Article(id=1242149201501561505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242149197907042945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240399, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719676800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1725379200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-04, onlineDate=1774081047653, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1725552000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-06, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081047653, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081047653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081047653, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242149197907042945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='12', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4951', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774081046797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081046797, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4817, endPage=4832, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242149201962934961, articleId=1242149201501561505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Rice-crab co-culture influences microbial community structure and physicochemical indicators of soil in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To explore the effects of rice-crab co-culture on physicochemical indicators and microbial community structure of soil in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia and thus provide a theoretical basis for promoting rice-crab farming in the Yellow River irrigation area in northwest China. [Methods] The physicochemical indicators of soil were measured, and high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was employed to reveal the microbial community structure in the fields with only rice planting (CK) and rice-crab co-culture (EG) by introduction of crabs into the ditches around rice plots. [Results] EG had higher soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM) and lower total salt content than CK from April to August. The TN, available phosphorus (AP), and SOM in EG were significantly higher than those in CK in June and July. In terms of microbial community structure characteristics, EG significantly altered the bacterial community structure in soil, increasing the bacterial diversity and abundance in April, and August. EG had higher cumulative relative abundance of the top 20 bacterial phyla than CK from April to August. The dominant phylum of both CK and EG from April to August was Proteobacteria. At the genus level, EG increased the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and decreased the relative abundance of Thiobacillus and Methanosaeta. The comparison showed that EG had stronger effect on the bacterial community structure than the sampling month. Correlation analysis shows that TN is the main factor affecting the relative abundance of soil bacteria, and it is significant (P < 0.05). [Conclusion] Compared with traditional rice monoculture (CK), sampling rice crab intercropping (EG) enhances soil fertility, increases the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Pseudomonas in the soil, and helps improve soil fertility and nutrient cycling efficiency, as well as clean up pollutants in soil and water bodies.

, correspAuthors=Xiaocong QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*QIU Xiaocong, E-mail:
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【目的】探究宁夏引黄灌区稻蟹共作对土壤理化指标和微生物群落结构的影响,旨在为西北引黄灌溉地区推广稻蟹养殖提供一定的理论依据。【方法】基于土壤理化指标测定和16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序技术,对单一水稻种植(CK)与环沟引入蟹形成的稻蟹共作(EG)土壤理化指标和微生物群落结构进行分析。【结果】在理化指标上,4−8月EG显著提高了土壤pH、总氮和有机质含量,降低全盐含量。总氮、有效磷和有机质含量在6月和7月EG明显高于CK。在微生物群落结构特征上:EG可以明显改变土壤中细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度,其中4月和8月可以提高细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度。与CK相比,EG在4−8月门水平相对丰度排名前20的细菌累积相对丰度都高于CK,CK和EG在4−8月的最优菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。在属水平上,EG提高了土壤细菌中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的相对丰度,同时也会降低硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和鬃毛甲烷菌属(Methanosaeta)的相对丰度。通过比较细菌群落结构发现,引入蟹后的EG对细菌群落结构组成的影响远大于采样月的影响。相关性分析表明,TN是影响土壤细菌相对丰度的主要因子,且具有显著性差异(P < 0.05)。【结论】与传统水稻单作(CK)相比,采样稻蟹共作(EG)增强了土壤肥力,提高了土壤中变形菌门和假单胞菌属的相对丰度,有助于提高土壤的肥力和营养循环效率,以及清洁土壤和水体中的污染物。

