Article(id=1242149199832228491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242149197907042945, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240437, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721232000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1727625600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-30, onlineDate=1774081047256, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1728403200000, pubDateStr=2024-10-09, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081047256, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081047256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081047256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242149197907042945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='12', pageStart='4471', pageEnd='4951', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774081046797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081046797, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4869, endPage=4881, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242149201337983642, articleId=1242149199832228491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Synthesis of triphenylphosphine pillar[5]arene with inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the common pathogens causing infections. It can attach media or implant surfaces to form biofilms, which makes it difficult to be tackled and leads to the generation of drug resistance, posing a great challenge to clinical treatment. Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel antimicrobials. Pillar[5]arenes, a new class of supramolecular macrocyclic hosts, attracting wide attention due to their highly rigid and symmetrical architectures and controllable cavity sizes, which afford the limitless possibility to create antimicrobial agents with various functional groups and biological activities.[Objective] To synthesize triphenylphosphine pillar[5]arene (TPP) and determine its antibacterial activities and drug resistance with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (S. subsp. aureus) ATCC 29213, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300. [Methods] The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) were determined to evaluate the antibacterial activity of TPP. The effects of TPP on biofilm formation were quantified by crystal violet staining, and the content of extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid assay. The strain resistance to TPP was examined. [Results] TPP exhibited inhibitory effects on the three strains tested, with a MIC of 15.63 μg/mL for the three strains and a MBC of 125.00 μg/mL for both S. aureus and S. subsp. aureus. However, TPP was unable to kill MRSA even at a concentration of 125.00 μg/mL. The biofilm inhibition rates of TPP at MIC were as high as 72.9%, 69.2%, and 71.8% for the three strains, respectively. The content of extracellular polysaccharides decreased with the increase in the concentration of TPP. S. aureus did not develop resistance to TPP after 20 generations. [Conclusion] This study clarified the antibacterial performance of TPP, providing a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of TPP in the medicine field.

, correspAuthors=Jianying HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*HUANG Jianying, Tel: +86-571-28877777, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yujun ZHANG, Huixiang WU, Hao CHEN, Yiyu ZHOU, Jianying HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242149203468690188, articleId=1242149199832228491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃的制备及其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起感染的最常见病原菌之一,较易黏附在介质或植入物表面形成生物被膜,使其较难清除和产生抗生素耐药性,给临床治疗带来极大挑战。因此研发新型的抑菌剂是非常急需的。柱[5]芳烃是一类新型的超分子大环宿主,因其高度刚性和对称的结构,以及可控的腔体尺寸,为创造具有不同官能团和生物活性的各种抗菌剂提供了无限的可能性。【目的】合成三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃(triphenylphosphine pillar[5]arene, TPP),以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) ATCC 6538、金黄色葡萄球菌亚种(Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, S. subsp. aureus) ATCC 29213和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant S. aureus, MRSA) ATCC 43300为供试菌,进行抑菌性能和耐药性的探究。【方法】通过最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimal bacteriocidal concentration, MBC)的确定,来评估化合物的抑菌活性。进一步通过结晶紫染色定量分析TPP对细菌生物被膜的形成及采用苯酚硫酸法测定生物被膜中胞外多糖的含量,最后进行亚抑制浓度传代培养对TPP的耐药性进行了研究。【结果】TPP对3种菌株均表现出较好的抑菌和杀菌活性,其对3种菌株的MIC均为15.63 μg/mL;对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus的MBC都为125.00 μg/mL,而TPP即使在125.00 μg/mL浓度下也不能杀死MRSA。另外,TPP在MIC下对3种菌株的生物被膜抑制率分别为72.9%、69.2%和71.8%;生物被膜中胞外多糖含量随着TPP浓度的增加呈现下降的趋势;抗性发展实验结果表明,TPP对金黄色葡萄球菌在20次传代培养后均未产生耐药性。【结论】本研究结果明确了TPP的抑菌性能,为其在新型抑菌剂开发领域提供了一定的理论依据。

