Article(id=1242149203196064648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242149197907042945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240595, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727366400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1731254400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-11, onlineDate=1774081048057, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1731859200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081048057, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081048057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081048057, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242149197907042945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='12', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4951', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774081046797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081046797, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4504, endPage=4514, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242149204123005863, articleId=1242149203196064648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Ecological significance of vitamin B12 synthesis by ammonia-oxidizing archaea, columnId=1242149199001756290, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Hydrosphere Microbiology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vitamin B12 (VB12) is an essential nutrient and growth cofactor for the majority of organisms. It exerts influence not only on the structure of microbial communities and marine primary productivity but also on the global biogeochemical cycles, thus justifying its designation as a "hard currency" in marine ecosystems. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), initially isolated from the ocean in 2005, are distinguished by their chemolithoautotrophic characteristics. Genomic, metabolomic, and culture studies have demonstrated that AOA are among the few microbial groups capable of synthesizing VB12 in the ocean. This capability is crucial for maintaining microbial community stability and biogeochemical functions. This review summarizes the measurement methods and distribution characteristics of VB12 in the ocean and the pathways through which AOA produce VB12. It discusses the importance of AOA in marine VB12 supply and outlines the future research directions for VB12 production by AOA.

, correspAuthors=Wei XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*XIE Wei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Juan XU, Wei XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242149207390367795, articleId=1242149203196064648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=海洋氨氧化古菌合成维生素B12的生态意义, columnId=1242149199161139845, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=水圈微生物专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

维生素B12 (vitamin B12, VB12)是大部分生物的必需营养素和生长辅助因子,它不仅影响微生物群落结构和海洋初级生产力,还对全球生物地球化学循环过程也具有重要影响,被称为海洋生态系统中的“硬通货”。氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)首次在2005年从海洋中分离得到,具有化能自养的特点。基因组、代谢组和培养实验均表明,AOA是海洋中为数不多的具备生物合成VB12能力的微生物类群,这对于维持微生物群落的稳定性和生物地球化学功能具有重要意义。本文综述了海洋中VB12的测定方法、分布特征,以及AOA产生VB12的途径特点,论述了AOA在海洋VB12供应方面的重要性,并展望了海洋AOA产生VB12研究的未来重点方向。

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Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243293083757032247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203196064648, companyId=1243293083668951859, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海), 广东 珠海 519082)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243293086005179332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203196064648, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Diagram of the progress of research on ammonia-oxidizing archaea. AOA indicates ammonia-oxidizing archaea, and amo indicates ammonia monooxygenase gene; The enzyme encoded by amo plays a key role in the ammonia oxidation process; Timeline references in the figure: 1992[19-20]; 2004[29]; 2005[21]; 2006[30]; 2011[27]; 2014[25]; 2021[26]., figureFileSmall=I3cz9+anE0hf4e6O9B34qA==, figureFileBig=krYsx3+ueDEYyMP6Eyhp+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293086156174287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203196064648, language=CN, label=图1, caption=氨氧化古菌的研究进展图

