Article(id=1242149202386559687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242149197907042945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240338, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1726675200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-19, onlineDate=1774081047865, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1727280000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081047865, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081047865, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081047865, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242149197907042945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='12', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4951', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774081046797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081046797, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4789, endPage=4803, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242149202835350244, articleId=1242149202386559687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Construction and application in vitro of a recombinant vaccinia virus strain WR expressing dual reporters Fluc and mCherry, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To construct a recombinant vaccinia virus strain WR that expresses dual reporters (luciferase Fluc and red fluorescent protein mCherry). [Methods] Firstly, the gRNA CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid targeting the J2R region of WR and the plasmid pJSE-Fluc/mCherry carrying the dual reporter genes were constructed. Then, the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool was used to insert the dual reporter genes into the TK region, and thus the recombinant vaccinia virus strain rWR-Fluc/mCherry (rWR) was constructed. The location and sequence of insertion in rWR were analyzed by PCR and sequencing. The recombinant strain rWR was characterized by mCherry/Fluc activity and plaque assays. The recombinant strain rWR was subcultured for 12 passages, and the expression levels of the dual reporter genes and E3L were determined to reveal the genetic stability of the strain. To analyze the replication dynamics of the virus in Vero and HeLa cells, we determined the cytopathic effect (CPE), TCID50, and dual reporter expression of rWR and the wild type (WR) in the infected cells. Furthermore, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of ST-246 as a positive drug on both rWR and WR in vitro by the plaque assay, qPCR, and dual reporter activity measurement. [Results] Fluc and mCherry were accurately inserted into the TK region of WR. The Vero cells infected with rWR showed the activities of dual reporters and the plaque morphology consistent with that of WR. After 12 passages, the dual reporter activities and E3L expression were stably detected in rWR, which indicated that rWR was successfully constructed and genetically stable. The CPE, TCID50, and dual reporter activity in Vero and HeLa cells indicated that replication peaked 48–72 h post-infection with rWR, which was consistent with the replication dynamics of WR. The median effective concentration (EC50) of ST-246 against rWR was in agreement with that against WR, and the EC50 (2–7 nmol/L) obtained by the plaque assay, qPCR, and dual reporter activity measurement showed good consistency (r > 0.500 0 and P < 0.05). [Conclusion] A recombinant vaccinia virus strain rWR simultaneously expressing Fluc and mCherry was successfully constructed, and it was genetically stable. This strain might be used as an in vitro system for rapid screening and characterization of anti-orthopoxvirus drugs with simple operation.

, correspAuthors=Ying ZHAO, Wenjie TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHAO Ying,
E-mail: TAN Wenjie,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiewei SUN, Baoying HUANG, Mengwei WANG, Yiyi WU, Qiaohong CHU, Shuting HUO, Li ZHAO, Desheng ZHAI, Yao DENG, Ying ZHAO, Wenjie TAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242149206564086709, articleId=1242149202386559687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=携带Fluc与mCherry双报告基因的重组痘苗病毒WR株的构建及体外应用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】构建同时表达双报告基因(荧光素酶Fluc和红色荧光蛋白mCherry)的重组痘苗病毒WR株。【方法】采用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建针对WR株J2R区的gRNA CRISPR/Cas9质粒及表达Fluc和mCherry的质粒pJSE-Fluc/mCherry,插入至TK区构建重组痘苗病毒rWR-Fluc/mCherry。采用PCR与测序分析基因插入位置与序列的准确性;通过mCherry、Fluc活性、空斑形态鉴定重组病毒;重组病毒连续盲传12代,检测双报告基因及E3L表达分析重组病毒的遗传稳定性;检测重组病毒(rWR)与野生型病毒(WR)感染Vero和HeLa细胞后的细胞病变、TCID50、报告基因表达,分析病毒的复制动力学。采用空斑法、qPCR法、双报告基因活性检测,评价ST-246作为阳性药物的体外抗病毒药效。【结果】体外鉴定结果显示,Fluc和mCherry准确插入WR株的TK区域,感染Vero细胞后可检测到mCherry荧光及Fluc酶活性,空斑形态与野生型病毒一致,连续盲传12代病毒滴度保持稳定,并且双报告基因活性及E3L表达均可稳定检出,表明重组病毒rWR-Fluc/mCherry构建成功且遗传稳定;重组病毒感染Vero和HeLa细胞后的细胞病变、TCID50滴定、双报告基因活性检测均表明,感染后48−72 h达到复制高峰,与WR的复制动力学一致。采用重组病毒rWR-Fluc/mCherry测得ST-246的EC50与WR野生型病毒一致,多个检测方法(病毒蚀斑、DNA拷贝数、双报告基因活性) EC50结果(2−7 nmol/L之间)间均具有良好的一致性(相关系数r均大于0.500 0,P < 0.05)。【结论】成功构建了可同时表达Fluc与mCherry双报告基因且遗传稳定的重组痘苗病毒rWR-Fluc/mCherry,可应用于抗病毒药物体外快捷筛选及药效分析。