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三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃的制备及其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制
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张玉君 , 吴惠香 , 陈浩 , 周依榆 , 黄建颖 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(12): 4869-4881
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(12): 4869-4881
三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃的制备及其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制
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张玉君, 吴惠香, 陈浩, 周依榆, 黄建颖*
作者信息
  • 浙江工商大学 食品与生物工程学院, 浙江省食品安全重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310018
Synthesis of triphenylphosphine pillar[5]arene with inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus
Yujun ZHANG, Huixiang WU, Hao CHEN, Yiyu ZHOU, Jianying HUANG*
Affiliations
  • Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-10-09 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240437
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金黄色葡萄球菌是引起感染的最常见病原菌之一,较易黏附在介质或植入物表面形成生物被膜,使其较难清除和产生抗生素耐药性,给临床治疗带来极大挑战。因此研发新型的抑菌剂是非常急需的。柱[5]芳烃是一类新型的超分子大环宿主,因其高度刚性和对称的结构,以及可控的腔体尺寸,为创造具有不同官能团和生物活性的各种抗菌剂提供了无限的可能性。【目的】合成三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃(triphenylphosphine pillar[5]arene, TPP),以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) ATCC 6538、金黄色葡萄球菌亚种(Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, S. subsp. aureus) ATCC 29213和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant S. aureus, MRSA) ATCC 43300为供试菌,进行抑菌性能和耐药性的探究。【方法】通过最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimal bacteriocidal concentration, MBC)的确定,来评估化合物的抑菌活性。进一步通过结晶紫染色定量分析TPP对细菌生物被膜的形成及采用苯酚硫酸法测定生物被膜中胞外多糖的含量,最后进行亚抑制浓度传代培养对TPP的耐药性进行了研究。【结果】TPP对3种菌株均表现出较好的抑菌和杀菌活性,其对3种菌株的MIC均为15.63 μg/mL;对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus的MBC都为125.00 μg/mL,而TPP即使在125.00 μg/mL浓度下也不能杀死MRSA。另外,TPP在MIC下对3种菌株的生物被膜抑制率分别为72.9%、69.2%和71.8%;生物被膜中胞外多糖含量随着TPP浓度的增加呈现下降的趋势;抗性发展实验结果表明,TPP对金黄色葡萄球菌在20次传代培养后均未产生耐药性。【结论】本研究结果明确了TPP的抑菌性能,为其在新型抑菌剂开发领域提供了一定的理论依据。

柱[5]芳烃衍生物  /  抑菌性能  /  生物被膜  /  耐药性

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the common pathogens causing infections. It can attach media or implant surfaces to form biofilms, which makes it difficult to be tackled and leads to the generation of drug resistance, posing a great challenge to clinical treatment. Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel antimicrobials. Pillar[5]arenes, a new class of supramolecular macrocyclic hosts, attracting wide attention due to their highly rigid and symmetrical architectures and controllable cavity sizes, which afford the limitless possibility to create antimicrobial agents with various functional groups and biological activities.[Objective] To synthesize triphenylphosphine pillar[5]arene (TPP) and determine its antibacterial activities and drug resistance with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (S. subsp. aureus) ATCC 29213, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300. [Methods] The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) were determined to evaluate the antibacterial activity of TPP. The effects of TPP on biofilm formation were quantified by crystal violet staining, and the content of extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid assay. The strain resistance to TPP was examined. [Results] TPP exhibited inhibitory effects on the three strains tested, with a MIC of 15.63 μg/mL for the three strains and a MBC of 125.00 μg/mL for both S. aureus and S. subsp. aureus. However, TPP was unable to kill MRSA even at a concentration of 125.00 μg/mL. The biofilm inhibition rates of TPP at MIC were as high as 72.9%, 69.2%, and 71.8% for the three strains, respectively. The content of extracellular polysaccharides decreased with the increase in the concentration of TPP. S. aureus did not develop resistance to TPP after 20 generations. [Conclusion] This study clarified the antibacterial performance of TPP, providing a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of TPP in the medicine field.

