Article(id=1242149203741324186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242149197907042945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240651, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729440000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1732118400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-21, onlineDate=1774081048186, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081048186, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081048186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081048186, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242149197907042945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='12', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4951', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774081046797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081046797, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4561, endPage=4577, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242149205620372415, articleId=1242149203741324186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Responses of coastal microbial communities to addition of concentrated dissolved organic matter, columnId=1242149199001756290, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Hydrosphere Microbiology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the ocean encompasses complex and diverse organic compounds, and heterotrophic bacteria, the main DOM decomposers, also exhibit high biodiversity. The interactions between heterotrophic bacteria and DOM play an important role in biogeochemical cycles, which, however, are not fully understood.[Objective] To explore the dynamics of microbial communities with the addition of marine-derived concentrated DOM. [Methods] DOM with a molecular weight exceeding 1 kDa and enriched from coastal seawater was introduced into microcosm culture systems. Illumina amplicon sequencing, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration measurement, and bacterial isolation were performed on different days of incubation. [Results] The addition of DOM significantly influenced bacterial community composition, inducing more pronounced changes in the high-DOM group. Specifically, the relative abundance of Campylobacterota, Nitrosococcales, and Nitrincolaceae increased in the high-DOM group on days 3, 10, and 30, respectively. The alpha diversity and evenness of the microbial community decreased during days 0-3 and increased during days 10-30, with a transition point occurring between days 3 and 10. The network analysis revealed that the high-DOM group exhibited a more tightly interconnected and complex network than the control group. In addition, bacterial isolates from the culture systems added with different concentrations of DOM were distinct. The specific genera of different DOM treatments were identified, which may be key groups in DOM degradation. [Conclusion] The addition of DOM triggers the succession of microbial community structures within microcosm culture systems, and the community composition may be associated with specific DOM components, which influence the direction of community succession. Furthermore, the varying DOM concentrations select for culturable bacteria with diverse survival strategies. This study provides a basis for enriching our understanding about the mechanisms underlying microbial responses to marine-derived DOM.

, correspAuthors=Yu XIN, Jiwen LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: XIN Yu,
E-mail: LIU Jiwen,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kaixuan SUN, Yu XIN, Jiwen LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242149208371835034, articleId=1242149203741324186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=近岸微生物群落演替特征对浓缩溶解有机质添加的响应, columnId=1242149199161139845, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=水圈微生物专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海洋中的溶解有机质(dissolved organic matter, DOM)成分复杂、来源多样,异养细菌作为DOM的主要分解者也呈现高度的生物多样性,二者之间的相互作用在生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用。截至目前,海洋中DOM的组成与微生物群落之间的相互作用尚不完全清楚。【目的】探究添加海洋来源的浓缩DOM后微生物群落的动态变化。【方法】将从近岸海水中富集到 > 1 kDa的DOM添加至微宇宙培养体系后,分别在不同的培养天数进行Illumina扩增子测序、溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)浓度监测及异养细菌分离纯化。【结果】DOM添加导致微生物群落组成发生了明显的演替,且高DOM处理组中微生物群落的变化更明显,在第3、10、30天分别出现弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota)、亚硝化球菌目(Nitrosococcales)和栖苏打菌科(Nitrincolaceae)等类群占比的升高。群落的α多样性和均匀度先在0-3 d内降低,而后又在10-30 d内升高,在3-10 d发生变化趋势的转折。网络分析发现,高DOM处理组的网络结构比对照组更加紧密复杂。此外,不同浓度DOM培养体系中分离得到的可培养菌株明显不同,并分离获得了DOM处理组的特有属它们可能是重要的DOM降解类群。【结论】浓缩DOM添加引起微宇宙培养体系中微生物群落结构的明显演替,其群落组成可能与DOM成分协同变化,影响着群落的演替方向。不同浓度DOM的培养体系也可能促进了具有不同生存策略的细菌的生长。本研究为更深入地理解微生物对海洋DOM的响应机制提供了理论依据。

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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243293088832139444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=A schematic flow chart of the experimental design used to establish microcosms., figureFileSmall=EPS6Kpbn/oXpK3SD8lsFRw==, figureFileBig=oH/Yvt0yp68ZrEPVfUBaLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293088949579963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微宇宙实验设计流程图, figureFileSmall=EPS6Kpbn/oXpK3SD8lsFRw==, figureFileBig=oH/Yvt0yp68ZrEPVfUBaLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293089104769221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Variation in microbial community compositions in the mesocosms. Relative abundance of dominant prokaryotic groups at the class (A), family (B), and genus (C) levels., figureFileSmall=uZIQYieWtJiGZetW6BPbXQ==, figureFileBig=mkpmBJJRmVMnfP7qBxDFaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293089297707221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=CN, label=图2, caption=培养体系中的微生物群落变化