, correspAuthors=邱小琮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=n4eWpCMuNVOys7nAaZrEGg==, magXml=L76gjbWC6oSaeciX19eSFA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=IHonViosjuQgDxOrBUxhHQ==, pdfFileSize=1668089, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gHtLjCWeUoR98qv14wGO5w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OSkRV3OdvV2pCpkFnCqqkg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=徐程, 倪成, 邱小琮, 王凯, 袁金龙)}, authors=[Author(id=1243293091520692357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149201501561505, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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Surface and bottom characteristics of bacterioplankton community in summer Dali-nor Lake and its key driving factors[J]. 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A: Rice crab intercropping (EG). B: Single rice cultivation (CK). 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B: Correlation heatmap of EG group physical and chemical indicators. * represents the significant level of interaction effects between different physicochemical factors (* P < 0.05). TDS: Total salt; TN: Total nitrogen; TP: Total phosphorus; AP: Effective phosphorus; TK: Total potassium; SOM: Organic matter., figureFileSmall=+YFISpAAvShAS3gQRWjk8g==, figureFileBig=UYBt0GVUblPmLfIzC/GVfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293095618527651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149201501561505, language=CN, label=图4, caption=土壤理化因子相关性分析, figureFileSmall=+YFISpAAvShAS3gQRWjk8g==, figureFileBig=UYBt0GVUblPmLfIzC/GVfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293095731773866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149201501561505, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Soil bacterial communities in experimental fields in different months alpha diversity index. A: Chaol index. B: Faith_pd index. C: Observed index. 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Stress < 0.2 indicates that it can accurately represent the degree of difference in NMDS analysis; R > 0 indicates that the grouping is valid; P-value < 0.05 indicates a significant difference; The ellipse has a 95% confidence interval around the center point., figureFileSmall=haLGCfJPoshFBR++fEEBXg==, figureFileBig=Wns8NWrm2QmpY/mkChspvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293096310587858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149201501561505, language=CN, label=图7, caption=土壤细菌群落结构在不同区域和不同月份的非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)与ANOSIM分析, figureFileSmall=haLGCfJPoshFBR++fEEBXg==, figureFileBig=Wns8NWrm2QmpY/mkChspvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293096432222675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149201501561505, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Correlation analysis between physical and chemical factors and soil microbial community composition (phylum level). A: RDA analysis. 1: Proteobacteria; 2: Bacteroidota; 3: Actinobacteriota; 4: Firmicutes; 5: Desulfobacterota; 6: Chloroflexi; 7: Verrucomicrobiota; 8: Cyanobacteria; 9: Acidobacteriota; 10: Gemmatimonadota. B: Correlation analysis heatmap. TDS: Total salt; TN: Total nitrogen; TP: Total phosphorus; AP: Effective phosphorus; TK: Total potassium; SOM: Organic matter. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=Tk1mtxZf96bK8TQzQSJGlw==, figureFileBig=Fd09sXbEaRd096HO9uK/DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293096566440408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149201501561505, language=CN, label=图8, caption=理化因子与土壤微生物群落组成(门水平)相关分析

A:RDA分析. B:相关性热图.

, figureFileSmall=Tk1mtxZf96bK8TQzQSJGlw==, figureFileBig=Fd09sXbEaRd096HO9uK/DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243293096667103710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149201501561505, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Alpha diversity index of soil bacterial community in experimental fields in different months

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Month
Chaol indexFaith_pd indexObserved indexShannon index
CKEGCKEGCKEGCKEG
Different lowercase letters represent significant differences at the P < 0.05 level.
April2 985.58±47.44b3 114.06±46.39ab241.39±13.20c244.78±16.10c2 925.67±55.74b3 022.67±52.10a10.00±0.17d9.73±0.23d
May2 819.66±211.05a506.33±48.21b260.71±10.39bc69.13±6.93c2 766.33±202.53a504.33±47.16b9.72±0.26c2.03±0.05c
June2 161.26±112.55a2 153.77±164.07a245.80±13.91b258.56±18.73b2 128.67±109.21a2 119.00±160.63a9.75±0.14b9.93±0.04b
July2 439.55±358.40a2 229.13±89.39a225.58±15.77b206.10±12.62b2 375.00±346.41a2 178.67±86.80a9.53±0.42b9.35±0.34b
August2 289.89±58.66b2 765.31±90.17a219.75±3.54c258.78±5.40c2 240.67±54.83b2 696.00±84.36a9.50±0.20d9.51±0.51d
), ArticleFig(id=1243293096792932837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242149201501561505, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同月份试验田土壤细菌群落α多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Month
Chaol indexFaith_pd indexObserved indexShannon index
CKEGCKEGCKEGCKEG
Different lowercase letters represent significant differences at the P < 0.05 level.
