Article(id=1242119556978774763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240300, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715616000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1721059200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-16, onlineDate=1774073979848, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1721318400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-19, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073979848, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073979848, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073979848, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4069, endPage=4085, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119558773936913, articleId=1242119556978774763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in the influencing factors of the gut microbiota in giant pandas, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Giant pandas, despite having the digestive systems of carnivores, have evolved to thrive on a bamboo-based vegetarian diet, which results in a unique gut microbiota. With the advancement of science and technology, our understanding of the gut microbiota of giant pandas has evolved from simple strain isolation to exploring the intricate relationship between the microbiota and metabolic functions of the hosts as well as predicting the functions of the microbiota. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the bacterial and fungal communities in giant pandas, examining the effects of the factors such as age, diet, habitat, and health conditions on gut microbiota. Furthermore, we discuss how these factors influence the metabolism of the gut microbiota. This review is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the future research on the intricate structure and functions of gut microbiota in giant pandas. The knowledge can pave the way for innovating the measures to enhance and stabilize the gut microecological environment, ultimately contributing to the conservation of giant pandas.

, correspAuthors=Mingxi LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Mingxi, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tingting CHEN, Ying YAO, Yanpeng DONG, Xinyu ZHOU, Mingxi LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119559503745876, articleId=1242119556978774763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=大熊猫肠道菌群的影响因素研究进展, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大熊猫拥有肉食性动物典型的消化系统,却以竹子为唯一的食物来源,这种看似矛盾的特性实际上孕育了其独特的肠道微生物群落。随着科学技术的进步,对大熊猫肠道微生物的认识已经从简单的菌种分离,发展到深入研究微生物与宿主代谢的相互作用以及功能的预测。本文综合分析了影响大熊猫肠道细菌和真菌群落结构的因素,包括饮食的改变、年龄的增长、生活环境的差异以及健康状况的波动。同时,本文还总结了这些因素如何影响微生物的代谢功能,旨在为深入研究大熊猫肠道微生物的结构和功能提供理论基础。通过这些研究,可以探索新的方法来改善和平衡大熊猫的肠道微生态环境,进而助力大熊猫种群保护。

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Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2019, 25 (2):344-350., articleTitle=Composition and variation of gut microbiome of trained, preparatory reintroduced, reintroduced and wild giant pandas, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243291004942533490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, awardId=CPF2014-03, language=EN, fundingSource=Project of Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Foundation(CPF2014-03), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291005114499965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, awardId=CPF2014-03, language=CN, fundingSource=成都大熊猫繁育研究基金会项目(CPF2014-03), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291005248717708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, awardId=2024CPB-B19, language=EN, fundingSource=Independent Project of Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding(2024CPB-B19), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291005353575318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, awardId=2024CPB-B19, language=CN, fundingSource=成都大熊猫繁育研究基地自立课题(2024CPB-B19), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291005550707618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, awardId=2021CPB-B07, language=EN, fundingSource=Independent Project of Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding(2021CPB-B07), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291005693313965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, awardId=2021CPB-B07, language=CN, fundingSource=成都大熊猫繁育研究基地自立课题(2021CPB-B07), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243291000806949471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291000844698208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, companyId=1243291000806949471, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Dujiangyan Research Center of Giant Panda Breeding and Release, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 611800, Sichuan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291000869864033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, companyId=1243291000806949471, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=成都大熊猫繁育研究基地都江堰繁育野放研究中心, 四川 成都 611800)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243291004095284017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of age on the dominant gut microbiota and metabolic functions in giant pandas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Correlation ageMain foodChanges of gut microbiotaPossible metabolic pathwaysReferences
CubMilkEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Sarcina, Pseudomonas, Turicibacter, Terrisporobacter, Enterococcus, LactobacillusCoenzyme A biosynthesis, phospholipid, and heme biosynthesis; lipid, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolism; cushing syndrome pathway[34, 37]
YoungMilk+ bambooEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, WeissellaCarbohydrate metabolism: hemicellulose and amylase degradation; gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate; isoflavonoid biosynthesis[34, 43-45]
AdultBambooEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Lactococcus, EnterobacterEnergy production: deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and guanosine pentaphosphate biosynthesis; cellulose degradation; isoflavonoid biosynthesis[34, 40, 45-46]
OldBambooEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Klebsiella, Terrisporobacter, Weissella, Lactococcus, RaoultellaDegradation processes: cellulose, glycogen, histidine etc.; methane and seleno compound metabolism; lipid metabolism[34-35, 47]
), ArticleFig(id=1243291004212724537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

年龄对大熊猫肠道细菌及其代谢途径的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Correlation ageMain foodChanges of gut microbiotaPossible metabolic pathwaysReferences
CubMilkEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Sarcina, Pseudomonas, Turicibacter, Terrisporobacter, Enterococcus, LactobacillusCoenzyme A biosynthesis, phospholipid, and heme biosynthesis; lipid, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolism; cushing syndrome pathway[34, 37]
YoungMilk+ bambooEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, WeissellaCarbohydrate metabolism: hemicellulose and amylase degradation; gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate; isoflavonoid biosynthesis[34, 43-45]
AdultBambooEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Lactococcus, EnterobacterEnergy production: deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and guanosine pentaphosphate biosynthesis; cellulose degradation; isoflavonoid biosynthesis[34, 40, 45-46]
OldBambooEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Klebsiella, Terrisporobacter, Weissella, Lactococcus, RaoultellaDegradation processes: cellulose, glycogen, histidine etc.; methane and seleno compound metabolism; lipid metabolism[34-35, 47]
), ArticleFig(id=1243291004359525188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of bamboo part on the dominant gut microbiota and metabolic functions in giant pandas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Bamboo partChanges in gut microbiomePossible metabolic pathwaysReferences
ShootsEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Turicibacter, Cellulosilyticum, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Citrobacter, Pantoea, Ralstonia, Raoultella, Acinetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Leuconostoc, Massilia, ProvideniciaProtein metabolism; Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways of amino acid transportation (arginine, acid amino acids, glutamine, and methionine); aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis (isoleucyl and lysyl); fatty acid degradation[58-59, 70]
LeavesClostridium, Actinobacillus, Veillonella, Citrobacter, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, TerrisporobacterCellulose and hemicellulose degradation; express β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase; focused involvement in the step of cellodextrin to glucose[58-59, 70]
CulmsPaenibacillus, Leuconostoc, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Weissella, PseudomonasDegradation and digestion of cellulose and lignin; fermentation to produce glucan from sucrose; sugar alcohol fermentation to produce acid[58, 71-73]
), ArticleFig(id=1243291004468577101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

采食竹子不同部位对大熊猫肠道优势菌群及其代谢功能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Bamboo partChanges in gut microbiomePossible metabolic pathwaysReferences
ShootsEscherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Turicibacter, Cellulosilyticum, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Citrobacter, Pantoea, Ralstonia, Raoultella, Acinetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Leuconostoc, Massilia, ProvideniciaProtein metabolism; Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways of amino acid transportation (arginine, acid amino acids, glutamine, and methionine); aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis (isoleucyl and lysyl); fatty acid degradation[58-59, 70]
LeavesClostridium, Actinobacillus, Veillonella, Citrobacter, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, TerrisporobacterCellulose and hemicellulose degradation; express β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase; focused involvement in the step of cellodextrin to glucose[58-59, 70]
CulmsPaenibacillus, Leuconostoc, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Weissella, PseudomonasDegradation and digestion of cellulose and lignin; fermentation to produce glucan from sucrose; sugar alcohol fermentation to produce acid[58, 71-73]
), ArticleFig(id=1243291004602794836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of environment on the dominant gut microbiota in giant pandas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Environment conversionsChanges in gut microbiomeReferences
CaptiveEscherichia, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Turicibacter, Terrisporobacter, Solibacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Epulopiscium, Bacteroides, Bacillus[80-82]
WildPseudomonas, Yersinia, Janthinobacterium, Flavobacterium, Comamonadaceae[81-82]
Wild training and reintroductionStreptococcus, Clostridium, Pseudomonas, Roseburia, Coprococcus, Sutterella, Dorea, Ruminococcus[82-86]
), ArticleFig(id=1243291004699263837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119556978774763, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

生活环境对大熊猫肠道细菌的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Environment conversionsChanges in gut microbiomeReferences
CaptiveEscherichia, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Turicibacter, Terrisporobacter, Solibacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Epulopiscium, Bacteroides, Bacillus[80-82]
WildPseudomonas, Yersinia, Janthinobacterium, Flavobacterium, Comamonadaceae[81-82]
Wild training and reintroductionStreptococcus, Clostridium, Pseudomonas, Roseburia, Coprococcus, Sutterella, Dorea, Ruminococcus[82-86]
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大熊猫肠道菌群的影响因素研究进展
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陈婷婷 , 姚英 , 董艳鹏 , 周芯宇 , 李明喜 *
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(11): 4069-4085
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(11): 4069-4085
大熊猫肠道菌群的影响因素研究进展
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陈婷婷, 姚英, 董艳鹏, 周芯宇, 李明喜*
作者信息
  • 成都大熊猫繁育研究基地都江堰繁育野放研究中心, 四川 成都 611800
Research progress in the influencing factors of the gut microbiota in giant pandas
Tingting CHEN, Ying YAO, Yanpeng DONG, Xinyu ZHOU, Mingxi LI*
Affiliations
  • Dujiangyan Research Center of Giant Panda Breeding and Release, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 611800, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2024-07-19 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240300
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大熊猫拥有肉食性动物典型的消化系统,却以竹子为唯一的食物来源,这种看似矛盾的特性实际上孕育了其独特的肠道微生物群落。随着科学技术的进步,对大熊猫肠道微生物的认识已经从简单的菌种分离,发展到深入研究微生物与宿主代谢的相互作用以及功能的预测。本文综合分析了影响大熊猫肠道细菌和真菌群落结构的因素,包括饮食的改变、年龄的增长、生活环境的差异以及健康状况的波动。同时,本文还总结了这些因素如何影响微生物的代谢功能,旨在为深入研究大熊猫肠道微生物的结构和功能提供理论基础。通过这些研究,可以探索新的方法来改善和平衡大熊猫的肠道微生态环境,进而助力大熊猫种群保护。

大熊猫  /  肠道微生物  /  细菌  /  真菌  /  影响因素

Giant pandas, despite having the digestive systems of carnivores, have evolved to thrive on a bamboo-based vegetarian diet, which results in a unique gut microbiota. With the advancement of science and technology, our understanding of the gut microbiota of giant pandas has evolved from simple strain isolation to exploring the intricate relationship between the microbiota and metabolic functions of the hosts as well as predicting the functions of the microbiota. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the bacterial and fungal communities in giant pandas, examining the effects of the factors such as age, diet, habitat, and health conditions on gut microbiota. Furthermore, we discuss how these factors influence the metabolism of the gut microbiota. This review is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the future research on the intricate structure and functions of gut microbiota in giant pandas. The knowledge can pave the way for innovating the measures to enhance and stabilize the gut microecological environment, ultimately contributing to the conservation of giant pandas.