, correspAuthors=赵营, 谭文杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7sFgC0cYcRJLyDjaXSE47g==, magXml=/EeItWOejL3yru2LG276XA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7U80S/vBxtqoY3pMH3vNpw==, pdfFileSize=1268544, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=3N9BfAytQ1Um3ynrIk/YCw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HPdzIdJNLIHn2Y/N5sPD6A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=孙洁伟, 黄保英, 王梦微, 吴依依, 楚巧鸿, 霍恕婷, 赵莉, 翟德胜, 邓瑶, 赵营, 谭文杰)}, authors=[Author(id=1243293091797516447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1243293091956900016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, authorId=1243293091797516447, language=EN, stringName=Jiewei SUN, firstName=Jiewei, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, #, address=1 College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
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国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室, 传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室, 北京 102206)])]), Author(id=1243293092183392446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1243293092292444364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, authorId=1243293092183392446, language=EN, stringName=Baoying HUANG, firstName=Baoying, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, #, address=2 National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control 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A: gRNA CRISPR/Cas9 system schematic. B: Structure schematic of recombinant virus. C: Schematic diagram of recombinant virus construction and screening process., figureFileSmall=2X0XE8qI/oQm0ZdGGlFHjA==, figureFileBig=sdkVjyyF6oSLSHBsG8o4og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293097476604422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, language=CN, label=图1, caption=携带双报告基因重组痘苗病毒rWR的构建流程示意图, figureFileSmall=2X0XE8qI/oQm0ZdGGlFHjA==, figureFileBig=sdkVjyyF6oSLSHBsG8o4og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293097610822155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Identification and genetic stability of rWR. A: PCR in recombinant region. B: mCherry fluorescence protein expression analysis. C: Fluc luciferase activity analysis. D: Morphological comparison of plaque. E: rWR specific generation titer. F, G: Western blotting verification of genetic stability and gray value analysis., figureFileSmall=Df2bBVXcWSk/1xxa182aVA==, figureFileBig=scmUN2xop7PxTBdZLrYJpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293097724068369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, language=CN, label=图2, caption=rWR的鉴定与遗传稳定性, figureFileSmall=Df2bBVXcWSk/1xxa182aVA==, figureFileBig=scmUN2xop7PxTBdZLrYJpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293097875063320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Kinetics of replication of rWR in Vero and HeLa cells. A: Replication dynamics of infected Vero cells (mCherry fluorescence and cytopathic effects, upper: rWR, lower: WR). B: Replication dynamics of infected HeLa cells (mCherry fluorescence and cytopathic effects, upper: rWR, lower: WR). C: TCID50 titer curves of Vero and HeLa cells after infection. D: Fluc activity curves of Vero and HeLa cells after infection with WR or rWR., figureFileSmall=EwEmQa+ibXkRkP0Xc/aYSA==, figureFileBig=q0VMcdEUUmKi9DtYroe06g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293097992503835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, language=CN, label=图3, caption=重组痘苗病毒在Vero和HeLa细胞中的复制动力学, figureFileSmall=EwEmQa+ibXkRkP0Xc/aYSA==, figureFileBig=q0VMcdEUUmKi9DtYroe06g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293098105750046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Application of rWR for in vitro antiviral activity test (ST-246). A, B: The pharmacodynamics of ST-246 against orthopoxvirus in vitro was detected by plaque assay. C: The pharmacodynamics of ST-246 against orthopoxvirus in vitro was detected by qPCR assay. D, E: The pharmacodynamics of ST-246 against orthopoxvirus in vitro was detected by mCherry fluorescence foci assay. F: The pharmacodynamics of ST-246 against orthopoxvirus in vitro was detected by Fluc activity assay. ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=eHUyzaGPORZIsZ81qhZoGA==, figureFileBig=fNZEJ9RasshEikh1H1eS6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293098198024737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, language=CN, label=图4, caption=rWR在体外抗正痘病毒药效学评价中的应用, figureFileSmall=eHUyzaGPORZIsZ81qhZoGA==, figureFileBig=fNZEJ9RasshEikh1H1eS6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293098294493733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149202386559687, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Correlation analysis between rWR and WR base on different assays. A, B: The correlation between recombinant virus and wild type virus was analyzed by plaque assay and qPCR assay. 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携带Fluc与mCherry双报告基因的重组痘苗病毒WR株的构建及体外应用