A:纲水平. B:科水平. C:属水平

, figureFileSmall=uZIQYieWtJiGZetW6BPbXQ==, figureFileBig=mkpmBJJRmVMnfP7qBxDFaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293089394176227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Richness and diversity index of samples in different treatment groups. A: Sobs index. B: ACE index. C: Shannon index. D: Simpson index. E: Shannoneven index. F: Simpsoneven index. Bars delineate the median, and the asterisk indicates statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=HWEOy7M1OienKtjS/zhIXA==, figureFileBig=4o7lmnItKW6SVN07O71cTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293089486450920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同DOM处理组样品的丰富度和多样性指数

A:Sobs指数. B:ACE指数. C:Shannon指数. D:Simpson指数. E:Shannoneven指数. F:Simpsoneven指数。箱式图中的横线表示中间值,星号表示组间差异的统计显著性(P < 0.05)

, figureFileSmall=HWEOy7M1OienKtjS/zhIXA==, figureFileBig=4o7lmnItKW6SVN07O71cTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293089587114226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=NMDS plots showing dissimilarities in the community composition among treatments based on the Bray-Curtis metrics. Different colors and shapes represent incubation time and treatments, respectively., figureFileSmall=iQUuZr4Qpx3HLdDoNT9CCg==, figureFileBig=Y455BNau4y7SF3l9XUUT8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293089725526266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=CN, label=图4, caption=NMDS图显示基于Bray-Curtis异质性的微生物群落组成变化情况

颜色表示培养时间,形状表示各处理组

, figureFileSmall=iQUuZr4Qpx3HLdDoNT9CCg==, figureFileBig=Y455BNau4y7SF3l9XUUT8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293089855549695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The co-occurrence network topology between the control and high DOM groups. The node size is proportional to relative abundance. The yellow and blue lines indicate positive and negative correlations, respectively., figureFileSmall=yOERkYziD5N/P2Glc8y2uw==, figureFileBig=fxphxo1lNZckZTcg6J6Eig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293090019127567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=CN, label=图5, caption=对照组和高DOM处理组的微生物群落共现性网络

节点的大小与相对丰度成正比;黄线和蓝线分别表示正、负相关

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A、C:10 d转接2次体系. B、D:30 d转接1次体系

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DOM addition amount and initial DOC concentration of microcosmic culture system (300 mL system)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemControlLow DOMMiddle DOMHigh DOM
The amount of DOM added (mL)0.00.31.57.5
Initial DOC concentration of culture system (mg/L)3.843.894.025.00
), ArticleFig(id=1243293091281613147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微宇宙培养体系的DOM添加量与初始DOC浓度(300 mL体系)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemControlLow DOMMiddle DOMHigh DOM
The amount of DOM added (mL)0.00.31.57.5
Initial DOC concentration of culture system (mg/L)3.843.894.025.00
), ArticleFig(id=1243293091420025191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Network parameters of microbial community co-occurrence patterns in the control group and the high-DOM treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterControlHigh DOM
Nodes number139173
Edges number3271 217
Positive.corr number3111 147
Positive.corr proportion0.9510.943
Negative.corr number1670
Negative.corr proportion0.0490.058
Average degree4.70514.069
Average shortest path length3.8542.681
Network diameter10.4618.343
Network density0.0340.082
Clustering coefficient0.6100.786
Modularity0.6210.323
), ArticleFig(id=1243293091541660016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203741324186, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

对照组和高DOM处理组的微生物群落共现性网络属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterControlHigh DOM
Nodes number139173
Edges number3271 217
Positive.corr number3111 147
Positive.corr proportion0.9510.943
Negative.corr number1670
Negative.corr proportion0.0490.058
Average degree4.70514.069
Average shortest path length3.8542.681
Network diameter10.4618.343
Network density0.0340.082
Clustering coefficient0.6100.786
Modularity0.6210.323
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近岸微生物群落演替特征对浓缩溶解有机质添加的响应
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孙凯旋 1, 2, 3 , 辛宇 4, * , 刘吉文 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 水圈微生物专栏 2024,64(12): 4561-4577
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微生物学报 | 水圈微生物专栏 2024, 64(12): 4561-4577
近岸微生物群落演替特征对浓缩溶解有机质添加的响应
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孙凯旋1, 2, 3, 辛宇4, * , 刘吉文1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 海洋生命学院, 山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 青岛海洋科技中心, 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266237
  • 3 中国海洋大学, 海洋生物多样性与进化研究所, 山东 青岛 266003
  • 4 中国海洋大学, 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266100
Responses of coastal microbial communities to addition of concentrated dissolved organic matter
Kaixuan SUN1, 2, 3, Yu XIN4, * , Jiwen LIU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
  • 3 Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240651
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海洋中的溶解有机质(dissolved organic matter, DOM)成分复杂、来源多样,异养细菌作为DOM的主要分解者也呈现高度的生物多样性,二者之间的相互作用在生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用。截至目前,海洋中DOM的组成与微生物群落之间的相互作用尚不完全清楚。【目的】探究添加海洋来源的浓缩DOM后微生物群落的动态变化。【方法】将从近岸海水中富集到 > 1 kDa的DOM添加至微宇宙培养体系后,分别在不同的培养天数进行Illumina扩增子测序、溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)浓度监测及异养细菌分离纯化。【结果】DOM添加导致微生物群落组成发生了明显的演替,且高DOM处理组中微生物群落的变化更明显,在第3、10、30天分别出现弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota)、亚硝化球菌目(Nitrosococcales)和栖苏打菌科(Nitrincolaceae)等类群占比的升高。群落的α多样性和均匀度先在0-3 d内降低,而后又在10-30 d内升高,在3-10 d发生变化趋势的转折。网络分析发现,高DOM处理组的网络结构比对照组更加紧密复杂。此外,不同浓度DOM培养体系中分离得到的可培养菌株明显不同,并分离获得了DOM处理组的特有属它们可能是重要的DOM降解类群。【结论】浓缩DOM添加引起微宇宙培养体系中微生物群落结构的明显演替,其群落组成可能与DOM成分协同变化,影响着群落的演替方向。不同浓度DOM的培养体系也可能促进了具有不同生存策略的细菌的生长。本研究为更深入地理解微生物对海洋DOM的响应机制提供了理论依据。

