Article(id=1242119557163324142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240320, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716307200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1724256000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-22, onlineDate=1774073979893, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1724860800000, pubDateStr=2024-08-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073979893, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073979893, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073979893, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4119, endPage=4133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119558685856519, articleId=1242119557163324142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in nitrogen cycling driven by biohybrids constructed with photocatalytic materials, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nitrogen is an essential element for living organisms on Earth, and it is constantly recycled in the biosphere in different forms. A biohybrid constructed with photocatalytic materials is a new system produced in recent years, which combines photocatalytic materials with electroactive microorganisms, integrating the excellent light trapping performance of photocatalysts and the bioefficient catalytic capability. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how the system plays a role in nitrogen cycling and the related mechanisms. This paper introduces the microbial nitrogen cycling and the nitrogen cycling driven by biohybrids and details several types, advantages and disadvantages, and related mechanisms of electron transfer driven by biohybrids constructed with photocatalytic materials. Finally, this paper makes an outlook on the development prospects in this field from the natures and combinations of photocatalytic materials and microorganisms.

, correspAuthors=Shanshan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CHEN Shanshan, Tel: +86-20-84500684; E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingqi ZHENG, Shanshan CHEN, Tiangang LUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119562490089523, articleId=1242119557163324142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=以光催化材料构建的生物杂化体驱动氮循环的研究进展, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氮是地球上的生物体必不可少的元素,它以不同的形态在生物圈中不断地循环转化。以光催化材料构建的生物杂化体是近年来产生的一种新的体系,它将光催化物质和电活性微生物结合起来,集成了光催化剂优异的光捕获性能,产生电子及生物高效的催化能力。因此,研究该体系在氮循环中如何发挥作用及相关机制等方面具有重要的意义。本文介绍了微生物氮循环和生物杂化体驱动的氮循环过程,重点阐述并总结了以光催化材料构建的生物杂化体驱动氮循环的几种类型、优缺点及电子传递的相关机制,并从光催化材料的性质、微生物的性质,以及如何复合光催化材料及微生物3个方面提出了今后发展的方向。

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coupled photoelectrochemical cell, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243291017181507890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, doi=10.1016/j.watres.2022.119033, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=223, issue=null, pageStart=119033, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=Water Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REN ZQ, YU LQ, WANG H, LI GF, ZHANG LG, DU XN, HUANG BC, JIN RC.Inorganic quantum dots-anammox consortia hybrid for stable nitrogen elimination under high-intensity solar-simulated irradiation[J].Water Research,2022,223: 119033., articleTitle=Inorganic quantum dots-anammox consortia hybrid for stable nitrogen elimination under high-intensity solar-simulated irradiation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243291009296216992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, awardId=42277101, language=EN, 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remark=3 