Article(id=1242119555401716353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240226, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712592000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1717344000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-03, onlineDate=1774073979472, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1718294400000, pubDateStr=2024-06-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073979472, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073979472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073979472, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4171, endPage=4189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119555892449951, articleId=1242119555401716353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of hydrogen sulfide on the structures of phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean plants under drought stress, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the structures of phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean plants under drought stress. [Methods] High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was combined with bioinformatics analyses (α and β diversity, species composition, co-occurrence networks analysis, etc.) to study the phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean plants before and after NaHS treatment. [Results] For the soybean plants under normal moisture conditions, the addition of NaHS decreased the diversity and increased the endemic species of phyllosphere microbial community. The addition of NaHS increased the diversity of rhizosphere microbial community of soybean plants under normal moisture conditions but not under severe drought. In addition, exogenous addition of NaHS altered the bacterial co-occurrence network, and the microbial communities in both phyllosphere and rhizosphere were so aggregated that neither rhizobium inoculation nor NaHS addition had significant influences on them. The addition of NaHS mildly affected the relative abundance of operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in the phyllosphere and decreased the relative abundance of OTU in the rhizosphere, which was particularly pronounced under severe drought. Rhizobium inoculation and NaHS addition enriched different microbial taxa in both phyllosphere and rhizosphere. [Conclusion] Under drought stress, H2S had an insignificant modulating effect on the microbial community structure in the phyllosphere but a pronounced effect on the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of soybean plants. H2S reduced the relative abundance of total OTU in the rhizosphere and altered the bacterial co-occurrence network, thus influencing soybean adaptation to drought stress.

, correspAuthors=Juan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*CHEN Juan, Tel: +86-29-87080009, E-mail:
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【目的】研究硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide, H2S)对水分逆境胁迫下大豆叶际和根内微生物群落结构的影响。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序,并结合生物信息学分析(α多样性、β多样性、物种组成、共现网络分析等)对NaHS处理前后大豆叶际和根内微生物群落进行分析。【结果】在大豆正常水分情况下,NaHS的添加会降低叶际微生物生境内的多样性,增加其特有物种,并提高根内微生物的多样性,但在重度干旱下NaHS的添加并未表现出类似的效应。此外,外源添加NaHS会改变细菌共现网络属性,由于叶际和根内区域的微生物群落的聚集度都很高,接种根瘤菌和添加NaHS对其无显著影响。NaHS的添加对叶际操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)的相对丰度影响较小,但是导致了根内OTU的相对丰度减少,而在重度干旱下,这种现象尤为明显。无论是在叶际区域还是在根内区域,不同的微生物类群在接种根瘤菌和添加NaHS下均得到了富集。【结论】在水分逆境胁迫下,H2S的调控对大豆叶际微生物群落结构影响不明显,但是对根内微生物群落结构的影响较为明显,通过改变细菌共现网络属性,降低根内总OTU的相对丰度,进而影响大豆对水分逆境环境的适应性。

