Article(id=1242149203053458309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242149197907042945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240457, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1727539200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-29, onlineDate=1774081048023, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1728403200000, pubDateStr=2024-10-09, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081048023, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081048023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081048023, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242149197907042945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='12', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4951', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774081046797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081046797, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4882, endPage=4901, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242149204450161577, articleId=1242149203053458309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Bacillus velezensis XY40-1: whole genomic characteristics and biocontrol effects on pepper Phytophthora blight, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To evaluate the biocontrol and growth-promoting effects and reveal the antifungal mechanisms of the pepper endophyte Bacillus velezensis XY40-1, thus providing elite bacterial strains and technical support for the development of biocontrol agents for pepper Phytophthora blight. [Methods] Plate confrontation, in vivo inoculation assay, and microscopic observation were employed to determine the biocontrol and growth-promoting effects of B. velezensis XY40-1 on pepper. Genomics and metabolomics methods were adopted to determine the antifungal metabolites of the strain and the synthesis pathways of substances involved in antifungal effects, on the basis of which the antifungal mechanisms were explored. [Results] Strain XY40-1 exhibited strong inhibitory effects on six pathogenic fungi: Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum scovillei, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. solani, that infected pepper, and it demonstrated broad-spectrum resistance. The strain suspension at 107 CFU/mL showcased the control effect of 66.13%. Moreover, it possessed the abilities to solubilize phosphorus and potassium and fix nitrogen, thus promoting the growth of pepper seedlings. XY40-1 carried a large number of genes involved in the synthesis of ketone and terpenoid antibiotics, which enabled it to produce extracellular metabolites such as nogalamycin, megalomicin, rifaximin, avermectin ala, avermectin, and ansamitocin P-3 to inhibit pathogenic fungi. The synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, as well as the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoid skeletons and antibiotics, contributed to the antagonistic function of XY40-1. The core metabolic pathway was the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. [Conclusion] B. velezensis XY40-1, an endophyte of pepper, possesses excellent biocontrol and growth-promoting effects on pepper, being a multifunctional and high-quality strain for the biocontrol of pepper diseases.

, correspAuthors=Xin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Xin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chi ZHOU, Shijing ZHOU, Yu TAO, Pingmei ZHANG, Fangying QIU, Yuxiang PENG, Xuefeng LI, Xin LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242149211370762583, articleId=1242149203053458309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1:全基因组特征分析及对辣椒疫病的生物防治效果评价, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】评估辣椒内生菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) XY40-1的生防能力和促生效果,了解菌株的抑菌机制,为辣椒疫病的生物防治菌剂研发提供优良菌种及技术理论支撑。【方法】采用平板对峙、活体接种及显微镜观察法评估贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1对辣椒疫病的抑制效果和对辣椒的促生效果;采用基因组学和代谢组学方法确定其抗菌代谢物与拮抗功能物质合成通路,明确其抗菌机制。【结果】菌株XY40-1对辣椒疫病、白绢病、炭疽病、黑斑病、枯萎病和根腐病6种病原真菌展现出较强的抑制效果,具广谱抗性。当菌液浓度为107 CFU/mL时,其对辣椒疫病的防治效果可达66.13%。此外,该菌株还具有解磷、解钾和固氮能力,对辣椒苗具有明显的促生效果。菌株XY40-1携带大量酮类及萜类抗生素合成基因,能产生包括诺加霉素、大蒜素、利福昔明、西拉菌素、阿维菌素和安丝菌素P-3等在内的多种胞外代谢产物,这些代谢产物对病原真菌活性具有显著抑制作用。酮体的合成和降解、萜类骨架生物和抗生素合成通路均有助于菌株XY40-1的拮抗功能,其中,次生代谢产物的生物合成为其核心代谢通路。【结论】辣椒内生菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1对辣椒疫病具有良好生防能力,同时兼具促生效果,可作为辣椒病害生物防治的多功能优质菌种。

, correspAuthors=李鑫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=R3+JzauXwgvGbneRCPCBFg==, magXml=lA2S+rPMNI5QGZ8v3vFCBw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Fh6voqj8LlAtDGRL0xP+Pg==, pdfFileSize=1962207, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=SUff0NJsJCvMEb3BiJdVlg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XpyeIkMLT9jhfDesyMitRQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=周池, 周诗晶, 陶禹, 张评美, 邱芳颖, 彭宇翔, 李雪峰, 李鑫)}, authors=[Author(id=1243293088534343844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-381X, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1243293088697921709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, authorId=1243293088534343844, language=EN, stringName=Chi ZHOU, firstName=Chi, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
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Targeted discovery of verransamycins and natural products mining of two Streptomyces[D]. Jinan: Master's Thesis of Shandong University, 2023 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243293104141349723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张友旺. 含四环素的有机肥对土壤微生物及小白菜生长的影响[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243293104204264285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG YW. 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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 湖南大学 研究生院 隆平分院, 湖南 长沙 410125)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243293093919830514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Inhibition of strain XY40-1 on pathogenic fungi of pepper disease. A: Phytophthora capsici. B: Sclerotium rolfsii. C: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. D: Alternaria alternate. E: Fusarium oxysporum. F: Fusarium solani., figureFileSmall=C1S/T4Ijg4E3I5hy7tmrPg==, figureFileBig=u0nd3T1YwGFq26QnGAkMWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293094024688117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株XY40-1对辣椒病害病原真菌的抑制效果, figureFileSmall=C1S/T4Ijg4E3I5hy7tmrPg==, figureFileBig=u0nd3T1YwGFq26QnGAkMWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293094192460286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of strain XY40-1 on growth of pepper Phytophthora capsici. A: Effects of different concentrations