School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291005261296248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, companyId=1243291005244519029, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 五邑大学 环境与化学工程学院, 广东 江门 529020)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243291007874347854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Based on the metabolic activities of biohybrids composed of photocatalysts and microorganisms associated with the nitrogen cycle[7, 16, 21-22]. A: Photoelectrode-biohybrid system. B: Inorganic photocatalyst-biohybrid system. C: Organic photocatalyst-biohybrid system. CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; M: Electronic medium., figureFileSmall=UAnA8caoHQVLbQIXgYyZhA==, figureFileBig=ds23FInj8mV9GxwfUmt46Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007949845334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于光催化剂和微生物所组成的与氮循环相关的生物杂化体的代谢活动[7, 16, 21-22]

A:光电极-生物杂化体系. B:无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系. C:有机光催化剂-生物杂化体系. CB:导带;VB:价带;M:电子传递介质

, figureFileSmall=UAnA8caoHQVLbQIXgYyZhA==, figureFileBig=ds23FInj8mV9GxwfUmt46Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008084063073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main redox reactions in the nitrogen cycle and their redox potentials[6-7]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应
Reaction
反应式
Reaction equation
氧化还原电位(Eh/V)
(pH 7.0, 25 ℃)
反应类型
Reaction type
反硝化作用
Denitrification
+0.01还原反应
Reduction reaction
+0.47
+1.59
+1.353
固氮作用
Nitrogen fixation
+0.277
硝酸盐异化还原成氨
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia
+0.364
硝化作用
Nitrification
–0.363氧化反应
Oxidation reaction
厌氧氨氧化作用
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation
), ArticleFig(id=1243291008373470060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氮循环中主要的氧化还原反应及其氧化还原电位[6-7]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应
Reaction
反应式
Reaction equation
氧化还原电位(Eh/V)
(pH 7.0, 25 ℃)
反应类型
Reaction type
反硝化作用
Denitrification
+0.01还原反应
Reduction reaction
+0.47
+1.59
+1.353
固氮作用
Nitrogen fixation
+0.277
硝酸盐异化还原成氨
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia
+0.364
硝化作用
Nitrification
–0.363氧化反应
Oxidation reaction
厌氧氨氧化作用
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation
), ArticleFig(id=1243291008578990959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of several biohybrids related to the nitrogen cycle[21, 23-25]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
Type
优点
Advantage
缺点
Disadvantage
光电极-生物杂化体系
Photoelectrode-biohybrids system
具有较好的可调节性和可操作性
It has good adjustability and maneuverability
电荷转移效率缓慢;反应的转化效率和产物产量比较低
Slow charge transfer efficiency; The conversion efficiency and product yield of the reaction were relatively low
无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系
Inorganic photocatalyst-biohybrids system
生物合成纳米颗粒-细胞杂化系统的紧密联系和结构增强了电子转导过程
The close connection and structure of the biosynthetic nanoparticle-cell hybrid system enhance the electron transduction process
无机光催化剂具有毒性、难以调节纳米颗粒的光学特性
Inorganic photocatalysts are toxic and difficult to regulate the optical properties of nanoparticles
有机光催化剂-生物杂化体系
Organic photocatalyst-biohybrids system
有机光催化剂具有良好的生物相容性、良好的光电子转换和更多调谐的光学带隙;直接将有机光催化剂与微生物混合,相对无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系的合成简单;降低了重金属对环境产生的风险;一些有机物如溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM)成本低且分布广泛
The organic photocatalyst has good biocompatibility, good photoelectron conversion and more tuned optical band gap; The synthesis of organic photocatalyst directly mixed with microorganism is simpler than that of inorganic photocatalyst-biological hybrid system; Reduce the risk of heavy metals to the environment; Some organics such as DOM are low cost and widely distributed