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A: Richness index and Shannon index of leaf. B: Richness index and Shannon index of root. C: PCoA analysis of leaf. D: PCoA analysis of root. NW: Normal water content 80%−90%; SW: Severe drought water content 20%−30%. Data were shown as the mean of three replicates, with different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=4xmQALX15Uv7DMzT0m1rVg==, figureFileBig=g6zxa5ECeOwNvzjhpI2KHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010206381009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119555401716353, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大豆叶际和根内不同处理下的微生物多样性分析, figureFileSmall=4xmQALX15Uv7DMzT0m1rVg==, figureFileBig=g6zxa5ECeOwNvzjhpI2KHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010319627228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119555401716353, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Relative abundance of family level flora in different treatment groups in phyllosphere and rhizosphere of soybean. A: Phyllosphere. B: Rhizosphere. 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The vertical axis represents the logarithmic value of the difference multiple (log2 fold change), which is the multiple of the change in OTU expression level between two groups (based on the logarithm of 2). The pink and blue dots represent OTU with significant differences in expression between the two groups (|log2 fold change| > 1 and corrected P < 0.05), where the blue dots represent OTU with upregulated expression and the pink dots represent OTU with downregulated expression. The gray dots represent OTU with insignificant expression differences. The dashed lines represent the difference multiple threshold (|log2 fold change|=1, corresponding to a 2-fold change). 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Results of PERMANOVA test of microbial communities under different treatments within the phyllosphere of soybean

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LeafDegree of freedomSums of squaresMean squaresHomogeneity test for varianceVariation (R2)Pr (> F)
Treatments50.6740.1351.2110.3350.061
Residuals121.3350.1110.665
Total72.0091.000
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大豆叶际不同处理下的微生物群落PERMANOVA检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LeafDegree of freedomSums of squaresMean squaresHomogeneity test for varianceVariation (R2)Pr (> F)
Treatments50.6740.1351.2110.3350.061
Residuals121.3350.1110.665
Total72.0091.000
), ArticleFig(id=1243291011829575719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119555401716353, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of PERMANOVA test of microbial communities under different treatments within the rhizosphere of soybean

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RootDegree of freedomSums of squaresMean squaresHomogeneity test for varianceVariation (R2)Pr (> F)