of fermentation broth of strain XY40-1 on Pepper capsici. B: Effect of strain XY40-1 on hyphae growth of Phytophthora capsici., figureFileSmall=4IE/2LbTfx6hmfQu/0TWKg==, figureFileBig=+036ZgPHT0jilrBZe9z6ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293094301512194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株XY40-1对辣椒疫病病原菌生长的影响, figureFileSmall=4IE/2LbTfx6hmfQu/0TWKg==, figureFileBig=+036ZgPHT0jilrBZe9z6ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293094427341324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Phylogenic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain XY40-1 and related Bacillus species. The tree was constructed with MEGA 6.0 software. The number at each node indicates the bootstrap support and the bar indicates expected number of substitutions per site. The red font refers to the study object strain XY40-1., figureFileSmall=Z1J/hzStqmb5POYwx2zWZQ==, figureFileBig=Ob7+GA8+SIAVWinSrBghLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293094544781842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株XY40-1和相关芽孢杆菌基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=Z1J/hzStqmb5POYwx2zWZQ==, figureFileBig=Ob7+GA8+SIAVWinSrBghLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293094662222361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Diagram of whole genome analysis. A: Circular genome map of strain XY40-1. The circular distribution from outside to inside indicates genome size, positive chain gene, negative chain gene, repeat sequence, tRNA (blue) and rRNA (purple), G+C content and GC-skew. B: KEGG function classification of consensus sequence. C: Metabolome KEGG annotation classification statistical chart. D: Volcano diagram of different groups. E: KEGG enrichment network diagram of differential metabolites., figureFileSmall=KSXm2Va6XY9e4jwG3wNKEQ==, figureFileBig=ZT5Ojvp5MPlI9TaLfuW1kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293094800634399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株XY40-1全基因组及代谢组学分析, figureFileSmall=KSXm2Va6XY9e4jwG3wNKEQ==, figureFileBig=ZT5Ojvp5MPlI9TaLfuW1kQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293094918074913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Comparative genomic analysis among strains XY40-1, FZB42, SQR9, DSM7T, and UCMB5036. A: Core-pan-genome plot of strains XRD006, FZB42, SQR9, DSM7T, UCMB5036 and other Bacillus species (168, W23, ATCC 14580, DSM 11031 and ATCC 842). B: Venn diagram of core genes, unique genes and accessory genes of strains XY40-1, FZB42, SQR9, DSM7T and UCMB5036. C: Collinearity analysis. The boxes with the same color are represented the syntenic regions, rearrangements are shown by colored lines. D: Comparison of the locations and products of the secondary metabolite gene clusters of XY40-1, FZB42, SQR9, DSM7T and UCMB5036., figureFileSmall=xTf2MAKn7I+paEoKbkF3cA==, figureFileBig=xi0//lFsFvhU4cySZLXqiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293095060681255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株XY40-1、FZB42、SQR9、DSM7T和UCMB5036的比较基因组分析, figureFileSmall=xTf2MAKn7I+paEoKbkF3cA==, figureFileBig=xi0//lFsFvhU4cySZLXqiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293095232647729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Biocontrol and growth-promoting effects of XY40-1 bacterial liquid on pepper Phytophthora blight. A: The control effect of XY40-1 bacterial liquid on pepper Phytophthora blight. B: Growth-promoting effect of XY40-1 bacterial liquid on pepper after 14 d. C: Effects of XY40-1 bacterial liquid on the growth characteristics of peppers., figureFileSmall=DjNusdHN4qxObPDOPh1bYw==, figureFileBig=QIAdDvGjB9nDYNTN04tGOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293095387836981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=图6, caption=XY40-1菌液对辣椒疫病的生防及促生效果, figureFileSmall=DjNusdHN4qxObPDOPh1bYw==, figureFileBig=QIAdDvGjB9nDYNTN04tGOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293095505277498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effects of XY40-1 bacteria liquid on pepper fruit quality and photosynthetic characteristics. A: Pepper fruit quality. B: Photosynthetic characteristics. Different letters indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=qNViio4eG13TLxOzBy3HdQ==, figureFileBig=gqwJmYVNX8DZhmAtXox+Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293095639495235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=图7, caption=XY40-1菌液对辣椒果实品质及光合特性的影响, figureFileSmall=qNViio4eG13TLxOzBy3HdQ==, figureFileBig=gqwJmYVNX8DZhmAtXox+Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293095740158532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Inhibition rate of XY40-1 on plant pathogens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病原真菌
Pathogenic fungi
对照菌落直径
Colony diameter of CK (cm)
处理菌落直径
Colony diameter of XY40-1 (cm)
抑菌率
Fungistatic rate (%)
The data in the table are mean±SD. Different lowercase letters in the same column represent the significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). The same as below.
辣椒疫霉菌
Phytophthora capsici
8.30±0.001.18±0.17bc85.78±2.05
辣椒白绢病菌
Sclerotium rolfsii
8.30±0.001.60±0.12d80.72±1.45
辣椒炭疽病菌
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
8.20±0.101.50±0.06cd81.70±0.73
辣椒黑斑病菌
Alternaria alternata
8.10±0.101.83±0.12abc77.41±1.48
辣椒枯萎病菌
Fusarium oxysporum
8.30±0.002.15±0.17a74.10±2.05
辣椒根腐病菌
Fusarium solani
8.20±0.101.95±0.58ab76.22±4.08
), ArticleFig(id=1243293095865987660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株XY40-1对植物病原真菌的抑制率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病原真菌
Pathogenic fungi
对照菌落直径
Colony diameter of CK (cm)
处理菌落直径
Colony diameter of XY40-1 (cm)
抑菌率
Fungistatic rate (%)
The data in the table are mean±SD. Different lowercase letters in the same column represent the significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). The same as below.
辣椒疫霉菌
Phytophthora capsici
8.30±0.001.18±0.17bc85.78±2.05
辣椒白绢病菌
Sclerotium rolfsii
8.30±0.001.60±0.12d80.72±1.45
辣椒炭疽病菌
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
8.20±0.101.50±0.06cd81.70±0.73
辣椒黑斑病菌
Alternaria alternata
8.10±0.101.83±0.12abc77.41±1.48
辣椒枯萎病菌
Fusarium oxysporum
8.30±0.002.15±0.17a74.10±2.05
辣椒根腐病菌
Fusarium solani
8.20±0.101.95±0.58ab76.22±4.08
), ArticleFig(id=1243293095975039570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Inhibitory effect of different concentrations of fermentation broth of XY40-1 on Phytophthora capsici

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌液浓度
Bacterial concentration (CFU/mL)
菌落直径
Colony diameter (cm)
抑菌率
Fungistatic rate (%)
孢子萌发抑制率
Spore germination inhibition ratio (%)
− indicates that no inhibitory effect was observed.
