Article(id=1242119553103237662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240367, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718294400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1724601600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-26, onlineDate=1774073978924, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1727020800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073978924, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073978924, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073978924, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4388, endPage=4402, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119554265059901, articleId=1242119553103237662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Antibiotic resistance and blaNDM transmission characteristics of bacteria from turtle farms in Zhejiang Province, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles, resistance genes, and blaNDM transmission characteristics of bacterial isolates from six turtle farms in two regions (three in Lanxi (LX) and three in Xiaoshan (XS)) of Zhejiang Province. [Methods] Bacterial strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The Kirby-Bauer method was employed to examine the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria. PCR was employed to detect resistance genes carried by the isolated bacteria. Conjugation transfer experiments were conducted to obtain blaNDM-carrying plasmids, and the conjugation frequency was analyzed to assess the transfer capabilities of bacterial donors. Additionally, the modified Carba NP test, plasmid replicon typing, and minimum inhibitory concentration determination were carried out to evaluate the transmission of blaNDM-carrying plasmids among bacteria. [Results] A total of 244 bacterial strains were isolated, with similar distribution between the two regions and Enterobacteriaceae being dominant. PCR amplification of integrons revealed various resistance genes, including those conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and trimethoprim. We identified numerous resistant bacteria capable of integrating additional exogenous resistance genes. All the isolated strains exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, with some displaying resistance to carbapenems. PCR detection of resistance genes indicated the dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes within some farms. This study confirmed the presence of blaNDM on plasmids capable of inter-bacterial transmission. Moreover, the farms in LX exhibited significantly higher conjugation frequency of blaNDM-carrying plasmids than the farms in XS. [Conclusion] Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in aquaculture environments is becoming increasingly serious. The carbapenem resistance gene blaNDM has spread within turtle farms.

, correspAuthors=Daofeng QU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*QU Daofeng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qi ZHANG, Sisi LI, Zhangsheng ZHANG, Yun SUN, Shanshan CHU, Tao SHEN, Moran CHENG, Jianzhong HAN, Daofeng QU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119556525789897, articleId=1242119553103237662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=浙江省养鳖场中细菌耐药性及blaNDM传播特性, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】调查浙江省不同地区6家养鳖场[浙江萧山(Xiaoshan, XS)和兰溪(Lanxi, LX)两地各3家]的细菌耐药情况,对养殖场细菌的耐药性进行监测并分析两地养鳖场细菌耐药特征和所携耐药基因的差异;对养鳖场内blaNDM的传播特性进行分析。