Treatments51.6950.3393.5070.5940.001
Residuals121.1600.0970.406
Total172.8541.000
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大豆根内不同处理下的微生物群落PERMANOVA检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RootDegree of freedomSums of squaresMean squaresHomogeneity test for varianceVariation (R2)Pr (> F)
Treatments51.6950.3393.5070.5940.001
Residuals121.1600.0970.406
Total172.8541.000
), ArticleFig(id=1243291012064456754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119555401716353, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Topological parameters of microbial correlation network structures within soybean phyllosphere

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LeafNodeEdgeAverage degreeClustering coefficientNetwork densityModularity
Control-NW882505.6820.9750.0654.326
Control-SW832606.2650.9630.0762.527
Q8-NW852666.2590.9680.0751.299
Q8-SW802115.2750.9730.0672.096
Q8+NaHS-NW751985.2800.9710.0711.695
Q8+NaHS-SW641735.4060.9560.0861.069
), ArticleFig(id=1243291012190285882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119555401716353, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

大豆叶际微生物相关性网络结构的拓扑参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LeafNodeEdgeAverage degreeClustering coefficientNetwork densityModularity
Control-NW882505.6820.9750.0654.326
Control-SW832606.2650.9630.0762.527
Q8-NW852666.2590.9680.0751.299
Q8-SW802115.2750.9730.0672.096
Q8+NaHS-NW751985.2800.9710.0711.695
Q8+NaHS-SW641735.4060.9560.0861.069
), ArticleFig(id=1243291012316115005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119555401716353, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Topological parameters of microbial correlation network structures within soybean rhizosphere

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RootNodeEdgeAverage degreeClustering coefficientNetwork densityModularity
Control-NW883437.7950.9770.0900.829
Control-SW11976812.9080.9890.1090.655
Q8-NW1194798.0500.9780.0680.975
Q8-SW1074989.3080.9850.0880.671
Q8+NaHS-NW1144748.3160.9830.0740.883
Q8+NaHS-SW1285448.6560.9860.0680.821
), ArticleFig(id=1243291012429361220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119555401716353, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

大豆根内微生物相关性网络结构的拓扑参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RootNodeEdgeAverage degreeClustering coefficientNetwork densityModularity
Control-NW883437.7950.9770.0900.829
Control-SW11976812.9080.9890.1090.655
Q8-NW1194798.0500.9780.0680.975
Q8-SW1074989.3080.9850.0880.671
Q8+NaHS-NW1144748.3160.9830.0740.883
Q8+NaHS-SW1285448.6560.9860.0680.821
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硫化氢对水分逆境胁迫下大豆叶际和根内微生物群落结构的影响
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程华平 , 索冰玉 , 王冯姝雅 , 涂龙群 , 陈娟 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(11): 4171-4189
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(11): 4171-4189
硫化氢对水分逆境胁迫下大豆叶际和根内微生物群落结构的影响
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程华平, 索冰玉, 王冯姝雅, 涂龙群, 陈娟*
作者信息
  • 西北农林科技大学 生命学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
Effects of hydrogen sulfide on the structures of phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean plants under drought stress