CK7.73±0.10a
1041.70±0.10b78.01±1.29e68.57±4.39d
1051.07±0.18c86.16±2.33b75.44±1.76cd
1060.68±0.21c91.20±2.72c77.73±2.38bc
1070.24±0.10d96.90±1.29d84.90±2.52b
1080.19±0.04d97.54±0.52d92.93±1.50a
1090.00±0.00e100.00±0.00e94.08±1.48a
), ArticleFig(id=1243293096084091477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同浓度XY40-1菌液对辣椒疫病病原菌的抑制效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌液浓度
Bacterial concentration (CFU/mL)
菌落直径
Colony diameter (cm)
抑菌率
Fungistatic rate (%)
孢子萌发抑制率
Spore germination inhibition ratio (%)
− indicates that no inhibitory effect was observed.
CK7.73±0.10a
1041.70±0.10b78.01±1.29e68.57±4.39d
1051.07±0.18c86.16±2.33b75.44±1.76cd
1060.68±0.21c91.20±2.72c77.73±2.38bc
1070.24±0.10d96.90±1.29d84.90±2.52b
1080.19±0.04d97.54±0.52d92.93±1.50a
1090.00±0.00e100.00±0.00e94.08±1.48a
), ArticleFig(id=1243293096193143386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of genomic characteristics of strain XY40-1 with other Bacillus species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainGenBank numberGenome size
(Mb)
G+C content
(%)
Protein coding sequencesrRNAtRNAIsolation source
Bacillus velezensisXY40-1NC_CP1586693.9646.63 7802787Pepper leaves
FZB42NC_CP009725.23.9246.53 6802988Beet
SQR9NZ_CP006890.14.1246.03 9042172Cucumber rhizosphere
UCMB5036NC_020410.13.9146.53 6872988Cotton
DSM7TNC_014551.13.9846.03 8703093Laboratory
Bacillus subtilis168NC_000964.34.2243.54 2373085Laboratory
W23 (subspecies)NC_014479.14.0344.03 8962477Laboratory
Bacillus licheniformisATCC 14580NZ_CP034569.14.2446.04 1832481Laboratory
Bacillus vallismortisDSM 11031NZ_CP026362.14.2944.04 2053087Soil
Paenibacillus polymyxaATCC 842NZ_CP024795.15.9245.05 2454291Soil
), ArticleFig(id=1243293096314778206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

菌株XY40-1与其他芽孢杆菌的基因组特征比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainGenBank numberGenome size
(Mb)
G+C content
(%)
Protein coding sequencesrRNAtRNAIsolation source
Bacillus velezensisXY40-1NC_CP1586693.9646.63 7802787Pepper leaves
FZB42NC_CP009725.23.9246.53 6802988Beet
SQR9NZ_CP006890.14.1246.03 9042172Cucumber rhizosphere
UCMB5036NC_020410.13.9146.53 6872988Cotton
DSM7TNC_014551.13.9846.03 8703093Laboratory
Bacillus subtilis168NC_000964.34.2243.54 2373085Laboratory
W23 (subspecies)NC_014479.14.0344.03 8962477Laboratory
Bacillus licheniformisATCC 14580NZ_CP034569.14.2446.04 1832481Laboratory
Bacillus vallismortisDSM 11031NZ_CP026362.14.2944.04 2053087Soil
Paenibacillus polymyxaATCC 842NZ_CP024795.15.9245.05 2454291Soil
), ArticleFig(id=1243293096440607331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

antiSMASH annotation functional classification chart of XY40-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因簇编号
Cluster ID
类型
Type
起始位置
Start
终止位置
End
推测产物
Putative production
相似度
Similarity (%)
Cluster 1Lanthipeptide-class-iii193 714216 329Andalusicin A/B100
Cluster 2Thiopeptide, LAP288 450318 183Unknown
Cluster 3NRPS329 692394 554Surfactin91
Cluster 4PKS-like936 194977 438Butirosin A/B7
Cluster 5Terpene1 063 0571 080 356Unknow
Cluster 6TransAT-PKS1 423 6221 511 453Macrolactin H100
Cluster 7TransAT-PKS, T3PKS, NRPS1 730 9881 831 722Bacillaene100
Cluster 8NRPS, TransAT-PKS, betalactone1 901 5482 039 207Fengycin100
Cluster 9Terpene2 063 3352 085 218Unknown
Cluster 10T3PKS2 148 6852 189 785Unknown
Cluster 11TransAT-PKS2 318 5502 412 345Difficidin100
Cluster 12NRPS, RiPP-like3 038 3933 090 183Bacillibactin100
Cluster 13Other3 613 2443 654 662Bacilysin100
), ArticleFig(id=1243293096574825063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

XY40-1的次级代谢产物合成基因簇分类表

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基因簇编号
Cluster ID
类型
Type
起始位置
Start
终止位置
End
推测产物
Putative production
相似度
Similarity (%)
Cluster 1Lanthipeptide-class-iii193 714216 329Andalusicin A/B100
Cluster 2Thiopeptide, LAP288 450318 183Unknown
Cluster 3NRPS329 692394 554Surfactin91
Cluster 4PKS-like936 194977 438Butirosin A/B7
Cluster 5Terpene1 063 0571 080 356Unknow
Cluster 6TransAT-PKS1 423 6221 511 453Macrolactin H100
Cluster 7TransAT-PKS, T3PKS, NRPS1 730 9881 831 722Bacillaene100
Cluster 8NRPS, TransAT-PKS, betalactone1 901 5482 039 207Fengycin100
Cluster 9Terpene2 063 3352 085 218Unknown
Cluster 10T3PKS2 148 6852 189 785Unknown
Cluster 11TransAT-PKS2 318 5502 412 345Difficidin100
Cluster 12NRPS, RiPP-like3 038 3933 090 183Bacillibactin100
Cluster 13Other3 613 2443 654 662Bacilysin100
), ArticleFig(id=1243293096709042796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The antagonistic effect of fermentation broth of strain XY40-1 on pepper Phytophthora blight

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浓度
Concentration
(CFU/mL)
病情指数
Disease indice
防治效果
Suppression rate
(%)
− indicates that no inhibitory effect was observed.
0 (CK)54.33±3.86a
10440.77±5.78b24.97
10537.33±5.09bc31.29
10623.43±0.81ef56.87
10718.40±1.01f66.13
10828.20±0.82de48.10
10933.73±1.86cd37.91
), ArticleFig(id=1243293096843260530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149203053458309, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

XY40-1菌液拮抗辣椒疫病效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浓度
Concentration
(CFU/mL)
病情指数
Disease indice
防治效果
Suppression rate
(%)
− indicates that no inhibitory effect was observed.