群落演替  /  溶解有机质(DOM)  /  微宇宙实验  /  异养微生物

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the ocean encompasses complex and diverse organic compounds, and heterotrophic bacteria, the main DOM decomposers, also exhibit high biodiversity. The interactions between heterotrophic bacteria and DOM play an important role in biogeochemical cycles, which, however, are not fully understood.[Objective] To explore the dynamics of microbial communities with the addition of marine-derived concentrated DOM. [Methods] DOM with a molecular weight exceeding 1 kDa and enriched from coastal seawater was introduced into microcosm culture systems. Illumina amplicon sequencing, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration measurement, and bacterial isolation were performed on different days of incubation. [Results] The addition of DOM significantly influenced bacterial community composition, inducing more pronounced changes in the high-DOM group. Specifically, the relative abundance of Campylobacterota, Nitrosococcales, and Nitrincolaceae increased in the high-DOM group on days 3, 10, and 30, respectively. The alpha diversity and evenness of the microbial community decreased during days 0-3 and increased during days 10-30, with a transition point occurring between days 3 and 10. The network analysis revealed that the high-DOM group exhibited a more tightly interconnected and complex network than the control group. In addition, bacterial isolates from the culture systems added with different concentrations of DOM were distinct. The specific genera of different DOM treatments were identified, which may be key groups in DOM degradation. [Conclusion] The addition of DOM triggers the succession of microbial community structures within microcosm culture systems, and the community composition may be associated with specific DOM components, which influence the direction of community succession. Furthermore, the varying DOM concentrations select for culturable bacteria with diverse survival strategies. This study provides a basis for enriching our understanding about the mechanisms underlying microbial responses to marine-derived DOM.