AOA表示氨氧化古菌;amo表示氨单加氧酶基因;amo编码的酶在氨氧化过程中起关键作用. 图中时间线参考文献:1992[19-20];2004[29];2005[21];2006[30];2011[27];2014[25];2021[26]

, figureFileSmall=I3cz9+anE0hf4e6O9B34qA==, figureFileBig=krYsx3+ueDEYyMP6Eyhp+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293086328140761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203196064648, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Schematic diagram of the VB12 biosynthetic pathways in prokaryotes. The green section indicates the synthesis process of the VB12 precursor precorrin-2, which is differentiated into the C5 and C4 pathways. The blue section represents the aerobic pathway, and the red section represents the anaerobic pathway. In archaea, CobY is involved in the synthesis of VB12, while in bacteria, the synthesis of VB12 is dependent on the activities of CobU, T. HBA: Hydrogenobyrinic acid; HBAD: Hydrogenobyrinic acid a, c-diamide; CBAD(I): Cob(I)yrinic acid a, c-diamide; CBAD(II): Cob(II)yrinic acid a, c-diamide; DMB: 5, 6-dimethylbenzimidazole., figureFileSmall=lWwG/S4F0hyjElMuexUPiw==, figureFileBig=ZkjuGC72e8DkHEH3rCTe1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293086458164195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203196064648, language=CN, label=图2, caption=原核生物中VB12合成的代谢途径示意图

绿色部分表示VB12前体物质钴啉-2的合成过程,区分为C5和C4两条路径. 蓝色部分表示有氧合成路径,红色部分表示厌氧合成路径,其中cobY参与古菌中VB12的合成,而cobU, T则参与细菌中VB12的合成

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海洋氨氧化古菌合成维生素B12的生态意义
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徐娟 1 , 谢伟 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 水圈微生物专栏 2024,64(12): 4504-4514
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微生物学报 | 水圈微生物专栏 2024, 64(12): 4504-4514
海洋氨氧化古菌合成维生素B12的生态意义
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徐娟1, 谢伟1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中山大学 海洋科学学院, 广东 珠海 519082
  • 2 中山大学 海洋气候研究中心, 广东 珠海 519082
  • 3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海), 广东 珠海 519082
Ecological significance of vitamin B12 synthesis by ammonia-oxidizing archaea
Juan XU1, Wei XIE1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
  • 2 Ocean Climate Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
  • 3 Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-11-18 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240595
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维生素B12 (vitamin B12, VB12)是大部分生物的必需营养素和生长辅助因子,它不仅影响微生物群落结构和海洋初级生产力,还对全球生物地球化学循环过程也具有重要影响,被称为海洋生态系统中的“硬通货”。氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)首次在2005年从海洋中分离得到,具有化能自养的特点。基因组、代谢组和培养实验均表明,AOA是海洋中为数不多的具备生物合成VB12能力的微生物类群,这对于维持微生物群落的稳定性和生物地球化学功能具有重要意义。本文综述了海洋中VB12的测定方法、分布特征,以及AOA产生VB12的途径特点,论述了AOA在海洋VB12供应方面的重要性,并展望了海洋AOA产生VB12研究的未来重点方向。

氨氧化古菌  /  VB12  /  生态意义  /  海洋生态系统

Vitamin B12 (VB12) is an essential nutrient and growth cofactor for the majority of organisms. It exerts influence not only on the structure of microbial communities and marine primary productivity but also on the global biogeochemical cycles, thus justifying its designation as a "hard currency" in marine ecosystems. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), initially isolated from the ocean in 2005, are distinguished by their chemolithoautotrophic characteristics. Genomic, metabolomic, and culture studies have demonstrated that AOA are among the few microbial groups capable of synthesizing VB12 in the ocean. This capability is crucial for maintaining microbial community stability and biogeochemical functions. This review summarizes the measurement methods and distribution characteristics of VB12 in the ocean and the pathways through which AOA produce VB12. It discusses the importance of AOA in marine VB12 supply and outlines the future research directions for VB12 production by AOA.