pillar[5]arene derivatives  /  antibacterial performance  /  biofilm  /  drug resistance
张玉君, 吴惠香, 陈浩, 周依榆, 黄建颖. 三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃的制备及其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4869 -4881 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240437
Yujun ZHANG, Huixiang WU, Hao CHEN, Yiyu ZHOU, Jianying HUANG. Synthesis of triphenylphosphine pillar[5]arene with inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (12) : 4869 -4881 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240437
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)是一种分布广泛的病原体,可引起一系列与皮肤和其他软组织感染、肺炎以及菌血症等相关的临床症状。在介质表面,金黄色葡萄球菌,尤其是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant S. aureus, MRSA),能够形成生物被膜,使其具有高度的耐药性和逃避清除的能力[1]。生物膜是细菌黏附于接触物表面,生长并分泌的多糖、蛋白质和脂质等大分子物质,将其自身包裹其中而形成的多细胞微生物群落;当前人们频繁使用抗生素进行抗菌治疗,这种频繁使用显著增强了细菌的耐药性,进而使得细菌生物被膜的形成和稳定性增强,变得更加难以通过清洗和紫外线技术等常规手段彻底清除,从而限制了治疗效果的发挥[2]。鉴于这一严峻形势,我们迫切需要开展针对浮游细菌以及更为棘手的细菌生物被膜的新型化合物研究策略。然而,抗生素的广泛滥用和误用导致了抗生素耐药细菌的出现[3-4],严重威胁人类健康。因此,开发能够有效抑制和清除生物被膜且不产生耐药性的新型抗菌剂至关重要。
柱[n]芳烃拥有一组独特的性质,其对称管状结构可以很容易地在2个边缘用各种官能团进行功能化[5-6]。柱芳烃大环化合物是后续超分子化学的新主角,因其试剂廉价、易重结晶、产量高等优点,而被广泛应用于生物学以及材料科学等多个领域[7]。柱[5]芳烃与多肽、阳离子和两性离子等结合后,显示出抑菌或抗生物被膜活性[8]。两性离子柱[5]芳烃衍生物可以清除大肠杆菌的生物被膜[9];带有胍基和双胍基团的阳离子两亲化合物可以防止枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌菌株生物被膜的形成[10];Joseph等[11]研究发现,带有磷鎓基团的水溶性柱[5]芳烃衍生物和季铵基团阳离子柱[5]芳烃均可以有效抑制革兰氏阳性病原体生物被膜的形成。此外,三苯基膦因具有较大的疏水表面积和离域电荷分布,这使得它们能够轻松穿过生物被膜,阳离子三苯基膦络合物对革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌均具有显著的抗菌活性[12]。因此本研究在溴代柱[5]芳烃上取代2个溴原子并引入三苯基膦阳离子基团,得到三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃(triphenylphosphine pillar[5]arene, TPP)。以金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 6538、金黄色葡萄球菌亚种(Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, S. subsp. aureus) ATCC 29213和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 43300细菌菌株为供试菌,研究了TPP的抑菌性能及其耐药性,旨在为开发新型有效的抑菌剂提供更多的可能性和理论依据。
菌株S. aureus ATCC 6538、S. subsp. aureus ATCC 29213和MRSA ATCC 43300购自中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心(China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, CGMCC)。
胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(tryptic soy broth, TSB)和胰酪蛋白胨大豆琼脂(tryptic soy agar, TSA)购自北京陆桥技术股份有限公司,其他常用试剂购自阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司。
Bruker AVANCE Ⅲ 500 NMR超导核磁共振仪,Bruker公司;酶标仪,TECAN集团公司;UV-2600紫外可见光分光光度计,SHIMADZU公司。