community succession  /  dissolved organic matter (DOM)  /  microcosm experiment  /  heterotrophic microorganisms
孙凯旋, 辛宇, 刘吉文. 近岸微生物群落演替特征对浓缩溶解有机质添加的响应. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4561 -4577 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240651
Kaixuan SUN, Yu XIN, Jiwen LIU. Responses of coastal microbial communities to addition of concentrated dissolved organic matter[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4561 -4577 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240651
海洋中的溶解有机质(dissolved organic matter, DOM)是一种成分复杂的有机混合物,构成了全球最大的活跃碳库之一(700 Pg)[1],在全球碳循环中占据着举足轻重的地位。海洋中DOM的种类繁多,其组成目前仍不完全清楚。根据分子量大小,海洋中的DOM可分为高分子量(high molecular weight, HMW, 10 kDa−0.2 μm)、低分子量(low molecular weight, LMW, 1−10 kDa)和超滤有机碳(ultrafiltrate organic carbon, UOC, < 1 kDa)[2]。根据生物降解的难易程度,又可将DOM分成易降解的不稳定DOM (labile dissolved organic matter, LDOM)、中度易降解的半不稳定DOM (semi-labile dissolved organic matter, SLDOM)以及难降解的惰性DOM (recalcitrant dissolved organic matter, RDOM)[3-4]。LDOM在海洋中含量较少,可以在几天甚至几小时内被微生物降解[5-6];SLDOM可以存在几个月到几年的时间,并且大部分SLDOM会由真光层逐渐沉降到海洋深处;而最难进行生物降解的RDOM是重要的海洋碳汇,可以在海洋中存在数千年时间[5, 7]
海洋中DOM的来源十分多样,既涵盖了通过河流输入、大气沉降等物理过程引入的外源性DOM,也包括了海洋真光层内光合生物经由固碳作用生成的内源性DOM[8-10]。不同来源的DOM在海洋生态系统中可以相互转化[11]:浮游植物生长及其细胞破裂会向海水释放DOM,而海洋动物通过摄食活动,能将植物来源的DOM转化为动物来源的DOM,并经由排泄及死亡后的分解等途径,再次将这些DOM释放到海洋环境中。另一方面,异养微生物则利用环境中的DOM作为能量来源,将其同化为自身有机质,这些有机质最终在病毒裂解等因素的作用下,重新释放到海洋环境中。
异养微生物是海洋有机质的主要分解者,在海洋DOM的消耗和转化中起主导作用,驱动着海洋生态系统中的元素循环和能量流动[12]。不同异养细菌类群能够依据其对海洋DOM组分的偏好性利用,占据各自独特的生态位[13-14]。研究表明,部分γ-变形菌纲类群具备迅速利用海洋中LDOM的能力,从而实现快速繁殖[15],成为海洋中有机碳利用的机会主义者。拟杆菌类群由于其基因组中富含碳水化合物活性酶基因,因此能够有效降解大分子DOM[16-17]。相比之下,α-变形菌纲细菌,尤其是SAR11类群,则更倾向于在DOM浓度较低的环境下生存[18]
近年来,DOM对海洋微生物群落的影响引起了广泛关注。研究表明,硅藻暴发产生的DOM能够显著改变细菌群落的构成[17, 19]。不同异养微生物类群,如拟杆菌、γ-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲等,能够依次降解藻类DOM,通过资源划分占据不同的生态位[17]。海洋中DOM的来源复杂多样,受到洋流、人类活动等多种因素的影响而呈现动态变化,这导致我们对微生物如何响应DOM变化的规律了解尚不全面。微宇宙实验(microcosm)可简化复杂且不均一的生态系统并模拟其中的生态过程,允许研究人员精确控制诸如DOM种类与浓度等实验条件,是研究微生物对DOM响应模式的理想方法。例如,已有研究利用微宇宙实验监测同位素标记DOM的消耗情况,进而探究不同分类地位和生长策略的细菌对DOM组成的偏好及其引发的群落组成变化[20]。最近的研究还利用微宇宙实验模拟了浒苔等藻类暴发过程中释放的DOM对海洋微生物的影响[21-23]。总体而言,上述研究大多聚焦于DOM整体组分添加对微生物群落的影响。然而,对于不同分子量组分,尤其是较大分子量DOM所引发的微生物群落响应规律,目前仍缺乏深入的理解。本研究设计了添加不同浓度近岸水体浓缩DOM (> 1 kDa)的微宇宙实验,采用扩增子高通量测序和微生物分离培养等技术,追踪DOM添加后微生物群落的阶段性演替特征。本研究旨在深化对微生物响应海洋DOM过程的理解,并获取能够降解DOM的菌种资源。
本研究添加的DOM是通过一套基于切向超滤技术的海水DOM高通量分离富集系统(专利CN 217921678U;CN 114047049B)[24-25]获取的。该系统采用截留分子量为1 kDa的滤膜进行切向超滤操作,从1 200 L山东省青岛市鲁迅公园近岸海水中浓缩得到了2.5 L大于1 kDa的DOM浓缩液。该DOM浓缩液中,被截留的高分子量DOM的浓度较高[溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)为84 mg/L][26]。三维荧光光谱分析表明其中类腐殖质和陆源腐殖质组分(主要包括分子量较高的芳香烃和陆源物质)含量较高;核磁共振波谱(nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR)谱图表明其中含有相对较多的碳水化合物和一定比例的脂肪族化合物,而烯烃和芳烃化合物的含量相对较少[26]