April2 985.58±47.44b3 114.06±46.39ab241.39±13.20c244.78±16.10c2 925.67±55.74b3 022.67±52.10a10.00±0.17d9.73±0.23d
May2 819.66±211.05a506.33±48.21b260.71±10.39bc69.13±6.93c2 766.33±202.53a504.33±47.16b9.72±0.26c2.03±0.05c
June2 161.26±112.55a2 153.77±164.07a245.80±13.91b258.56±18.73b2 128.67±109.21a2 119.00±160.63a9.75±0.14b9.93±0.04b
July2 439.55±358.40a2 229.13±89.39a225.58±15.77b206.10±12.62b2 375.00±346.41a2 178.67±86.80a9.53±0.42b9.35±0.34b
August2 289.89±58.66b2 765.31±90.17a219.75±3.54c258.78±5.40c2 240.67±54.83b2 696.00±84.36a9.50±0.20d9.51±0.51d
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宁夏引黄灌区稻蟹共作对土壤微生物群落结构及理化因子的影响
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徐程 1 , 倪成 1 , 邱小琮 2, * , 王凯 1 , 袁金龙 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(12): 4817-4832
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(12): 4817-4832
宁夏引黄灌区稻蟹共作对土壤微生物群落结构及理化因子的影响
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徐程1, 倪成1, 邱小琮2, * , 王凯1, 袁金龙3
作者信息
  • 1 宁夏大学 土木与水利工程学院, 宁夏 银川 750021
  • 2 宁夏大学 生命科学学院, 宁夏 银川 750021
  • 3 湖北汽车工业学院, 湖北 十堰 442002
Rice-crab co-culture influences microbial community structure and physicochemical indicators of soil in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia
Cheng XU1, Cheng NI1, Xiaocong QIU2, * , Kai WANG1, Jinlong YUAN3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
  • 2 School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
  • 3 Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2024-09-06 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240399
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【目的】探究宁夏引黄灌区稻蟹共作对土壤理化指标和微生物群落结构的影响,旨在为西北引黄灌溉地区推广稻蟹养殖提供一定的理论依据。【方法】基于土壤理化指标测定和16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序技术,对单一水稻种植(CK)与环沟引入蟹形成的稻蟹共作(EG)土壤理化指标和微生物群落结构进行分析。【结果】在理化指标上,4−8月EG显著提高了土壤pH、总氮和有机质含量,降低全盐含量。总氮、有效磷和有机质含量在6月和7月EG明显高于CK。在微生物群落结构特征上:EG可以明显改变土壤中细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度,其中4月和8月可以提高细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度。与CK相比,EG在4−8月门水平相对丰度排名前20的细菌累积相对丰度都高于CK,CK和EG在4−8月的最优菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。在属水平上,EG提高了土壤细菌中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的相对丰度,同时也会降低硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和鬃毛甲烷菌属(Methanosaeta)的相对丰度。通过比较细菌群落结构发现,引入蟹后的EG对细菌群落结构组成的影响远大于采样月的影响。相关性分析表明,TN是影响土壤细菌相对丰度的主要因子,且具有显著性差异(P < 0.05)。【结论】与传统水稻单作(CK)相比,采样稻蟹共作(EG)增强了土壤肥力,提高了土壤中变形菌门和假单胞菌属的相对丰度,有助于提高土壤的肥力和营养循环效率,以及清洁土壤和水体中的污染物。

稻蟹共作  /  理化因子  /  群落结构  /  丰度

[Objective] To explore the effects of rice-crab co-culture on physicochemical indicators and microbial community structure of soil in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia and thus provide a theoretical basis for promoting rice-crab farming in the Yellow River irrigation area in northwest China. [Methods] The physicochemical indicators of soil were measured, and high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was employed to reveal the microbial community structure in the fields with only rice planting (CK) and rice-crab co-culture (EG) by introduction of crabs into the ditches around rice plots. [Results] EG had higher soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM) and lower total salt content than CK from April to August. The TN, available phosphorus (AP), and SOM in EG were significantly higher than those in CK in June and July. In terms of microbial community structure characteristics, EG significantly altered the bacterial community structure in soil, increasing the bacterial diversity and abundance in April, and August. EG had higher cumulative relative abundance of the top 20 bacterial phyla than CK from April to August. The dominant phylum of both CK and EG from April to August was Proteobacteria. At the genus level, EG increased the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and decreased the relative abundance of Thiobacillus and Methanosaeta. The comparison showed that EG had stronger effect on the bacterial community structure than the sampling month. Correlation analysis shows that TN is the main factor affecting the relative abundance of soil bacteria, and it is significant (P < 0.05). [Conclusion] Compared with traditional rice monoculture (CK), sampling rice crab intercropping (EG) enhances soil fertility, increases the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Pseudomonas in the soil, and helps improve soil fertility and nutrient cycling efficiency, as well as clean up pollutants in soil and water bodies.