在氮气保护下,于三颈烧瓶中加入对苯二酚(30 mmol)、无水碳酸钾(120 mmol)和丙酮(250 mL),搅拌溶解后加入1, 4-二溴丁烷(180 mmol),60 ℃反应,薄层色谱分析(thin-layer chromatography, TLC)监测反应进程。待反应结束,真空抽滤,得到反应液经二氯甲烷萃取、无水硫酸钠干燥和真空浓缩后,经柱层析得到化合物1。将化合物1 (3.48 g, 10 mmol)、对苯二甲醚(5.53 g, 40 mmol)、多聚甲醛(1.50 g, 50 mmol)和1, 2-二氯乙烷(250 mL)加入到500 mL的圆底烧瓶中,室温搅拌10 min后,加入三氟化硼乙醚络合物(7.10 g, 50 mmol),TLC监测反应结束后,加入去离子水淬灭反应,分别经二氯甲烷(3×100 mL)萃取,无水硫酸钠干燥,真空浓缩,柱层析得到化合2。最后,将化合物2 (0.50 g, 0.50 mmol)和三苯基膦(0.29 g, 1.11 mmol)置于50 mL三颈烧瓶中,氮气置换3次,加入10 mL乙腈,回流反应。TLC监测反应后将反应液冷却至室温,搅拌滴加无水乙醚,析出的白色固体经洗涤和干燥得到最终产物化合物3 (三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃)(图1)。
参考Yang等[13]的方法并稍作修改,将保藏在–80 ℃的甘油管S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA菌株放置于无菌操作台中,分别用接种环将菌株划线至添加有1%葡萄糖的胰酪蛋白胨大豆琼脂(TSA)平板上,于37 ℃培养箱中孵育24 h后,再用接种环将典型单菌落分别接种于添加有1%葡萄糖的胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(tryptone soy broth, TSB)中,并将其放置于37 ℃ 180 r/min振荡培养24 h。经2次活化的菌液使用酶标仪测定OD600下的吸光度值来确定细菌浓度,以确保浓度约为108 CFU/mL后待用(该菌落数已通过平板菌落计数法进行确定)。
通过微量肉汤稀释法测定化合物TPP对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)。将1 mg的三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃化合物溶解于2 mL的DMSO,得到500 μg/mL的TPP溶液,随后用无菌水对倍稀释配制得到一系列浓度的TPP溶液(0.98–250.00 μg/mL)。分别将S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA的细菌菌悬液(100 μL, 105 CFU/mL)接种于96孔板。同时,分别以TSB (含1%葡萄糖)的液体培养基为阴性对照,TSB (含1%葡萄糖)的细菌菌悬液无抑制剂为阳性对照。MIC值记录为能够抑制微生物生长的最低抑菌剂的浓度。
采用琼脂平板法测定抑菌剂对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小杀菌浓度(minimal bacteriocidal concentration, MBC)。在MIC测定之后,从肉眼可见清晰的96孔板中依次吸取100 μL菌悬液均匀涂布于TSA (含1%葡萄糖)平板上。将平板倒置于37 ℃培养箱中培养24 h后,观察平板上的细菌生长情况,完全无菌落生长的浓度即为MBC。
参考Diao等[14]研究方法,将S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA培养至对数生长期(OD600=0.8),收集菌悬液,并将其稀释制备成浓度为106 CFU/mL的菌悬液,加入不同浓度的TPP溶液,使其最终浓度分别为1/2 MIC和1 MIC,以仅添加TSB (含1%葡萄糖)的细菌菌悬液无抑制剂为空白对照,将其放置于恒温振荡摇床中进行37 ℃、180 r/min培养,分别间隔2 h取样,用酶标仪测定OD600值。通过培养时间和OD600值绘制生长曲线,检测TPP对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA生长曲线的变化。
抗生物被膜形成采用Ersanli等[15]方法进行测定。将S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA菌株在TSB培养基里培养过夜,然后用新鲜的培养基对菌液以1:100的量添加到补充有1%葡萄糖的新鲜TSB培养基中。在96孔板中采用梯度稀释法制备无菌水和TPP的预混溶液,再将稀释好的菌悬液吸取100 μL分别加入96孔板的每个孔之中;同时制备含有每种测试浓度化合物的无细菌添加的孔及不含化合物的对照孔,且以含1%葡萄糖的TSB加细菌菌悬液无抑制剂作为阳性对照组。在37 ℃下孵育24 h后,通过翻转平板去除用过的培养基和自由漂浮的细菌。然后用吸管吸取200 μL PBS多次反复洗涤生物被膜以去除浮游细菌。再加入200 μL的0.4%结晶紫溶液染色15 min后,用PBS多次反复冲洗。随后倒置孔板,轻轻拍打纸巾以除去多余的液体,风干。每孔中分别加入200 μL 95%乙醇,静置15 min后使用酶标仪记录所有样品在OD600下的吸光度。每种浓度的化合物都进行了3次重复测试和3次独立实验。生物被膜的抑制结果采用公式(1)计算,并以百分率表示。