Huaping CHENG, Bingyu SUO, Fengshuya WANG, Longqun TU, Juan CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2024-06-14 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240226
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【目的】研究硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide, H2S)对水分逆境胁迫下大豆叶际和根内微生物群落结构的影响。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序,并结合生物信息学分析(α多样性、β多样性、物种组成、共现网络分析等)对NaHS处理前后大豆叶际和根内微生物群落进行分析。【结果】在大豆正常水分情况下,NaHS的添加会降低叶际微生物生境内的多样性,增加其特有物种,并提高根内微生物的多样性,但在重度干旱下NaHS的添加并未表现出类似的效应。此外,外源添加NaHS会改变细菌共现网络属性,由于叶际和根内区域的微生物群落的聚集度都很高,接种根瘤菌和添加NaHS对其无显著影响。NaHS的添加对叶际操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)的相对丰度影响较小,但是导致了根内OTU的相对丰度减少,而在重度干旱下,这种现象尤为明显。无论是在叶际区域还是在根内区域,不同的微生物类群在接种根瘤菌和添加NaHS下均得到了富集。【结论】在水分逆境胁迫下,H2S的调控对大豆叶际微生物群落结构影响不明显,但是对根内微生物群落结构的影响较为明显,通过改变细菌共现网络属性,降低根内总OTU的相对丰度,进而影响大豆对水分逆境环境的适应性。

硫化氢  /  逆境胁迫  /  高通量测序  /  微生物群落结构

[Objective] To investigate the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the structures of phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean plants under drought stress. [Methods] High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was combined with bioinformatics analyses (α and β diversity, species composition, co-occurrence networks analysis, etc.) to study the phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean plants before and after NaHS treatment. [Results] For the soybean plants under normal moisture conditions, the addition of NaHS decreased the diversity and increased the endemic species of phyllosphere microbial community. The addition of NaHS increased the diversity of rhizosphere microbial community of soybean plants under normal moisture conditions but not under severe drought. In addition, exogenous addition of NaHS altered the bacterial co-occurrence network, and the microbial communities in both phyllosphere and rhizosphere were so aggregated that neither rhizobium inoculation nor NaHS addition had significant influences on them. The addition of NaHS mildly affected the relative abundance of operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in the phyllosphere and decreased the relative abundance of OTU in the rhizosphere, which was particularly pronounced under severe drought. Rhizobium inoculation and NaHS addition enriched different microbial taxa in both phyllosphere and rhizosphere. [Conclusion] Under drought stress, H2S had an insignificant modulating effect on the microbial community structure in the phyllosphere but a pronounced effect on the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of soybean plants. H2S reduced the relative abundance of total OTU in the rhizosphere and altered the bacterial co-occurrence network, thus influencing soybean adaptation to drought stress.

hydrogen sulfide  /  stress  /  high-throughput sequencing  /  microbial community structure
程华平, 索冰玉, 王冯姝雅, 涂龙群, 陈娟. 硫化氢对水分逆境胁迫下大豆叶际和根内微生物群落结构的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4171 -4189 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240226
Huaping CHENG, Bingyu SUO, Fengshuya WANG, Longqun TU, Juan CHEN. Effects of hydrogen sulfide on the structures of phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean plants under drought stress[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4171 -4189 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240226