一些有机光催化剂如蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, AQS)具有均质性,加入水体中会带来一定的污染;可驱动的反应有限
Some organic photocatalysts, such as AQS, are homogeneous and will cause pollution when added to water; The responses that can be driven are limited
), ArticleFig(id=1243291008713208701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

几种与氮循环相关的生物杂化体优缺点的比较[21, 23-25]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
Type
优点
Advantage
缺点
Disadvantage
光电极-生物杂化体系
Photoelectrode-biohybrids system
具有较好的可调节性和可操作性
It has good adjustability and maneuverability
电荷转移效率缓慢;反应的转化效率和产物产量比较低
Slow charge transfer efficiency; The conversion efficiency and product yield of the reaction were relatively low
无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系
Inorganic photocatalyst-biohybrids system
生物合成纳米颗粒-细胞杂化系统的紧密联系和结构增强了电子转导过程
The close connection and structure of the biosynthetic nanoparticle-cell hybrid system enhance the electron transduction process
无机光催化剂具有毒性、难以调节纳米颗粒的光学特性
Inorganic photocatalysts are toxic and difficult to regulate the optical properties of nanoparticles
有机光催化剂-生物杂化体系
Organic photocatalyst-biohybrids system
有机光催化剂具有良好的生物相容性、良好的光电子转换和更多调谐的光学带隙;直接将有机光催化剂与微生物混合,相对无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系的合成简单;降低了重金属对环境产生的风险;一些有机物如溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM)成本低且分布广泛
The organic photocatalyst has good biocompatibility, good photoelectron conversion and more tuned optical band gap; The synthesis of organic photocatalyst directly mixed with microorganism is simpler than that of inorganic photocatalyst-biological hybrid system; Reduce the risk of heavy metals to the environment; Some organics such as DOM are low cost and widely distributed
一些有机光催化剂如蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, AQS)具有均质性,加入水体中会带来一定的污染;可驱动的反应有限
Some organic photocatalysts, such as AQS, are homogeneous and will cause pollution when added to water; The responses that can be driven are limited
), ArticleFig(id=1243291008818066310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Nitrogen cycling driven by photoelectron transport in biohybrids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应类型
Reaction type
光敏剂
Photosensitizer
生物催化剂
Biocatalyst
牺牲试剂
Sacrificial electron donor
基质/产物
Substrate/Product
光强
Light intensity (mW/cm2)
量子产率a
Quantum yielda (%)
反应速率b
Reaction rateb (mg/(L·h) NO3--N
参考文献
Reference
a Quantum yield: The utilization of light quanta in a photochemical reaction. . b Reaction rate: the concentration of reactants consumed per unit time or the concentration of products generated per unit time. ; The value c is calculated based on the relevant data of the cited literature. - not provided or not given.
反硝化作用
Denitrification
TiO2光电极
TiO2 photoelectrode
从污水处理厂获得的活性污泥
Active sludge obtained from wastewater treatment plant
醋酸
Acetate
NO3-/N2 30.00 - 2.81±0.058 [26]
硫化镉光电极
CdS photoelectrode
Periphytic biofilm 胞外聚合物
Extracellular polymeric substance
NO3-/N2 2.00 - 0.73 [27]
CdS 反硝化硫杆菌
Thiobacillus denitrificans
乳酸
Lactate
NO3-/N2O 3.07±0.14 2.0±0.2 3.63-8.60 in the light; 0.07-0.36 in the dark [28]
CdS@Mn3O4 反硝化硫杆菌
Thiobacillus denitrificans
Na2S2O3 NO3-/N2 (> 80%) 3.07±0.14 - 0.47a [30]
TiO2/g-C3N4 在金川河中原位栽培的生物膜
In-situ cultivated biofilms in the river named Jinchuan River
草酸钠
Sodium oxalate
NO3-/N2 150.00 - 2.50a [31]
氰胺功能化的庚烷嗪基聚合物
The cyanamide-functionalized heptazine-based polymer (NCN-CNx)
河流污泥
River sludge
- NO3-/N2 150.00 - 0.18 [32]
g-C3N4@WO3 河流沉积(物)
River sediment
- NO3-/N2 150.00 - 0.05 [22]
WO3/g-C3N4 河流沉积物微生物群落
River sediment microbial communities
- NO3-/N2 150.00 - 0.14 [33]