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孙洁伟 1, 2, # , 黄保英 2, # , 王梦微 1, 2 , 吴依依 2 , 楚巧鸿 2 , 霍恕婷 2 , 赵莉 2 , 翟德胜 3 , 邓瑶 2 , 赵营 1, * , 谭文杰 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(12): 4789-4803
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(12): 4789-4803
携带Fluc与mCherry双报告基因的重组痘苗病毒WR株的构建及体外应用
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孙洁伟1, 2, #, 黄保英2, #, 王梦微1, 2, 吴依依2, 楚巧鸿2, 霍恕婷2, 赵莉2, 翟德胜3, 邓瑶2, 赵营1, * , 谭文杰2, *
作者信息
  • 1 新乡医学院 药学院, 河南 新乡 453003
  • 2 中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所, 国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室, 传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室, 北京 102206
  • 3 新乡医学院 公共卫生学院, 河南 新乡 453003
Construction and application in vitro of a recombinant vaccinia virus strain WR expressing dual reporters Fluc and mCherry
Jiewei SUN1, 2, #, Baoying HUANG2, #, Mengwei WANG1, 2, Yiyi WU2, Qiaohong CHU2, Shuting HUO2, Li ZHAO2, Desheng ZHAI3, Yao DENG2, Ying ZHAO1, * , Wenjie TAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
  • 2 National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
  • 3 School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
出版时间: 2024-09-26 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240338
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【目的】构建同时表达双报告基因(荧光素酶Fluc和红色荧光蛋白mCherry)的重组痘苗病毒WR株。【方法】采用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建针对WR株J2R区的gRNA CRISPR/Cas9质粒及表达Fluc和mCherry的质粒pJSE-Fluc/mCherry,插入至TK区构建重组痘苗病毒rWR-Fluc/mCherry。采用PCR与测序分析基因插入位置与序列的准确性;通过mCherry、Fluc活性、空斑形态鉴定重组病毒;重组病毒连续盲传12代,检测双报告基因及E3L表达分析重组病毒的遗传稳定性;检测重组病毒(rWR)与野生型病毒(WR)感染Vero和HeLa细胞后的细胞病变、TCID50、报告基因表达,分析病毒的复制动力学。采用空斑法、qPCR法、双报告基因活性检测,评价ST-246作为阳性药物的体外抗病毒药效。【结果】体外鉴定结果显示,Fluc和mCherry准确插入WR株的TK区域,感染Vero细胞后可检测到mCherry荧光及Fluc酶活性,空斑形态与野生型病毒一致,连续盲传12代病毒滴度保持稳定,并且双报告基因活性及E3L表达均可稳定检出,表明重组病毒rWR-Fluc/mCherry构建成功且遗传稳定;重组病毒感染Vero和HeLa细胞后的细胞病变、TCID50滴定、双报告基因活性检测均表明,感染后48−72 h达到复制高峰,与WR的复制动力学一致。采用重组病毒rWR-Fluc/mCherry测得ST-246的EC50与WR野生型病毒一致,多个检测方法(病毒蚀斑、DNA拷贝数、双报告基因活性) EC50结果(2−7 nmol/L之间)间均具有良好的一致性(相关系数r均大于0.500 0,P < 0.05)。【结论】成功构建了可同时表达Fluc与mCherry双报告基因且遗传稳定的重组痘苗病毒rWR-Fluc/mCherry,可应用于抗病毒药物体外快捷筛选及药效分析。

痘苗病毒  /  重组  /  双报告基因  /  抗正痘病毒药物  /  半数有效浓度

[Objective] To construct a recombinant vaccinia virus strain WR that expresses dual reporters (luciferase Fluc and red fluorescent protein mCherry). [Methods] Firstly, the gRNA CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid targeting the J2R region of WR and the plasmid pJSE-Fluc/mCherry carrying the dual reporter genes were constructed. Then, the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool was used to insert the dual reporter genes into the TK region, and thus the recombinant vaccinia virus strain rWR-Fluc/mCherry (rWR) was constructed. The location and sequence of insertion in rWR were analyzed by PCR and sequencing. The recombinant strain rWR was characterized by mCherry/Fluc activity and plaque assays. The recombinant strain rWR was subcultured for 12 passages, and the expression levels of the dual reporter genes and E3L were determined to reveal the genetic stability of the strain. To analyze the replication dynamics of the virus in Vero and HeLa cells, we determined the cytopathic effect (CPE), TCID50, and dual reporter expression of rWR and the wild type (WR) in the infected cells. Furthermore, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of ST-246 as a positive drug on both rWR and WR in vitro by the plaque assay, qPCR, and dual reporter activity measurement. [Results] Fluc and mCherry were accurately inserted into the TK region of WR. The Vero cells infected with rWR showed the activities of dual reporters and the plaque morphology consistent with that of WR. After 12 passages, the dual reporter activities and E3L expression were stably detected in rWR, which indicated that rWR was successfully constructed and genetically stable. The CPE, TCID50, and dual reporter activity in Vero and HeLa cells indicated that replication peaked 48–72 h post-infection with rWR, which was consistent with the replication dynamics of WR. The median effective concentration (EC50) of ST-246 against rWR was in agreement with that against WR, and the EC50 (2–7 nmol/L) obtained by the plaque assay, qPCR, and dual reporter activity measurement showed good consistency (r > 0.500 0 and P < 0.05). [Conclusion] A recombinant vaccinia virus strain rWR simultaneously expressing Fluc and mCherry was successfully constructed, and it was genetically stable. This strain might be used as an in vitro system for rapid screening and characterization of anti-orthopoxvirus drugs with simple operation.