随着全球气候变化和极端天气事件的频繁发生,水分逆境胁迫已经成为限制植物生长发育和农业生产的重要因素[1-2]。水分缺失使根系结构发生形态学改变,进而使得叶片的气孔关闭,影响植物的正常生长和发育[3],导致植物的地理分布存在局限性,进而限制田间农作物的产量,因此被列为威胁粮食安全的主要环境因子之一[4]。大豆作为全球重要的农作物之一,对水分逆境胁迫的响应机制直接关系到其产量和品质。因此,深入研究大豆对水分逆境胁迫的响应机制,对于改善大豆的抗逆性和提高农业生产能力具有重要意义。
硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide, H2S)作为一种气体信号分子,是继一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)和一氧化碳(carbon monoxide, CO)之后的第三种重要气体信号分子,在植物生长发育和逆境响应中发挥着重要的调节作用[5-6]。外源H2S的施用可以促进植物生长和种子发芽[7],通过激活d/l-半胱氨酸脱硫水解酶(d/l-cysteine desulfhydrase, d/l-CD)基因,提高葡萄幼苗在冷胁迫下的存活能力[8]。通过外源H2S供体硫氢化钠(sodium hydrosulfide, NaHS)的添加在一定程度上减轻了重金属胁迫对植物根部发育的抑制作用[9]。例如,H2S通过增加拟南芥体内抗氧化酶活性等缓解镉毒害[10],调节辣椒的抗氧化系统缓解锌毒害[11],以及增强菠菜幼苗的耐旱性[12]。近期的研究结果发现,H2S可以增加大豆幼苗在缺铁条件下对铁、氮、磷等元素的养分积累[13]。此外,微生物产生H2S的现象早已为人所知,作为微生物生理代谢的副产物,H2S还可以影响微生物的生长和代谢活动[14-15],进而影响植物与微生物的相互作用和微生物群落结构。研究表明,外源添加NaHS能显著延缓黑曲霉和意大利青霉引起的采后苹果、猕猴桃、梨、柑橘、甜橙和番茄的腐败[16]。然而,目前关于H2S对水分逆境胁迫下大豆叶际和根内微生物群落结构的影响研究较少,亟待深入探讨。
在植物中添加NaHS后,其转换为H2S的过程主要是一个化学过程。NaHS在水溶液中会部分解离成硫化氢根离子(hydrosulfide ion, HS)和钠离子(sodium ion, Na+),这种解离过程中,溶液中会自然产生微量的H2S。我们实验室前期研究发现,对100 µmol/L NaHS通过电化学方法检测H2S的浓度,在31 h 20 min时检测到有大量H2S生成[17]。同时,外源添加H2S供体NaHS后,发现在水分逆境胁迫下H2S可以通过影响大豆幼苗氧化稳态、脂类物质合成、营养生长过程等影响大豆对水分逆境环境的适应性[18],然而H2S如何具体影响大豆叶际和根内微生物群落结构,目前尚不完全明晰,因此,本研究拟通过外源施加H2S供体NaHS和水分逆境胁迫,系统研究H2S对大豆叶际和根内微生物群落结构的影响。通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序,并结合生物信息学分析(α多样性、β多样性、物种组成、共现网络研究等),对H2S处理前后大豆叶际和根内微生物群落进行分析。通过比较分析不同处理组之间的微生物群落差异,揭示H2S对大豆正常情况和重度干旱下叶际和根内微生物群落结构的调控作用。本研究不仅对于揭示H2S在植物逆境应答中的作用机制具有重要的理论意义,还为农业生产中改善植物抗逆性提供了一条新的思路。通过深入了解和利用H2S对微生物群落的调控作用,发挥信号分子在植物-微生物调控抗逆中的功效,对于改善植物对水分逆境胁迫的应对能力,以及提高农业生产效率和粮食安全提供理论基础和科学依据。
供试实验材料选用由西北农林科技大学提供的‘中黄13’大豆。选用弗氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii) Q8为供试菌株,由西北农林科技大学生命科学学院微生物学实验室提供。将蛭石与珍珠岩充分混匀(2:1,体积比)装入育苗袋中,每个育苗袋中装入质量均一的基质,然后加入700 mL无氮营养液(CaCl2 100 mg/L,KH2PO4 100 mg/L,柠檬酸铁50 mg/L,NaH2PO4 150 mg/L,MgSO4·7H2O 120 mg/L,H3BO3 2.86 mg/L,MnSO4·4H2O 2.3 mg/L,ZnSO4·7H2O 2.8 mg/L,Na2MoO4·2H2O 13 mg/L,CaSO4·5H2O 2.2 mg/L),灭菌后进行大豆的种植,每袋种植2粒种子,为保证发芽率及长势,同时在育苗盘中进行育苗,待其发芽至第一片子叶刚长出来时进行移苗以保证每袋1株且大豆长势一致。
将大豆分为3个处理组:第1组为对照组(Control),第2组接种根瘤菌株Q8,第3组接种根瘤菌并用1 μmol/L NaHS处理(Q8+NaHS)。3个处理组分别设置2个水分梯度:正常情况含水量80%−90% (normal water, NW),重度干旱含水量20%−30% (severe water, SW)。当大豆幼苗第一片叶子充分展开时,将Q8及Q8+NaHS两个处理组的所有幼苗接种10 mL根瘤菌悬浮液(OD600为0.5),NaHS作为H2S的供体。大豆植株培养期间Q8+NaHS处理组的幼苗每3 d添加10 mL NaHS溶液(100 μmol/L)直至收获,而其他两组的幼苗则用双蒸水进行浇灌。在苗龄达21 d时,施加水分逆境胁迫,对适宜水分处理的植株及时补水,对水分逆境胁迫处理的植株则不补水。每天通过称量质量来监测不同处理的含水量,使植物维持7 d的胁迫状态,收集实验材料,将一半样品干燥至恒重用于测定干物质,而另一半大豆植物样品则立即放入液氮中冷冻,并保存在−80 ℃。
使用无菌水清洗大豆叶片和根以去除表面灰尘,称取0.1 g叶片或根置于无菌离心管中,通过DNeasy® Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN公司)进行DNA提取,利用微量分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)检测DNA的纯度和浓度。
以基因组DNA为模板,使用Premix TaqTM (TaKaRa公司)进行PCR扩增,引物为细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGTTTGATCMTG GCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTAC GACTT-3′)。PCR扩增体系(50 μL):2×Premix Taq 25 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各2 μL,DNA模板1 μL,ddH2O 20 μL。PCR扩增程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,52 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,30个循环;72 ℃延伸10 min。每个样本进行3次重复,并将同一样本的PCR产物进行混合。