rice-crab co-culture  /  physicochemical factors  /  community structure  /  abundance
徐程, 倪成, 邱小琮, 王凯, 袁金龙. 宁夏引黄灌区稻蟹共作对土壤微生物群落结构及理化因子的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4817 -4832 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240399
Cheng XU, Cheng NI, Xiaocong QIU, Kai WANG, Jinlong YUAN. Rice-crab co-culture influences microbial community structure and physicochemical indicators of soil in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4817 -4832 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240399
21世纪初,稻虾共作在我国湖北、湖南、江西等长江中下游地区得到推广[1],之后又形成了稻蟹、稻鸭、稻鳖等多种养殖模式。其中,稻蟹共作是一种在稻田的台田种水稻,环沟养蟹的复合型模式。该模式在保证水稻产量及产出优质蟹的基础上,能够实现促进经济、提升品质、改善环境的功能[2-3]
在稻蟹共作的土壤生态系统中,细菌对改善土壤理化指标、调节土壤环境、物质循环等方面起着重要作用[4-6],因此细菌常被视为主要研究对象[7]。目前稻蟹共作的研究主要集中在稻蟹共作对理化指标及其对浮游植物的影响。如黄明蔚等[8]研究表明,相较于常规稻田,养蟹稻田可增加稻田水体中的氮素浓度。张怡彬等[9]指出该模式可有效降低稻田系统N2O和CH4排放。顾芸等[10]对稻蟹共作研究表明,灌溉鱼塘尾水稻蟹田的浮游植物群落结构更加完善与稳定。关于稻蟹共作对土壤微生物群落结构及理化因子的研究,刘金雨等[11]指出稻蟹共作能够在一定程度上改变稻田的土壤细菌群落结构,增加土壤细菌的丰富度和多样性;陈奇等[12]研究发现稻蟹共作模式能够增加土壤细菌的丰富度和多样性的同时还提高了水稻和河蟹的产量。目前关于稻蟹共作模式对微生物群落结构的研究较少,且主要集中在我国东北及沿海地区。因此开展西北引黄灌区稻蟹共作对土壤理化指标及微生物群落结构的研究存在一定必要性。
宁夏引黄灌区是传统水稻种植与水产养殖基地,素有“塞上江南鱼米之乡”之称。本研究选取宁夏贺兰县光明村水稻种植基地,基于土壤理化指标测定和16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序技术,采用相关性分析及非度量多维排列(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)等方法对单一水稻种植(CK)与环沟引入蟹形成的稻蟹共作(EG)土壤理化指标和微生物群落结构差异分析,以期探明稻蟹共作模式对台田土壤理化指标及微生物群落结构的影响,为西北引黄灌溉地区推广稻蟹养殖提供一定的理论依据。
试验基地位于宁夏贺兰县(38°26′−38°48′N,105°53′−106°36′E)。稻蟹共作田的四周,沿着边缘,均开挖出一条深约1.8 m,宽2 m的圆形凹槽,以便在稻田水太浅时为螃蟹提供庇护。环沟和田面连接处设有20−30 cm高的田埂,以降低农药对蟹的影响,田埂上挖开有豁口,便于蟹进田和水体交换。稻田种植水稻为秋优88,养殖对象为江苏金源江蟹。水稻于2022年5月完成播种,6月1日投放江蟹,水稻播种量为262.5 kg/hm2,蟹的投放量为225 kg/hm2。水稻直播后施加水稻专用复合肥施可丰17-18-19,在水稻种植初期的施加量为525 kg/hm2。在4−8月整个实验周期保证播种前的整地、后期的施肥量和灌溉用水都按统一的标准实施,保证CK与EG土壤翻耕深度、每亩施肥量和灌溉水量相同。
选取A、B和C三块稻蟹共作稻田(EG)和传统单一水稻种植的D、E和F三块稻田(CK)为研究对象。在每块试验田中央等间距分别选取4个采样点,对每个采样点表层土壤进行采集(0−20 cm),采样点布置见图1。对每个稻田各4个样品进行等量混合形成新的实验样品,对应编号为A、B和C,以及编号D、E和F。
土壤样品采集工作在2022年4−8月进行,土壤样品检测理化指标2种,营养元素指标5种,共检测指标7种,分别为pH、全盐(total salt, TDS)、全氮(total nitrogen, TN)、全磷(total phosphorus, TP)、全钾(total potassium, TK)、有效磷(effective phosphorus, AP)和有机质(organic matter, SOM)。