ammonia-oxidizing archaea  /  VB12  /  ecological significance  /  marine ecosystem
徐娟, 谢伟. 海洋氨氧化古菌合成维生素B12的生态意义. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4504 -4514 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240595
Juan XU, Wei XIE. Ecological significance of vitamin B12 synthesis by ammonia-oxidizing archaea[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4504 -4514 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240595
在全球气候变暖的大背景下,控制碳排放成为大家持续关注的议题,而海洋浮游植物主导的初级生产力在大气二氧化碳向深海的输送和封存中发挥着很重要的作用[1]。因此,了解海洋初级生产力的影响因素对于缓解目前大气二氧化碳持续上升的状况具有重要意义。现有的很大一部分研究都集中在光照、温度、营养盐和微量金属元素浓度等因素对初级生产力的影响[2-5]。除了这些明显影响浮游植物生长的物理化学环境和无机因子之外,维生素B12 (vitamin B12, VB12)这类有机生长辅助因子也对浮游植物的生长至关重要[6],但目前关于其在海洋生态系统中的作用仍然研究较少。
VB12又称钴胺素,是一类由钴(Co)结合咕啉环的红色类咕啉化合物的总称,它在生物体内发挥着关键作用,参与氨基酸的合成、DNA的复制与修复以及能量代谢等重要生物过程[7]。此外,VB12在碳(C)、氮(N)和硫(S)等元素的全球循环中也发挥着重要的功能[8-10]。VB12是目前发现的最大、最复杂的维生素分子,也是唯一含有金属离子的水溶性维生素。近年来,关于环境中VB12的研究日益深入,重点关注其在生物体内的重要功能和在生态系统中的潜在影响。例如,多项研究表明VB12对海洋浮游植物的生长速度有显著影响[11-13],与生态系统中微生物的群落规模、多样性有很大相关性[14-16]。此外,VB12还在全球微生物介导的生物地球化学循环中也发挥着重要作用[17]
尽管大部分海洋生物都需要VB12,但在海洋中只有部分细菌和古菌具有生物合成VB12的能力[18]。氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)是古菌界奇古菌门中一类可以通过氧化氨氮获得能量的自养型古菌,该类群1992年首次在温带近海海域中被发现[19-20]。其后的研究表明,AOA不仅在近海水域广泛分布,而且在广阔的海洋区域也很常见,它们在这些地区的微生物群落中占据了较高的比例。2005年,Könneke等成功从水族馆水箱中分离出一株命名为海亚硝化侏儒菌(Nitrosopumilus maritimus) SCM1的氨氧化古菌,证实其具有将氨转化为亚硝酸盐的能力[21]。之后通过对古菌amoA基因在不同环境中分布分析,进一步证实了具有氨氧化潜力的古菌在自然环境中普遍存在[22-24]。研究从基因组和代谢组以及培养实验等层面均证明了AOA可以生物全合成VB12[25-27],而且可能是海洋中深层水中合成VB12的主要贡献者[28] (图1)。截至目前,对AOA参与的VB12生产过程及机制的研究仍然十分缺乏,例如AOA在不同氧化状态的海洋环境中如何调控VB12的合成,它在不同海洋生境中作为VB12的生产者又能占到多大的比例,这些仍然是未知领域。本文综述了当前AOA产生VB12的过程、机制,以及其在全球海洋生物地球化学循环和生态系统中作用的主要进展,并对该主题的未来发展方向进行了展望,以期对未来该领域的发展提供新的视角,激发更多研究者关注AOA在VB12合成中的生态功能。
VB12的生物合成可以分成2类:从头合成途径和补救重塑途径。合成过程还可以根据钴插入的时间和微生物对氧气的依赖性进一步分成厌氧合成途径和好氧合成途径,合成过程表现为双环途径[14] (图2)。研究学者通过对这2种途径的深入了解,确认了两者之间的主要区别在于钴离子的螯合时间和催化大部分反应的酶[31]。从头合成过程非常复杂,共涉及30多个酶促过程和60个基因家族,需要大量的能量物质消耗[32]。相比之下,补救重塑途径过程比较简单,它可以帮助微生物适应不良环境,提高生存能力。