分别吸取0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mL的0.1 mg/mL标准葡萄糖溶液,置于10 mL的试管中,依次添加灭菌的蒸馏水使终体枳为1 mL。随后分别加入1 mL 5%苯酚溶液,振摇混匀,然后缓慢逐滴加入5 mL浓硫酸,静置10 min。使用涡旋振荡器使反应液充分混合,然后将试管放置于沸水浴反应20 min后,于波长490 nm处测定吸收度。以葡萄糖浓度(μg/mL)作为横坐标,吸收度A作为纵坐标绘制标准曲线。
采用Wu等[16]的方法,菌液分别在含有TPP的TSB培养基和不含有TPP的空白对照组TSB培养基中,37 ℃振荡培养2 d,菌液4 000 r/min离心10 min,除去上清液,将菌沉淀重悬于10 mL的灭菌理盐水中。再加入50 μL的Pronase E,置于37 ℃恒温培养箱孵育2 h,加入200 μL质量浓度为10%的三氯乙酸,冰水放置30 min,10 000 r/min离心30 min。收集上清液加入等体积的乙醇溶液,–20 ℃放置过夜,然后经12 000 r/min离心20 min,除去上清液。沉淀物中分别加1 mL的5%的苯酚和5 mL浓硫酸,沸水浴10 min,同时设置对照组,在OD490下测定吸光值。结果用胞外多糖抑制率表示,见公式(2)。
采用Liu等[17]的方法测定TPP对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA的抗性发展研究,进一步评估金黄色葡萄球菌随着时间的变化是否会对TPP产生耐药性。细菌在37 ℃下的TSB培养基中培养过夜。取过夜菌10 μL加入到10 mL的TSB培养基进行稀释。随后向不同浓度TPP/甲氧西林的96孔板中加入含菌培养基,在37 ℃的培养箱里培养24 h后,取亚抑制浓度的悬浊液进行培养,在培养后需重新测定其MIC,重复此操作传代至20代,同时利用甲氧西林作为对照。
实验中均进行3次平行实验,数据采用Excel 2016统计分析,Origin 8.0软件作图,采用单因素方差分析(One-way analysis of variance)进行评估,采用Duncan’s test方法表示均数之间的显著性差异,P < 0.05被认为具有统计学意义,实验结果以平均值±偏差表示。
化合物2的结构表征(图2A):1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.82–6.70 (m, 10H), 3.80 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 4H), 3.78 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 10H), 3.67 (dd, J=14.7, 4.9 Hz, 24H), 3.20 (s, 4H), 1.84–1.69 (m, 8H)。化合物3 (TPP)的结构表征(图2B):1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.83–7.79 (m, 15H), 7.64–7.60 (m, 15H), 6.73 (m, 10H), 3.95 (m, 10H), 3.74–3.57 (m, 40H), 2.47–1.64 (m, 40H)。
S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA经过夜培养后,在96孔板中,肉眼观察到的澄清孔即为MIC (图3A红色方框已标注),进一步通过测定OD值判断TPP对3种菌株的MIC[18]。从图3A可以明显看出,当TPP浓度为15.63 μg/mL时,S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA的孔板都是澄清状态,说明TPP完全抑制了菌株的生长,从而得到TPP对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA的MIC均为15.63 μg/mL。
图3B平板涂布实验结果表明,在浓度达到MIC值时,细菌生长只是得到了抑制,再经过夜培养后,细菌仍会生长繁殖形成菌落。随着TPP浓度增加,平板上的菌落数量也随之下降。当TPP浓度为125.00 μg/mL时,S. aureusS. subsp. aureus的琼脂平板上无可见菌落生长,而MRSA的琼脂平板上仍然有大量菌落生长。因此,可确定TPP对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus的MBC为125.00 μg/mL,TPP即使在125.00 μg/mL浓度下都不能杀死MRSA。