对用于细菌分析的土壤样品进行16S rRNA基因扩增子测序[13-14],对变异区域进行PCR扩增,并对高变区进行测序分析和菌种鉴定[15]。构建小片段文库,基于Illumina NovaSeq测序平台对该文库进行双末端测序,经过Reads拼接过滤,操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)聚类,进行物种注释。
使用Excel 2021和SPSS 27.0对理化指标数据和土壤微生物丰度数据统计整理,采用单因素ANOVA检验方法进行显著性分析。利用Mothur软件计算细菌群落Chao1指数和Shannon指数分析群落α多样性。利用Origin 2022绘制雷达图、柱状图和柱形堆积图。采用Bray-Curtis距离分析群落多样性,使用R语言vegan包和ANOSIM包进行细菌群落结构组成的ANOSIM分析,运用非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)基于OTUs水平研究细菌群落组成的相似性或差异性,R语言绘制NMDS分析图[16]。使用CANOCO 5.0进行冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)得出冗余分析图[17]。利用Origin 2022添加heat map APP包绘制物种与土壤理化因子关联热图。
对CK和EG种养模式的7组土壤理化指标进行了测定,结果表明EG土壤pH明显高于CK (图2),4−8月pH值分别升高了0.39、0.25、0.66、0.59和0.58,特别是在6月pH升高了8.1%;通过对EG与CK不同月土壤全盐、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷和有机质的比较(图3),EG土壤全盐含量在4−8月处于下降趋势,而CK先降低后升高,且CK全盐含量始终高于EG;全氮和有机质含量在4−8月EG都高于CK;而CK与EG全钾含量除7月外,其他月差异不大;总氮、有效磷和有机质含量在6月和7月EG明显高于CK。
对CK和EG理化因子进行显著性分析(图4),结果表明EG理化因子间的显著性和相关系数较CK发生显著变化。pH与TDS由CK的显著性变为EG的不显著,但SOM与AP和TP由不显著变为显著,同时与CK相比,EG中SOM与TDS、TN、TP、AP和TK的正负相关性发生改变。在EG中SOM与其他理化因子显著性得到提高,且相关系数绝对值也增大。总体上与CK相比,EG改变了理化因子之间的正负相关性及相关性系数,同时显著性CK仅有1个,而EG有2个。
Chao1、Faith_pd、Observed和Shannon指数是反映微生物群落丰富度和多样性的重要指标。6块试验田不同月土壤细菌的Chao1、Faith_pd、Observed和Shannon指数见图5,CK与EG不同月的Chao1、Faith_pd、Observed和Shannon指数见表1。根据图5中Chao1、Faith_pd、Observed和Shannon指数随时间的变化规律表明:4月CK和EG物种多样性与丰度高于其他4个月,在5月EG物种多样性与丰度最低。由表1可知,CK与EG的Chao1、Faith_pd、Observed和Shannon指数在4−8月份存在一定差异,6月CK与EG对应的4个α多样性指数差异不大,5月CK与EG对应的4个多样性指数差异最大,且EG的α多样性指数远小于CK,从而导致5月CK的物种多样性指数远高于EG。通过CK与EG在4−8月物种多样性指数变化表明稻田环沟引入蟹后可以明显改变土壤中细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度,其中4月和8月可以提高细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度,5月降低细菌群落的物种多样性,而6月对细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度的影响不明显。
在门水平下,将试验田CK和EG在4−8月相对丰度排名前20的土壤细菌绘制柱形图(图6A)。细菌群落主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 96.64%−23.19%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 19.85%−0.35%)、脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota, 17.48%−0.01%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 10.99%−0.79%)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi, 10.84%−0.21%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 8.75%−0.65%)、出芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota, 7.17%−0.81%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria, 5.02%−0.32%)、蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria, 4.35%−0.01%)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota, 3.49%−0.02%)、等构成。其中最优势菌门为变形菌门,较优势菌门为拟杆菌门和脱硫杆菌门。