根据VB12在生物合成过程中涉及的不同途径和步骤中的相关基因,可以将其分为前协卟啉-2合成、好氧途径、厌氧途径、补救与重塑途径(salvage and remodeling pathway),以及腺苷胺二磷酸后期合成途径等5个部分[28]。第1个部分主要涉及VB12的核心结构前体物质的合成;好氧途径和厌氧途径的基因可以用来区分微生物合成VB12的不同路径;补救重塑途径是一种回收和重塑外源VB12的途径,这一步允许微生物重新利用废弃的VB12分子中的核心部分,而不是将其完全分解。这有助于节约能量和物质,便于微生物在资源供应紧缺时也能维持足够的VB12水平;最后的腺苷胺二磷酸后期合成途径用于生成VB12的活性形式,经过这一途径VB12才能在生物体内发挥各种生物学功能。
鉴于VB12的化学结构复杂性以及其合成过程的烦琐性,微生物发酵技术常被应用于其生产过程。这种方法利用特定微生物的代谢途径,通过生物催化作用实现VB12的高效合成。工业上用于生物合成VB12的微生物包括费氏丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium freudenreichii)、反硝化假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans)、黏着剑菌(Ensifer adhaerens)、草木栖剑菌(Ensifer meliloti)[33-36]。然而,由于反硝化假单胞菌产生的副产物较多,且苜蓿中华根瘤菌的生产周期长,目前常用于生产维生素B12的主要菌株是费氏丙酸杆菌和黏着剑菌。随着资源需求量的增加,目前也在不断地寻找安全、可靠、高产的菌株[37]
随着仪器和技术的不断进步,VB12的检测方法也在持续发展。过去,VB12的测量主要集中在食品领域;而如今,随着人们对VB12重要性认识的不断加深,环境领域中VB12的检测方法也逐渐丰富起来,包括液相色谱法、原子吸收光谱法、酶联免疫吸附法和微生物测定法等[38]
为了提高对VB12测量的检测限和灵敏度,液相色谱仪常与紫外吸收光谱仪和质谱仪联合使用[39],主要过程是经过高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)的梯度洗脱完成VB12的分离,之后联合紫外吸收检测器进行检测。该方法操作简便、线性范围宽、重复性好。联用质谱仪的液相色谱具有强大的分离和鉴定能力,可以有效地检测类似VB12这样的复杂有机物,而且方法容易操作,准确度高。液相色谱法也在不断地改进和创新,例如研究出了一种使用反向高效液相色谱直接测定VB12的方法,主要过程包括固相萃取富集,反向高效液相色谱分离样品,之后再联用紫外可见光检测器来测定。经过实验测试,这种方法在海水环境中测量VB12的回收率在92%−99%之间[40]
原子吸收光谱法是一种检测环境中VB12的重要方法,其原理则是利用了钴胺素中独特金属元素钴的存在。通过分析特定钴谱线的相对丰度值,利用高分辨率连续源原子吸收光谱对VB12样品中的钴元素进行测定,从而间接地推断样品中VB12的含量[41]
酶联免疫吸附测定法(enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay, ELISA)是在免疫酶技术的基础上发展起来的一种新型免疫测定技术,它也是一种常用于检测生物样本中VB12的方法。用VB12抗原包被在酶标板上,实验样品中的VB12会与抗原特异性结合,而且具有高度的选择性和灵敏度;之后洗去其他物质,再加入另一种抗体,与抗原形成免疫复合物,加入适当的底物(如显色剂),使其与这种复合物结合产生可测量的信号,实现了对VB12的灵敏且定量的检测[42]
微生物检测法测量VB12具有结果可靠、检出限低等优点,其检测原理是利用某些特定微生物对VB12的生长依赖性。通常使用的微生物是对VB12敏感的特定菌株,例如德氏乳杆菌乳亚种(Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis)[43]。这种检测方法将待测样品与微生物接种在含有特定营养物质的培养基上,其中VB12的浓度会影响微生物的生长,通过测定液体浑浊度或细菌生物量就可以间接测量实验样品中VB12的含量。然而它是一种半定量方法,而且操作繁琐、步骤冗长,这些缺点限制了这种方法的实际应用范围。