蒽醌2-磺酸盐
Anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS)
反硝化硫杆菌
Thiobacillus denitrificans
乳酸钠
Sodium lactate
NO3-/N2O 0.62 96.2±1.4 0.80 [34]
反硝化作用
Denitrification
溶解性有机物
Dissolved organic matter (DOM)
反硝化硫杆菌
Thiobacillus denitrificans
乳酸
Lactate
NO3-/N2 - - 0.004±0.000 5 [36]
土壤中的氧化铁、半导体矿物和有机物
Ferric oxides, semiconducting minerals and organic matter in soil
土壤微生物群落
Microbial community of soil
- NO3-/N2 100.00 - - [38]
固氮作用
Nitrogen fixation
CdS 固氮酶MoFe蛋白
Nitrogenase MoFe protein
HEPES N2/NH3 3.50 - (315±55) nmol/(mg MoFe protein-min)NH3 [40]
CdS 红假单胞菌TN110
Rhodopseudomonas palustris TN110
- N2/NH3 - - - [41]
CdS 沼泽红假单胞菌
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
半胱氨酸
Cysteine
N2/NH4+ 8.00 - - [42]
CdS 施氏假单胞菌
Pseudomonas stutzeri
乙醇
Ethyl alcohol
N2/NH3 0.75±0.14 - (0.41±0.01)mg/(L·d) NH3a [43]
聚(氟烯铝代苯)
Poly-(fluorene-altphenylene) (PFP)
曲球菌
Azotobacter Chroococcum
半胱氨酸或三羟乙基胺
Cysteine or triethanolamine
N2/NH3(NH4+ 50.00 - 0.22 μg/d NH3a [44]
InP/ZnSe量子点
InP/ZnSe quantum dots
棕色固氮菌
Azotobacter vinelandii
- N2/NH4+ 18.00 W - - [45]
CdTe量子点
CdTe quantum dots
自养黄杆菌
Xanthobacter autotrophicus
半胱氨酸
Cysteine
N2/NH3 0.09 - (1.83±0.09)mg/(L·d) total Nc [46]
海洋胶体
Marine Colloids
红海束毛藻
Trichodesmium eiythraeum
- N2/NH4+ 400.00 μmol photons/m2 - - [47]
硝化作用
Nitrification
二氧化钛光电极
TiO2 photoelectrode
生物膜
Biofilm
有机污染物
Organic pollutant
NH4+/NO3- - - - [48]
), ArticleFig(id=1243291009057141649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119557163324142, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

生物杂化体中光电子传递驱动的氮循环

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应类型
Reaction type
光敏剂
Photosensitizer
生物催化剂
Biocatalyst
牺牲试剂
Sacrificial electron donor
基质/产物
Substrate/Product
光强
Light intensity (mW/cm2)
量子产率a
Quantum yielda (%)
反应速率b
Reaction rateb (mg/(L·h) NO3--N
参考文献
Reference
a Quantum yield: The utilization of light quanta in a photochemical reaction. . b Reaction rate: the concentration of reactants consumed per unit time or the concentration of products generated per unit time. ; The value c is calculated based on the relevant data of the cited literature. - not provided or not given.
反硝化作用
Denitrification
TiO2光电极
TiO2 photoelectrode
从污水处理厂获得的活性污泥
Active sludge obtained from wastewater treatment plant
醋酸
Acetate
NO3-/N2 30.00 - 2.81±0.058 [26]
硫化镉光电极
CdS photoelectrode
Periphytic biofilm 胞外聚合物
Extracellular polymeric substance
NO3-/N2 2.00 - 0.73 [27]
CdS 反硝化硫杆菌
Thiobacillus denitrificans
乳酸
Lactate
NO3-/N2O 3.07±0.14 2.0±0.2 3.63-8.60 in the light; 0.07-0.36 in the dark [28]
CdS@Mn3O4 反硝化硫杆菌
Thiobacillus denitrificans
Na2S2O3 NO3-/N2 (> 80%) 3.07±0.14 - 0.47a [30]
TiO2/g-C3N4 在金川河中原位栽培的生物膜
In-situ cultivated biofilms in the river named Jinchuan River
草酸钠
Sodium oxalate
NO3-/N2 150.00 - 2.50a [31]
氰胺功能化的庚烷嗪基聚合物
The cyanamide-functionalized heptazine-based polymer (NCN-CNx)
河流污泥
River sludge
- NO3-/N2 150.00 - 0.18 [32]
g-C3N4@WO3 河流沉积(物)
River sediment
- NO3-/N2 150.00 - 0.05 [22]
WO3/g-C3N4 河流沉积物微生物群落
River sediment microbial communities
- NO3-/N2 150.00 - 0.14 [33]
蒽醌2-磺酸盐
Anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS)
反硝化硫杆菌
Thiobacillus denitrificans
乳酸钠
Sodium lactate
NO3-/N2O 0.62 96.2±1.4 0.80 [34]
反硝化作用
Denitrification
溶解性有机物
Dissolved organic matter (DOM)
反硝化硫杆菌
Thiobacillus denitrificans
乳酸
Lactate
NO3-/N2 - - 0.004±0.000 5 [36]
土壤中的氧化铁、半导体矿物和有机物
Ferric oxides, semiconducting minerals and organic matter in soil
土壤微生物群落
Microbial community of soil
- NO3-/N2 100.00 - - [38]
固氮作用
Nitrogen fixation
CdS 固氮酶MoFe蛋白
Nitrogenase MoFe protein
HEPES N2/NH3 3.50 - (315±55) nmol/(mg MoFe protein-min)NH3 [40]
CdS 红假单胞菌TN110
Rhodopseudomonas palustris TN110
- N2/NH3 - - - [41]