CK与EG的优势菌门具有显著的差异。CK在4−8月优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、脱硫杆菌门和绿弯菌门,其中变形菌门相对丰度处于绝对优势,但在4−8月变形菌门的相对丰度呈现下降趋势。EG在4−8月变形菌门相对丰度处于绝对优势,在5月其相对丰度最高(96.64%),绿弯菌门在4−8月其相对丰度呈现增加趋势(除5月外)。与CK相比,引入蟹后的EG在4−8月相对丰度排名前20的细菌累积相对丰度都高于CK,说明引入蟹后能明显改变稻田土壤微生物群落结构和物种丰度。
对相对丰度前10的细菌进行相关性分析,研究表明变形菌门与其菌门呈现负相关关系,与拟杆菌门、脱硫杆菌门和厚壁菌门的相关系数分别为−0.608、−0.541和−0.602,且呈现显著性差异(P < 0.05)。除变形菌门外,拟杆菌门与其他菌门呈现正相关关系,与疣微菌门、蓝细菌门和酸杆菌门的相关系数分别为0.385、0.422和0.417,都呈现显著性差异(P < 0.05)。
在属水平下,将试验田EG与CK在4−8月相对丰度排名前10的土壤细菌绘制柱形图(图6B)。试验田土壤细菌群落相对丰度前10的细菌属分别为Pseudomonas (84.11%−2.69%)、Thiobacillus (33.18%−0.31%)、Methanosaeta (20.12%−0.14%)、Unspecified_Bacteria (17.18%−1.55%)、Unspecified_Prolixibacteraceae (9.87%−0.02%)、Unspecified_Anaerolineaceae (9.06%−0.07%)、WCHB1_32 (7.02%−0.07%)、Hydrogenophaga (5.21%−0.25%)、Sphingomonadaceae (5.19%−0.05%)、Unspecified_Burkholderiales (5.06%−0.05%)和Unspecified_Comamonadaceae (3.28%−0.01%)。CK与EG土壤细菌群落结构存在一定的相关性也有各自特征。4−8月EG中Pseudomonas相对丰度始终高于CK,且EG中Pseudomonas相对丰度一直处于较高水平,特别在5−7月。CK中相对丰度较高的菌属为Thiobacillus、Unspecified_BacteriaMethanosaeta和WCHB1_32菌属。在4−8月EG中Thiobacillus的相对丰度都低于CK。通过CK与EG属水平排名前10的菌属相对丰度对比表明,引入蟹后会提高EG土壤细菌中Pseudomonas菌属的相对丰度,同时也会降低ThiobacillusMethanosaeta菌属的相对丰度。
利用基于Bray-Curtis距离的NMDS方法评估不同种养模式及不同月土壤细菌群落的相似性,结果见图7。Stress < 0.2表明图形具有较好的表现意义,R > 0表示分组有效,P < 0.05为显著性差异,椭圆是质心周围的95%置信区间。由图8可知,ANOSIM统计检验显示,CK与EG土壤细菌群落的组成存在显著差异(Stress=0.080 < 0.2, P-value=0.001, R=0.706),同时CK和EG土壤细菌群落与不同采样月有显著差异(Stress=0.080 < 0.2, P-value=0.014, R=0.176。结果表明引入蟹后对细菌群落结构组成的影响远大于采样月的影响。
采用冗余分析(RDA)对试验田土壤理化因子和土壤细菌门水平主要物种进行关联分析。通过计算方差膨胀因子系数VIF值,表明7个理化因子膨胀系数均小于5。在门水平上将理化因子与土壤排名前10的优势细菌群落进行RDA分析(图8A)。环境因子的长度表征对土壤细菌的影响,长度越长,相关性越高,影响越大;当环境因子与菌门的夹角为余弦值时,余弦绝对值越大,则影响程度越高,值为正表示正相关,为负表示负相关;若正交,则不相关。蒙特卡洛检验结果表明,TN是影响土壤细菌群落结构变化的关键因子。
对土壤细菌群落中相对丰度排前10的优势菌门与土壤理化因子进行Spearman相关性分析(图8B),结果表明所选7个理化因子中TDS、TN、TP、AP和SOM与相对丰度前10的菌门具有显著性差异,其中AP与放线菌门和绿屈挠菌门呈现极显著负相关关系(P < 0.001),相关系数分别为−0.636和−0.746。TN主要影响变形菌门、拟杆菌门、脱硫杆菌门和疣微菌门,且与它们都呈负相关关系。pH和TK与相对丰度前10的优势菌门均无显著性差异,与细菌主要呈正相关关系,且与优势菌门的相关性系数r < 0.4。