0 (CK)54.33±3.86a
10440.77±5.78b24.97
10537.33±5.09bc31.29
10623.43±0.81ef56.87
10718.40±1.01f66.13
10828.20±0.82de48.10
10933.73±1.86cd37.91
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贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1:全基因组特征分析及对辣椒疫病的生物防治效果评价
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周池 1, 2 , 周诗晶 1, 2 , 陶禹 1, 2 , 张评美 3 , 邱芳颖 1, 2 , 彭宇翔 4 , 李雪峰 1, 2 , 李鑫 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(12): 4882-4901
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(12): 4882-4901
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1:全基因组特征分析及对辣椒疫病的生物防治效果评价
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周池1, 2, 周诗晶1, 2, 陶禹1, 2, 张评美3, 邱芳颖1, 2, 彭宇翔4, 李雪峰1, 2, 李鑫1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 湖南省蔬菜研究所, 湖南 长沙 410125
  • 2 植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心, 湖南 长沙 410125
  • 3 湖南农业大学, 湖南 长沙 410125
  • 4 湖南大学 研究生院 隆平分院, 湖南 长沙 410125
Bacillus velezensis XY40-1: whole genomic characteristics and biocontrol effects on pepper Phytophthora blight
Chi ZHOU1, 2, Shijing ZHOU1, 2, Yu TAO1, 2, Pingmei ZHANG3, Fangying QIU1, 2, Yuxiang PENG4, Xuefeng LI1, 2, Xin LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • 2 Hunan Engineering Research Center on Excavation and Utilization of the Endophytic Microbial Resources of Plants, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • 3 Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • 4 Long Ping Branch, Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-10-09 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240457
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【目的】评估辣椒内生菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) XY40-1的生防能力和促生效果,了解菌株的抑菌机制,为辣椒疫病的生物防治菌剂研发提供优良菌种及技术理论支撑。【方法】采用平板对峙、活体接种及显微镜观察法评估贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1对辣椒疫病的抑制效果和对辣椒的促生效果;采用基因组学和代谢组学方法确定其抗菌代谢物与拮抗功能物质合成通路,明确其抗菌机制。【结果】菌株XY40-1对辣椒疫病、白绢病、炭疽病、黑斑病、枯萎病和根腐病6种病原真菌展现出较强的抑制效果,具广谱抗性。当菌液浓度为107 CFU/mL时,其对辣椒疫病的防治效果可达66.13%。此外,该菌株还具有解磷、解钾和固氮能力,对辣椒苗具有明显的促生效果。菌株XY40-1携带大量酮类及萜类抗生素合成基因,能产生包括诺加霉素、大蒜素、利福昔明、西拉菌素、阿维菌素和安丝菌素P-3等在内的多种胞外代谢产物,这些代谢产物对病原真菌活性具有显著抑制作用。酮体的合成和降解、萜类骨架生物和抗生素合成通路均有助于菌株XY40-1的拮抗功能,其中,次生代谢产物的生物合成为其核心代谢通路。【结论】辣椒内生菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1对辣椒疫病具有良好生防能力,同时兼具促生效果,可作为辣椒病害生物防治的多功能优质菌种。

生防菌  /  辣椒疫病  /  内生菌  /  全基因组  /  次级代谢产物  /  比较基因组学

[Objective] To evaluate the biocontrol and growth-promoting effects and reveal the antifungal mechanisms of the pepper endophyte Bacillus velezensis XY40-1, thus providing elite bacterial strains and technical support for the development of biocontrol agents for pepper Phytophthora blight. [Methods] Plate confrontation, in vivo inoculation assay, and microscopic observation were employed to determine the biocontrol and growth-promoting effects of B. velezensis XY40-1 on pepper. Genomics and metabolomics methods were adopted to determine the antifungal metabolites of the strain and the synthesis pathways of substances involved in antifungal effects, on the basis of which the antifungal mechanisms were explored. [Results] Strain XY40-1 exhibited strong inhibitory effects on six pathogenic fungi: Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum scovillei, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. solani, that infected pepper, and it demonstrated broad-spectrum resistance. The strain suspension at 107 CFU/mL showcased the control effect of 66.13%. Moreover, it possessed the abilities to solubilize phosphorus and potassium and fix nitrogen, thus promoting the growth of pepper seedlings. XY40-1 carried a large number of genes involved in the synthesis of ketone and terpenoid antibiotics, which enabled it to produce extracellular metabolites such as nogalamycin, megalomicin, rifaximin, avermectin ala, avermectin, and ansamitocin P-3 to inhibit pathogenic fungi. The synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, as well as the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoid skeletons and antibiotics, contributed to the antagonistic function of XY40-1. The core metabolic pathway was the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. [Conclusion] B. velezensis XY40-1, an endophyte of pepper, possesses excellent biocontrol and growth-promoting effects on pepper, being a multifunctional and high-quality strain for the biocontrol of pepper diseases.