CdS 沼泽红假单胞菌
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
半胱氨酸
Cysteine
N2/NH4+ 8.00 - - [42]
CdS 施氏假单胞菌
Pseudomonas stutzeri
乙醇
Ethyl alcohol
N2/NH3 0.75±0.14 - (0.41±0.01)mg/(L·d) NH3a [43]
聚(氟烯铝代苯)
Poly-(fluorene-altphenylene) (PFP)
曲球菌
Azotobacter Chroococcum
半胱氨酸或三羟乙基胺
Cysteine or triethanolamine
N2/NH3(NH4+ 50.00 - 0.22 μg/d NH3a [44]
InP/ZnSe量子点
InP/ZnSe quantum dots
棕色固氮菌
Azotobacter vinelandii
- N2/NH4+ 18.00 W - - [45]
CdTe量子点
CdTe quantum dots
自养黄杆菌
Xanthobacter autotrophicus
半胱氨酸
Cysteine
N2/NH3 0.09 - (1.83±0.09)mg/(L·d) total Nc [46]
海洋胶体
Marine Colloids
红海束毛藻
Trichodesmium eiythraeum
- N2/NH4+ 400.00 μmol photons/m2 - - [47]
硝化作用
Nitrification
二氧化钛光电极
TiO2 photoelectrode
生物膜
Biofilm
有机污染物
Organic pollutant
NH4+/NO3- - - - [48]
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以光催化材料构建的生物杂化体驱动氮循环的研究进展
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郑静淇 1, 2 , 陈姗姗 1, 2, * , 栾天罡 1, 2, 3
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(11): 4119-4133
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(11): 4119-4133
以光催化材料构建的生物杂化体驱动氮循环的研究进展
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郑静淇1, 2, 陈姗姗1, 2, * , 栾天罡1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 化学与精细化工广东省实验室揭阳分中心, 广东 揭阳 515200
  • 2 广东工业大学 生态环境与资源学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 3 五邑大学 环境与化学工程学院, 广东 江门 529020
Research progress in nitrogen cycling driven by biohybrids constructed with photocatalytic materials
Jingqi ZHENG1, 2, Shanshan CHEN1, 2, * , Tiangang LUAN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang 515200, Guangdong, China
  • 2 School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
  • 3 School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-08-29 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240320
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氮是地球上的生物体必不可少的元素,它以不同的形态在生物圈中不断地循环转化。以光催化材料构建的生物杂化体是近年来产生的一种新的体系,它将光催化物质和电活性微生物结合起来,集成了光催化剂优异的光捕获性能,产生电子及生物高效的催化能力。因此,研究该体系在氮循环中如何发挥作用及相关机制等方面具有重要的意义。本文介绍了微生物氮循环和生物杂化体驱动的氮循环过程,重点阐述并总结了以光催化材料构建的生物杂化体驱动氮循环的几种类型、优缺点及电子传递的相关机制,并从光催化材料的性质、微生物的性质,以及如何复合光催化材料及微生物3个方面提出了今后发展的方向。

生物杂化体  /  氮循环  /  光电子  /  电活性微生物  /  光催化

Nitrogen is an essential element for living organisms on Earth, and it is constantly recycled in the biosphere in different forms. A biohybrid constructed with photocatalytic materials is a new system produced in recent years, which combines photocatalytic materials with electroactive microorganisms, integrating the excellent light trapping performance of photocatalysts and the bioefficient catalytic capability. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how the system plays a role in nitrogen cycling and the related mechanisms. This paper introduces the microbial nitrogen cycling and the nitrogen cycling driven by biohybrids and details several types, advantages and disadvantages, and related mechanisms of electron transfer driven by biohybrids constructed with photocatalytic materials. Finally, this paper makes an outlook on the development prospects in this field from the natures and combinations of photocatalytic materials and microorganisms.

biohybrid  /  nitrogen cycling  /  photoelectron  /  electroactive microorganisms  /  photocatalysis
郑静淇, 陈姗姗, 栾天罡. 以光催化材料构建的生物杂化体驱动氮循环的研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4119 -4133 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240320
Jingqi ZHENG, Shanshan CHEN, Tiangang LUAN. Research progress in nitrogen cycling driven by biohybrids constructed with photocatalytic materials[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4119 -4133 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240320