giant panda  /  gut microbiota  /  bacteria  /  fungi  /  influencing factors
陈婷婷, 姚英, 董艳鹏, 周芯宇, 李明喜. 大熊猫肠道菌群的影响因素研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4069 -4085 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240300
Tingting CHEN, Ying YAO, Yanpeng DONG, Xinyu ZHOU, Mingxi LI. Research progress in the influencing factors of the gut microbiota in giant pandas[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4069 -4085 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240300
动物肠道中存在着数以万亿计的微生物,其中以细菌为主,也包括真菌、古菌群、噬菌体以及真核病毒等[1]。这些微生物不仅依赖宿主生存,还协助宿主完成多种生理功能。研究表明,肠道微生物对宿主的免疫反应、能量代谢、脂质和葡萄糖代谢等生理过程都有显著影响[2]。随着分子生物学工具和技术的广泛应用,如测序技术、宏基因组学、代谢组学、脂质组学和宏转录组学等,对宿主与肠道微生物之间复杂相互作用的理解正在逐步加深[3-4],包括一些哺乳动物的系统发育与饮食、肠道微生物组成及功能之间的进化关系[5]。此外,这些技术能够研究野生动物的肠道微生物组,包括一些特殊群体如袋鼠[6]和大熊猫等[7]。目前,肠道微生物在濒危动物保护生物学领域的潜在作用正逐渐被揭示,例如,可以通过监测微生物群落的波动评估濒危动物栖息地的环境质量;同时,将宿主微生物和生物地理变异纳入森林走廊评估系统,有助于更好地理解这些关键生态通道对濒危物种的影响;此外,利用与疾病暴发相关的微生物系统发育特征,为灵长类动物的非法贩运、疾病起源和传播提供重要的线索[8]
肠道细菌是动物肠道微生物群落中的主导成员,数目可达1014[9]。这些细菌在动物的消化吸收、能量代谢、免疫调节以及抗病力等方面扮演着至关重要的角色,与宿主形成了互利共生的动态平衡关系[10]。大熊猫,作为食肉目哺乳动物,其消化系统具有典型的肉食性动物特征,其肠道菌群结构也与草食性动物有显著差异,更接近于肉食性和杂食性的熊科动物[11-12]。在漫长的进化过程中,大熊猫的食物演变为99%是竹子,同时由于环境变迁、人类活动及天敌疾病等因素,大熊猫栖息环境也在被压缩及分割[13]。为了适应这种食源性转变和生活环境的改变,大熊猫在觅食、消化和营养策略等方面进行了适应性进化,肠道细菌的组成和功能也随之发生了变化。大熊猫自身并没有编码纤维素降解酶的基因[14],但是其肠道中有部分细菌能产生降解半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的酶,帮助大熊猫分解竹子中的半纤维素,以及少部分的纤维素和木质素[15],从而最大限度地从竹子中获取营养和能量。大熊猫的肉食性消化系统与以竹子为食的习性之间的矛盾,似乎能解释为什么与其他哺乳动物比较,大熊猫肠道微生物具有最低的α多样性[11]。然而,小鼠试验发现,采食竹子并不会降低小鼠肠道菌群多样性,甚至Shannon指数反而显著升高,这表明竹子并不是大熊猫肠道菌群α多样性降低的唯一因素[16]。竹子中存在的抗菌成分可能会抑制大熊猫肠道细菌增殖[17]。除此之外,年龄、生活环境、健康状态等也会影响大熊猫肠道菌群结构和多样性。
真菌在自然生态系统中无处不在,它们与其他微生物相互作用,共同形成复杂的生态系统。在人类和动物的肠道微生物群落中,真菌所占比例相对较小,大约为0.1%[18],但它们可以通过与细菌相互作用,调节与疾病易感性和免疫力相关的细菌群落,对宿主健康产生重要影响[19-20]。小鼠试验发现,酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)可以降低大肠杆菌攻毒引起的结肠炎的发生率,这可能是真菌和细菌对生态资源的竞争影响的[21]。此外,真菌还能提高宿主对养分的消化利用率,如反刍动物胃肠道中的厌氧真菌就表现出强大的利用复杂碳水化合物的能力[22]。在猪上的研究也观察到,结肠真菌对日粮中碳水化合物的消化和利用发挥着不可替代的作用[23]。近年来,科研人员也认识到真菌对大熊猫肠道微生物组成的重要性,但关于大熊猫肠道真菌的结构特征和功能作用,目前的研究还相对有限。本文将对大熊猫肠道细菌和真菌的结构及其影响因素,包括年龄、饮食、生活环境及疾病健康等进行综述,旨在为深入研究大熊猫肠道微生物的结构与功能提供新的视角。这些研究不仅有助于更好地理解大熊猫的肠道微生物群落,而且对于改善大熊猫的健康状态、促进其种群的保护和繁衍也具有重要的理论和实践意义。