biocontrol bacteria  /  pepper Phytophthora blight  /  endophyte  /  whole genome  /  secondary metabolites  /  comparative genomics
周池, 周诗晶, 陶禹, 张评美, 邱芳颖, 彭宇翔, 李雪峰, 李鑫. 贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1:全基因组特征分析及对辣椒疫病的生物防治效果评价. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4882 -4901 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240457
Chi ZHOU, Shijing ZHOU, Yu TAO, Pingmei ZHANG, Fangying QIU, Yuxiang PENG, Xuefeng LI, Xin LI. Bacillus velezensis XY40-1: whole genomic characteristics and biocontrol effects on pepper Phytophthora blight[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4882 -4901 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240457
辣椒作为我国种植面积最大的蔬菜[1],2023年全国累计种植面积达84.8万hm2,产量约2 101万t,是我国农业发展的支柱产业之一[2-3]。然而,辣椒在生产过程中易感染土传真菌病害,如辣椒疫病,严重时田间死株率可达80%以上,严重影响了辣椒产业的发展。辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)感染性和破坏性极强[4],不仅危害辣椒的根、茎、叶和果实,还可侵染某些茄科、豆类和大多数瓜类作物[5],造成植株整株萎蔫和果实腐烂,严重影响其产量和品质、制约产业发展[6]
目前,辣椒疫病的防治主要以化学农药为主,如甲霜灵、丙森锌和烯酰吗啉等,其防治效果可达50%−90%,见效快,但长期使用易引起病原菌耐药性与环境污染等问题[7]。抗病品种选育是预防辣椒疫病的理想方法,但辣椒疫霉菌的异株二倍体特性和易突变性使得其能对抗性基因产生抗性,导致目前市场上的辣椒品种都难以完全避免疫病的发生[8]。随着我国农业绿色发展的推进,利用微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)和植物源物质等的生物防治措施成为现代农业防控的重要方向[9]。生物防治不仅可有效抑制侵染病原菌的数量,还能增强植株抗病防御能力,从而达到减轻、防治病害的目的,其田间效果可媲美化学农药[10-12]。杜公福等[13]研究发现,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)微胶囊菌剂能增加辣椒根际土壤优势细菌的多样性,抢占辣椒疫霉菌的生存空间,以抑制其侵染能力;Yang等[14]研究发现解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) Zy44的粗脂肽提取物能显著降低辣椒疫病病情指数;赵岩[15]发现解淀粉芽孢杆菌YP4能造成辣椒疫霉菌菌丝畸形,以达到防治疫病的目的。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)作为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的新种,能够产生多种具有抑菌活性的次级代谢产物,如脂肽类抗生素、聚酮类抗生素、细菌素类物质和抑菌蛋白等,在植物病害方面表现出优良的防治效果[16-17]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌抗菌肽类物质的合成由多基因控制,这些基因通常会成簇地存在于基因组上[18]。目前,多种组学技术被应用于探究生防菌的抑菌机制,全基因组技术可以准确预测生防菌的抗菌次级代谢产物[19]、比较基因组技术可以分析各生防菌的特点[20]
本研究以分离自辣椒叶片组织的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1为主要研究对象,探究其对辣椒疫霉菌的抑制能力及其生理生化特性;利用全基因组测序、代谢组学和比较基因组学分析方法,挖掘菌株XY40-1潜在的抗病基因和抗菌产物,分析其可能的抗菌机制;通过活体抑菌试验探究菌株XY40-1对辣椒疫病的拮抗能力及其对辣椒品质的影响,并验证对辣椒苗的促生效果,以期为菌株XY40-1在辣椒疫病生物防治生物菌剂的开发提供科学依据和理论支持。
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1是从2021年湖南湘研种业有限公司试验品种XY40的健康辣椒叶片上分离得到的。将田间采集的辣椒叶片清洗干净,依次用无水乙醇、4%次氯酸钠溶液进行表面消毒,随后用大量无菌水洗去残留的消毒剂。将最后一次漂洗的无菌水涂布于PDA培养基,28 ℃下培养7 d,无菌落生长证明本次表面消毒彻底。在无菌条件下,加入10 mL无菌水将辣椒叶片研磨成浆液,静置30 min后梯度(10−1−10−7)稀释,每梯度取1 mL菌液涂布于LB平板,30 ℃下培养3−7 d,挑取单菌落划线纯化,最终获得菌落形态一致的纯培养细菌菌落。分离获得的XY40-1菌种保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号CCTCC No: M2022342。
供试病原真菌:辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)、辣椒白绢病菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)、辣椒炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、辣椒黑斑病菌(Alternaria alternate)、辣椒枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)和辣椒根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)均由本实验室保藏。
LB培养基用于细菌的培养;PDA培养基用于真菌的培养[21];PKO培养基和蒙金娜培养基[22]分别用于菌株溶无机磷和有机磷能力的测定;阿须贝无氮固体培养基用于菌株固氮能力的测定;亚历山鲍罗夫培养基用于菌株解钾能力的测定[23]
供试辣椒品种为‘兴蔬211’。
采用平板对峙法测定菌株XY40-1对辣椒病原真菌的抑制效果。取已培养好的病原真菌,用打孔器打取直径5 mm的菌块,置于PDA培养基平板(直径8.6 cm)中心。随后将培养好的XY40-1单菌落均匀点接于病原菌四周(距中心2.0 cm),于25 ℃培养5−10 d。每处理3次重复,以不点接XY40-1菌落的PDA平板为对照。测量各组病原真菌的菌落直径,如公式(1)所示计算抑菌率。
向长满辣椒疫霉菌的培养皿中注入2−5 mL无菌水,轻刮菌丝表面,微振平板,然后吸回液体。采用显微镜计数法测定孢子液浓度,制成不同浓度辣椒疫霉菌孢子液备用。挑取活化的XY40-1单菌落接种至50 mL液体LB培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min下培养过夜,在显微镜下计数得到菌液浓度,制成菌株母液备用。