2023年3月14日清晨,海水到达高潮时,在山东省青岛市鲁迅公园近岸(36°03′12′′N,120°19′37′′E)采集表层海水。先用200 μm的筛绢对海水进行预过滤,然后分装300 mL到预先酸洗、Milli-Q水冲洗过的500 mL蓝盖玻璃丝口试剂瓶中。
微宇宙培养体系是通过将海水与DOM浓缩液混合建立的,随后在蓝盖玻璃丝口试剂瓶中静置培养(图1)。每个微宇宙培养体系共300 mL,其中先加入210 mL先后经3 μm、0.22 μm滤膜过滤的海水作为培养基,分别添加不同量的DOM浓缩液后,再加入90 mL经3 μm滤膜过滤的近岸海水进行菌体的接种。只添加海水组作为对照组,添加DOM组作为实验组,通过控制浓缩DOM的添加量(5倍递增),以构建低、中、高3种不同浓度DOM处理体系(表1)。为了防止浮游植物的影响,微宇宙体系于黑暗条件下静置培养。分别在培养至第0、1、3、10、20、30天时对培养体系中的溶解有机碳(DOC)含量进行监测。此外,在第0、3、10和30天时,分别从对照组和3个DOM处理组中收集水体样品,以进行微生物群落组成分析。每个组分别在每个时间点设置3个平行样(对照组第0天为2个平行),共获得47个样品。
取100 mL微宇宙体系培养液,用0.22 μm孔径的聚碳酸酯膜(Millipore公司,直径47 mm)进行菌体的过滤收集,将滤膜保存在2 mL保种管中,立即置于液氮中速冻,而后转移至−80 ℃冰箱中保存。样品DNA的提取依照DNeasy® PowerSoil® Kit (Qiagen公司)说明书进行,将0.22 μm滤膜用无菌剪刀剪成小块,放入含有石英砂的预制管中。使用快速匀浆系统(MP Biomedicals公司)以6.0 m/s的速度振荡60 s,加速细胞的裂解。最后将提取的高质量DNA放入−80 ℃冰箱保存。
取40 mL微宇宙体系培养液,经预灼烧(450 ℃, 6 h)的玻璃纤维过滤膜(Whatman公司,孔径0.7 μm,直径25 mm)过滤,滤液保存于棕色玻璃瓶中,置于−20 ℃冰箱保存。使用有机碳分析仪(岛津公司)通过高温催化氧化法测量样品的DOC浓度[27]
为获得降解DOM的细菌菌株,将培养体系分别在第10和30天进行传代培养。传代培养基的组分包括210 mL经高温灭菌的陈海水和浓缩DOM (与初始体系相同,按添加量5倍递增以构建低、中、高3种不同浓度的DOM培养基),之后加入90 mL初次培养体系的培养液进行菌体接种。具体来说,在培养至第10天时,将培养液转移至新鲜DOM培养基中,继续培养10 d后,再进行一次持续10 d的传代培养,总共传代2次。第30天时,将培养物进行一次传代培养,然后继续培养30 d。培养结束后,使用以DOM作为唯一碳源的琼脂培养基进行涂布,从而获得2种富集体系下的可培养菌株。
唯一碳源琼脂培养基(g/L):NaCl 24.470,Na2SO4 3.917,KCl 0.664,KBr 0.096,SrCl2 0.024,NaF 0.004,MgCl2·6H2O 4.981,CaCl2 0.950,NaHCO3 0.192,H3BO4 0.026,NH4Cl 0.067,KH2PO4 0.011,琼脂20.000。培养基经121 ℃灭菌20 min后,分别向其中添加0、1、5、25 mL DOM浓缩液,以制备具有不同DOM浓度的培养基。
将采集的培养液进行梯度稀释后,分别涂布于以海水以及低、中、高浓度DOM作为唯一碳源的琼脂平板上,在28 ℃培养72 h后,经过3次纯化过程进行分离鉴定。采用煮沸法提取菌株的DNA,以菌株DNA为模板对16S rRNA基因序列进行体外扩增。PCR引物使用细菌16S rRNA基因序列的通用引物B8F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和B1510R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)[28]。PCR反应体系(30 μL):Premix Taq 15 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各0.3 µL,模板DNA 1 µL,三蒸水13.4 µL。PCR反应程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性1 min,55 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸90 s,30个循环;72 ℃延伸10 min。扩增体系交由北京六合华大基因科技有限公司进行Sanger测序,测序结果采用Chromas 2软件进行分析,并将序列提交至EzBioCloud (https://www.ezbiocloud.net/),鉴定菌株的分类地位。
将合格的DNA样本进行16S rRNA基因测序,用细菌和古菌通用型引物515FmodF/ 806RmodR[29]从DNA样本中扩增16S rRNA基因中的高变V4区。PCR反应体系(20 μL):5×TransStart FastPfu缓冲液4 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(5 µmol/L)各0.8 μL,FastPfu DNA聚合酶(2.5 U/μL) 0.4 μL,模板DNA 10 ng,三蒸水补充至20 μL。PCR扩增程序:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,35个循环;72 ℃延伸10 min。扩增样品通过上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司的Illumina MiSeq PE300平台(Illumina公司)进行双末端测序[30]。测序后得到的原始序列提交到NCBI的SAR数据库,序列号为PRJNA1165822。