与草食动物相比,大熊猫的肠道细菌组成与肉食动物更为相似[11]。在大熊猫肠道细菌的优势群落中,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占据了大约50%的比例,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)约占34%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)约占8%,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)约占5%[24]。早期的研究通过传统培养方法,鉴定出肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)和链球菌属(Streptococcus)为大熊猫肠道中的主要细菌成员[25]。随着研究技术的进步,包括分子鉴定、16S rRNA基因高通量测序、宏基因组学等方法的应用[26-27],进一步揭示了大熊猫肠道细菌的多样性,在属水平上主要有链球菌、梭菌属(Clostridium)、埃希氏菌-志贺菌(Escherichia-Shigella)、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、苏黎世杆菌属(Turicibacter)、八叠球菌(Sarcina)、乳酸菌(Lactobacillus)等[28-29]。大熊猫的肠道细菌不仅在调节宿主的生理和代谢过程中发挥着作用,而且与宿主之间存在长期的共演化关系,这种共演化关系在大熊猫适应其独特的以竹子为主食的饮食习性方面起到了至关重要的作用[30]。大熊猫肠道细菌能适应高纤维饮食[31],并展现出独特的植物蛋白代谢能力[28]。此外,肠道中较高比例的假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)和梭菌科(Clostridiaceae)通过提高与氰化物降解相关的酶编码基因,有助于解毒大熊猫食用竹中的氰化物,进一步帮助大熊猫适应其特有的竹子饮食[32]
大熊猫的年龄划分为0−1.5岁为幼年大熊猫,1.5−5岁为亚成年大熊猫,6−20岁为成年大熊猫,20岁以上为老年大熊猫。大熊猫在幼仔时期吃母乳或者配方乳,随着年龄的增长,逐渐过渡到以竹子为主食,圈养大熊猫还会补充窝窝头和膳食补充剂[33]。在此过程中,大熊猫肠道细菌的结构、功能及代谢途径也会随之发生显著变化。Liu等[34]研究不同年龄段圈养大熊猫的粪便细菌群落,发现幼年大熊猫的肠道细菌多样性高于成年大熊猫。李蔚等[35]对比亚成年、成年和老年大熊猫肠道细菌发现,大熊猫肠道细菌多样性的变化规律随着年龄的增长呈现先增加后降低的趋势,并且在18−22岁达到最高[36]。幼年大熊猫的肠道主要细菌群包括埃希氏-志贺菌、链球菌、梭状芽胞杆菌、肠球菌(Enterococcus)、乳酸菌[37]。幼年大熊猫成长到亚成年大熊猫的过程中,由于饮食发生转变,引起肠道细菌波动,其中变形菌门显著增加,厚壁菌门显著降低[34]。同时一些致病菌如莫拉氏菌(Moraxella)[38]、奈瑟氏球菌(Neisseria)[39]丰度提高,这可能与亚成年大熊猫容易发生腹泻及胃肠道疾病相关。成年大熊猫已经完全适应竹子饮食,与纤维素消化相关的细菌如肠球菌、乳球菌、链球菌和梭状芽胞杆菌等更丰富[40]。随着年龄的增加,老年大熊猫肠道中开始出现一些特有菌群,比如蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、Parabacteroides、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)、沙特尔沃思氏菌属(Shuttleworthia)以及魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)[34, 41],而放线菌属(Actinomyces)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)已经消失[36],同时有益菌如粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)、八叠球菌和布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)的丰度也逐渐减少[34]。魏斯氏菌属是一种重要的年龄相关微生物,与一种新发现的脂质代谢物羟基脂肪酸支链脂肪酸酯(fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids, FAHFA)丰度呈正相关,而后者的合成被发现参与小鼠的生长和衰老过程[42]。因此魏斯氏菌属在未来可能被作为老年大熊猫的生物标志物。
随着代谢组学和宏基因组测序技术的发展,大熊猫肠道细菌的组成和功能、参与的代谢途径及代谢物均得到广泛研究。表1总结了不同年龄阶段大熊猫肠道优势细菌的变化以及这些变化可能涉及的代谢途径[34, 40, 43-47]。大熊猫的食物从幼年时期高蛋白的母乳转换为成年时期高纤维的竹子的过程中,肠道细菌降解碳水化合物的能力逐渐增强[48]。王岚[43]利用高通量测序技术探究不同年龄阶段圈养大熊猫的肠道细菌多样性,同时进行功能预测分析发现,亚成年大熊猫肠道细菌具有较高的碳水化合物和氨基酸代谢功能,同时还具有较高的乳糖降解能力,这可能是因为圈养亚成年大熊猫的饮食结构处于过渡阶段,食物包括盆盆奶和竹子,因此其肠道细菌群具有乳糖和纤维素降解能力。成年大熊猫肠道细菌具有最高的编码纤维素降解酶的基因丰度,以及最强的纤维素降解能力,其主要的代谢途径涉及能量合成途径、脂质转运和代谢[34, 43]。相比之下,老年大熊猫由于自身代谢效率降低,肠道细菌代谢功能中的降解途径基因丰度增加,与氧化应激和炎症代谢途径相关的细菌基因丰度也高于其他年龄段,这暗示了老年大熊猫发生疾病的风险升高[34]。李蔚等[35]发现老年大熊猫中碳水化合物和氨基酸代谢相关细菌的相对丰度低于其他年龄段,而次级代谢物和细胞生长与死亡等途径相关细菌的丰度较高。肠道微生物-胆汁酸轴对脂质代谢和脂质稳态具有重要影响,双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)、乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)和魏斯氏菌属与胆汁酸代谢相关产物呈正相关,而这些代谢产物在老年大熊猫的肠道细菌中的表达水平较高[34],表明老年大熊猫可能有更高的脂质代谢紊乱风险[49]。综上所述,年龄是影响大熊猫肠道细菌群落组成的一个显著因素。研究年龄-饮食-细菌的相互作用,可以帮助优化不同年龄段圈养大熊猫的日粮结构,改善菌群结构,从而提高肠道健康。随着大熊猫的迁地保护政策的不断完善,其健康状况及生理机能也得到了明显改善,很多20岁以上的大熊猫还有着类似成年大熊猫的活跃代谢及繁殖行为。深入探究年龄-细菌-代谢的相互作用,可能有助于重新界定老年大熊猫的年龄范畴,并为不同年龄段的大熊猫定制更精准的日粮营养及饲养管理策略。