取5 mL不同浓度XY40-1菌液(104、105、 106、107、108、109 CFU/mL)加入45 mL PDA培养基,混合均匀。在培养基中心放置直径为5 mm的辣椒疫霉菌菌块,28 ℃下培养10 d,计算抑菌率,见公式(1)。同时在菌落边缘挑取少量菌丝,制片,采用显微镜观察菌丝生长情况。以不加菌液的PDA培养基为对照,每处理3次重复。
取5 mL不同浓度XY40-1菌液(104、105、106、107、108、109 CFU/mL),与辣椒疫霉菌孢子悬浮液等量均匀混合,在28 ℃、180 r/min条件下培养16 h。随后随机统计显微镜视野下100个孢子的萌发数,计算孢子萌发抑制率,计算如公式(2)所示。以加等量LB液体培养基处理为对照,每处理3个重复。
将XY40-1接种于50 mL液体PKO和蒙金娜培养基中,以未接菌的培养基作空白对照,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养7 d。将培养好的菌液在4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心15 min,取1 mL上清液稀释2−10倍,钼锑抗比色法测定有效磷含量[24]
将XY40-1接种至50 mL亚历山鲍罗夫液体培养基中,以未接菌的培养基作空白对照,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养7 d。将培养好的菌液在4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心15 min,收集上清液,火焰分光光度计法测定有效钾含量[25]
将XY40-1接种至50 mL灭菌阿须贝液体培养基,28 ℃、100 r/min培养7 d后,取20 mL菌液加入带塞注射瓶,注入10 mL高纯乙炔,封好瓶塞,28 ℃下振荡培养1 h,测定固氮酶活性[26]
XY40-1全基因组检测、文库构建、质控、测序及分析等均由百迈客云科技(武汉)有限公司完成,库检合格后利用测序系统PacBio Sequel和Illumina NovaSeq PE150进行基因组测序。分别使用Hifiasm软件将获得的三代序列数据进行组装和校正,Circlator v1.5.5软件进行环化和调整起始位点,Pilon v1.2 2软件对二代数据进一步纠错,最终获得准确度更高的基因组以备后续分析。
委托百迈克云科技(武汉)有限公司对XY40-1进行代谢组学分析。挑取活化的XY40-1单菌落接种到液体LB培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min下培养24 h后,使用血球计数板计数法记录菌液浓度,即得到代谢组分析的菌液(发酵液),备用;同时取25 mL菌液12 000 r/min离心5 min,留取上清液,备用。使用Waters Acquity I-Class PLUS超高效液相联合Waters Xevo G2-XS QTof高分辨质谱仪进行液质测定。使用MassLynx v4.2采集软件原始数据,使用Proogene QI对原始数据进行峰提取、峰对齐等数据处理,基于Proogene QI软件在线METLIN数据库和生物标志物自建库进行鉴定,理论碎片鉴定母离子质量数偏差100 mg/L、碎片离子质量数偏差50 mg/L以内。
在NCBI下载各芽孢杆菌模式菌株的基因组序列信息(贝莱斯芽孢杆菌FZB42、SQR9、DSM7T和UCMB5036、枯草多黏芽孢杆菌168和W23、地衣多黏芽孢杆菌ATCC 14580、死谷多黏芽孢杆菌DSM 11031和多黏芽孢杆菌ATCC 842),与菌株XY40-1进行比较基因组分析;利用Mauve软件对菌株XY40-1与其他4株芽孢杆菌基因组进行共线性分析;使用antiSMASH网站预测其中5株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的次级代谢产物基因簇并比较分析差异。
选取无菌育苗盘中8−12叶期、长势均一的辣椒幼苗进行移栽,每盆一株幼苗,每处理9盆,3次重复。采用灌根接种法定殖贝莱斯芽孢杆菌、接种疫霉菌,首先向土壤中灌注10 mL辣椒疫霉菌孢子悬浮液(浓度106个/mL),25 ℃、高湿度、黑暗条件下培养3 d后,灌注10 mL XY40-1菌液(浓度104、105、106、107、108、109 CFU/mL),每3 d加灌1次;对照组灌注等量无菌水。以第1次灌根XY40-1菌液为第1天,在25 ℃、高湿度、光照16 h/d下培养14 d,每日观察记录病情,根据病情分级标准统计病情指数,计算防治效果[26-27]。计算如公式(3)和公式(4)所示。
式中:DGi为病情等级,ni为在该等级的植株数,n为总植株数。
以灌施10 mL 108 CFU/mL XY40-1菌液为试验处理,灌施等量无菌水为对照,每处理9盆,每盆1株,重复3次,辣椒幼苗培养过程及条件同1.8.1。25 ℃、光照16 h/d条件下培养14 d后,测定植株总根长、株高、冠幅及根尖数。
按体积分数分别为50%、30%和20%的比例将田园土、基质土和蛭石混合。在辣椒幼苗期、开花期和结果期各浇1次108 CFU/mL XY40-1菌液,每次每株苗灌根200 mL,共600 mL,以等量无菌水为对照,每处理6次重复。在日光温室条件下培养,昼夜平均温度分别为(25±5) ℃和(15±3) ℃。于果熟期采集果实,测定单果重、横纵径、维生素C、可溶性纤维和辣椒素;选取健康成熟的叶片,测定其净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和气孔导度。
用MEGA 6.0软件和邻接法构建系统发育树,SPSS 29软件中单因素进行数据分析统计各处理平均值的差异,Duncan多重比较对所得数据进行差异性显著检验,采用Origin 2024进行作图。
平板对峙试验结果表明,菌株XY40-1对多种辣椒病害的病原真菌具有明显抑制效果(图1),其中对辣椒疫病病原菌的抑制率为85.78%,抑制效果最好;对辣椒炭疽病、白绢病、黑斑病、根腐病和枯萎病病原菌的抑菌效率分别为81.70%、80.72%、77.41%、76.22%和74.10% (表1)。XY40-1对多种辣椒真菌病害具有生物防治潜力。
不同浓度XY40-1菌液对辣椒疫病病原菌生长的影响差异显著(图2A表2)。当XY40-1菌液浓度为104 CFU/mL时,对辣椒疫霉菌的抑菌率为78.01%;随着XY40-1菌液浓度的升高,其对辣椒疫霉菌的抑菌率也逐渐提高,当XY40-1菌液的浓度为109 CFU/mL时,抑菌率可达100%。培养16 h后观察孢子萌发情况,结果显示不同浓度XY40-1菌液对孢子萌发均有抑制作用,且菌液浓度越高,其对孢子萌发的抑制效果也越强。菌液浓度为104 CFU/mL时,其对孢子萌发的抑制率为68.57%,当浓度提高至109 CFU/mL时,抑菌率可达94.08%。
通过显微镜观察发现,培养10 d后,对照组正常生长的疫霉菌菌丝纤细直长,粗细均匀一致,线条流畅,分枝正常,而经XY40-1菌液处理后的菌丝出现卷曲皱缩的现象(图2B),说明XY40-1通过影响辣椒疫霉菌的生长而达到抑菌效果。
测定结果显示,菌株XY40-1解有机磷活性为17.69 mg/L,解无机磷活性为17.38 mg/L,解钾活性为3.17 mg/L,固氮酶活性为96.17 nmol/(mL·h),XY40-1具有较好的解磷、解钾和固氮的活性。
通过PCR扩增获得菌株XY40-1的16S rRNA基因片段,其序列长度为1 556 bp (GenBank登录号为PP897142)。系统发育树结果显示(图3),XY40-1与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在同一分支亲缘关系最近,表明XY40-1属于贝莱斯芽孢杆菌。