【方法】通过16S rRNA基因进行菌株鉴定,使用Kirby-Bauer (K-B)药敏试验测定分离菌的药物敏感性,使用PCR技术检测分离菌所携带的耐药基因,通过接合转移实验获得携blaNDM质粒接合子并根据接合转移频率评价各供体菌的接合转移能力,通过改良Carba NP法产酶实验、质粒复制子分型和最小抑菌浓度测定进一步验证携blaNDM质粒在细菌间传播的能力。【结果】共分离得到244株细菌,其中两地养殖场的菌群分布相似,均以肠杆菌科细菌为主。此外,对整合子的PCR扩增结果表明存在多种耐药基因,其中包括氨基糖苷类和甲氧苄胺嘧啶类耐药基因。实验还发现大量未形成完整整合子结构的耐药菌,具有整合更多外源耐药基因的潜力。所有分离菌对至少一种抗生素耐药,而且部分耐药菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素也表现出耐药性,其对应的碳青霉烯类耐药基因已在部分养殖场内传播。本研究证明blaNDM存在于质粒上并可在细菌间传播,LX携带blaNDM质粒的接合移频率显著高于XS。【结论】水产养殖环境中的细菌耐药性问题日益严峻,特别是碳青霉烯类耐药基因blaNDM在养鳖场中呈现出扩散趋势。

, correspAuthors=曲道峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=GE10zrQJld16EITiRGmyVA==, magXml=wYHJFNZxfkAP4DlAo9X9Kg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=34iE+NMoTaBqpkCkFpPeYw==, pdfFileSize=1153561, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=zN4Xe8NJ0fT7W1makrmF/A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QB+RD12QuSvYNidpyhrubw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=张琦, 李思思, 张章晟, 孙允, 储珊珊, 沈涛, 程莫然, 韩剑众, 曲道峰)}, authors=[Author(id=1243291006452478677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, 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Jinan: Master's Thesis of Shandong Jianzhu University, 2018 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243291015398928599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, awardId=2023SNJF051, language=EN, fundingSource="Three Rural Areas and Nine Parties" Scientific and Technological Cooperation Plan of Zhejiang Province(2023SNJF051), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291015507980509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, awardId=2023SNJF051, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划(2023SNJF051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243291006335038150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291006343426759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, companyId=1243291006335038150, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291006351815368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, companyId=1243291006335038150, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江工商大学 食品与生物工程学院, 浙江 杭州 310018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243291011955404845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Identification result of bacteria., figureFileSmall=weJyPGv571N+21LJrcOMBg==, figureFileBig=1RG491vFvpBGkGNnPJM15w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012060262449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌种鉴定结果, figureFileSmall=weJyPGv571N+21LJrcOMBg==, figureFileBig=1RG491vFvpBGkGNnPJM15w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012202868794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Heat map of multidrug-resistance of antibiotic resistant bacteria from XS and LX. A represents the heatmap of XS, B represents the heatmap of LX. 2R−15R represents the number of antibiotic resistances exhibited by the bacteria in question, where '2R' indicates resistance to two types of antibiotics. After performing Z-value analysis, the color intensity is indicative of expression levels: with red hues denoting higher expression and blue hues denoting lower expression. AK: Amikacin; AMX: Amoxicillin; AT: Aztreonam; AZM: Azithromycin; C: Chloramphenicol; CAZ: Ceftazidime; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; CZ: Cefazolin; E: Erythromycin; ENR: Enrofloxacin; FOS: Fosfomycin; FOX: Cefoxitin; GM: Gentamicin; IPM: Imipenem; KAN: Kanamycin; MEM: Meropenem; MI: Minocycline; OFX: Ofloxacin; OX: Oxacillin; PB: Polymyxin B; SIZ: Sulphafurazole; STR: Streptomycin; SXT: Sulphamethoxazole; TE: Tetracycline; TMP: Trimethoprim., figureFileSmall=3f+VYTxrvaCvWOUxJURuTg==, figureFileBig=w1LxzcREi/+XndMbLxSbdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012316115007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=图2, caption=XS与LX耐药菌多重耐药性热图, figureFileSmall=3f+VYTxrvaCvWOUxJURuTg==, figureFileBig=w1LxzcREi/+XndMbLxSbdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012433555526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of antibiotic resistance rate between antibiotic resistant bacteria from XS and LX. * indicates a significant difference (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=2OVabWsRGOrztH+Ia8ZuBA==, figureFileBig=/ChsHU0fbjhHrJm0IFk7NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012580356175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=图3, caption=XS和LX耐药菌的耐药率比较, figureFileSmall=2OVabWsRGOrztH+Ia8ZuBA==, figureFileBig=/ChsHU0fbjhHrJm0IFk7NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012689408085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Comparison of detection rate of antibiotic resistance genes between antibiotic resistant bacteria from XS and LX. * indicates a significant difference (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=/gPIYoOuj3iMarPfL45/+g==, figureFileBig=h7X0sji9fWy3zZJVDOPwpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012832014425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=图4, caption=XS和LX耐药菌耐药基因检出率的比较, figureFileSmall=/gPIYoOuj3iMarPfL45/+g==, figureFileBig=h7X0sji9fWy3zZJVDOPwpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012949454946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Detection rate of integron integrase between antibiotic resistant bacteria from XS and LX. * indicates a significant difference (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=MHKhRA3cUHoE4QN51V9erw==, figureFileBig=G44TS+dOR0ME9MKjUA+h8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013062701161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=图5, caption=LX和XS耐药菌的整合子整合酶检出率, figureFileSmall=MHKhRA3cUHoE4QN51V9erw==, figureFileBig=G44TS+dOR0ME9MKjUA+h8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013163364461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Detection results of improved Carba NP., figureFileSmall=Vf9ZK/Qq1U8I9ucvX0IliQ==, figureFileBig=mhC0nIIerg5n/UG7NC6nCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013339525240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=图6, caption=改良Carba NP法检测结果, figureFileSmall=Vf9ZK/Qq1U8I9ucvX0IliQ==, figureFileBig=mhC0nIIerg5n/UG7NC6nCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013486325885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers of integron and gene cassettes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目的基因名称
Objective gene
引物序列
Primer sequences (5′→3′)
扩增长度
Amplicon size (bp)
intI1F: GGCTTCGTGATGCCTGCTT
R: CATTCCTGGCCGTGGTTCT
149
intI2F: CACGGATATGCGACAAAAAGGT
R: GTAGCAAACGAGTGACGAAATG
789
intI3F: GCCTCCGGCAGCGACTTTCAG
R: ACGGATCTGCCAAACCTGACT
980
Ⅰ类整合子基因盒
Class Ⅰ integron
hep58: TCATGGCTTGTTATGACTGT
hep59: GTAGGGCTTATTATGCACGC
Variable
Ⅱ类整合子基因盒
Class Ⅱ integron
hep51: GATGCCATCGCAAGTACGAG
hep74: CGGGATCCCGGACGGCATGCACGATTTGTA
Variable