关于环境中VB12的测量方法,各有其优缺点。根据不同情况选择合适的测量方法,可以提高测量的精度,满足不同的测量需求。然而,尽管已经发展出多种VB12的测量方法,但截至目前,仅有食品中的VB12拥有标准的测定流程,对于环境,尤其是海水环境中VB12的测量标准,仍然是一片空白。没有标准会导致不同的实验室测出的含量之间有差异,不利于全球数据的统计分析,也给后续的交叉分析带来了阻力。完善的测量标准使我们能够更精准地了解VB12在不同环境中的分布和含量,同时也避免了大量重复性工作。同时统一的测量标准也会帮助我们理解AOA在不同环境中生产和利用VB12的实际情况,通过建立统一标准,能更准确地获得VB12的浓度和分布信息,这对于评估AOA在生态系统中VB12的合成和供应能力至关重要。同时,这也能更可靠地揭示AOA是否满足了其他微生物的VB12需求,从而进一步理解AOA的生态功能及其与其他微生物间的互作机制。
VB12是一类重要的营养物质和辅助因子,也被称为“大自然最美丽的辅因子”[44]。VB12作为辅酶可以帮助催化甲基转移、重排分子结构以及去除卤素等反应[32],可以参与生物体内核苷酸和氨基酸的合成途径,具有广泛的代谢依赖性,还可以调控各个生命领域的基因表达[45]
研究人员基于宏基因组分析,推测土壤中生产VB12的微生物类群包括变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门、硝化螺旋菌门和奇古菌门[14]。相比之下,海洋中VB12的生产者主要有3个类群,分别是异养变形菌门、奇古菌门以及蓝细菌门[46]。培养研究表明,许多蓝细菌合成的不是真正意义上的钴胺素,而是假钴胺素,这种物质在大部分微藻中是无生物活性的。这一现象是由于这些微生物缺乏合成5, 6-二甲基苯并咪唑(5, 6-dimethylbenzimidazole, DMB)及其激活所需的基因家族所致[47]。然而,有部分微藻可以产生一些物质对假钴胺进行修饰,从而使其具有钴胺素的活性,发挥生物活性作用[46, 48-49]。也就是说,蓝细菌生产出来的假钴胺素是有定向选择性的,只有对这种物质具有修饰作用的微藻才能利用它。结合基因组分析和培养实验来看,海洋中可以合成真正意义上钴胺素的只有少部分的细菌和古菌,然而大多数真核浮游植物和不生产维生素的原核生物都需要VB12[17]。从物种丰度上来看,能够合成VB12的微生物种类明显少于需要VB12的微生物物种数量[50]。研究表明,表层海洋中的大多数微藻是VB12营养缺陷型[18],而浮游植物对全球初级生产力有很大的贡献,那么对于这部分藻类而言,在增加VB12含量之后,可能会导致初级生产力的明显提升。
研究指出,VB12在海洋环境中与叶绿素A之间有很强的正相关关系,说明它很有可能是海洋初级生产力的影响因素[28]。除此之外,还有研究指出VB12的缺乏会对真核浮游植物的氮代谢产生不良的影响[51],表明它在全球氮循环中也扮演着重要角色。因此,VB12作为由少数微生物控制的营养素和生长因子,可以被视为全球海洋生态系统中的重要交换媒介,围绕着VB12进行的微生物之间的相互联系和物质交换可能会形成一种稳定经济体系,而VB12在这中间起到了“硬通货”的作用[28]
在生态系统中,VB12的生物全合成要经过很复杂的步骤,这会给VB12的生产者带来非常高的基因和代谢负担[52]。在这种情况下,可以生物全合成VB12的细菌和古菌成为海洋生态环境中的重要稳定者。大部分的海洋浮游藻类是完全依靠外源的VB12,而这部分海洋植物被认为与细菌建立了特殊的共生关系,以VB12来交换有机碳共同维持双方的生存[25]。然而关于古菌生产VB12的相关情况却知之甚少,关于AOA与VB12之间的研究就更少了,大部分研究依靠基因组工具探究了AOA参与VB12生物合成的过程,这也能揭示一些AOA生产VB12的特点。
AOA在水生环境中普遍存在且含量丰富,通过对多个海洋的AOA宏基因组进行深入分析,研究均检测到VB12基因簇的存在。据此推测,所有AOA可能都含有VB12合成基因簇,而且在极地海洋环境中,AOA生产的VB12可能占主导地位[25]。在全球海洋宏基因组分析中发现,表层海水中的细菌以其VB12合成基因占主要地位,主要通过好氧路径生成,而且大部分是从头合成的;相比之下,AOA在海洋中深层(250−1 000 m)的VB12合成基因占主要地位,一般通过厌氧途径合成VB12,并且在补救重塑途径部分的基因检测到更高含量[28]。推测是由于VB12的从头合成需要高额的能量补偿和物质消耗。这种高成本导致AOA在物质能量相对缺乏的海水深层中面临较大的全合成负担。因此,补偿和重塑途径可能成为这些AOA合成VB12的重要通路。