竹子是大熊猫的主要食物,其营养成分以纤维素、半纤维素和木质素为主,占70−80%,而蛋白质、脂肪和可溶性糖等的含量相对较低,仅占20−30%,因此其整体营养价值并不高[50-51]。为了适应这种低营养价值的食物,大熊猫的肠道细菌群落会随着食物类型的转变而发生相应的变化[52]。众多研究开始聚焦于肠道细菌在大熊猫适应高纤维饮食中的作用。早期研究通过羧甲基钠培养基的分离筛选,在大熊猫肠道内发现了具有纤维素酶活性的细菌,如解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)[53]、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)[54]、克雷伯菌(Klebsiella oxytoca) HKOPL1[55]等。Zhu等[7]在大熊猫肠道微生物中检测到梭状芽胞杆菌属的13个种,这些菌群具备消化纤维素的能力,其中7个种是大熊猫特有的;宏基因组分析进一步揭示,这些梭状芽胞杆菌群可能通过编码纤维素和半纤维素消化酶的基因来帮助大熊猫消化竹纤维。Ning等[56]研究发现,大熊猫肠道中的优势菌群假单胞菌能够表达木质素降解相关基因,帮助大熊猫从竹子中的木质素获取营养。大熊猫对竹子干物质的消化率仅为17%,远低于草食动物60%的消化率;大熊猫主要消化竹子中的粗蛋白和淀粉,对半纤维素的消化率为27%左右,对纤维素的消化率为8%左右[51]。因此,尽管大熊猫的肠道细菌并未进化到类似于草食动物的肠道菌群结构,而是仍然保持了偏向肉食性动物的特征[11, 57],但它们在帮助大熊猫消化纤维素等纤维原料方面发挥了不可或缺的作用。
大熊猫的采食模式对其肠道细菌群落的组成和多样性有着显著影响。在不同季节,大熊猫根据竹子不同部位的营养价值及自身营养需求调整其饮食,从而导致肠道细菌群落发生相应的季节性变化[11]。竹子不同部位的营养价值差异很大,竹笋部位富含蛋白质,其次是竹叶,而竹茎部位则富含纤维素和木质素[58]。野生大熊猫在春夏季节优先采食竹笋和嫩竹叶,而秋冬季节则转向竹叶和竹茎[59]。圈养大熊猫的饮食安排也模拟这一自然采食模式,根据季节变化提供相应的竹子部位[58]。与竹叶采食季比较,采笋期大熊猫粪便细菌α多样性显著提高,同时变形菌门和放线菌门丰度提高,厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)丰度降低[60-61]。在单胃动物中,变形菌门的相对丰度与饲粮蛋白质摄入量呈正相关[62]。因此,在营养水平较高的笋期,大熊猫肠道细菌可能会富集较多的粗蛋白利用菌群,以加强对粗蛋白的利用,而在营养水平较低的叶期和茎期,则加强对粗纤维的利用[60]。此外,采食竹笋还会导致肠道中某些梭菌属,特别是产丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)的丰度提高,这可能通过增加肠道丁酸盐含量,进而影响昼夜节律相关酶基因(cytochrome P450 46A1, CYP46a1; solute carrier 2A4, Slc2a4; acyl-CoA thioesterase 11, Acot11)的表达和磷脂代谢,最终对机体代谢功能产生影响[61]。Williams等[63]的研究指出,在大熊猫从采食竹茎转向采食竹叶的过程中,肠道黏液便的发生率增加,而粪便细菌多样性降低,同时厚壁菌门丰度下降,变形菌门丰度上升。这提示了大熊猫肠道中较高比例的厚壁菌门可以保护肠道免受高纤维饮食造成的损伤,促进纤维组分在肠道中的运转,这对于大熊猫从低纤维饮食过渡到高纤维饮食至关重要。大熊猫的季节性饮食变化会导致其肠道细菌的年度周期性重组[64],冬季肠道细菌的物种丰富度(species observation breadth index, Sobs)指数显著高于夏季,而香农指数(Shannon index,群落多样性)显著低于夏季[65]。秋冬季节大熊猫肠道细菌中的纤维素酶活较高,与其肠道优势细菌链球菌的丰度变化趋势一致,表明肠道细菌季节性变化对其纤维素消化具有很大影响[66]。为探究大熊猫肠道细菌的季节性波动机制,Wang等[67]结合体内外实验,通过粪便代谢组和宏基因组关联性分析发现,竹叶和竹笋中的黄酮类化合物的变化影响了细菌丰度的季节性波动;纤维分解菌(Cellulosilyticum)丰度与黄酮类化合物的摄入量呈正相关,而芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)和肠球菌的丰度与黄酮类化合物摄入量则呈负相关;大熊猫在竹叶采食季的黄酮类化合物摄入量较高,导致该时期肠道细菌的基因及物种多样性较笋季低,细菌毒力因子的丰度也降低。Braune等[68]也发现,黄酮类化合物对变形菌门类的细菌具有抑制作用,对厚壁菌门类的细菌具有促进生长的作用,这与大熊猫采叶季和采笋季的细菌变化趋势一致。