目前对于稻蟹共作主要采用对比实验来分析研究目标[11, 18-20]。本研究在保证单一水稻种植(CK)与稻蟹共作(EG) 2种模式的稻田单位灌溉水量、施肥量、水稻播种量及稻田耕作翻土深度都统一的条件下,对CK与EG土壤中7组理化指标在4−8月含量变化表明:引入蟹后EG中土壤pH升高以及SOM含量增加,同时降低了全盐的含量,其原因是蟹从环沟进入稻田中活动,如取食、排泄、打洞等,对土壤环境产生了影响。这些活动促进了土壤中的微生物活动,可能改变了土壤的酸碱平衡,从而导致pH值升高。蟹的这些活动有助于增加土壤中的氧气含量,促进了好氧微生物的活动,这些过程可能有助于提高土壤的pH值[21]。此外,稻蟹共作模式中,养殖过程中施用的生石灰消毒措施也是导致土壤pH升高的一个重要原因[22]。SOM含量增加以及全盐含量降低的主要原因可能是蟹类在土壤中活动时,改善土壤的结构,增强土壤的通透性和水分保持能力、加速有机物的分解和循环,使得有机物质更容易分解和降解,并有利于有机质的稳定性和长期积累。蟹类的排泄物和死亡体可以成为有机物的来源,这些有机物质经过微生物的分解作用,最终形成更为稳定的土壤有机质,提高土壤的有机质含量[23]。同时蟹类的引入会增加土壤中的生物多样性,包括微生物和其他土壤生物。这些微生物通过分解有机物质,加速了有机质的转化和积累过程。增强土壤的通透性和水分保持能力,有利于降低盐分的浓度,减少盐分在土壤中的积累。以及蟹类在土壤中的排泄物和死亡体可以作为有机物质的来源,经过分解后提供植物所需的营养元素,促进植物的生长,减少土壤中的盐分积累。EG中TN含量升高的主要原因可能是蟹类在土壤中活动时会摄食有机物和植物残体,经过消化作用后,排泄出含氮的有机物质和氨氮。这些有机物和氨氮可以被土壤微生物吸收和利用,最终转化为土壤中的无机氮,如硝酸盐和铵盐,从而增加了土壤的总氮含量[24]。同时水稻作为主要作物吸收土壤中的氮素,而蟹类的活动促进了土壤中氮素的供应和循环,有助于提高土壤中的氮素含量。水稻的根系分泌物和残体也提供了土壤中氮素的补充来源,促进了氮循环的正常运转。此外,引入蟹增加了土壤中的微生物生物量和多样性,特别是氮循环相关的微生物,如硝化细菌和还原细菌等,这些微生物通过氧化还原反应,促进了氮的转化和固定,进一步提高了土壤的总氮含量。
土壤细菌群落多样性受季节变化影响[25],也受地理位置的影响[26-28],温度、湿度、总氮、总磷、有机质等因素均能够显著地影响细菌的群落结构[29-30]。细菌作为稻田土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,当采用稻蟹共作后,其敏感性会迅速地响应[31]。赖政等[20]研究表明,采用新型无环沟的稻虾共作模式,土壤细菌中的酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)相对丰度显著升高,同时对土壤微生物多样性和微生物群落结构影响较明显。王蓉等[32]研究表明影响土壤微生物数量、物种多样性和群落结构变化主要受土壤理化因子中硝态氮、铵态氮、pH含量的影响。
本研究对土壤细菌群落的多样性、结构组成和结构比较,根据Chao1、Faith_pd、Observed和Shannon指数表明,试验田在不同月之间群落多样性及丰富程度差异性显著。4月和8月细菌群落多样性最高,6月和7月次之,5月最低。CK与EG在4−8月物种多样性指数变化表明,稻田环沟引入蟹后可以明显改变土壤中细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度,其中4月和8月可以提高细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度,5月降低细菌群落的物种多样性,而6月对细菌群落的物种多样性与丰度的影响不明显。对CK和EG在4−8月门水平及属水平群落结构组成分析发现:在门水平上EG在4−8月变形菌门相对丰度处于绝对优势,在5月其相对丰度最高(96.64%),其主要原因可能是相较于其他菌门,变形菌门相对耐高温,而其他菌门暴露下阳光下大量死亡,从而导致变形菌门相对丰度剧增。绿屈挠菌门在4−8月其相对丰度呈现增加趋势(除5月外)。与CK相比,引入蟹后的EG在4−8月相对丰度排名前20的细菌累积相对丰度都高于CK,说明引入蟹后能明显改变稻田土壤微生物群落结构和物种丰度。在属水平上,CK与EG属水平排名前10的菌属相对丰度对比,表明引入蟹后会提高EG土壤细菌中Pseudomonas菌属的相对丰度,同时也会降低ThiobacillusMethanosaeta菌属的相对丰度。
引入蟹后EG土壤中变形菌门相对丰度和Pseudomonas菌属的相对丰度明显高于CK。变形菌门具有较强的有机物降解能力,能够分解复杂的有机物质[33],将其转化为更简单的化合物,有助于提高土壤的肥力和营养循环效率。同时变形菌可以参与有机物和重金属的降解过程,有助于减少土壤和地下水的污染程度。Pseudomonas菌属中的一些菌株具有生物防治潜力,能够对抗多种植物病原菌和土壤病害菌,有助于提高农作物的健康和产量。同时Pseudomonas菌属可以降解重金属和有机化合物,清洁土壤和水体中的污染物。