上面也提到了作为海洋VB12的生产者,细菌和古菌有明显的分布差异,分别占据海洋不同水层的生态位。由AOA主导合成的VB12大多分布在极地环境、深层水柱、氧气最小区和冬季时间点,涉及到大范围的时空分布[25]。这些分布可能受到光照、温度、深度、溶解氧和季节影响,目前还无研究可以判断哪个影响因素占主导地位,但是这些分布与已知AOA的光抑制的分布结果一致[53],表明这可能和光照有较强的相关性。总之,AOA是海洋中VB12的重要生产者之一,其生产的VB12在海洋环境中呈现出明显的时空分布差异。
关于AOA产生VB12的研究,大多数是基于基因组分析得出的结论,但有研究重新评估了纯培养的氨氧化古菌菌株Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1的外代谢组,发现了VB12以及相关的合成中间体,这从代谢层面上支持了AOA具有生物合成钴胺素的能力的结论[26],也有培养实验证明在不添加维生素的情况下Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1仍可以继续生长[27],这也证明了在能量充足的情况下,AOA可以从头合成VB12。对Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1进行的基因组分析揭示了其具备合成VB12的遗传代谢能力[25],这一发现也表明AOA具有显著且广泛的代谢潜力。
AOA在多种环境介质中广泛存在,包括水生环境、陆地环境以及海洋水柱。这种广泛的分布表明AOA可能在生态系统中扮演着关键角色[54-56]。AOA是海洋中最丰富的微生物之一,占贫营养海洋环流中微生物浮游生物的30%,在海洋的氮循环和碳循环中起着非常重要的作用[57],因此AOA具备的VB12合成能力在全球生物地球化学中具有重要的代谢和生态意义。
VB12仅由一小部分微生物类群合成,因此,其他需要VB12的生物必须通过外源途径来获取。这一过程主要涉及2种机制:一是VB12使用者通过与VB12生产者建立代谢互补关系直接获取VB12;二是VB12使用者通过分解含有VB12的微生物细胞获取VB12 [18]。因此,VB12的产生、转化和循环对于塑造微生物群落的多样性和活性至关重要,尤其是在微生物间的共生关系、竞争关系和协同作用中发挥着核心的调节作用。这些相互作用对于维持微生物群落的平衡和功能具有决定性的影响[11, 18, 58]。通过调节VB12的生物合成和循环过程,微生物能够更有效地利用环境资源,维持群落的稳定性和功能。因此,深入了解VB12在微生物群落中的作用机制对于理解微生物生态系统的结构和功能具有重要意义。
当前的基因组学和宏基因组学研究显示,AOA在全球海洋中扮演着重要的VB12生产者的角色[25]。然而,由于只有少数微生物群体携带完整的VB12生物合成基因,这也导致了微生物群落分布的均匀性受到影响。例如,在海洋微生物群落中,尽管对VB12的需求普遍存在,但能够合成VB12的微生物种类却相当有限,这种供需不平衡导致了不同群落之间在物种构成上展现出一定的相似性。换言之,由于AOA在VB12合成中的不可替代性,它可能在某些海域中主导着微生物之间的相互作用,从而对海洋微生物群落的结构产生影响,并维持生态系统的平衡。
AOA产生的VB12在微生物的环境适应性方面可能也发挥着关键作用。微生物在不同环境条件下需要适应不同的生存压力和资源利用方式,而VB12的存在有助于它们更有效地应对这些挑战。在缺乏VB12的环境中,微生物的生存和繁殖会受到限制,而AOA提供的VB12有助于维持微生物群落的稳定性和多样性。总之,AOA合成VB12的能力在一定程度上塑造了海洋中生态系统的整体功能,维持了生态平衡。
VB12在全球生态系统中对生物的生长和代谢发挥着重要作用。作为海洋VB12的主要生产者之一,AOA对维持海洋生态系统的生态平衡具有深远的影响。此外,AOA在海洋某些生态位上作为VB12主导生产者,可能对微生物群体间的相互作用产生重要影响。作为维生素VB12的主要生产者,AOA可能与需求VB12的微生物形成特定的联系,共同构成具有稳定结构的群落。了解它们之间的关系对于理解海洋环境中微生物群落的结构和稳定性具有重要意义。这里提出几个问题和思考以供参考。