通过生长曲线进一步测定TPP对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA的影响。如图4所示,空白对照组细菌生长呈典型的“S”型生长,在2 h后,S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA迅速进入对数生长期,且在20 h内呈持续增长趋势,之后进入稳定期,这一现象同文献[14]一致。经1/2 MIC TPP处理的S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA均受到抑制。S. aureusS. subsp. aureus的生长在10 h内处于迟缓期,随后进入对数生长期(图4A4B)。从图4C可以看出,MRSA的生长在12 h内处于迟缓期,随后进入对数生长期。重要的是1 MIC的TPP处理完全抑制甚至杀灭了S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA,因此TPP对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA抑菌作用的强弱具有明显的浓度依赖性。此结论与此前MIC测定实验所得结论一致。
通过结晶紫染色测定,发现暴露于TPP的S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA的生物被膜形成被显著抑制(图5A)。研究发现S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA的生物被膜形成的抑制率具有浓度依赖性(P < 0.000 1)。当1/4 MIC和1/2 MIC的TPP处理时,S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA生物被膜的抑制率分别为29.3%、28.1%、27.7%和62.4%、59.2%、59.2%;在1 MIC的TPP处理下,S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA生物被膜的抑制率分别高达72.9%、69.2%和71.8% (图5B)。正电荷的氨基酸可能会通过增加静电相互作用来破坏阴离子细菌膜的表面[19],而正电荷也是柱[5]芳烃衍生物抗生物被膜活性的关键[11]。这也更加证明了接于柱[5]芳烃骨架上的阳离子基团对其抗生物被膜能力至关重要。
胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)的形成可以阻碍抗菌药物的扩散,使生物被膜内的浮游细菌对抗生素更具有抗性。作为EPS形成的参与者,胞外多糖负责保护细菌细胞结构完整性和存活率[20]。采用苯酚-硫酸法测定细菌胞外多糖的含量。首先用苯酚-硫酸法绘制了葡萄糖的标准曲线,回归方程为:y=0.069 16x+0.109 9,相关系数R2=0.997 3 (图5C)。从图5D可以看出,随着TPP浓度的增加,对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA生物被膜胞外多糖的抑制率呈现上升的趋势(P < 0.000 1)。当1/4 MIC和1/2 MIC的TPP处理时,S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA生物被膜中胞外多糖的抑制率分别为12.5%、14.3%、15.1%和35.7%、35.3%、37.1%;在1 MIC浓度下,对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA生物被膜胞外多糖的抑制率分别为66.6%、68.3%和67.8%。结果表明,TPP可以通过降低S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA生物被膜中胞外多糖的含量来分解生物被膜,从而防止细菌黏附。
根据MIC值的变化监测S. aureusS. subsp. aureus耐药性的发展。如图6所示,在1/2 MIC TPP存在的情况下连续传代20 d后,TPP对S. aureusS. subsp. aureus的MIC值基本保持不变,均为15.63 μg/mL。甲氧西林处理的S. aureusS. subsp. aureus菌株在各自的阳性对照中观察到MIC值的显著增加。S. aureus在第4、6、10和14天的MIC值分别增长为1.56、3.13、6.25和12.50 μg/mL,分别是其初始值(0.78 μg/mL)的2倍、4倍、8倍和16倍。对于S. subsp. aureus,在第6、10、12和16天MIC值分别增长为3.13、6.25、12.50和25.00 μg/mL,分别是其初始值(1.56 μg/mL)的2倍、4倍、8倍和16倍。这些结果表明,TPP在整个研究过程中仍保持活性。
由致病菌感染引发的安全事件给人们健康带来了严重的危害。近年来,随着抗生素的大量使用,病原体在选择性压力下不断进化,导致新的耐药性致病菌的出现和传播。超耐药MRSA菌株的普遍流行,引发人们的关注。MRSA菌株易在生物和非生物表面形成生物被膜,对抗菌药物具有高效的免疫性,也较难被消毒剂完全清除[21]。目前,柱芳烃已经被功能化并探索其作为抗菌材料方面具有巨大的潜力,柱芳烃大环分子可以携带各种官能团,这些官能团增加了大环的亲疏水性及其在溶液或膜界面上形成囊泡的自缔合活性。三苯基膦阳离子是研究得最多的亲脂性阳离子,它可以附着在各种分子上,并将它们传递到线粒体[22]。已有研究显示,阳离子三苯基膦络合物表现出了较高的抑菌活性和细胞毒性,因其细菌细胞膜和线粒体膜结构相似,并猜测三苯基膦能够作用于细菌细胞膜,通过破膜机制发挥抗菌作用[23]。受此启发,我们合成了三苯基膦柱[5]芳烃(TPP),研究发现TPP对金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureusS. subsp. aureus和MRSA)表现出良好的抗菌活性,其对3种菌株的MIC都为15.63 μg/mL,S. aureusS. subsp. aureus的MBC为125.00 μg/mL,而TPP即使在125.00 μg/mL浓度下都不能杀死MRSA;TPP对3种菌株的生物被膜形成具有显著的抑制效果,生物被膜中胞外多糖含量随着TPP浓度的增加呈现下降的趋势且耐药性可忽略不计。