vaccinia virus  /  recombinant  /  dual-reporter gene  /  anti-orthopoxvirus drugs  /  median effective concentration (EC50)
孙洁伟, 黄保英, 王梦微, 吴依依, 楚巧鸿, 霍恕婷, 赵莉, 翟德胜, 邓瑶, 赵营, 谭文杰. 携带Fluc与mCherry双报告基因的重组痘苗病毒WR株的构建及体外应用. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4789 -4803 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240338
Jiewei SUN, Baoying HUANG, Mengwei WANG, Yiyi WU, Qiaohong CHU, Shuting HUO, Li ZHAO, Desheng ZHAI, Yao DENG, Ying ZHAO, Wenjie TAN. Construction and application in vitro of a recombinant vaccinia virus strain WR expressing dual reporters Fluc and mCherry[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4789 -4803 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240338
痘病毒(poxvirus)是目前已知的基因组最大的线性DNA病毒,其成员正痘病毒属因宿主范围广且大部分都能引起动物源性人兽共患病,是痘病毒中最受关注的成员;正痘病毒属的成员包括天花病毒(variola virus, VARV)、痘苗病毒(vaccinia virus, VACV)、猴痘病毒(monkeypox virus, MPXV)、牛痘病毒(cowpox virus, CPXV)、骆驼痘病毒(camelpox virus, CMLV)和鼠痘病毒(ectromelia virus, ECTV)等[1-4]。自全球停止天花疫苗接种以来,人类对正痘病毒的感染风险显著增加[5]。2022年,全球暴发的猴痘疫情被世界卫生组织宣布为“国际关注的公共卫生紧急事件”,再次引发了对人感染正痘病毒病的担忧[6]
痘苗病毒(vaccinia virus, VACV)是目前研究最为深入的正痘病毒。痘苗病毒WR株(vaccinia virus western reserve strain)通过在小鼠脑内传代培养而获得,具有显著神经毒性[7],是正痘病毒应用最为广泛的模式病毒;由于其在动物模型中显示出较其他毒株更强的毒性,特别是通过鼻内途径感染时,对小鼠具有较强致病性,能够引发小鼠急性肺感染并能扩散至多个器官,因此该病毒在疫苗及抗病毒药效学体内评价方面也具有重要的应用价值[8-10]
ST-246是一种口服抗病毒药物,已被证实对包括天花病毒猴痘病毒在内的其他正痘病毒具有显著的抗病毒活性[11]。该药物的作用机制在于其抑制正痘病毒的VP37包膜蛋白,阻断病毒粒子的包膜形成[12]。在体外细胞模型中,Warner等证实了ST-246对不同分支的猴痘病毒均展现出一定的抑制效果[13]。在体内动物模型中,ST-246在食蟹猴感染猴痘病毒后的第5、6、7或8天进行治疗,存活率分别为100%、67%、100%和50%[14]。2021年11月,加拿大卫生部批准了ST-246用于治疗痘苗、猴痘以及天花病毒感染[11]
报告基因的使用可以实现病毒感染复制的实时监测、快速与多指标检测,大大促进了病毒学研究[15-16]。萤火虫荧光素酶(firefly luciferase, Fluc)具有灵敏度高、荧光强度高、穿透力强、容易定量等优势,已成为高通量药物筛选研究的常用工具。红色荧光蛋白(mCherry)具有易于观察、不需要加底物、毒性低等优势,近年来已广泛用于生物示踪剂。构建携带双报告基因的重组痘苗病毒,既能实现体外病毒感染和复制的实时监测,也能用于动物体内的病毒组织分布与感染强度的研究,为实现疫苗及药物的快速可视化评价提供了重要技术支撑[17]
常见的重组病毒构建方法包括同源重组、体外连接、细菌人工染色体和CRISPR/Cas9技术等[18]。使用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建重组病毒的效率比传统同源重组法高出至少90%[19],是一种强大DNA编辑工具[20]
基于上述分析,本研究拟采用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建可同时表达Fluc与mCherry双报告基因且遗传稳定的重组痘苗病毒rWR-Fluc/mCherry (rWR),并采用抗正痘病毒阳性药物ST-246,初步探讨了rWR在抗病毒药物体外药效评价中的应用,为正痘病毒感染机制研究及高通量药物筛选评价提供了新的技术手段。
非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)购自ATCC;人胚胎肾细胞293T (HEK-293T,CRL-3519)购自国家生物医学实验细胞资源库;上述细胞均使用含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基(Gibco公司)培养。痘苗病毒WR株(WR)由中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所应急技术中心保存,保藏编号为CHPC2.3.9-C-Tan-WR。