氮循环是地球生物圈中至关重要的一个过程,是所有生命体生长和繁殖所必需的,对维持生态系统的健康和稳定至关重要。以微生物与非生物材料的相互作用构建的生物杂化体对氮循环过程具有不同方面的影响,其中,以光催化物质构建的生物杂化体集成了光催化剂优异的光捕获性能及生物高效的催化能力,是近年来的研究热点。本文重点阐述并总结了以光催化材料及电活性微生物构建的体系驱动氮循环的不同类型、优缺点及电子传递的相关机制,并提出了今后发展的方向。
氮用于构成DNA、蛋白质等物质,是地球上的生物体必不可少的元素。氮元素在大气、土壤、海洋间以各种形态存在,这些形态在生物圈中不断地循环转化,维持着地球的氮平衡;微生物参与的氮循环包括固氮作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用、厌氧氨氧化作用、硝酸盐异化还原成铵、氮矿化作用和氮固持作用[1]
微生物氮循环始于将大气中的N2固定为NH4+。硝化作用是氮循环的中心环节,包括2个过程:NH4+在氨氧化古菌及氨氧化细菌的作用下氧化成NO2,以及NO2在亚硝酸盐氧化菌的作用下氧化成NO3–[2]。同时,也有学者发现硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)可以直接将NH4+氧化为NO3–[3]。反硝化作用是NO3还原的过程,最终产物为N2,过程为NO3→NO2→NO→N2O→N2。一些微生物,如普朗霉菌(Planctomycetes)可以进行厌氧氨氧化反应,该过程是以NO2作为电子受体,将NH4+氧化为N2[4]。硝酸盐异化还原成铵是指将NO3还原成NH4+的过程。反硝化和厌氧氨氧化是脱氮作用,将环境中的氮转变成气态氮逸失,闭合氮循环;硝酸盐异化还原成铵是截留环境中氮,使其重新进入内循环[2]。自然界中的氮也会以有机氮的形式存在,将有机氮转化为无机氮的过程为矿化作用,其逆过程为氮固持作用。
在上述氮循环中,氧化反应有硝化和厌氧氨氧化,还原反应有反硝化、固氮作用及硝酸盐异化还原成铵。氮矿化作用及氮固持作用既不属于氧化反应也不属于还原反应。在氧化还原反应中,氧化还原电位(Eh)指电子从还原剂(电子供体)转移到氧化剂(电子受体)的趋势。还原过程在低Eh时占优势,而氧化过程在高Eh时占优势。Eh为负值表示该反应倾向于失电子,Eh为正值表示该反应倾向于得到电子;同时,氧化还原电位会受到温度和pH的影响[5]。氮循环中主要反应的氧化还原电位如表1所示。
生物杂化体由生物组分(如生物分子、细胞和组织)和非生物材料(如合成聚合物、陶瓷、金属和金属氧化物)组成[8]。以微生物与非生物材料的相互作用构建的生物杂化体对氮循环过程具有不同方面的影响,具体可以分为4个相关反应。
(1) 非生物材料对微生物活性或促进或抑制的作用影响氮循环相关反应。研究表明在纳米级赤铁矿存在的情况下,硫还原地杆菌(Geobacter sulfurreducens)和希瓦氏菌(Shewanella oneidensis)的NO3还原速率快2−100倍[9]。一些非生物材料具有生物毒性,对氮循环相关反应起抑制作用。如Kumar等[10]研究了施加660 mg/kg和66 000 mg/kg银纳米颗粒在冬春季(−18−15 ℃)对北极土壤微生物群落的影响,发现在2种银纳米颗粒浓度下的固氮根瘤菌丰度均显著下降,从而对固氮作用产生负面影响。同时,纳米氧化铜也被证明在比较高的浓度(100 mg/kg)时会抑制土壤微生物的硝化、反硝化作用[11]
(2) 非生物材料作为微生物氮循环相关反应的电子传递介质。生物炭因其含有含氧官能团及石墨结构而具有一定的电化学性质。Sathishkumar等[12]证明了400 ℃下制备的生物炭上的酚羟基和醌羰基参与了活性污泥中微生物和NO3之间的电子传递,从而加速硝酸盐还原。
(3) 非生物材料的氧化还原直接参与微生物氮循环反应。在未受干扰的海洋沉积物中,硝化作用发生在较深的缺氧区,微生物利用FeOx和MnOx进行NO3氧化[13]。Bosch等发现脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrificans)可以氧化黄铁矿同时以NO3作为电子受体进行反硝化反应[14]
(4) 非生物材料在光照下产生光电子促进微生物氮循环相关反应。
微生物参与的氮循环具有优异的催化效率和产物的选择性。光催化材料是一种优越的吸光材料,在光照下产生的光生电子和空穴能够与周围的分子、离子和自由基进行氧化还原反应,从而参与化学合成过程。随着研究的发展,光催化材料在吸光方面往往表现出更高的捕光效率[15]。然而,在产品的特异性要求方面,生物生产由于其特性可以稳定高活化能的中间物种,并具有极高的目标产物选择性,比光催化化学生产具有更大的优势。因此,科学家们创新性地提出了基于光催化剂和生物体组成的生物杂化体,集成了光催化剂优异的光捕获性能及微生物和蛋白质高效的催化能力[16]。其机理为:在特定波长的光照下,当生物杂化体系中光催化剂吸收的光子能量等于或高于禁带宽度时,价带上的电子(e)受激发跃迁至导带,进而产生能量更高的光生电子,随后光生电子可通过直接传递、氧化还原介体或氢/甲酸介导等途径转移至电活性微生物上的活性位点,驱动生物体进行能量代谢活动[17]。生物杂化体的提出离不开新型微生物能量代谢方式的发现,太阳能通过半导体矿物的光催化,可以刺激非光养细菌的代谢和生长,这归因于生物光电化学系统中产生的一种新型微生物能量代谢,称为光电自养生物[18]。同时,Sakimoto等[19]构建了热醋酸莫氏菌(Moorella thermoacetica)与CdS的体系,首次实现了在活全细胞生物催化剂表面自沉淀小纳米颗粒(< 10 nm)簇固定二氧化碳。目前该体系已被证明可以进行固碳、产氢、染料脱色等过程,广泛应用于能源生产及环境修复领域,也被证明可以驱动微生物或酶发生氮循环中的反硝化作用、固氮作用及硝化作用[20]。与氮循环有关的生物杂化体系可以分为3类,分别是光电极-生物杂化体系、无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系和有机光催化剂-生物杂化体系(图1)。
光电极-生物杂化体系是负载光催化剂的电极受太阳光激发产生光生电子,随后将光生电子转移至电极上附着的生物体,以驱动生物体进行功能代谢和物质合成(图1A)。该体系可分为微生物与光催化剂不在同一个电极(图1中A1)及微生物和光催化剂在同一电极上(图1中A2)两种情况。无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系是将无机光催化剂材料与生物体结合起来,无机光催化剂材料在光照下产生光生电子,光电子通过一定的途径传递给生物体,以驱动生物体进行生长代谢及产物合成(图1B)。该过程分为光催化剂材料在细胞外(图1中B1)、光催化剂材料在细胞膜上(图1中B2)及光催化剂材料在细胞内(图1中B3) 3种情况。有机物-生物杂化体系与无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系相似,区别在于一种是以在光照下产生光生电子的有机物作为光敏物质,一种是以无机光催化剂作为光敏物质(图1C),目前该体系都是有机光催化剂材料在细胞外。这3类与氮循环相关的生物杂化体的优缺点总结如表2所示。
在光电极-生物杂化体系中,Cheng等[26]构建了一种光电养反硝化系统,这个系统是将反硝化生物(接种污水处理厂活性污泥)阴极与TiO2光阳极耦合,乙酸作为牺牲试剂,首次证明了细菌可以直接利用光电化学过程中产生的电子来进行反硝化作用;在紫外光照下[30 mW/cm2,波长为(380±20) nm],在27 h内,对3.5 mg的NO3的反硝化效率超过95%,NO3被选择性地还原为N2,反应速率为(2.81±0.058) mg/(L·h) NO3-N;与双室电极系统不同,单室电极系统可以避免电子在导线中迁移的能量损耗,获得更高的光电子利用率。如Zhu等[27]将CdS纳米颗粒及生物膜沉积在工作电极上,构建三电极体系生物电化学系统;该系统中CdS纳米颗粒促进了微生物的发育及胞外聚合物的产生,微生物分泌的胞外聚合物作为牺牲试剂同时促进了CdS纳米颗粒与微生物的电子传递,从而促进NO3还原,光电流强度增强;在150 W高压Xe灯(强度20 W/m2)的照射下,7 d内对2.48 mg的NO3最大去除效率为99.8%,主要产物为N2,反应速率为0.73 mg/(L·h) NO3-N。