(1) 前面提到了合成VB12是一个能量和物质消耗较大的过程,然而在AOA主导生产VB12的地方都属于营养资源相对匮乏的环境,那为什么AOA要花费大量时间和“金钱”来合成VB12呢?有研究提到细菌与微藻会通过交换有机物和VB12来形成稳定的联系,保持共生关系[25]。那么,AOA是否也通过提供VB12来交换获取某些物质,以维持生存,例如它们自养过程中必需的氨氮。
(2) 关于AOA产生的维生素VB12在全球海洋中的分布情况,宏基因组数据已经提供了一些信息。然而,实际的VB12分布情况是否与这些数据一致?导致这种分布的原因可能多种多样,包括光照、温度、溶解氧等非生物因素。在这些影响因素中,哪些因素是主控因素?除了非生物因素,生物因素是否也会对这种分布产生影响?这些都是有待回答的关键科学问题。
(3) 目前,大多数古菌的纯培养仍然是一个难题,这给AOA的基因组测序以及物种注释都带来了困难。由于缺乏足够的基因组信息,使得研究这一群体成为挑战。基于此,使用宏基因组学分析解决了一部分问题,但是这些分析仍然代替不了现场研究和实验工作,如果可以将这三者结合起来分析,将有助于评估AOA合成的海洋VB12的比例,进一步理解AOA-VB12在海洋生物地球化学中的作用,以及它与其他微生物之间的互作机制。
(4) 目前的VB12测量限制于原位环境的浓度测量,这样的测量主要提供静态浓度信息,无法揭示VB12在微生物间的动态流动或供需关系。此外,现有技术在空间分辨率、检测灵敏度和实时动态监测能力方面仍存在限制。因此,未来研究可以借助新型传感器和动态观测平台,实现对微小环境中VB12浓度的连续实时检测,并通过同位素标记法追踪VB12在不同微生物间的转移和流动。通过这些方法,能够更好地研究AOA的VB12合成过程及其在生态系统中的角色。
(5) 在进化过程中,AOA保持VB12的生物合成能力,这可能是适应环境变化的进化策略,也可能是未淘汰的功能冗余。这一现象不仅涉及生物体内必需营养物质的来源和进化意义,而且反映了复杂维生素合成路径在生命进化中的重要性及其遗传传递方式。这种生物合成能力在全球气候变化下的演化趋势,也是值得我们进一步探讨和研究的重要海洋生态学问题。
  • 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)项目(SML2023SP218)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41776137)
  • 国家自然科学基金(92051117)
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2024年第64卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240595
  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-11-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
  • 录用日期:2024-11-11
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Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Project(SML2023SP218)
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)项目(SML2023SP218)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41776137)
国家自然科学基金(41776137)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(92051117)
国家自然科学基金(92051117)
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    1 中山大学 海洋科学学院, 广东 珠海 519082
    2 中山大学 海洋气候研究中心, 广东 珠海 519082
    3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海), 广东 珠海 519082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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