳饥饿2种假说较广为人知,但仍存在争议。亚硝酸盐毒性假说指出,硝酸还原酶将硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐进一步代谢产生一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO),这些化合物对细胞产生毒性;NO可以通过上调衰老信号通路上游相关基因的表达,同时通过抑制谷氨酰胺合成酶和豆血红蛋白等关键结瘤蛋白的活性来促进根瘤衰老[107-108]。碳饥饿假说认为,高氮导致根瘤中碳分配减少,导致碳供应不足,从而降低根瘤固氮活性[109-110]。然而,对于这些假说的理论证据尚不足够充分,其具体机理还需要进一步研究。
高盐胁迫是影响植物生长和作物产量的重要的环境制约因素之一,其对植物生长发育和豆科植物结瘤固氮过程具有显著影响。在根瘤形成初期,植物对盐胁迫尤其敏感,高盐环境会抑制细菌定殖、根毛变形、根毛卷曲和侵染线形成等过程[111-112]。Abdel-Wahab等与李梅等的研究表明,盐胁迫会显著减少根瘤数量、大小和固氮区细胞数量,抑制根瘤固氮酶活性,降低豆血红蛋白含量[113-114]。这些作用可能是由于盐分引起的离子毒害、渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫[114],降低了土壤养分有效性,破坏了氮循环相关的土壤细菌群落的稳定性[115],进而影响根瘤内的共生固氮过程。
金属元素在根瘤细胞中发挥重要作用,参与豆血红蛋白质合成、‌维持固氮酶活性和‌信号传导。例如,铁是豆血红蛋白的重要组成部分,根瘤细胞内高浓度的豆血红蛋白创造了一个相对低氧的环境,维持根瘤内部ROS的动态平衡,对固氮酶起到保护作用,同时又能够传递低浓度、高通量的氧气到线粒体及类菌体,以维持活跃的细胞呼吸[116]。‌其次,生物固氮的执行者固氮酶由铁蛋白和钼铁蛋白组成,铁蛋白与Mg-ATP结合以后,被黄素氧还蛋白或铁氧还蛋白还原,并与钼铁蛋白暂时结合以传递电子;铁蛋白反复氧化和还原,e和H+依次通过铁蛋白和钼铁蛋白,最终传递给N2和乙炔,将它们分别还原成NH3和乙烯[117]。因此铁、钼与镁元素的缺乏会导致豆血红蛋白失活,固氮酶活性的降低,根瘤早衰。近期研究还发现,植物微量营养素锌还可作为细胞内的第二信使,细胞内低浓度锌控制一个亮氨酸拉链转录因子FUN由不活跃的丝状结构向活性凝聚状态转换,从而诱导根瘤衰老相关基因NAC094HO1NRT2.1的表达,以响应环境中的高硝酸盐,从而将环境变化与转录因子控制根瘤代谢活动联系起来[118]
干旱是多维胁迫之一,能够引起植物从表型、生理、生化和分子水平的一系列变化,干旱胁迫下,植物呈现复杂的代谢动态响应,包括激素代谢、碳氮代谢、可溶性糖积累等多种途径的调控[119-121]。对于蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)来说,脯氨酸代谢相关基因MtP5CS、自噬相关基因MtATG和胁迫相关蛋白基因MtSAP的改变可能导致氧化胁迫的NO等物质的积累与核酸组织的降解,并抑制铁蛋白的合成,进而加速根瘤的衰老[41, 122-124]
豆科植物偏好生长在弱酸性土壤中,合适的弱酸处理有助于根瘤菌发挥自身优势,而过酸或过碱的环境对根瘤菌的生存不利并进而导致侵染率的下降[4, 125-126]。研究显示,在强酸性环境下,紫花苜蓿根系质膜H+-ATPase活性降低,根系质膜透性增强,导致根际细胞损伤,加速了根瘤早衰[127]。高pH主要通过抑制钼、铁、锌、锰等微量元素的有效性[126]、抑制叶片光合效率[128]和渗透损伤间接促进根瘤的衰老。
有研究发现短期低温处理对大豆生长具有双重作用,可以抑制根瘤形成但提高固氮能力[2]。大豆苗期经历短期低温后生物量积累抑制作用可恢复,低温抑制了大豆根瘤的形成和生长,却显著增加了处理49 d后大豆共生固氮量,这可能是因为短暂低温锻炼增强了细胞膜稳定性和抗氧化能力,提高了作物耐冷性[72]
高温不仅能影响根瘤菌的侵染,还会抑制固氮酶活性,加速根瘤衰老[40]。通过基因工程手段过表达编码脯氨酸合成途径的限速酶基因P5CS,可以提高脯氨酸的积累量,从而增强植株对高温胁迫的抵抗能力;高温条件下,P5CS基因过表达植株根瘤数目、干鲜重、脯氨酸含量、全氮、豆血红蛋白含量及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均显著高于野生型植株[129]
豆科植物光合产物的高低极大影响了植物的生产力,是固氮作用的限制因素。弱光环境较正常光照降低了光质和红光/远红光比率,导致光合效率降低,减少豆科植物-根瘤菌共生固氮体系的光合产物运向根瘤的能源供应,根瘤的碳供应不足,最终导致豆科植物的结瘤率和根瘤的固氮活性的降低[38]。除此以外,光信号可能与多种植物激素信号协同调控根瘤形成与供能[101, 130-131]
目前延缓根瘤衰老的主要方法是利用基因编辑技术构建衰老相关基因敲除突变植株。例如,通过基因编辑技术敲除大豆根瘤衰老关键转录因子GmNAC、半胱氨酸蛋白酶GmCYP基因,可以有效增加豆血红蛋白基因表达量,提高固氮酶活性,从而延缓根瘤衰老过程[8] (图7A)。