在无机光催化剂-生物杂化反硝化体系中,当前的研究大多数产物不单一,或以N2O为主产物,或以NO2或N2为主产物。一些微生物可以诱导纳米颗粒的沉淀,在温和的条件下产生生物相容性的纳米材料。如Chen等[28]将Cd2+和半胱氨酸作为硫源加入T. denitrificans的培养基中,培养5−7 d后,悬浮液的颜色由不透明的白色变为亮黄色,表明T. denitrificans-CdS杂交体系的形成,CdS分布在T. denitrificans细胞表面;以乳酸作为牺牲试剂,在(3.07±0.14) mW/cm2的紫色LED灯的照射下,CdS产生的光电子通过膜结合电子受体,如氢醌和C型细胞色素,转移到细胞中进行硝酸盐还原,N2O为该体系反硝化的主产物,占比72.1%,N2占比2.7%;在光照下的反应速率为3.63–8.60 mg/(L·h) NO3-N,在黑暗中的反应速率为0.07–0.36 mg/(L·h) NO3-N。反硝化反应最终会将NO3转化为N2,但构建的光电微生物体系却产生了大量的N2O,无法继续还原为N2。研究证明,这是由于N2O还原酶具有氧敏感性,活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)抑制N2O继续还原成N2[29]。为了解决T. denitrificans-CdS体系ROS抑制N2O还原成N2的问题,Chen等[30]构建了一种T. denitrificans-CdS@Mn3O4体系,以Na2S2O3为牺牲试剂,在形成的T. denitrificans-CdS体系中加入MnCl2,并缓慢滴加NaOH溶液使Mn2+沉淀在细胞表面,CdS@Mn3O4壳层保护细菌免受ROS的影响,光生电子通过CdS转移到细胞膜上,同时邻近CdS纳米颗粒的ROS在光照后会立即被Mn3O4分解,促进了N2O还原,降低了78%的N2O的排放,反应速率为0.47 mg/(L·h) NO3-N。除了常见的光催化剂CdS和TiO2外,Zhang等[31]通过在高孔隙率海绵载体上涂覆TiO2/g-C3N4光催化剂,并在河流中原位培养生物膜,构建紧密结合的光催化剂和生物体系;在生物膜的作用下,NO3被还原为NO2;在150 mW/cm2的氙灯的光照下,以草酸钠作为牺牲试剂,微生物获得TiO2/g-C3N4产生的光电子,NO2被进一步还原为N2,体系在光照16 h后去除4.03 mg的NO3,反应速率为2.5 mg/(L·h) NO3-N;该构建方式可以避免光催化剂直接释放到水中,并且TiO2/g-C3N4作为可见光诱导光催化剂,具有无毒、生物相容性、低成本、低电子空穴对重组率等优点。为了改进无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系中光电子只能在光照的条件下产生、光照停止后光电子就不再产生的缺点,有学者提出了使用具有储存电子能力的记忆光催化剂,它可以在光照的条件下储存电子,在黑暗中释放电子,促进微生物进行反硝化反应。如Zhou等[32]通过在河流污泥中加入制备的氰胺功能化聚合物作为记忆光催化剂,构建了一种基于氰胺功能化聚合物的新型微生物反硝化体系;氰胺功能化聚合物可以在光照下存储光生电子,并根据需要在黑暗中通过共催化剂(石墨烯)释放它们;该体系在反应36 h后去除30.8 mg的NO3,反应速率为0.182 mg/(L·h) NO3-N,与反硝化相关的硝酸盐还原酶(nitrate reductase, NAR)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(nitrite reductase, NIR)和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)等活性增强;氰胺功能化聚合物的加入增加了群落中鞘氨醇单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)、黄单胞菌科(Xanthomonadaceae)和环杆菌科(Cyclobacteriaceae)等反硝化菌的相对丰度。为了更进一步地利用记忆光催化剂和微生物体系同时实现硝酸盐还原和二氧化碳固定,Zhou等[22]在河流沉积物中加入制备的g-C3N4@WO3颗粒,该光催化剂在光照下储存电子,在黑暗中释放电子供微生物反硝化;该体系在48 h内还原49.3 mg的NO3和固定2 448.48 mg的CO2,NO3的还原速率为0.135 mg/(L·h) NO3-N;同时,g-C3N4@WO3增加了关键酶活性(如NAR和NIR)、反硝化菌和同化CO2功能微生物的相对丰度。该课题组进一步利用WO3/g-C3N4光催化剂和河流沉积物微生物群落建立了新型的耦联体系,同时实现硝酸盐还原和有机物降解;该反应体系中,180 h内,3.396 mg的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯在可见光下被光生活性自由基(·OH和·O2)降解,17.36 mg的NO3被光催化剂在光照下储存黑暗中释放的电子还原,还原速率为0.049 mg/(L·h) NO3-N[33]
在有机光催化剂-生物杂化体系中,AQS已被证明可以作为微生物光敏剂驱动反硝化菌T. denitrificans进行硝酸盐还原[34];该体系以乳酸钠作为牺牲试剂,对硝酸盐还原具有选择性,还原产物几乎是N2O,反应速率为0.8 mg/(L·h) NO3-N;光量子效率高达96.1%,远高于目前其他的生物材料杂化体系,主要是由于AQS起到“电容器”的作用,可以储存光生电子,在黑暗中也可以进行硝酸盐还原;其机制为:在光激发下,AQS转化为AQS*,光生电子直接从AQS*转移到反硝化酶;未使用的AQS*通过从底物中提取一个质子,形成一个厌氧稳定的H-AQS;H-AQS通过驱动NADH的形成,进一步为T. denitrificans提供电子,以便在黑暗中进行反硝化作用。刁友明等[35]证明了60 d内,光照可以持续驱动T. denitrificans-AQS进行硝酸盐还原。DOM是地表最大的有机碳库,已被证明可以在光激发下驱动反硝化微生物T. denitrificans进行光电反硝化,以乳酸作为牺牲试剂,反应速率为(0.004±0.000 5) mg/(L·h) NO3-N,可能的机制为:光照后,DOM被光激发产生DOM的单线态(1DOM*),通过系统间交叉迅速转化为3DOM*;然后,3DOM*产生光电子,3DOM*的光电子通过膜结合蛋白(如C型细胞色素)转移到反硝化菌中,进行反硝化反应[36]
光电反硝化离不开太阳光、反硝化菌及光敏物质。在自然界中,太阳光源源不断,因而反硝化菌引发的反硝化反应广泛地发生。同时,我国的土壤表层如矿物岩漆表面普遍存在光电化学特征。余萍等[37]的研究结果证明,一定能量的矿物光电子可影响土壤异养微生物粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)的生长代谢及反硝化行为。在无光照下,红土土壤中的有机质和微生物还原铁矿物产生的Fe(Ⅱ)是反硝化菌主要的电子供体;在光照下,光诱导Fe(Ⅱ)和光敏物质的光生电子作为电子供体,被土壤中的反硝化菌利用,促进硝酸盐还原为氮气[38]。黄绍福等[39]采集了我国34个省、自治区和直辖市共151个地表水体样品,对水体的光生电流的大小进行测定,也证明了我国地表水体普遍存在光电化学活性,这种光电化学活性主要来源于悬浮态物质和溶解态物质。
在无机光催化剂-生物杂化体系中,当前的研究大多采用CdS纳米颗粒,光生电子通过氧化还原介质(如吩嗪、醌等)、电子传递链传递到特定蛋白质(如铁氧还蛋白等),最终传递到固氮酶,固氮酶基因nifAnifDnifHnifK的相对表达丰度上调。如Brown等[40]通过将钼铁蛋白吸附在CdS纳米晶体上形成生物杂化复合物,以HEPSE作为牺牲试剂,驱动氮气还原为氨;在3.5 mW/cm2的光照下,氨产量的峰值为(315±55) nmol NH3/(mg MoFe protein·min)。然而,酶纯化的成本、无细胞系统的低稳定性及无法自我复制对其实际应用提出了巨大的挑战。因此,有学者提出了构建无机光催化剂-微生物杂化体系,即CdS纳米颗粒与固氮光合细菌的杂化体。Sakpirom等[41]研究发现,光合固氮菌沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris) TN110可以生物合成CdS纳米颗粒同时实现生物固氮;CdS纳米颗粒在微生物细胞内合成,大部分(200 mg/L)被排放到细胞外,少部分(1 mg/L)留在细胞内;细胞周围的CdS纳米颗粒可以作为光敏剂并释放电子,一些释放的电子被运输到细胞中,供给固氮酶从而促进固氮。