用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR产物的片段长度和浓度,主带长度在正常范围内的样品可用于进一步的实验。利用GeneTools Software v 4.03.05.0 (SynGene公司)对PCR产物进行浓度对比后,按照等质量原则计算各样品所需体积,将各PCR产物进行混合。使用E.Z.N.A.® Gel Extraction Kit (Omega Bio-Tek公司)回收PCR混合产物,TE缓冲液洗脱回收目标DNA片段。按照NEBNext® Ultra™ Ⅱ DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina® (New England Biolabs公司)标准流程进行建库操作。使用Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台对构建的扩增子文库进行PE250测序。
测序所得的fasta序列文件使用基于DADA2的生物信息管道来处理原始数据[19]。然后使用SILVA数据库(v132)对获得的扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)进行分类和识别[20]
由RStudio软件的vegan包和picante包进行Richness指数和Shannon指数的计算,结果采用Origin 2021进行绘图。基于Bray-Curtis距离进行主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA),评估微生物群落组成的变化。使用Gephi 0.9.2对网络进行可视化。微生物组间差异统计分析采用RStudio软件的ggplot2包。使用在线网站(http://huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu/galaxy)进行线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)并绘制系统发育树。
图1A所示,在叶际中,Control-SW组的Richness指数和Shannon指数最高,Q8+NaHS-NW组的Richness指数和Shannon指数最低。在根内,Control-SW组的Richness指数和Shannon指数反而最低,Q8-SW组的Richness指数最高,而Q8+NaHS-SW组的Shannon指数最高。
为了比较不同处理下细菌群落结构的差异,使用了基于Bray-Crutis距离未加权度量的β多样性PCoA分析(图1C)。第一主坐标解释了叶际微生物的大部分变异,占变异量的22.73%,第二主坐标解释了变异量的15.55%。同时,根内微生物PCoA1解释了45.10%的变异,PCoA2解释了15.05%的变异。置换多元方差分析(PERMANOVA)表明(表1表2),在叶际,不同水分含量和外源NaHS添加对微生物群落差异不显著(图1C)。在根内,不同水分含量和外源NaHS添加对微生物群落差异显著(图1D)。以上结果证实了H2S和水分逆境胁迫的交互作用导致叶际和根内微生物群落组成存在差异。
图2所示,不同处理间微生物群落在科水平上的相对丰度不同。毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、威克斯氏菌科(Weeksellaceae)、瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)、贝日阿托氏菌科(Beggiatoaceae)、乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)、假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)、盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)、诺卡氏菌科(Nocardiaceae)、伯克霍尔德氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae)占大豆叶际微生物种类的60% (图2A)。生丝微菌科(Hyphomicrobiaceae)、Enterobacteriaceae、类芽孢杆菌科(Paenibacillaceae)、微杆菌科(Microbacteriaceae)、链霉菌科(Streptomycetaceae)、鞘氨醇单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)、Pseudomonadaceae、拜叶林克氏菌科(Beijerinckiaceae)、根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)、Burkholderiaceae占大豆根内微生物类别的90% (图2B)。大豆根内微生物的科分类水平与叶际微生物基本不同,在前10科水平中,仅有EnterobacteriaceaePseudomonadaceaeBurkholderiaceae这3种均存在于叶际和根内。其中Burkholderiaceae是大豆叶际和根内最丰富的科,分别占总操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)的35%−50%和60%−70%。在科水平上,不同处理的科类别相似,但相对丰度不同。在叶际中,Control组、Q8组和Q8+NaHS组的Burkholderiaceae丰度在NW条件下逐渐增加,而在SW条件下逐渐减少。然而,在根内Control组、Q8组和Q8+NaHS组Burkholderiaceae的丰度在NW、SW条件下均为先增加后减少,但Q8+NaHS组在两个条件下均高于Control组。与Control组相对比,Q8组和Q8+NaHS组在NW和SW条件下大豆叶际前10科物种相对丰度并无明显变化,但Q8+NaHS组在SW条件下Halomonadaceae的丰度显著增加。与Control组相对比,Q8组和Q8+NaHS组在NW和SW条件下大豆根内各物种相对丰度有显著差异,而Burkholderiaceae的丰度差异不显著。
在属水平上,Control组、Q8组和Q8+NaHS组分别检测到了777、604和582个差异物种(图3A),并分别拥有336、190和208个特有的差异菌属。其中,253个物种为3组共有,占总OTU的20.70%。Control-NW组、Q8-NW组、Q8-SW组和Control-SW组分别检测到了540、368、425和470个差异物种(图3B),分别具有228、84、133和144个特有的差异菌属。其中,127个物种为4组共有,占总OTU的12.50%。Control-NW组、Q8+NaHS-NW组、Q8+NaHS-SW组和Control-SW组分别检测到了540、379、365和470个差异物种(图3C),并分别拥有232、114、120和159个特有的差异菌属。其中,113个物种为4组共有,占总OTU的10.90%。
在复杂微生物群落的研究中,网络分析被广泛应用于探索微生物分类单元之间的相互作用,这些相互作用是微生物群落能够稳定应对外界干扰的重要因素[21]。本研究在OTU水平上进行了相关性网络分析,以揭示细菌潜在相互作用的复杂性。采用网络分析的方法,分析了不同处理下叶际和根内细菌群落的差异。节点之间红色的边为正相关,绿色的边为负相关,不同颜色的节点表示不同科的菌群。从总体来看,叶际和根内微生物群落的相关性均以正相关占主导地位。相关性网络分析和拓扑异构参数如图4表3表4所示,根内微生物群落的相关性网络分析相较于叶际复杂。