大熊猫肠道细菌的结构不仅反映了其饮食习性,也深刻影响着其体内的代谢途径。与草食动物相比,大熊猫肠道细菌氨基酸分解代谢相关基因的丰度显著提高,而氨基酸合成通路相关基因的表达显著降低,表明大熊猫的肠道细菌更倾向于分解氨基酸,而不像草食动物那样擅长合成氨基酸[16]。Deng等[28]揭示了大熊猫肠道细菌群中独特的植物蛋白质代谢谱,即肠道细菌群中与蛋白质代谢有关的基因表达较高,特别是丰度较高的乳酸链球菌(Streptococcus alactolyticus),这种细菌参与必需氨基酸的生物合成,帮助大熊猫消化利用竹子中的植物蛋白,这对大熊猫适应竹子饮食起着重要作用。Zhang等[15]发现大熊猫肠道细菌通过消化竹子中更容易消化的碳水化合物,如淀粉和半纤维素等,来适应其高纤维饮食。此外,大熊猫还能利用竹子中少量的木质素。Fang等[69]研究发现,大熊猫肠道细菌能够表达一种漆酶(laccase 51, Lac51),这种酶可以氧化竹子中的木质素,帮助大熊猫消化木质素。因此,大熊猫肠道细菌含有大量参与碳水化合物降解的基因,表现出对结构性多糖的高利用潜力。总结采食不同的竹子部位对大熊猫肠道细菌种类及其代谢途径的影响发现(表2),采食竹笋时,大熊猫肠道细菌更多的是进行蛋白质相关代谢,而采食竹叶和竹茎时,肠道细菌则更多的是进行纤维素与半纤维素相关的代谢[58-59, 70-73]。竹子纤维素消化分为2个步骤,第一步打破竹细胞壁,将纤维素分解为纤维素糊精,第二步将纤维素糊精分解为可吸收利用的d-葡萄糖;由于竹笋细胞内的养分较竹叶和竹茎更为丰富,消化过程主要涉及第一步,相比之下,竹叶和竹茎的消化则需要2个步骤,因此肠道细菌倾向于利用第二步中的单糖来满足营养需求[70]。总结前人研究,大熊猫季节性的饮食变化是为了满足自身营养需求和保持生理健康,而肠道细菌群落也表现出相应的适应性变化。深入研究食用竹对肠道细菌变化的影响及机制,可以为优化大熊猫在不同季节的饮食结构提供科学依据,例如在圈养大熊猫采笋季节注意纤维或黄酮化合物的搭配和补充,在野生大熊猫栖息地修复时考虑相关食用竹种的引种,以改善大熊猫的肠道健康。通过针对性地调节肠道菌群的结构和代谢,可能有助于提高大熊猫对竹子的消化利用,进而改善大熊猫的整体生理状况。
大熊猫的生活环境,如栖息地的变化、野生与圈养环境等,也会对其肠道细菌群落产生影响。野生大熊猫的主要栖息地包括中国的岷山、秦岭、邛崃、大小相岭及凉山等山系,其中包括多个大熊猫自然保护区[13]。不同区域的生活环境、海拔高度以及主食竹子种类的差异,都会导致大熊猫肠道细菌群落组成上的相应变化。蔡天贵[74]在研究不同保护区野生大熊猫肠道细菌群落时发现,虽然不同区域内的大熊猫肠道细菌群落多样性差异不大,但是优势菌群组成有明显差异;例如,涪水源国有林场的大熊猫优势细菌群为厚壁菌门;卧龙自然保护区(邛崃山系)和马边大风顶保护区(凉山山系)大熊猫优势细菌群为变形菌门和厚壁菌门;王朗自然保护区(岷山)大熊猫的优势细菌群为厚壁菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门;而观音山自然保护区(秦岭)大熊猫的优势细菌群则为厚壁菌门和蓝藻门。秦岭地区因其独特的暖温带生态系统和地理隔离,形成一个独立的遗传群体,生活在这里的大熊猫亚种在遗传上比其他山系的亚种更为原始[75]。马清义等[76]在秦岭大熊猫的肠道中鉴定出大肠埃希菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)、稍变棒杆菌(Coryne-bacterium)、短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、面包乳杆菌(Lactobacillus panis)等12种细菌,这些细菌大多属于肠杆菌、肠球菌和乳杆菌类。此外,秦岭大熊猫粪便中还检测到较高丰度的梭菌[7]
圈养与野生环境下的大熊猫,由于生活条件和饮食结构的显著差异,其肠道细菌群落结构也呈现出明显的变化。在门水平上,野生大熊猫的主要菌群是变形菌门,而圈养大熊猫则以厚壁菌门为主[77];在属水平上,圈养大熊猫肠道中的优势菌群是链球菌和肠杆菌科而野生大熊猫肠道中的优势属是假单胞菌属[78]。野生大熊猫肠道中的假单胞菌含有降解木质素及其衍生物的相关基因,它可以通过木质素降解代谢途径,包括β-酮基二酸和同戊二酸途径,将中间代谢产物阿魏酸酯和香豆酸酯降解为乙酰-辅酶A (acetyl coenzyme A,乙酰-CoA)和琥珀酰-辅酶A (succinyl coenzyme A,琥珀酰-CoA),为大熊猫的新陈代谢提供原料[56]。野化放归是一种将圈养动物通过训练和适应后重新引入自然栖息地的保护策略,对于大熊猫而言,这一策略不仅具有挑战性,也具有极其重要的生态意义[79]。野化放归过程是圈养大熊猫到野生大熊猫的过渡状态,在该过程中,随着圈养大熊猫逐渐暴露于野外的气候和食物,其肠道菌群会发生显著的适应性变化,因此大熊猫的肠道细菌群落可以作为评估其适应野外环境的关键指标[80]表3总结了不同环境暴露下的大熊猫肠道细菌群变化[80-86]。在野化训练过程中,圈养大熊猫肠道中原本占优势的埃希氏菌会逐渐被梭状芽胞杆菌替代,最终转变为与野生大熊猫相似的假单胞菌占优势的状态,这标志着野化放归适应过程的成功[81]。Tang等[82]跟踪监测大熊猫张翔从野化训练到放归的过程中肠道细菌组成的变化,发现在放归4−5个月后,张翔的肠道细菌结构逐渐向野生大熊猫的细菌群特征聚集,这时张翔逐渐转变为野生大熊猫的菌群特征。通过对大熊猫肠道细菌群落的持续监测,不仅可以为野化放归提供重要的科学指导,还能为小种群的复壮和管理提供有价值的信息。