原始下机数据使用QIIME 2流程进行处理[31]。具体来说,使用QIIME 2中的DADA2进行质控,去除嵌合体和低质量序列。随后将获得的高质量序列按照100%的相似性划分为扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variant, ASVs)。将获得的ASVs代表序列比对至Silva 16S rRNA (v138)数据库获得其物种分类信息(在门水平使用ICSP推荐的最新分类命名)。随后,删除被鉴定为叶绿体和线粒体的ASVs。为统一不同样品的测序深度,方便进行样品间数据比较,根据所有样品中最小序列数(36 391 reads)对每个样品抽平,最后共得到6 691个ASVs用于后续分析。
对样品的Sobs、Chao1、Shannon以及Shannoneven等α多样性指数进行计算,以估计群落的丰富度和均匀度,使用双样本t检验对不同组间α多样性的差异进行统计学检验;使用基于Bray-Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)进行样品间的β多样性分析,并通过置换多元方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA)检验微生物群落之间是否存在差异;使用R软件的“igraph” “psych”及“Hmisc”包分别对对照组和高DOM处理组样品进行共现网络构建,筛选出现频率大于20%且总相对丰度大于0.01%的ASVs,用于计算Spearman相关性,相关系数|r| > 0.7同时P < 0.05时认为具有可靠的相关性。为描述网络的拓扑结构,进行了网络拓扑参数,包括边数(edges number)、节点数(nodes number)、聚类系数(clustering coefficient)、网络密度(network density)、网络直径(network diameter)、平均最短路径长度(average shortest path length)等。
对样品测序结果进行统计,47个样本共获得6 691个ASVs,分属47门101纲769属。初始和第3天的微生物群落在纲水平上主要是由α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidia)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)等异养细菌类群组成(图2A)。与对照组相比,DOM添加导致微生物群落组成发生了明显变化,高DOM处理组对群落的影响大于中、低DOM处理组。其中,第3天高DOM组变化最显著的类群是弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota),其相对丰度从初始状态的不足1%增加到约13%,假弓形菌属(Pseudoarcobacter)为该门的优势属(图2C)。在第10天,高DOM处理组中亚硝化球菌目(Nitrosococcales)的相对丰度由第3天的不足0.01%增加至12.50%,其主要类群为噬甲基菌属(Methylophaga)。随着培养时间的延长,第30天高DOM组中栖苏打菌科(Nitrincolaceae)的占比升高,由第10天的3.9%上升至14.9%,该科的主要成员为潮滩杆状菌属(Aestuariibacter)和海神菌属(Neptuniibacter) (图2B2C)。除DOM添加的影响外,微生物群落结构同样随培养时间发生演替。例如,第10天的所有样品中均出现蛭弧菌门(Bdellovibrionota)占比的升高,第30天的所有样品中均出现较高丰度的疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)。
通过对各样品的Sobs、ACE、Chao1、香农指数、辛普森指数,以及基于香农指数的均匀度和基于辛普森指数的均匀度进行计算(图3)发现,微生物群落多样性与均匀度的变化可分为3个阶段:在第一阶段(0−3 d)内先降低,在第二阶段(3−10 d)内发生变化趋势的转折,随后在第三阶段(10−30 d)内出现升高趋势。值得注意的是,这一变化趋势在高DOM处理组中最为明显。高DOM处理组在第3天的多样性与均匀度指数显著低于其他组,而在第10天则显著高于其他组(图3D3F,双样本t检验,P < 0.05),这表明高浓度DOM的添加引起微生物群落在多样性和均匀度方面的响应更明显。
为探究不同培养条件下微生物群落组成的差异性,采用基于Bray-Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)对样品进行了降维排序。结果表明(图4),时间对群落结构的影响主要体现在NMDS1轴上,相同时间采集的样品在NMDS1轴上对应的区域基本一致。相比之下,不同浓度DOM处理对群落的影响主要体现在NMDS2轴上。随着时间的推移,高DOM处理组与对照组的差异不断增大,在第10天和第30天发生了明显分离(PERMANOVA分析,R2=0.651,P=0.001),这表明高浓度DOM添加导致微生物群落发生了显著变化,加速了群落的演替。