在接种根瘤菌和添加NaHS的处理水平上,叶际的节点和边数最小(图4E4F)。这说明NaHS的添加导致叶际微生物网络的复杂性减少,主要是由网络节点和边数量的减少所共同体现的。相反的是,NW组中,Q8+NaHS组相较于Control组有所增加,相较于Q8组有所减少;SW组中,Q8+NaHS组相较于Control组有所减少,相较于Q8组有所增加。这说明在NW组中,NaHS的添加使根内微生物网络的复杂性减少,而在SW组中,NaHS的添加会使根内微生物网络的复杂性增加。在共现网络中,节点聚集在网络的一个模块中,表明相应的微生物具有相似的生态位或功能相互依赖性[22]。叶际和根内微生物的聚集系数均达到了0.95以上,表明其微生物群落的聚集度很高,Q8组和Q8+NaHS组对其影响并不明显。
图5中展示了大豆叶际和根内不同组处理对比的所有OTU的相对丰度和差异倍数,其中高亮显示显著富集或下降的OTU种类。在叶际,Control-NW vs. Control-SW组仅有1个富集的OTU种类,Q8-NW vs. Q8-SW组有1个富集的OTU种类和1个下降的OTU种类,Q8+NaHS-NW vs. Q8+NaHS-SW组则无显著差异的OTU种类,说明水分逆境胁迫对叶际OTU的相对丰度影响不明显。NW、SW两组中,Q8 vs. Control组和Q8+NaHS vs. Control组OTU种类均无显著差异,说明NaHS的添加对叶际OTU的相对丰度影响不明显。在根内,Control-NW vs. Control-SW组有较多下降的OTU种类,Q8-NW vs. Q8-SW组有较多富集的OTU种类,Q8+NaHS-NW vs. Q8+NaHS-SW组有较多下降的OTU种类。NW组中,Q8 vs. Control组、Q8+NaHS vs. Control组均有较多富集的OTU种类,但是,Q8+NaHS vs. Control组富集的OTU种类少于Q8 vs. Control组。SW组中,Q8 vs. Control组有较多富集的OTU种类,而Q8+NaHS vs. Control组有较多下降的OTU种类。说明NaHS的添加使根内OTU的相对丰度减少,而在SW组中,这种现象尤为明显。
此外采用LDA评分,在属水平上识别叶际和根内菌属类群(图6),采用统一标准对影响力大小的LDA分析(LDA of effect size, LEfSe)进行检测,横坐标只有LDA值大于3才会在图中显示,LDA score反映了不同组间显著差异物种的影响程度。图6B6D分别揭示了叶际区域和根内区域中,不同的微生物类群在Q8组和Q8+NaHS组下的富集情况,在根内区域,富集的微生物类群的数量显著高于叶际区域。在叶际中,Q8+NaHS-NW组下富集了Candidatus Ruminococcaceae这1个微生物类群;Q8+NaHS-SW组下富集了梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、梭杆菌纲(Fusobacteriia)、梭杆菌目(Fusobacteriales)、梭杆菌科(Fusobacteriaceae)这4个微生物类群;Q8-NW组下富集了溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)这1个微生物类群;Q8-SW组下未出现富集。
在根内,Q8+NaHS-NW组下富集了11个微生物类群集,包括草小螺菌属(Herbaspirillum)、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidia)、戴氏菌属(Dyella)等;Q8+NaHS-SW组下富集了α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、贪噬菌属(Variovorax)、鞘氨醇单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)等13个微生物类群;Q8-SW组下富集了Rhizobiaceae、剑菌属(Ensifer)、博斯氏菌属(Bosea)等7个微生物类群;Q8-NW组下富集了罗尔斯通氏菌属(Ralstonia)、甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)等17个微生物类群。LEfSe进化分支图结果表明:Alphaproteobacteria是根内Q8+NaHS-NW组最为典型的纲,Firmicutes是根内Q8-NW组最为典型的门。
我们课题组前期已经系统研究了在干旱胁迫条件下,H2S和根瘤菌对大豆植株生长状况以及结瘤固氮能力的影响,发现NaHS处理对大豆植株地上部和根的生物量只有轻微的促进作用,而随着含水量的降低,NaHS处理下接种根瘤菌的大豆植株的地上部和根系生物量反而显著降低,未接种组则无明显变化;同时,正常水分含量下的大豆根瘤数量显著增加,而NaHS处理后,根瘤数量并未改变,但是固氮酶活性均略有提高[18]。然而,微生物在面临水分逆境胁迫时如何响应H2S的调控,在本研究中进行了深入的探讨。
与Control组相比,不论水分含量如何,Q8组和Q8+NaHS组的叶际与根内的α多样性均发生了不同程度的改变。特别地,在重度干旱条件下,Q8+NaHS组与Q8组的α多样性显示出相似性;然而,在正常水分条件下,两组之间的α多样性差异则相对显著(图1A)。这表明H2S在大豆正常水分含量下会积极调控微生物群落组装过程,降低叶际微生物生境内的多样性,提高根内微生物生境内的多样性,但在重度干旱下NaHS的添加并未表现出类似的效应。PCA分析证实了H2S和水分逆境胁迫的交互作用导致叶际和根内微生物群落组成存在差异。在本研究中,我们发现大豆根内微生物丰度相对较低,这主要归因于大豆的生长环境是在灭菌基质中进行的。在这样的生长条件下,根内的微生物种群很可能主要来源于两个途径:一是大豆种子自带的微生物,二是通过空气自然带入到生长环境中的微生物。
关于叶际微生物的来源,可能是植物叶片暴露在空气中,空气微生物通过叶片气孔进入植物内生环境中生成的。近些年来关于植物叶际微生物的研究很多,比如2021年Steinberg等揭示了植物叶际“外来”和“常驻”微生物的相互作用机制,这项研究利用活体成像方法探讨了植物叶际移植细菌和常驻微生物群落之间的相互作用是如何影响微生物群落聚集的微尺度空间组织[23]。还有研究显示植物叶际微生物组在面对病原体攻击时会发生变化,这种变化可能有助于植物对抗病原体[24]