pX458del质粒和pJSE质粒,由中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所应急技术中心保存[19],其中,pX458del携带Cas9与GFP标签,用于提供Cas9蛋白、gRNA复合体,并实现转染细胞的可视化。pJSE用于痘苗病毒重组,可提供同源臂和p7.5与pE/L启动子。在http://crispor.tefor.net/网站中输入WR-J2R区基因序列[21],按“Doench '16-Score”参数将网站列出的所有gRNA序列从大到小进行排序,选出评分最高的gRNA序列:300gRNA (5′-CACCT GTGAGCGTATGGCAAACGA-3′),每个gRNA序列及反向互补序列的5′端加上Bbs Ⅰ酶切位点,合成后插入质粒pX458del中,命名为pX458del-300gRNA。
在质粒pJSE基础上采用无缝克隆技术构建供体质粒pJSE-Fluc/mCherry,其中,Fluc表达盒通过BamH Ⅰ位点构建至p7.5启动子后,用于荧光素酶定量;mCherry表达盒通过Bgl Ⅱ位点构建至pE/L启动子后,用于重组病毒筛选纯化及荧光灶定量。所有质粒序列均经Sanger测序确认无误。
将293T细胞按照3.5×106细胞/孔密度培养于6孔板中,37 ℃培养过夜,待细胞60%−70%融合时,更换为5% FBS的DMEM培养基。按X-tremeGENE HP DNA转染试剂说明书制备pX458del-300gRNA质粒-HP转染试剂复合物,随后逐滴滴加到293T细胞中,直至复合物全部加入到细胞中;第2天待细胞融合度为90%时,更换2% FBS的DMEM培养基,将WR按MOI为0.01剂量感染细胞后2 h换液;之后转染供体质粒pJSE-Fluc/mCherry,转染后24 h通过观察红色荧光噬斑筛选和收获重组病毒,采用有限稀释法筛选重组病毒单克隆,获得的重组病毒命名为rWR (C-Tan)-Fluc/mCherry,简称为rWR,收获细胞及上清,冻存于−80 ℃。
分别将rWR和WR感染Vero细胞后48 h收获细胞,按照病毒DNA/RNA核酸提取试剂盒(西安天隆科技有限公司)提取病毒DNA,用作PCR模板进行PCR鉴定与qPCR分析。采用2种特异性引物,即TK-F (5′-CAACTGAATAT GTCCGCCGTTCAT-3′)和TK-R (5′-TTATGAGT CGATGTAACACTTTCTACGAGC-3′),分别针对病毒的同源左臂和右臂进行PCR扩增,以鉴定病毒的插入区。在野生型病毒中预期产物为534 bp,携带双报告基因重组病毒的预期产物为2 994 bp。
将Vero细胞以4×106/孔密度,2 mL/孔培养于6孔板中,待细胞形成单层融合状,采用MOI为0.05剂量的病毒感染。感染后24 h,使用Western blotting及IP细胞裂解液(上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)制备样本。样本经SDS-PAGE后转移至NC膜上。然后使用5%脱脂乳粉在室温下封闭膜2 h,并使用含5%脱脂乳粉稀释的一抗抗体孵育过夜。一抗包括抗-Fluc鼠单克隆抗体(1:1 000)、抗-mCherry鼠单克隆抗体(1:1 000)、抗-E3L鼠多克隆抗体(1:250)和抗-β-actin单克隆抗体(1:10 000) (Abcam公司)。膜使用稀释至1:10 000的红外鼠源二抗,在避光下孵育1 h。然后使用含有0.05% Tween-20的TBS洗涤膜,去除未结合的抗体。待膜晾干后,使用红外Odyssey红外激光扫描仪(LI-COR公司)扫描膜成像。
采用Bright-LiteTM Luciferase Assay System (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)测量萤火虫荧光素酶活性。将细胞培养物与底物按照1:1的体积加入,即加入100 μL Bright-LiteTM至待测细胞孔中,室温孵育2 min后使用Synergy H1多功能酶标仪(BioTek公司),选择发光检测模块进行检测。
将Vero细胞以4×105细胞/孔接种于6孔板中,待细胞生长至90%时,将rWR按照MOI为0.01进行感染,48 h后收获病毒。后续使用前一代病毒粗制品再次按照MOI为0.01进行感染,连续盲传12代后,通过Western blotting检测Fluc、mCherry以及E3L基因的表达,用于了解重组病毒遗传稳定性。
将Vero与HeLa细胞分别以4×105细胞/孔接种于6孔板中,37 ℃培养过夜,待细胞生长至90%时,按MOI为0.01的剂量感染病毒;37 ℃吸附2 h后弃去感染液,用PBS清洗2遍,更换新鲜2% FBS MEM,置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中继续培养。病毒吸附2 h后定义为0 h,之后分别收获12、24、48、72和96 h的上清和细胞混悬液,于−80 ℃至室温,反复冻融3次之后进行病毒滴度的测定,参照Thevenin等[22]采用Karber法计算50%细胞发生病变的剂量(tissue culture infectious dose 50, TCID50),通过TCID50和荧光素酶活性检测绘制复制动力学和荧光表达动力学曲线,每组实验重复3次。
将Vero细胞以2×105细胞/孔接种于12孔培养板中。待细胞生长至90%时,按照30 PFU/孔的剂量感染病毒,吸附2 h后使用PBS洗涤细胞3次后更换2% FBS MEM培养基,然后在37 ℃、5% CO2下孵育48 h和72 h。之后每孔加0.1%结晶紫-4%多聚甲醛固定液1 mL,固定染色30 min,吸弃染色-固定液,每孔加入1 mL ddH2O洗涤2遍,晾干后拍照。