由于高DOM组中的微生物群落变化更为明显,本研究通过构建相关性网络来探讨对照组与处理组中高DOM组微生物共现模式的差异。结果显示(表2),对照组和处理组中高DOM处理组的网络节点数分别为139个和173个,其正相关关系比例均大于负相关,表明主要微生物群落之间的协同作用大于拮抗作用。与对照组相比,高DOM处理组网络具有更高的边数目、网络密度、平均节点度、聚类系数,网络连接更紧密、结构更复杂(图5),表明高浓度DOM的加入可能使微生物群落内部的联系更紧密,互作程度更高。此外,对照组网络中假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)与拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相互作用比较紧密,而高DOM处理组中浮霉菌门代替拟杆菌门,与假单胞菌门发生强烈作用。在纲水平上,高DOM处理组网络中起主导作用的主要是α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲及拟杆菌纲,具体而言,包括红细菌目(Rhodobacterales)、黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)、柄杆菌目(Caulobacterales)及大洋螺菌目(Oceanospirillales)等主要类群(图5)。
第10天的培养体系经过两次转接后共分离得到126株细菌,分属于2门3纲8目25属,其中低、中、高DOM处理组分别获得10、12和8个属。第30天转接1次的培养体系共分离得到76株菌,分属于1门2纲5目19属,低、中、高DOM处理组分别获得10、9和6个属。与10 d转接两次体系相比,30 d转接1次体系中γ-变形菌纲的菌株显著减少,同时在目水平上伴随有鞘氨醇单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)、假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)、大洋螺菌目(Oceanospirillales)等类群的消失以及海茎状菌目(Maricaulales)的出现。不同传代体系以及不同浓度DOM处理间分离得到的可培养菌株明显不同,但隶属于α-变形菌纲的菌株始终占据主导地位,主要包括红细菌目(Rhodobacterales)、根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)和生丝单胞菌目(Hyphomonadales)等类群(图6)。
此外,随着DOM添加量的增加,分离得到的拟杆菌门菌株占比逐渐减少,直至完全消失,这与群落组成分析结果一致。相反,隶属于根瘤菌目的可培养菌株占比随着DOM添加量的提升逐渐增加,分离出的根瘤菌目细菌主要包括玫瑰色菌属(Roseibium)、马特尔氏菌属(Martelella)和亚硫酸盐杆菌属(Sulfitobacter)等。此外,在2个传代培养体系中均得到了能够以DOM为唯一碳源并且只出现在DOM处理组中的特有属,包括嗜海岸沉积物菌属(Litorisediminivivens)、特里顿杆菌属(Tritonibacter)、斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)、尹正勋菌属(Yoonia)、栖海境杆菌属(Maritalea)、马特尔氏菌属(Martelella)、印海洋所菌属(Nioella),均属于α-变形菌纲细菌(图6)。
为探究分离获得的可培养菌株在微生物群落中的丰度,基于扩增子测序数据计算了可培养属在各样品中的相对丰度(图7)。在以DOM为唯一碳源的平板上分离得到的35个属中,只有9个属出现在样品的测序数据中。结果显示,0−3 d内相对丰度较高的为尹正勋菌-洛克菌属(Yoonia-Loktanella)和副栖海冰菌属(Paraglaciecola);海茎状菌属(Maricaulis)和斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)在10−30 d内的相对丰度较高,其中海茎状菌属在第30天低DOM处理组中的相对丰度平均可达6.34%;而玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)、鲁杰氏菌属(Ruegeria)、海洋柄菌属(Ponticaulis)等属的相对丰度均低于0.20%。
上述分析表明,高DOM处理组的微生物群落发生了更为显著的变化。通过对微宇宙培养体系中DOC浓度的监测发现(图8),对照组与高DOM处理组的DOC浓度存在明显差异,二者在3−10 d内均出现明显下降。对照组中DOC浓度的下降可能体现了微生物对体系中原有有机质的降解。在培养10 d后,对照组中的DOC浓度未再明显降低,甚至在第20天时有小幅上升。相比之下,高DOM处理组的DOC浓度在10−30 d内下降缓慢,表明DOM被持续利用。培养至第30天时高DOM处理组的DOC浓度依旧高于对照组,这表明DOM的利用仍将继续。
DOM是海洋生态系统中重要的碳源,它不仅影响微生物的生长和代谢,还塑造着微生物群落的演化方向。本研究中观察到明显的阶段性微生物群落演替现象,这可能是培养体系中DOM组分变化所造成的。不同类群的异养细菌对DOM的代谢偏好性与底物亲和性方面存在较大差异,小分子量的DOM可被细菌直接吸收,而大分子量的底物在利用前需要被酶解成小分子[32]。本研究使用的分子量大于1 kDa DOM浓缩液成分复杂,其中类腐殖质和陆源腐殖质组分(主要包括分子量较高的芳香烃和陆源物质)的含量较高于类色氨酸组分和降解类腐殖质组分[26]。随着时间的推移,异养细菌对DOM浓缩液中的不同成分的偏好性利用使不同类群之间发生着资源分割。在这个过程中,微生物群落组成可能随DOM组分及浓度协同变化,共同影响着群落的演替方向。本研究通过对样品群落组成分析及多样性分析发现,DOM添加引起的微宇宙培养体系中微生物群落的演替是具有阶段性的,具体可分为3个阶段。