大豆根内与叶际微生物的科分类水平呈现出显著差异,其中仅EnterobacteriaceaePseudomonadaceaeBurkholderiaceae这3种科同时存在于叶际和根内。特别值得注意的是,Burkholderiaceae是大豆叶际和根内最丰富的科,在叶际和根内分别占据了总OTU的35%−50%和60%−70%。在叶际微生物群落中,与Control组相比,Q8组和Q8+NaHS组在正常水分条件下的大豆叶际物种相对丰度并未发生显著变化。然而,在重度干旱条件下,Q8+NaHS组的Halomonadaceae丰度出现了明显的增加(图2A)。Halomonadaceae是一类生活在极端环境中的微生物,包括盐渍土壤、盐湖、海水等。这些微生物具有很强的耐旱性,能够在干旱环境中存活和繁殖[25],推测在干旱情况下,H2S可能会提供某种有利于Halomonadaceae生存和繁殖的环境因素。虽然NaHS的添加对于叶际微生物群落结构的影响较小,但对根内微生物群落的组成和结构具有显著影响。在根内微生物群落中,与Control组相比,Q8组和Q8+NaHS组在正常水分条件和重度干旱条件下,大豆根内各物种的相对丰度均表现出显著差异。特别地,RhizobiaceaePseudomonadaceaeSphingomonadaceae这3个科的相对丰度在两种处理组中均显著增加(图2B)。由于NaHS的存在,大豆根内Rhizobiaceae的相对丰度显著增加,与前人研究结果一致[26]PseudomonadaceaeSphingomonadaceae这两科包含许多在不同植物广泛存在的共生菌,它们具有促进植物生长和提高植物抗病性的功能[27]。这些菌群相对丰度的增加,很可能源自根瘤菌与豆科植物之间高效的共生固氮作用,该过程可能间接激活并提升了细菌群落的整体代谢活性,说明NaHS的外源添加对于大豆根内微生物群落结构的优化及植物健康状态的改善具有积极影响。在叶际属水平上,Control组、Q8组和Q8+NaHS组分别检测到了777、604和582个差异物种(图3A),并分别拥有336、190和208个特有差异菌属,这说明H2S虽然减少了叶际微生物生境内的多样性,但是增加了特有物种。
基于网络分析的方法已广泛应用于探究特定生态位内群落组成的复杂互动网络和生态规律[28]。研究表明,环境变化、农业管理、外源添加有机物都会改变土壤微生物网络的复杂性。本研究探讨了在正常情况和重度干旱两种处理下,外源添加NaHS对叶际和根内细菌群落网络复杂性的影响。结果表明:细菌共现网络属性因外源添加NaHS而改变。在正常情况和重度干旱两种含水量下,NaHS的添加使叶际微生物网络的复杂性减少。然而,在正常水分含量下,NaHS的添加使根内微生物网络的复杂性减少,在重度干旱下,NaHS的添加会使根内微生物网络的复杂性增加。在共现网络中,节点聚集在网络的一个模块中,表明相应的微生物具有相似的生态位或功能相互依赖性[22]。叶际和根内微生物的聚集系数均达到了0.95以上,表明其微生物群落的聚集度很高,接种根瘤菌和添加NaHS对其影响并不明显。
火山图(图5)清晰地展示了NaHS添加如何影响叶际和根内微生物群落。具体而言,NaHS的添加对叶际OTU的相对丰度影响较小,显示出微生物群落结构的稳定性。然而,在根内,NaHS的添加显著减少了OTU的相对丰度,特别是在重度干旱条件下,这种减少现象尤为明显。这一结果表明,NaHS对根内微生物群落结构的影响更为显著,并且在干旱下,其影响效应会被放大。LDA分析可以深入探索不同亚组之间的微生物组成差异,进而识别出那些在组间丰度上存在显著差异的生物标志物。图6B6D的数据显示,在叶际和根内区域,通过接种根瘤菌和添加NaHS处理,不同的微生物类群得到了显著富集。特别值得注意的是,根内区域富集的微生物类群数量明显高于叶际区域,这表明根际环境在响应这些处理时表现出更为丰富的微生物多样性和动态变化。接种根瘤菌并添加NaHS后,叶际微生物群落在正常情况下富集了Ruminococcaceae,重度干旱下富集了Fusobacteriaceae,可能是因为这两种微生物是在适应特定环境条件下的优势种群。例如,Ruminococcaceae可能在正常环境下表现出更强的生存和繁殖能力,而Fusobacteriaceae可能在干旱环境下表现出更强的适应性,这需要进一步地研究来揭示其中的机制。另外,当大豆接种根瘤菌并添加NaHS后,无论是正常情况还是重度干旱下,根内区域均富集了十几种微生物类群,这一丰富的微生物群落结构很可能归因于根瘤菌与H2S之间的相互作用,共同促进了根内微生物的多样性和活性。接种根瘤菌并添加NaHS可能会改变大豆根际环境的化学成分,从而影响到根内微生物群落的结构和多样性。研究表明,接种根瘤菌和添加NaHS可以影响大豆根际细菌群落物种多样性和群落结构,主要体现在影响根际部分细菌类群和细菌生物量[29]。虽然观察到接种根瘤菌并添加NaHS后,大豆根内区域富集了多种微生物类群,但关于这些微生物类群变化的具体机制仍需进一步深入的探究。
本研究发现H2S对水分逆境胁迫下大豆根内微生物多样性和群落结构组成具有显著影响,而对其叶际微生物多样性和群落结构组成影响不明显。添加NaHS后,在正常水分含量下,由NaHS释放的H2S会积极调控微生物群落组装过程,降低叶际微生物生境内的多样性,提高根内微生物生境内的多样性,但在重度干旱下并未表现出类似的效应。然而,虽然叶际微生物生境内的多样性减少了,但是其特有物种反而增加了。由此可以看出,NaHS和水分逆境胁迫的交互作用导致叶际和根内微生物群落组成存在差异。相较于叶际微生物群落结构,NaHS的添加对根内微生物群落的组成和结构的影响较大,其中RhizobiaceaePseudomonadaceaeSphingomonadaceae的相对丰度显著增加。此外,外源添加NaHS会改变细菌共现网络属性。在正常情况和重度干旱两种条件下,NaHS的添加使均导致叶际微生物网络的复杂性降低。在正常水分含量下,NaHS的添加同样减少了根内微生物网络的复杂性,但在重度干旱时,NaHS的添加反而会提升根内微生物网络的复杂性,这进一步验证了H2S对大豆根内微生物群落具有显著影响。NaHS的添加对叶际OTU的相对丰度影响不明显,但是导致了根内OTU的相对丰度减少,在重度干旱下,这种现象尤为明显。无论是在叶际区域还是在根内区域,不同的微生物类群在接种根瘤菌并添加NaHS后得到了富集,而根内区域富集的微生物类群的数量显著高于叶际区域。接种根瘤菌并添加NaHS后,叶际微生物群落在正常情况下富集了Ruminococcaceae,重度干旱下富集了Fusobacteriaceae。然而,无论是正常情况还是重度干旱下,根内区域均富集了十几种微生物类群。这些变化可能源于根瘤菌与H2S的相互作用,它们共同影响了大豆根内微生物的群落结构。微生物类群变化的具体机制还需要进一步的科学研究来阐释。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42177329)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1900502)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240226
  • 接收时间:2024-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-06-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-09
  • 录用日期:2024-06-03
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(42177329)
国家自然科学基金(42177329)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1900502)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1900502)
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    西北农林科技大学 生命学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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