除了已知的年龄、饮食、生活环境等因素外,大熊猫的性别和健康状况同样对肠道细菌群落结构有着显著的影响。在门水平上,雌性大熊猫肠道厚壁菌门丰度普遍低于雄性大熊猫,变形菌门丰度普遍高于雄性大熊猫;在属水平上,雌性大熊猫肠道链球菌丰度通常低于雄性,而梭菌和埃希氏杆菌属丰度则普遍高于雄性个体[87]。肠道细菌结构与大熊猫健康状况密切相关。研究发现,感染犬瘟热病毒(canine distemper virus, CDV)的大熊猫与健康对照组相比,厚壁菌门的丰度显著增加,而变形菌门的丰度显著减少;在属水平上,Arcanobacterium、棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium)、Peptoniphilus、普氏菌属(Prevotella)等条件性致病菌丰度出现峰值,埃氏菌属和梭状芽胞杆菌优势度降低[88]。在圈养的大熊猫中,黏液粪便的排泄以及伴随的绞痛是常见的现象。Tun[89]比较了大熊猫黏液排泄物和正常粪便的细菌群落发现,大熊猫黏液粪便中细菌的物种丰富度、均匀度和α多样性都显著低于正常粪便,并且梭状芽胞杆菌丰度显著提高。Zhao等[90]对厌食症大熊猫的肠道菌群进行了研究,发现与健康个体比较,厌食症大熊猫肠道细菌丰度多样性(Chao1多样性)显著降低,梭菌属的丰度显著增加,而乳酸菌科、魏斯氏菌属和链球菌的丰度降低,表明这几种细菌的丰度变化可能与大熊猫厌食症状的发生存在相关性。值得注意的是,Zhao等[90]还发现,链球菌与梭菌属之间存在负相关关系,表明链球菌可能作为一种益生菌,抑制致病菌梭菌的生长。探究大熊猫肠道细菌与疾病之间的相关性,对于通过调节肠道细菌来预防和治疗疾病具有重要意义。目前的研究多集中于大熊猫的病原性细菌,而对其潜在益生菌的研究还较少,未来的研究方向可以探究潜在益生菌对大熊猫健康的影响,并考虑将这些益生菌作为保健或医疗用品,应用到大熊猫日常保健程序和药物治疗中,以改善大熊猫的整体健康状况。
大熊猫的肠道微生物群落中,除了细菌外,真菌也占据了相当的比例。在门水平上,大熊猫肠道真菌群落以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为主,除此之外还包括球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)、毛菌门(Mucoromycota)和微孢子虫门(Microsporidia)[91];在属水平上,主要包括紫孢霉属(Purpureocillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、Pezicula、新生隐球菌(Cryptococcus)、Ramichloridium、金黄担子菌(Aureobasidium)、暗壳腔菌属(Phaeosphaeria)、假丝酵母菌(Candida)、明梭孢属(Monographella)和镰孢菌属(Fusarium)[92]。真菌在大熊猫的生态性适应方面也发挥着重要作用。大熊猫肠道中的真菌可以编码淀粉、纤维素和半纤维素消化酶基因,帮助大熊猫消化竹纤维[7, 93]。大熊猫粪便中的一些真菌具有潜在的纤维素水解活性,包括曲霉(Aspergillus)、黑管菌(Bjerkandera)、Ganoderma、腐质霉菌(Humicola)、青霉菌(Penicillium)、波斯特孔菌(Postia)、变色栓菌(Trametes)和丝状真菌里氏木霉(Trichoderma)[15]。刘艳红等[94]在亚成年大熊猫粪便中发现了4株能够降解纤维素的真菌:白地霉(Galactomyces geotrichum)、多分枝毛霉菌(Mucor ramosissimus)、丝孢菌(Trichosporon sp.)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)。Tun等[36]也在大熊猫肠道中发现具有木质素降解能力的真菌狭髓多年菌属(Perenniporia medulla-panis)。真菌还可以通过与细菌相互作用,共同影响大熊猫的健康[95]。大多数真菌和细菌的丰度呈现正相关,两者在协助纤维素代谢方面起重要作用[91]。Zhu等研究指出,大熊猫肠道中的真菌可能与细菌存在竞争关系,真菌产生的抗生素增加了细菌的选择压力,可能增加细菌的抗生素耐药性[93]
与细菌的影响因素相似,大熊猫肠道真菌结构的影响因素主要包括饮食、年龄和生活环境等[93]。饮食因素在大熊猫肠道真菌群落的影响因子中占主导地位,例如可食竹的营养成分、叶围真菌结构以及食物的转换等。Jin等[96]的研究发现,大熊猫采食不同类型的竹子,如苦竹、白夹竹、拐棍竹和冷箭竹,会显著影响其肠道真菌群落的组成:在门水平上,采食拐棍竹和冷箭竹的大熊猫肠道中子囊菌门和担子菌门显著高于其他2组;在属水平上,采食苦竹和白夹竹的大熊猫肠道中丰度最高的3种真菌为新生隐球菌、Cystofilobasidium和假丝酵母菌,采食拐棍竹的大熊猫肠道中丰度最高的3种真菌为MrakiellaBarnettozyma和新生隐球菌,采食冷箭竹的大熊猫肠道中丰度最高的3种真菌为CalycinaCystofilobasidiumMrakiella;进一步研究竹子营养成分与真菌群落之间的相关性,发现蛋白质和黄酮的含量与子囊菌门丰度呈正相关,与担子菌门的丰度呈负相关;在属水平上,蛋白质含量与Microdochium丰度呈正相关,黄酮含量与Phoma丰度呈正相关,脂肪含量与隐球菌丰度呈负相关。Kang等[97]研究栗子坪自然保护区大熊猫3种主食竹中的真菌群落发现,子囊菌门和担子菌门是竹子叶围的优势真菌群落,表明竹子叶围的真菌种类可能也会影响大熊猫肠道真菌结构。大熊猫从幼年到成年阶段,饮食从母乳和配方奶逐渐转为竹子和窝窝头,这种饮食的转变也伴随着肠道真菌群落的变化。采食配方奶阶段,大熊猫肠道中丰度最高的前三种真菌为假丝酵母菌、酵母菌(Saccharomyces)和微孢子菌(Microidium);配方奶+竹子阶段,大熊猫肠道中前三种丰度最高的前三种真菌为假丝酵母菌、微孢子菌和赤霉菌(Gibberella);在采食竹子阶段,大熊猫肠道中丰度最高的前三种真菌为囊泡菌(Cystofilobasidium)、Guehomyces和微孢子菌[46]。此外,亚成年大熊猫由于经历饮食结构的调整,接触的食物种类较多,其肠道真菌群落的变化相对复杂;26月龄大熊猫粪便的真菌多样性和丰富度均达到峰值,到36月龄后,担子菌门、未定义腐生菌和内生-植物病原菌增加[98]