本研究表明变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是土壤微生物群落相对丰度最高的菌门,其他研究也表明稻田土壤中变形菌门也具有较高的相对丰度[34]。研究表明,当土壤中变形菌门相对丰度增加到一定比例有利于土壤肥力的保持,同时还能间接促进植物生长[35]。RDA分析表明稻田土壤中相对丰度排名前10的细菌群落中,TN对变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度影响最大,且呈正相关关系[36]。其原因可能是变形菌与TN含量存在相互促进作用,当土壤TN含量升高时变形菌也随之增加,从而起到有固氮能力[37]。拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度主要受TN和TP含量的影响,且与它们呈显著性关系[38]。其原因可能是土壤中拟杆菌门的相对丰度通常与土壤的有机质含量密切相关,而有机质的分解释放出的氮和磷则可促进拟杆菌门的生长。脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)相对丰度主要受TDS、TN和TP含量的影响,与TDS、TN和TP呈负相关关系,且TP对其影响最大。疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)相对丰度主要受TDS和TN含量的影响。AP主要影响蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)的相对丰度。SOM主要影响蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria)的相对丰度。pH和TK与相对丰度前10的菌门无显著性关系,且它们与这些菌门主要呈现正相关关系。变形菌门除与pH呈负相关外,与其他理化因子都呈现正相关关系;SOM仅与变形菌门呈正相关关系,与其他菌门主要呈负相关关系。
本研究通过对比宁夏引黄灌区传统水稻单一种植模式(CK)与稻蟹共作模式(EG) 4−8月土壤理化指标及微生物群落结构的变化,揭示了稻蟹共作土壤微生物群落结构特征及影响因素。研究表明,在理化指标上,稻蟹共作种养模式提升了整个种养周期内土壤pH、TN和SOM含量,具有改善土壤环境、提高稻田土壤肥力的作用。在微生物群落结构特征上,稻蟹共作下,提升了变形菌门和假单胞菌属的相对丰度,有助于提高土壤的肥力和营养循环效率,提高农作物的产量,清洁土壤和水体中的污染物。TN是影响细菌相对丰度的主要理化因子,pH和TK与门水平相对丰度排名前10的菌门均无显著性关系。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1900603-03)
  • 宁夏高等学校一流学科建设(水利工程)项目(NXYLXK2021A03)
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2024年第64卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240399
  • 接收时间:2024-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-09-06
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-30
  • 录用日期:2024-09-04
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1900603-03)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1900603-03)
Ningxia Higher Education First Class Discipline Construction (Water Conservancy Engineering) Project(NXYLXK2021A03)
宁夏高等学校一流学科建设(水利工程)项目(NXYLXK2021A03)
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    1 宁夏大学 土木与水利工程学院, 宁夏 银川 750021
    2 宁夏大学 生命科学学院, 宁夏 银川 750021
    3 湖北汽车工业学院, 湖北 十堰 442002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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