采用全自动核酸提取仪(西安天隆科技有限公司)提取总DNA。使用2×Taq Pro U+ Multiple Probe qPCR Mix (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)检测痘苗病毒E3L靶基因[23],其中正向引物序列为5′-ATCCTCTCTCATTGA TTTTTCGCGGGA-3′;反向引物序列为5′-TGG AGAAGCGAGAAGTTAATAAAGC-3′;探针引物序列为5′-HEX-TCGTCGGAGCTGTACACCAT AGCAC-BHQ1-3′。反应体系(20 μL):2×Taq Pro U+ Multiple Probe qPCR Mix 10 μL,正、反向引物(10 µmol/L)各0.4 μL,探针(10 µmol/L) 0.4 μL,模板2 μL,去离子水6.8 μL。PCR反应条件:37 ℃消化120 s,95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 30 s,共45个循环。通过标准曲线计算病毒拷贝数。
本研究药效学评价方法参照文献[24]进行。分别将Vero细胞按照2×104细胞/孔和2×105细胞/孔接种于96孔板和12孔板,待细胞生长至90%时,将ST-246 (T17026,上海陶术生物科技有限公司)初始浓度2 µmol/L开始倍比稀释至0.000 64 µmol/L,6个稀释度预处理1.5 h后,用2%胎牛血清MEM将rWR稀释至100 PFU/100 μL (96孔板)和50 PFU/500 μL (12孔板),每个孔加100 μL (96孔板)和500 μL (12孔板),即每孔含100 PFU (96孔板)和50 PFU (12孔板)病毒,致使药物浓度稀释至1×浓度,37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱继续培养72 h。收获上清和细胞混悬液于−80 ℃保存,反复冻融3次后,采用空斑法、qPCR法、荧光法及荧光素酶法检测并计算抑制病毒抑制率,以50%病毒被抑制的最大药效浓度为半数有效浓度(50% effective concentration, EC50)。其中,荧光素酶法利用Synergy H1酶标仪的Gen 5软件进行信号采集与荧光读数,按公式(1)计算抑制率。
采用GraphPad Prism 9软件进行制图和统计分析。利用ImageJ分析灰度值,将目标蛋白的灰度信号除以内参蛋白的信号,计算相对表达量;药物抑制率计算采用四参数Logistic模型Variable slope (four parameters)法计算,采用双尾t检验进行统计分析,抑制率曲线参照文献[25]绘制;采用Spearman相关系数(r)确定两组间相关性,r值越接近1表示正相关性越强;P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
胸腺激酶(thymidine kinase, TK)区域常被选作重组痘苗病毒外源基因的插入位点[26]。本研究在该区域插入Fluc和mCherry报告基因,以实现对病毒可视化追踪。首先,设计并构建了一个含有导向RNA (gRNA)的CRISPR/Cas9质粒(图1A)以提升重组痘苗病毒基因组编辑的效率。其次,构建了一个携带Fluc和mCherry报告基因的供体质粒,其以TK区的同源臂为侧翼序列,mCherry表达盒由早期/晚期(pE/L)启动子驱动,Fluc表达盒由p7.5启动子控制(图1B)。随后,采用脂质体介导的方法将gRNA CRISPR/Cas9质粒转染至HEK-293T细胞。转染后24 h,通过EGFP荧光蛋白的表达来评估CRISPR/Cas9系统的活性。最后,感染MOI为0.01剂量WR病毒株,并于感染后2 h更换培养液,采用相同方法转染含有Fluc/mCherry报告基因的供体质粒pJSE-Fluc/mCherry,24 h后通过观察红色荧光噬斑筛选和收获重组病毒(图1C),采用有限稀释法筛选重组病毒单克隆[26],获得的重组病毒命名为rWR (C-Tan)-Fluc/mCherry,简称为rWR。
本研究以野生型WR株为对照,采用TK-F和TK-R引物对重组病毒rWR进行PCR扩增,鉴定是否在TK区插入双报告基因(图1B),琼脂糖凝胶电泳可观察到约3 000 bp和约500 bp的条带,分别对应插入Fluc-mCherry和未插入报告基因区片段大小(图2A)。重组病毒的Fluc-mCherry片段区域测序结果显示与预期序列一致,确认了Fluc和mCherry双报告基因序列及插入位置的正确性。荧光显微镜下可观察rWR感染的Vero细胞中出现了红色荧光(图2B),说明mCherry可有效表达。此外,荧光素酶活性测定rWR感染的Vero细胞读值可达105以上相对发光单位(relative light units, RLU),证实了Fluc的高效表达(图2C)。感染Vero细胞48 h和72 h后的空斑观察结果显示重组病毒在噬斑形态和大小上与野生型病毒无显著差异(图2D)。将rWR重组病毒传至第12代,用空斑法测定P1−P12代的病毒滴度(图2E),各代次病毒滴度均大于106 PFU/mL,从P1代的(2.63±0.61)×106 PFU/mL持续维持至P12代的(3.77±0.78)×106 PFU/mL。取第1、3、5、7和9代病毒感染细胞进行Western blotting检测,在65、30及22 kDa处均能观察到明显的条带,分别与Fluc、mCherry及E3L的表达的大小一致(图2F);对Western blotting结果中的Fluc进行灰度扫描分析(图2G),各代次病毒的蛋白表达的灰度值保持稳定,说明rWR重组病毒具有良好的稳定性。