图4A所示,菌株XY40-1基因组通过组装、优化和校正后获得环状染色体基因组。菌株基因组全长3 955 067 bp,G+C占比46.6%;含有7 560个基因,3 780个编码序列,总长度为3 511 809 bp,占总长度的88.8%;共含有114个RNA基因,包括87个tRNA基因和27个rRNA基因。XY40-1基因组仅有一个4 504 bp的重复序列,占总长度的0.11%。此外,XY40-1基因组中还存在4个基因岛和4个CRISPERs。
在进一步分类的二级功能类别中,XY40-1注释到48条KEGG二级功能类别,共2 143个KEGG常规代谢通路相关基因(图4B)。其中,首要的代谢通路为ABC转运蛋白(ABC transporters,122个基因),其次为双组分代谢(two-component system,113个基因)。与抗菌相关的5类常规通路及其基因数量分别为碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism) 99个、萜类骨架生物合成(terpenoid backbone biosynthesis) 14个、链霉素生物合成(streptomycin biosynthesis) 9个、酮体合成与降解(synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies) 8个和青霉素和头孢菌素生物合成(penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis) 2个(附表1,数据已提交国家微生物科学数据中心,编号:NMDCX0001732)。
对菌株XY40-1菌液和上清液进行代谢组学分析发现,XY40-1菌液和上清液中共检测出1 271种代谢物,979种代谢物显著差异,其中,上调(菌液 > 上清液)代谢物395种,下调(菌液 < 上清液)代谢物584种。通过人类代谢组数据库(human metabolome database, HMDB)对显著差异的代谢物进行注释,得到115种与抗菌、提高植物抗逆性相关的机制较为明确的代谢物,按其天然结构可分为酮类及其类似物(50种)、脂类和类脂分子(46种)、生物碱(18种)和醛类(1种) 4类代谢物(附表2,数据已提交国家微生物科学数据中心,编号:NMDCX0001732)。基于KEGG功能通路对差异表达的代谢物进行注释,获得18个不同代谢功能通路(图4C),并富集到42种与次生代谢物相关、8种与辅因子相关和2种与细菌趋化性相关的差异代谢物;其中,上调(菌液 > 上清液)代谢物15种,下调(菌液 < 上清液)代谢物27种。进一步筛选出7种XY40-1胞外(上清液)含量显著上调的抗菌代谢物,即XY40-1产生的主要抗菌代谢物有类脂质分子类的诺加霉素(nogalamycin)、有机硫化合物的大蒜素C1 (megalomicin C1)、聚酮类化合物类的利福昔明(rifaximin)、阿维菌素(avermectin B1a)、利福霉素S (rifamycin S)、西拉菌素(avermectin A1a)和安丝菌素P-3 (ansamitocin P-3) (附表3,数据已提交国家微生物科学数据中心,编号:NMDCX0001732),其共同的代谢通路为次生代谢产物生物合成通路。差异代谢物KEGG富集网络图(图4E)显示,XY40-1的核心代谢主要为氰基氨基酸代谢(cyanoamino acid metabolism)、花生四烯酸代谢(arachidonic acid metabolism)、d-氨基酸代谢(d-amino acid metabolism)、卟啉代谢(porphyrin metabolism)、叶酸合成(folate biosynthesis) 5种。此外,XY40-1菌株还存在多种未探明的抗生素与植物生长素的合成途径,可以合成多种抗生素,具有较强的抑制真菌效果。
菌株XY40-1与其他9株芽孢杆菌基因组特征比较结果显示(表3),XY40-1的基因组与其他贝莱斯芽孢杆菌基因组大小相似,略小于SQR9及其他芽孢杆菌。泛基因组分析如图5A所示,10株芽孢杆菌的核心基因组趋势相比泛基因组趋势更平稳,这说明核心基因组更保守。由2.4中菌株XY40-1的系统发育树(图3)可知,XY40-1与菌株FZB42的亲缘关系最近,因此进一步选取同为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的模式菌株FZB42、SQR9、DSM7T和UCMB5036,对其核心基因进行同源分析,结果如图5B所示。XY40-1与FZB42等贝莱斯芽孢杆菌共有的核心基因数为3 644个,多数是参与基础生命活动的基因,占XY40-1基因组总核心基因数的99%,其中仅1个为XY40-1所特有;此外,XY40-1有3 466个核心基因与FZB42重合,这表明XY40-1在某些核心基因的功能方面与FZB42类似。5株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的共线性分析结果如图5C所示,XY40-1与FZB42、SQR9、DSM7T和UCMB5036的大部分基因均存在直接的线性对应关系,但也存在局部共线块排列顺序颠倒、翻转、异位等基因组重排的现象。通过antiSMASH预测XY40-1的次级代谢产物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs),结果显示(表4),XY40-1含有13个次生代谢产物合成基因簇,主要为聚酮合酶类(polyketide synthases, PKS)。其中有6个与已知基因簇相似度为100%,分别合成macrolactin H、bacillaene、fengycin、difficidin以及butirosin A/B。比对XY40-1与其他4株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌次生代谢产物合成基因簇的位置和产物显示,5株菌株的基因簇均表现为直接线性对应,这与共线性分析结果吻合(图5D)。
试验结果显示,接种疫霉菌后的辣椒苗在第4天时开始发病,随后逐渐加重。14 d后对照组辣椒叶片出现灰褐色病斑且萎蔫严重,同时伴随叶片脱落、茎部发黑等病害现象;而浇灌XY40-1菌液处理组的辣椒叶片病斑较少、程度较轻,生长状况较为良好(图6A)。由表5可知,施用浓度为107 CFU/mL的XY40-1菌液对辣椒疫病的防治效果可达66.13%,能有效降低疫霉菌对辣椒的侵染。
培养14 d后,XY40-1菌液处理的植株的生长状况明显优于对照组(图6B),其总根长、株高、根尖数、冠幅均高于对照(图6C),且株高、根尖数和冠幅均与对照间差异显著(P < 0.05)。XY40-1对辣椒植株具有较好的促生效果。
图7A可知,施用XY40-1菌液能显著促进辣椒果实纵向和横向生长,导致其单果重显著增加,产量提高。施用XY40-1菌液后的辣椒单果重可达70.58 g,较对照提高了13.64%。对辣椒果实内在品质而言,灌施XY40-1菌液显著提高了其维生素C、可溶性糖和辣椒素含量,较对照分别提高了20.98%、20.15%和52.24%。施用XY40-1菌液提高了辣椒的光合能力(图7B),除胞间CO2浓度显著低于对照外,施用XY40-1菌液后其净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著高于对照。对辣椒净光合速率而言,施用XY40-1菌液后,其净光合速率较对照提高了12.68%,达到(19.02±2.17) μmol/(m2·s)。