不同官能团修饰的柱芳烃展现的抗菌活性有所不同。如Subakaeva等[24]研究发现含季铵基和磺胺基的柱[5]芳烃衍生物对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的MIC为320.00–650.00 μg/mL;Kaizerman-Kane等[25]报道的阳离子柱[5]芳烃衍生物对S. aureus (ATCC 33592)和Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)生物被膜的形成具有良好的抑制效果[minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration that inhibits 50% of bactetial biofilm (MBIC50)=0.50–32.00 μg/mL];我们前期设计合成的阳离子三甲胺对S. aureus (ATCC 6538)和Escherichia coli (DH5α)的MIC分别为250.00 μg/mL和500.00 μg/mL,而吡啶柱[5]芳烃对Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1具有较好的抑菌活性(MIC, 250.00 μg/mL)[13]。三苯基膦是一种简单重要的有机合成中间体,目前主要应用于医药、农药、染料等领域。膜靶向三苯基膦功能化的环丙沙星对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌具有较好的抑制作用[26]。我们设计合成的TPP对3种金黄色葡萄球菌菌株表现出较好的抗菌活性,可能是由于阳离子柱芳烃更容易附着在革兰氏阳性细菌上,因为它们的典型结构是带负电的磷酸磷壁酸和厚肽聚糖,而革兰氏阴性细菌细胞壁外有由脂多糖组成的外膜[27]。阳离子化合物对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌和抗生物被膜活性与通过静电相互作用结合细菌膜上带负电的肽聚糖的理论相关[28]。由于柱[5]芳烃与亲脂性阳离子三苯基膦结合,因此它们可以快速进入细菌膜带负电荷的磷脂双层。三苯基膦的亲脂性和阳离子特性使其能够更容易穿透革兰氏阳性细菌带负电荷的细胞膜,从而表现出较高的抑菌活性。后续TPP对革兰氏阴性菌的抑制性能也需要进一步研究。
抗性发展分析结果表明,对照抗生素甲氧西林对金黄色葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌亚种的抗菌活性,传代14次后,甲氧西林对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC是初始MIC的16倍。传代16次后,甲氧西林对金黄色葡萄球菌亚种的MIC是初始MIC的16倍。然而TPP对所有测试菌株的每代MIC值与原始传代相比基本保持不变,即使在20次传代后仍保持恒定,初步表明TPP在整个耐药研究中均保持活性。
综上所述,柱[5]芳烃与亲脂性阳离子三苯基膦结合可以有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌亚种和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的生长和生物被膜形成,且耐药性可忽略不计,本研究可为开发用于治疗耐药细菌的新型抑菌剂提供理论指导。
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LY20B040001)
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2024年第64卷第12期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240437
  • 接收时间:2024-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-10-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-18
  • 录用日期:2024-09-30
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY20B040001)
浙江省自然科学基金(LY20B040001)
作者信息
    浙江工商大学 食品与生物工程学院, 浙江省食品安全重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310018

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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