本研究测定了rWR和WR以MOI为0.01感染Vero和HeLa细胞后0、12、24、48、72和96 h的细胞病变、TCID50、mCherry表达及Fluc活性,用于研究病毒的复制动力学。在Vero细胞中的复制动力学结果显示,rWR和WR两株病毒均在感染后24 h开始出现病变、48−72 h病变加剧、96 h后细胞基本脱落(图3A);TCID50滴定结果显示,rWR和WR均在感染后24 h迅速复制,并在48 h至72 h达到平台期,96 h后下降(图3C)。此外,rWR重组病毒在感染后24 h即可观察到mCherry的表达,并持续增强至72 h达到峰值,96 h后荧光强度减弱(图3A),与细胞病变结果一致;并且,rWR在感染后可检测到荧光素酶活性(104−105 RLU),在48−72 h达到高峰,随后呈现下降趋势(图3D),rWR感染Vero细胞后Fluc活性分别为(17.11±5.51) RLU、(5.72±2.77)×103 RLU、(1.29±0.69)×104 RLU、(4.52±1.11)×105 RLU、(1.03±0.60)×105 RLU和(2.57±2.13)×103 RLU,上述结果与细胞病变及TCID50测定结果趋势一致。在HeLa细胞中测得的病毒复制动力学与Vero细胞一致(图3B3D),rWR感染HeLa细胞后Fluc活性分别为(19.22±6.55) RLU、(1.33±0.56)×104 RLU、(2.53±0.11)×105 RLU、(1.51±0.47)×106 RLU、(1.25±0.13)×106 RLU和(5.00±0.24)×104 RLU。
为了解重组病毒rWR在抗正痘病毒药物筛选中的应用性能,本研究以ST-246为阳性药物,并以野生型病毒为对照病毒,在Vero细胞中,通过空斑法、qPCR法、mCherry及Fluc活性等指标,对二者的药物半数有效浓度(EC50) 进行了比较分析,并探讨了这些指标之间的相关性。空斑法结果显示,病毒的空斑数均随着药物浓度的降低而增多(图4A),ST-246对rWR与WR株的EC50分别为0.006 µmol/L和0.003 µmol/L,二者差异无统计学意义(图4B)。qPCR法结果显示,病毒复制的抑制率均随着药浓度的降低而降低(图4C),ST-246对rWR与WR的EC50分别为0.007 µmol/L和0.006 µmol/L (图4C)。rWR特有的双报告基因系统检测结果表明:mCherry荧光强度随着药物浓度的减少而量增多(图4D),mCherry定量分析的EC50值为0.004 µmol/L (图4E);同时,Fluc荧光素酶活性随着ST-246浓度的减少而增加,呈现出剂量依赖性,EC50值为0.002 µmol/L (图4F)。重组病毒与野生型病毒的相关性分析结果表明,2株病毒采用空斑法和qPCR法测得的抑制率的相关性r值均大于0.800 0,P < 0.001,具有良好的一致性(图5A5B);重组病毒的4种不同指标的相关性分析结果也表明,各指标间之间存在良好的一致性,其中,Fluc与mCherry与空斑法的r值均大于0.700 0,P < 0.001 (图5C5D);空斑法与qPCR法的r值大于0.600 0,P < 0.01 (图5E);Fluc与mCherry与qPCR法的r值均大于0.500 0,P < 0.05 (图5F5G);Fluc与mCherry的r值大于0.700 0,P < 0.001 (图5H)。
上述结果表明,rWR株可以作为一个良好的模式病毒用于抗正痘病毒药物的体外筛选和评估。
尽管2023年5月世界卫生组织宣布猴痘疫情不再构成“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”,但是猴痘病毒在全球范围内传播,严重威胁人类健康,加强对其基础研究并开发有效的抗病毒疫苗药物仍是正痘病毒研究的重要方向。构建携带多个报告基因的重组痘苗病毒,将大大促进疫苗药物研究的实时化、可视化与高通量化。本研究构建了携带Fluc与mCherry双报告基因的重组痘苗病毒rWR,并初步探讨了其在抗病毒药物体外研究中的应用,为抗正痘病毒药物评价等研究提供了新的技术手段。
重组病毒构建策略方面,本研究采用了CRISPR-Cas9技术系统,该系统因其简便、高效、稳定的特性,在病毒基因工程操作中展现出显著优势[27],尤其是其可以增加痘苗病毒基因组的修复概率[28]。袁航等[29]研究表明,在BHK-21细胞中预先转染含有gRNA及Cas9蛋白共表达质粒后,感染重组病毒液的噬斑计数中,白斑数量比未转染gRNA及Cas9共表达质粒的对照组显著减少,大约减少至对照组的5%−10%,而蓝斑数量在两组间并未观察到显著差异,提示CRISPR-Cas9技术可有效促进重组蓝斑病毒的富集,有助于重组病毒的快速筛选。在重组区域选择方面,痘苗病毒的TK基因区域常被选作外源基因的插入位点,外源基因插入痘苗病毒的TK区后不影响病毒的复制周期,并且该基因在感染的早期阶段便开始表达,大大方便了重组病毒的筛选及早期鉴定[30]。本研究获得的rWR双报告基因重组病毒在噬斑形态和大小上与野生型病毒未显示出显著差异,且连续传代至P12代后病毒滴度可达106 PFU/mL以上,报告基因的表达稳定,具有良好的应用前景。
报告基因选择方面,荧光蛋白和荧光素酶蛋白各具优劣。荧光蛋白因其直观的细胞内表达特性,是检测重组病毒感染的首选;而荧光素酶在定量分析中展现出更高的灵敏度,在体内实验中更受关注[31]。考虑到表达单一报告基因的重组病毒难以同时发挥二者的优势,本研究选择了mCherry与Fluc双报告基因用于重组病毒的构建。本研究构建的重组病毒rWR,Fluc和mCherry报告基因均能获得有效表达,不仅可以通过荧光显微镜进行直观的观察、还能通过多功能酶标仪进行高通量的定量检测,双报告基因的设计既弥补了传统空斑法通量不足、耗时与步骤繁杂的缺陷,也弥补了传统qPCR法需要进行核酸提取、引物探针设计以及耗时较长的PCR反应过程,在实现检测手段的快速、便捷与高通量方面具有明显的优势。此外,本研究中mCherry报告基因不仅具有稳定性高、自发光背景低、毒性弱的特点[32],并且还能与本研究中携带EGFP的Cas9-gRNA共表达质粒区分,有助于评估质粒转染效果;Fluc高荧光信号强度和极低的背景信号,不仅有助于提高检测的灵敏性,更为将来的体内动物感染模型构建奠定了基础。值得注意的是,在病毒复制动力学的研究中,本研究分别采用了TCID50法与基于荧光素酶(Fluc)活性法进行的定量分析中仍存在一定差异,其中,基于TCID50滴定测得的病毒复制高峰点与平台期为感染后72 h与96 h,而荧光素酶活性测得的病毒复制高峰点为感染后48 h,二者存在一定差异,究其原因,可能与2种方法的原理及检测灵敏度的差异有关,TCID50法主要依靠细胞病变的观察进行结果判断,当细胞病变达到观测终点后,结果相对稳定;而Fluc法主要依赖于荧光素酶与底物的活性结果判读,受底物的表达量、稳定性及酶活性的影响较大,在病毒感染72 h后细胞病变程度较为严重,Fluc的表达与活性也可能受到一定影响而降低,因此在采用Fluc进行病毒感染复制特性研究时,也应该与经典的病毒学研究方法相结合使用。