毁灭性土传病害辣椒疫病已对全国各辣椒产区造成严重经济损失[27],利用有益微生物对辣椒疫病进行生物防治是辣椒绿色可持续生产发展的重要途径[28]。由于芽孢杆菌属细菌繁殖速度快、对营养要求简单且定殖能力强,已成为植物病害生物防治中研究应用最多的一类生防微生物[29],其中,新种贝莱斯芽孢杆菌较其他芽孢杆菌属菌株更具有应用潜力。本研究中分离自辣椒叶片的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XY40-1,对于辣椒疫病、辣椒炭疽病、辣椒白绢病等多种真菌病害的病原菌有较好的抑制作用,具有广谱抑菌活性,这为辣椒真菌病害的生物防治提供了新的微生物资源。同时,本研究发现菌株XY40-1具有较好的解磷、解钾和固氮活性,施用菌液后的辣椒幼苗生长状况明显优于未施用菌液的对照。结果显示,菌液处理后的辣椒幼苗其株高、冠幅及根尖数均显著高于对照组,对辣椒植株生长表现出积极的促进作用。这说明菌株XY40-1在有效防治辣椒疫病的同时兼具促进植株生长的特性,在微生物菌肥研制中也具有较大潜力。同样地,冯宝珍等[30]发现番茄内生菌FQ-G3可以预防由灰葡萄孢引起的腐烂损失;王海霞等[21]从燕麦中筛选出能够有效防治燕麦炭疽病的内生菌YN-J3,其对燕麦有促生效果。以上结果说明从植物组织中筛选出的内生微生物较土壤、根际微生物在防治植物病害、促进植物生长方面更具优势,在开发成生物菌剂中具有非常大的潜力。
XY40-1与其他芽孢杆菌、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌模式菌株基因组特征比较结果显示,XY40-1基因组较小,仅3.96 Mb,表明其基因组较为紧凑。分析发现,XY40-1与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌FZB42的亲缘关系较近,可以推测XY40-1具有和FZB42相似的功能。antiSMASH分析结果显示,XY40-1基因组含有13个次级代谢产物基因簇,其中有5个产物均与聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase, PKS)相关,分别为macrolactin H、bacillaene、fengycin、difficidin以及butirosin A/B,还有相似度高的bacilysin以及surfactin合成基因簇。其中,cluster 4的推测产物butirosin A/B与数据库中已知序列的相似度仅7%,说明其在XY40-1中可能具备全新的结构。作为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌产生的主要抗菌物质,fengycin具有干扰细胞膜和诱导植物系统抗性的双重抗菌机制[31-32]。Surfactin在抗菌方面具有广谱性,能够改变细胞膜的结构发挥抗菌和抗病毒活性[33],也能在极端pH值、温度和盐浓度下发挥作用[34]。Macrolactins、bacillaene与difficidin这3类抗生素均能破坏细胞膜的完整结构,从而抑制细胞内蛋白质、核酸等生物大分子的合成或造成其外泄,进而对土传病原菌如青枯菌、尖孢镰刀菌等生长具有明显抑制效果[35-36]。Bacilysin作为一种铁载体类抗生素,对镰刀菌、胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌等多种土传病原菌具有杀菌活性[37]。此外,菌株XY40-1另外4个与已知基因簇无相似度的thiopeptide、type Ⅲ polyketide synthase (T3PKS)和2个terpene相关物质在同种菌株JJYY中也有报道[38],说明菌株XY40-1不仅通过分泌已知的抗生素发挥抑菌活性,还可能产生新的、未知的抗生素。
对XY40-1进行代谢组学分析发现,该菌株主要抗菌物质为聚酮类化合物,分别是大环内酯类、安莎霉素及相关聚酮类化合物(安丝菌素和利福霉素)、芳香族聚酮类化合物(四环素)和黄酮类化合物。大环内酯类抗生素的靶标是病原菌的50S核糖体亚基与23S RNA,能够阻止病原菌的蛋白质合成、群体感应并减少生物膜的形成[39];安莎霉类化合物通过攻击RNA聚合酶β亚基,抑制细菌的蛋白质合成来杀菌[40];芳香族聚酮类化合物虽可导致病原菌在合成蛋白质的翻译过程中读码错误而死亡[41],但其杀菌效果有浓度依赖性,在酸性和碱性环境中不稳定;黄酮类化合物主要是抑制细菌生物膜的形成,阻止细菌黏附到宿主受体[42],具有较强的抗真菌活性[43]。以上物质大都对革兰氏阳性菌具有靶向作用,因而XY40-1对革兰阳性菌的抑菌效果显著。XY40-1基因组和代谢组KEGG通路富集分析都涉及了新霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、安沙霉素、四环素的生物合成等通路,说明其可能合成以上多种抗生素。此外,XY40-1还富集了酮体的合成和降解、萜类骨架生物、抗生素合成通路和细胞运动性通路,说明该菌株有抑制病原菌、促进植物生长、可诱导植物系统抗性的作用,证实了其应用潜力。在微生物生命活动过程中,其次生代谢产物的种类远多于预测识别到基因簇的数量。这是因为许多次生代谢产物是通过复杂的生物合成途径产生的,这些途径可能涉及多个基因簇的协同作用或同一基因簇的不同表达模式。本研究中,通过antiSMASH预测XY40-1的次级代谢产物合成基因簇结果显示(表5),XY40-1含有13个基因簇,包括9个与已知产物具有相似序列的基因簇和4个未知基因簇。
本研究首先通过抑菌试验确定了菌株XY40-1对辣椒疫病等辣椒真菌病害具有抑制效果,同时测定了其生理生化特性,发现XY40-1具有较好的解磷、解钾和固氮的能力;随后通过活体抑菌试验和促生试验,表明其具备良好的生防和促生能力;利用组学技术挖掘了XY40-1的抗病基因和抗菌产物,揭示了XY40-1与同属模式菌株间的亲缘关系,其在长期的进化中仍然保持高度的水平基因转移。本研究不仅为辣椒病害的生物防治研究提供了理论基础,还丰富了生防菌资源,为新生物农药的开发应用提供了坚实可靠的依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1700100)
  • 湖南省重点研发计划(2023NK2030)
  • 邹学校院士创新工作站平台建设支撑项目(TL2023YF007)
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2024年第64卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240457
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-10-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
  • 录用日期:2024-09-29
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1700100)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1700100)
Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province(2023NK2030)
湖南省重点研发计划(2023NK2030)
Innovation Workstation Platform Construction Support Project of Zou Xuexiao Academician(TL2023YF007)
邹学校院士创新工作站平台建设支撑项目(TL2023YF007)
作者信息
    1 湖南省蔬菜研究所, 湖南 长沙 410125
    2 植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心, 湖南 长沙 410125
    3 湖南农业大学, 湖南 长沙 410125
    4 湖南大学 研究生院 隆平分院, 湖南 长沙 410125

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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