除了饮食因素外,年龄和生活环境也是影响大熊猫真菌结构的重要因素。不同年龄阶段的大熊猫,其肠道真菌多样性的顺序为成年大熊猫 > 老年大熊猫 > 亚成年大熊猫[98]。Tun等[36]比较成年大熊猫和老年大熊猫的肠道真菌发现,成年大熊猫子囊菌纲中最丰富的成员是Sordariomycetes,而老年大熊猫子囊菌纲中最丰富的成员是Saccharomycetes,并且具有高丰度的热带念珠菌(Candida tropicalis),这种真菌在成年大熊猫中缺失。同时,也有研究表明,年龄对大熊猫真菌结构的影响往往涉及到饮食的因素,大熊猫肠道真菌群落结构在2岁之前一直在变动,到2岁后随着食物类型的稳定而逐渐稳定[99]。大熊猫的生活环境同样对其肠道真菌群落产生影响。野生大熊猫肠道中的GongronellaOphiocordyceps丰度最高,野化放归大熊猫肠道中的红酵母(Rhodotorula)丰度最高[91]。在野化训练-放归-野外的过程中,大熊猫肠道真菌的多样性显著提高,其中Stachybotrys、镰孢菌、RetroconisDebaryomyces的比例持续上升,隐球菌和Lulwoayna比例持续下降,并且野化放归过程对肠道真菌的影响大于细菌[100]。目前对大熊猫肠道真菌的研究还比较少,大多数研究集中于真菌群落结构的探索,而对真菌的潜在功能还缺乏系统性的研究。未来可以深入研究肠道真菌在大熊猫的健康中发挥的作用,如肠道中真菌与细菌的相互作用以及这种作用对大熊猫生理的影响。这将有助于我们更全面地理解大熊猫肠道微生态的复杂性,为改善大熊猫肠道微生态环境提供指导。
总结前人研究,大熊猫的肠道细菌以厚壁菌门和变形菌门为主,肠道真菌以子囊菌门和担子菌门为主。这些微生物群落的结构和功能受到多种因素的影响,其中饮食因素占据主导地位。大熊猫从幼年期的母乳或配方乳到成年期以竹子为食的转变,以及季节性采食不同品种的竹子和不同的竹子部位,都会导致肠道细菌和真菌结构的显著变化,进而影响其功能和代谢途径。例如大熊猫从幼年到成年阶段的食物转变中,细菌主要代谢途径从氨基酸代谢途径转变为碳水化合物代谢途径;从采食竹笋转变为采食竹茎和竹叶的过程也会导致细菌代谢从蛋白质代谢途径转变为纤维代谢途径。年龄和生活环境也会影响大熊猫肠道细菌和真菌群落。随着年龄的增长,大熊猫肠道细菌多样性变化呈现先增加后降低的规律,到老年阶段,大熊猫肠道致病菌增加,导致患病风险提高。野化放归对大熊猫种群保护具有重要意义。圈养大熊猫、野化放归大熊猫和野生大熊猫的肠道微生物结构具有很大差异,监测肠道细菌的变化可以作为评估野化放归进展的一个重要指标。尽管真菌数量低于细菌,但是两者之间的相互作用对于维持大熊猫的生理功能和整体健康至关重要。
当前,大熊猫肠道菌群的研究多聚焦于差异分析和关联分析探讨,而关于微生物群落的功能和作用机制,以及菌群变化与宿主表型差异之间的因果关系等研究则相对欠缺。因此,现有的研究结果在指导大熊猫的饮食管理和健康维护方面的应用还相对有限。未来可以更深入地探究大熊猫肠道菌群在营养、代谢及生理健康方面的潜在功能,开发具有特定功能的益生菌,例如帮助大熊猫提高对竹子的消化率,改善老年大熊猫的健康状况等,制定适宜不同阶段、不同生理状态下的大熊猫的饮食及健康管理策略。此外,进一步探究大熊猫肠道细菌、真菌以及其他微生物群体的相互作用机制,可以更全面地理解大熊猫肠道微生态环境,为改善大熊猫肠道健康提供新的视角和方向。随着研究的深入,有望更好地理解大熊猫肠道微生物群落的复杂性,并利用这些知识来支持大熊猫的长期生存和繁衍。
  • 成都大熊猫繁育研究基金会项目(CPF2014-03)
  • 成都大熊猫繁育研究基地自立课题(2024CPB-B19)
  • 成都大熊猫繁育研究基地自立课题(2021CPB-B07)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240300
  • 接收时间:2024-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-19
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-14
  • 录用日期:2024-07-16
基金
Project of Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Foundation(CPF2014-03)
成都大熊猫繁育研究基金会项目(CPF2014-03)
Independent Project of Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding(2024CPB-B19)
成都大熊猫繁育研究基地自立课题(2024CPB-B19)
Independent Project of Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding(2021CPB-B07)
成都大熊猫繁育研究基地自立课题(2021CPB-B07)
作者信息
    成都大熊猫繁育研究基地都江堰繁育野放研究中心, 四川 成都 611800

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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