在病毒监测和感染研究领域,双报告基因系统的应用提供了一种强有力的工具。该系统能够实时追踪和监测病毒感染的动态过程,可以用于观察和分析病毒复制的各个阶段,包括病毒基因组的转录与复制、病毒粒子的组装过程,以及病毒粒子从宿主细胞中的释放等关键环节[33-34]。该系统的高度灵敏度和实时性,使其成为研究病毒传播机制和制定有效防控措施的重要技术手段。本研究采用ST-246作为阳性药物,系统比较了重组病毒rWR与野生型病毒WR株的应用性能与特点。ST-246是首个获批用于治疗天花和猴痘的抗病毒药物[35-36]。Pires等[37]采用空斑法在BSC-40细胞系中对野生型WR株进行了药效学评估,测定其EC50为0.042 5 µmol/L;Chiem等[15]则利用报告基因系统在A549细胞系中对携带Nluc和GFP双报告基因的重组WR株进行了EC50的测定,分别为0.19 µmol/L和0.23 µmol/L。本研究中采用空斑法、qPCR法、Fluc法及mCherry法测得的ST-246 EC50分别为0.006、0.007、0.002及0.004 µmol/L,与已有报道[38]相比均显示出纳摩尔级别的抗病毒效果,EC50数值的差异,可能与不同研究体系采用的药物来源、实验流程、细胞系、检测指标、检测指标灵敏度和检测终点的选择不同有关。在实验流程方面,包括治疗性用药与预防性2种方式,本研究的实验流程为预防和治疗性的全程给药,该流程可同时用于进入抑制剂与复制抑制剂的药效学评价,更适用于机制不清的药物的筛选与评价;在检测材料选择方面,考虑到痘苗病毒主要包含细胞内成熟病毒和细胞外包膜病毒2种感染性病毒粒子,本研究选取了细胞和上清作为检测材料,有助于了解药物对病毒的整体抑制效果。此外,本研究分析了传统空斑法和qPCR法测定的药物抑制率曲线与EC50,ST-246对rWR (0.006 µmol/L)的抑制能力虽然在数值略低于WR (0.003 µmol/L),但二者的差异无统计学意义;本研究同时还分析了空斑法、qPCR法、mCherry、Fluc等多个指标的药物抑制率曲线与EC50之间的相关性,结果均表明,携带双报告基因的重组病毒rWR在进行体外抗病毒药效学评价时与野生型病毒具有良好的一致性,为该病毒进一步用于抗病毒药物筛选与药效学评价研究提供了科学依据。
本研究仍存在一定局限性。虽然在Vero细胞中研究了病毒连续12代的遗传稳定性,并在Vero与HeLa细胞中探讨了其复制动力学,但考虑到痘苗病毒细胞嗜性广,应采用更多不同物种与遗传背景的细胞开展系统研究;其次,因痘苗病毒基因组庞大,仅检测了报告基因mCherry、Fluc与E3L的表达,而未开展病毒全基因组测序分析,仍需更多代次的传代与全基因组水平的精细研究。此外,后续还应进一步开展rWR动物体内的感染特性研究及其在体内抗病毒药效学评价研究中的应用。
综上所述,本研究构建了可同时表达Fluc与mCherry的双报告基因且遗传稳定的重组痘苗病毒rWR,并采用ST-246作为阳性药物,初步探讨了该病毒在抗病毒药物体外研究中的应用,为深入开展抗正痘病毒疫苗药物及致病机制研究奠定了基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1800405)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2304100)
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2024年第64卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240338
  • 接收时间:2024-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-09-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30
  • 录用日期:2024-09-19
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1800405)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1800405)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1201003)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2304100)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2304100)
作者信息
    1 新乡医学院 药学院, 河南 新乡 453003
    2 中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所, 国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室, 传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室, 北京 102206
    3 新乡医学院 公共卫生学院, 河南 新乡 453003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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