0−3 d为群落演替的第一阶段,其间高DOM组中弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota)的占比升高,说明其能够在短时间内响应DOM的添加,利用其中易降解成分进行快速增殖。此外,第一阶段内微生物群落的多样性与均匀度在对照组和实验组中均出现降低趋势。对照组出现的多样性降低可能是由营养的限制导致,而实验组尤其是高DOM处理组多样性发生的显著降低,可能是由营养限制及DOM的添加共同导致的。具体来说,DOM的添加使得某些机会主义者,如弯曲杆菌门迅速增殖,挤压了其他类群的生存空间与资源。已有研究通过构建微宇宙实验表明,在添加浒苔来源的DOM后,丰富营养的刺激使弧菌等机会主义类群在6 h内迅速增殖、争夺营养,进而造成培养体系的微生物群落多样性降低[21]
3−10 d为群落演替的第二阶段。其间DOM被快速降解,但高DOM处理组的降解速率缓于对照组,相对大分子DOM的添加可能导致了微生物对DOM的利用速率降低。噬甲基菌属细菌在该阶段中的相对丰度明显升高,该属细菌是一类独特的需氧、嗜盐、不利用甲烷的甲基营养细菌,以往的研究发现,其在受漏油事件影响的水域中占主导地位[33],并被确定是参与甲醇分解过程的主要微生物[34]。因此,噬甲基菌属细菌可能将DOM中较难降解的脂肪族化合物作为营养底物,从而参与了第二个阶段的DOM降解。另外,第二阶段所有样品中均出现了蛭弧菌的暴发。蛭弧菌是细菌的捕食者,对细菌死亡率发挥着重要的作用[35-36],其捕食过程可能导致培养初期优势类群的裂解死亡,释放了部分生存空间、缓解了生存压力,从而减缓了培养体系中α多样性的降低趋势,成为群落演替的转折点。
10−30 d是群落演替的第三阶段。群落的演替是连续的过程,第二阶段中蛭弧菌的捕食作用可能进一步引起了第三阶段关键微生物类群的变化。具体来说,捕食过程不仅导致培养初期优势菌的死亡,由此引起的菌体破裂及内容物的释放也可能作为底物促使了第三阶段疣微菌门细菌占比的升高。研究表明,疣微菌门进化出了分解复杂多糖(如木葡聚糖、肽聚糖和果胶等)的酶系统来降解细胞壁多糖等细菌来源的大分子底物[37]。值得注意的是,蛭弧菌和疣微菌门成员分别出现在第10天、第30天的对照组和实验组的所有样品中,主要受培养时间的影响而出现,似乎与DOM的添加无关,二者的先后出现标志着群落演替进入了不同的阶段。另外,第三阶段高DOM处理组的α多样性与均匀度指数显著高于其他组,可能与该阶段DOM含量降低,LDOM组分减少,微生物竞争减弱有关。
微生物驱动的DOM再矿化作用在不同细菌类群之间存在差异,其中分子量较大的DOM通常不能直接被细菌利用,其矿化周期相对较长。本研究将分子量大于1 kDa的浓缩DOM作为唯一碳源对微生物进行分离培养,通过设计2种传代培养体系,最终获得在不同状态下能够降解DOM的菌种资源。菌株统计结果表明,相较于10 d转接2次体系,30 d转接1次体系分离得到的菌株种类减少,其中γ-变形菌纲和拟杆菌门成员占比明显减少甚至消失,而α-变形菌纲细菌的占比增加甚至达到100%,推测是不同传代体系选择了不同生存策略的异养细菌。具体来说,10 d转接2次传代体系每10 d转接1次,DOM的及时补充可能为海杆菌属(Marinobacter)、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)等机会主义类群提供营养,使其快速繁殖。相比之下,30 d转接1次传代体系相隔30 d补充1次DOM,培养时间更长,其中的DOM浓度低且更不易被降解的惰性DOM的占比可能会更高,这种营养条件更利于偏好在寡营养条件下生存的α-变形菌纲细菌。此外,基于扩增子测序数据计算的可培养细菌在各样品中的相对丰度均不足0.2%。研究表明,物种的丰度并不是它对群落贡献程度的唯一决定因素,某些稀有微生物类群在参与硝化、反硝化、产甲烷和硫酸盐还原等多种生物地球化学过程中承担着重要的生态功能[38-39]。尽管本研究分离到的可培养细菌在各样品中的相对丰度不高,但这些稀有类群可能承担着参与DOM降解的关键功能。例如,本研究中分离到的玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)类群,已在多种富含芳香族化合物的环境中被发现[40-41]。比较基因组分析显示,该属细菌具有芳香族化合物的代谢途径,能够将菲转化为丙酮酸和乙醛,推测其具有降解海洋中芳香族化合物污染的潜力[42]
异养细菌对DOM的响应已引起人们的广泛关注,但不同分子量的DOM组分对微生物群落演替的影响机制尚不清楚。本研究发现,大于1 kDa DOM的添加导致微生物群落发生明显的阶段性演替,在这一过程中,微生物群落与DOM组分及浓度协同变化,共同影响着群落的演替方向。同时,不同的DOM富集培养体系也选择了有着不同生存策略的可培养细菌。综上所述,本研究通过设计微宇宙实验,表征了表层海洋来源的大于1 kDa DOM对微生物群落演替的影响,为更深入地理解微生物对海洋DOM的响应提供了依据。
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240651
  • 接收时间:2024-10-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-21
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    1 中国海洋大学 海洋生命学院, 山东 青岛 266003
    2 青岛海洋科技中心, 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266237
    3 中国海洋大学, 海洋生物多样性与进化研究所, 山东 青岛 266003
    4 中国海洋大学, 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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