Wang等[42]通过在微生物表面沉淀CdS纳米颗粒构建R. palustris-CdS体系,以半胱氨酸作为牺牲试剂;CdS纳米颗粒的光电子与R. palustris光合电子传递链整合,通过铁氧还蛋白和铁氧还蛋白-NADP+氧化还原酶到达固氮酶和NADP+;固氮酶固氮及固碳卡尔文循环分别为微生物固体生物量贡献了153%及28.1%。相较于光合固氮菌的生长周期长、培养条件严格及特定的光吸收,非光合固氮菌具有较温和的生长条件,具有更广泛的应用前景,因此备受关注。黄绍福等[43]通过利用非光合固氮菌施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)生物合成CdS纳米颗粒,构建了以乙醇作为牺牲试剂的P. stutzeri-CdS生物杂化体系,该体系具有捕获光能并还原氮气成氨的能力,反应速率为(0.406±0.014) mg/(L·d) NH3;光照下体系表现出明显的固氮酶活性,固氮酶基因nifAnifDnifHnifK的相对表达丰度上调;可能机制为当细胞表面的CdS被可见光激发后,产生大量的光电子及空穴,光电子通过胞外小分子氧化还原介质将电子传递至胞内,随后通过电子传递链传递至铁氧还蛋白和黄素氧还蛋白,最终传递至固氮酶。随着研究的发展,有学者提出了具有离域π共轭骨架的导电聚合物具有优异的聚光能力、可调谐的吸收和发射光谱、高效的电子空穴光诱导电荷产生和可控的能量水平。Zeng等[44]将阳离子共轭聚(氟烯-铝代苯)衍生物与非光合固氮菌褐球固氮菌(Azotobacter chroococcum)相结合,以半胱氨酸或三羟乙基胺作为牺牲试剂,利用阳离子共轭聚(氟烯-铝代苯)衍生物的光捕获性能,光生电子被转移到菌的氧化还原蛋白上,固氮酶基因nifDnifK,以及固氮相关蛋白的表达水平显著上调,阳离子共轭聚(氟烯-铝代苯)衍生物促进了光照下的A. chroococcum固氮,反应速率为0.215 μg NH3/d。此外,通过细胞对纳米材料的摄取机制,纳米材料得以进入胞内,这一过程使光电子更好地被微生物利用,从而促进固氮作用的进行。Koh等[45]将InP/ZnSe量子点加入棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii)的培养基中,A. vinelandii摄取了InP/ZnSe量子点;在光照下,量子点产生的光电子被固氮酶直接利用,促进了固氮过程。为了研究材料中所有吸收的光子是否可以通过材料-生物界面转移,可以用内量子效率来量化。当光子入射到光敏剂的表面时,被吸收的光子会激发光敏材料产生电子空穴对形成电流,产生的电子(没有诸如电子空穴复合过程引起的电子损失)与被吸收的光子之比即为内量子效率。Guan等[46]制备了自养黄色杆菌(Xanthobacter autotrophicus)和CdTe量子点生物杂化体系,以半胱氨酸作为牺牲试剂,在光照下驱动CO2和N2固定,内量子效率分别为(47.2±7.3)%和(7.1±1.1)%,分别达到46.1%和6.9%的生化极限,反应速率为(1.825±0.095) mg/(L·d) total N。光物理研究表明,在微生物-光催化剂界面上存在快速的电荷转移动力学。
在有机光催化剂-生物杂化体系中,Kang等[47]揭示了占海洋溶解性有机物30%−60%的海洋胶体可以在光照下产生光电子,促进光合细菌红海束毛藻(Trichodesmium erythraeum)同时实现固氮和固碳;海洋胶体主要覆盖在微生物的表面,光电子产生后经过细胞膜上的醌氧化还原酶进入细胞内,然后通过电子传递链转移到固氮酶,将N2还原为NH4+
在光电极-生物杂化体系中,Du等[48]通过构建光电化学电池,以有机污染物作为牺牲试剂,以TiO2作为光阳极,以生物电极作为阴极,阴极上氧气的还原与NH4+的氧化同时发生;在系统运行的4 h内,几乎34%的NH4+-N被转化为NO3-N;与传统的生物阴极不同,它不再是一个被动的电子消费者,微生物除了外部回路外,还可以从铵根离子的氧化中获得电子,阴极上氧的还原与硝化作用存在协同与竞争的作用。
综上所述,基于生物杂化体中光电子传递驱动的氮循环总结如表3所示。
由生物杂化体光电子驱动的厌氧氨氧化反应目前还无相关的研究,但是也有学者研究了将无机纳米颗粒掺杂在厌氧氨氧化微生物中,利用该无机纳米颗粒去除光照产生的ROS。Ren等[49]将硒掺杂碳量子点(selenium-doped carbon quantum dots, Se-CQDs)混合到厌氧氨氧化细菌中,成功制备了一种无机纳米颗粒-微生物杂化物;同时还证明Se-CQDs可以清除ROS,极大地减轻了其对厌氧氨氧化微生物的损伤。
目前关于生物杂化体光电子传递驱动氮循环的研究主要集中在反硝化反应和固氮反应方面,对于氮循环的其他反应如硝酸盐异化还原反应、硝化反应和厌氧氨氧化反应的研究还比较少,它们的机制如何有待进一步探索。生物杂化体系构建后,材料的性能和微生物本身都会受到影响。这种相互作用直接影响了电子转移效率。材料与微生物之间的相互作用可以通过3种方式来改善:光催化材料的性质、微生物的性质和如何复合光催化材料及微生物。
(1) 在光催化材料性质方面,光催化材料目前存在光电子与空穴之间容易复合、光化学反应中光量子的利用率较低、入射的光子转化为光电子的效率比较低等问题。可以与光催化方向的研究相结合,光电子与空穴之间容易复合可以通过使用有效促进电子空穴分离的光催化异质结材料或添加光催化剂的空穴捕获剂如乳酸、半胱氨酸、乙醇等来改善。同时,可尝试采用不同的光催化材料,除了已发现的如AQS外,更多更高效的具有光电子储存能力的材料,在黑暗中也可以释放光电子来提高光电子的利用率。
(2) 在微生物的性质方面,目前关于氮循环相关的微生物光电子传递的途径仅探究了反硝化反应中的T. denitrificans通过膜结合电子受体(如氢醌和C型细胞色素)传递光电子到细胞中,并通过一系列的电子转移链进行硝酸盐还原;固氮反应中的R. palustrisP. stutzeriA. chroococcum通过氧化还原介质(如吩嗪、醌等)、电子传递链传递光电子到特定蛋白质(如铁氧还蛋白等),最终传递到固氮酶,促进微生物进行固氮反应。这些电子传递途径还不够系统及普遍,需要随着相关研究的发展不断地总结。随着合成生物学的发展,可以通过基因修饰、合成蛋白等途径来提高光电子转移能力;还可以通过促进电子穿梭物的分泌和促进生物膜的形成来提高某种物质的产量。
(3) 在复合光催化材料与微生物方面,不同光催化剂与不同微生物的协同作用会有不同的界面效应,光催化剂会具有生物毒性、生物相容性等问题,有些毒性比较小,如TiO2化学性质稳定,氧化能力强且无毒,是最常用的与微生物结合的光催化材料。然而CdS的化学性质不稳定,在光催化过程中可能发生光溶解,从而溶出有害的金属离子,具有一定的生物毒性,与微生物协同会对微生物的活性有影响。因此,可以通过光催化材料关于生物相容性方面的研究,使用生物相容性高的材料来改善,从而提高转化效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42277101)
  • 广东省珠江人才计划引进创新创业团队项目(2019ZT08L213)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240320
  • 接收时间:2024-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-08-29
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-22
  • 录用日期:2024-08-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277101)
国家自然科学基金(42277101)
Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams(2019ZT08L213)
广东省珠江人才计划引进创新创业团队项目(2019ZT08L213)
作者信息
    1 化学与精细化工广东省实验室揭阳分中心, 广东 揭阳 515200
    2 广东工业大学 生态环境与资源学院, 广东 广州 510006
    3 五邑大学 环境与化学工程学院, 广东 江门 529020

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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