另外,通过适量施用铁肥[132]、钼肥[133]、镁肥[134]等营养元素也能提高固氮酶活性,延缓根瘤衰老的进程。例如,有特殊理化性质的新型纳米化肥——二硫化钼纳米粒子(MoS2 NPs),过其优异的抗氧化酶活性与硫醇化合物结合,能保护根瘤免受ROS伤害,长期维持生物固氮(biological nitrogen fixation, BNF)功能,最终提高作物的营养和产量[133] (图7B)。
针对中国土壤中无机氮含量过高抑制根瘤菌共生的问题,改进耕作方式对于提高作物产量至关重要。例如,适量施用氮肥配合套作可提高根瘤的抗氧化能力,通过豆类作物与其他作物套作,可以增强种间氮素竞争吸收和转移作用,缓解氮素对根瘤形成及固氮的抑制,同时增强根瘤抗氧化代谢能力,延缓根瘤衰老过程[11] (图7C)。此外,选择对氮素不敏感的根瘤菌菌株进行接种,也是应对土壤中氮素过高的一种创新策略。
培育优质抗逆性作物品种是延缓环境胁迫下根瘤衰老的有效措施。然而,品种选育面临种质资源多样性不足、品种鉴定难度大、优异基因挖掘滞后以及品种特性易退化等一系列挑战[135]
传统的基因编辑方法造价昂贵且容易导致其他基因丢失。普通化学肥料存在利用率低、肥效单一且可能破坏土壤结构等缺点,不符合绿色化学和可持续农业发展的要求。目前,研究关于利用微生物交换与补充来延缓根瘤衰老的工作尚不多见。植物微生物组内蕴藏着大量优良微生物资源,在植物生长与抵抗外界压力时,宿主植物通过大量遗传调控因子整合生物/非生物胁迫,利用物理屏障、控制营养分流以及产生抗菌分子来调控微生物的招募与定殖,维持微生物群落稳定并增强宿主植物的防御能力[136-138] (图8)。
总体而言,微生物菌剂作为一种绿色肥料,在农业可持续发展中具有广阔前景。研究表明,在根瘤不同发育阶段,根瘤、根际土壤和非根际土壤中的固氮微生物群落的多样性存在明显变化,主要物种组成也不同[22]。可见根瘤不同发育阶段会引起关键菌群的差异,这是宿主植物调控的结果,它们对根瘤发育和功能也发挥着不同作用。基于肠道菌群移植[139]与微生物-土壤反馈[136]理论,利用根瘤不同发育阶段关键菌群进行移植,例如将有效期关键菌群组成的合成菌群移植到衰老期的根瘤中,从而延缓根瘤衰老的进程,延长生物固氮的时间,是可持续农业发展的新思路。
根瘤衰老是氧化还原、结瘤信号与抑制结瘤信号、生长类激素与衰老类激素、碳代谢与氮代谢等多场“博弈”的综合结果,无论是生物胁迫还是非生物胁迫均可能加速多个“天平”的倾斜,从而加速根瘤衰老进程。
豆科植物种类繁多,在食品安全、农业可持续发展方面具有重要意义。根瘤的生物固氮作用不仅可以增加作物产量,还有助于维持生态平衡和生物多样性。通过微生物交换与补充延缓共生根瘤的衰老,延长高效固氮周期,这是一项创新策略,有助于提高豆科植物种子的氮供应,同时提高种子品质和丰富遗传资源。此举不仅有助于增强粮食安全,减轻化学肥料对环境的负面影响,提高土壤氮利用效率和种植效益,还可缓解耕地紧张并降低进口成本。此外,这一策略也有助于提高植物适应性和抗逆能力,促进生态修复和土壤改良,同时维持土壤生物多样性与群落稳定。为了实现延缓根瘤衰老的目标,可以通过高通量测序分析不同发育阶段根瘤内微生物群落的差异,筛选出活跃期根瘤中的高效固氮菌和植物促生菌,并通过培养法分离和筛选关键菌株。然而,在这一过程中存在诸多问题与挑战:(1) 根瘤核心微生物的筛选标准的设定,核心菌群大小范围的确定;(2) 难培养菌或生长期周期长的慢生菌的获取;(3) 在核心菌群组装时,菌株间的拮抗或抑制作用的解决;(4) 调节核心菌群中各菌株的比例以确保各菌株间养分摄取均衡,保证菌群的养分利用率与固氮效率的双提升;(5) 大田试验中,不同地区土壤理化性质不同,土著菌群影响广泛,如何保障应用菌剂的良好的活性、侵染率以及性能稳定。
总之,本文总结了根瘤衰老的形态、生理生化及分子变化机制,探讨了多种因素对根瘤衰老的影响,并提出了一种新颖的策略,即移植活跃期根瘤核心微生物来延缓根瘤衰老,从而为促进豆科作物的碳氮协同增长和丰富大豆种质资源提供了新思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32160003)
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2024年第64卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240398
  • 接收时间:2024-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-30
  • 录用日期:2024-09-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160003)
国家自然科学基金(32160003)
作者信息
    1 延安大学 生命科学学院, 陕西 延安 716000
    2 西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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