), ArticleFig(id=1243291013570211969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

整合子及其基因盒引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目的基因名称
Objective gene
引物序列
Primer sequences (5′→3′)
扩增长度
Amplicon size (bp)
intI1F: GGCTTCGTGATGCCTGCTT
R: CATTCCTGGCCGTGGTTCT
149
intI2F: CACGGATATGCGACAAAAAGGT
R: GTAGCAAACGAGTGACGAAATG
789
intI3F: GCCTCCGGCAGCGACTTTCAG
R: ACGGATCTGCCAAACCTGACT
980
Ⅰ类整合子基因盒
Class Ⅰ integron
hep58: TCATGGCTTGTTATGACTGT
hep59: GTAGGGCTTATTATGCACGC
Variable
Ⅱ类整合子基因盒
Class Ⅱ integron
hep51: GATGCCATCGCAAGTACGAG
hep74: CGGGATCCCGGACGGCATGCACGATTTGTA
Variable
), ArticleFig(id=1243291013654098054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers of plasmids typing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复制子类型Replicon引物序列Primer sequences (5′→3′)扩增长度Amplicon size (bp)
HI1F: GGAGCGATGGATTACTTCAGTAC
R: TGCCGTTTCACCTCGTGAGTA
471
HI2F: TTTCTCCTGAGTCACCTGTTAACAC
R: GGCTCACTACCGTTGTCATCCT
644
I1F: CGAAAGCCGGACGGCAGAA
R: TCGTCGTTCCGCCAAGTTCGT
139
L/MF: GGATGAAAACTATCAGCATCTGAAG
R: CTGCAGGGGCGATTCTTTAGG
785
NF: GTCTAACGAGCTTACCGAAG
R: GTTTCAACTCTGCCAAGTTC
559
FIAF: CCATGCTGGTTCTAGAGAAGGTG
R: GTATATCCTTACTGGCTTCCGCAG
462
FIBF: GGAGTTCTGACACACGATTTTCTG
R: CTCCCGTCGCTTCAGGGCATT
702
WF: CCTAAGAACAACAAAGCCCCCG
R: GGTGCGCGGCATAGAACCGT
242
YF: AATTCAAACAACACTGTGCAGCCTG
R: GCGAGAATGGACGATTACAAAACTTT
765
PF: CTATGGCCCTGCAAACGCGCCAGAAA
R: TCACGCGCCAGGGCGCAGCC
534
FICF: GTGAACTGGCAGATGAGGAAGG
R: TTCTCCTCGTCGCCAAACTAGAT
262
A/CF: GAGAACCAAAGACAAAGACCTGGA
R: ACGACAAACCTGAATTGCCTCCTT
465
TF: TTGGCCTGTTTGTGCCTAAACCAT
R: CGTTGATTACACTTAGCTTTGGAC
750
FIIsF: CTGTCGTAAGCTGATGGC
R: CTCTGCCACAAACTTCAGC
270
FrepBF: TGATCGTTTAAGGAATTTTG
R: GAAGATCAGTCACACCATCC
270
KF: GCGGTCCGGAAAGCCAGAAAAC
R: TCTTTCACGAGCCCGCCAAA
160
B/OF: GCGGTCCGGAAAGCCAGAAAAC
R: TCTGCGTTCCGCCAAGTTCGA
159
X1F: GCTTAGACTTTGTTTTATCGTT
R: TAATGATCCTCAGCATGTGAT
461
X2F: GCGAAGAAATCAAAGAAGCTA
R: TGTTGAATGCCGTTCTTGTCCAG
678
X3F: GTTTTCTCCACGCCCTTGTTCA
R: CTTTGTGCTTGGCTATCATAA
351
X4F: AGCAAACAGGGAAAGGAGAAGACT
R: TACCCCAAATCGTAACCTG
569
), ArticleFig(id=1243291013742178445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

质粒复制子分型引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
复制子类型Replicon引物序列Primer sequences (5′→3′)扩增长度Amplicon size (bp)
HI1F: GGAGCGATGGATTACTTCAGTAC
R: TGCCGTTTCACCTCGTGAGTA
471
HI2F: TTTCTCCTGAGTCACCTGTTAACAC
R: GGCTCACTACCGTTGTCATCCT
644
I1F: CGAAAGCCGGACGGCAGAA
R: TCGTCGTTCCGCCAAGTTCGT
139
L/MF: GGATGAAAACTATCAGCATCTGAAG
R: CTGCAGGGGCGATTCTTTAGG
785
NF: GTCTAACGAGCTTACCGAAG
R: GTTTCAACTCTGCCAAGTTC
559
FIAF: CCATGCTGGTTCTAGAGAAGGTG
R: GTATATCCTTACTGGCTTCCGCAG
462
FIBF: GGAGTTCTGACACACGATTTTCTG
R: CTCCCGTCGCTTCAGGGCATT
702
WF: CCTAAGAACAACAAAGCCCCCG
R: GGTGCGCGGCATAGAACCGT
242
YF: AATTCAAACAACACTGTGCAGCCTG
R: GCGAGAATGGACGATTACAAAACTTT
765
PF: CTATGGCCCTGCAAACGCGCCAGAAA
R: TCACGCGCCAGGGCGCAGCC
534
FICF: GTGAACTGGCAGATGAGGAAGG
R: TTCTCCTCGTCGCCAAACTAGAT
262
A/CF: GAGAACCAAAGACAAAGACCTGGA
R: ACGACAAACCTGAATTGCCTCCTT
465
TF: TTGGCCTGTTTGTGCCTAAACCAT
R: CGTTGATTACACTTAGCTTTGGAC
750
FIIsF: CTGTCGTAAGCTGATGGC
R: CTCTGCCACAAACTTCAGC
270
FrepBF: TGATCGTTTAAGGAATTTTG
R: GAAGATCAGTCACACCATCC
270
KF: GCGGTCCGGAAAGCCAGAAAAC
R: TCTTTCACGAGCCCGCCAAA
160
B/OF: GCGGTCCGGAAAGCCAGAAAAC
R: TCTGCGTTCCGCCAAGTTCGA
159
X1F: GCTTAGACTTTGTTTTATCGTT
R: TAATGATCCTCAGCATGTGAT
461
X2F: GCGAAGAAATCAAAGAAGCTA
R: TGTTGAATGCCGTTCTTGTCCAG
678
X3F: GTTTTCTCCACGCCCTTGTTCA
R: CTTTGTGCTTGGCTATCATAA
351
X4F: AGCAAACAGGGAAAGGAGAAGACT
R: TACCCCAAATCGTAACCTG
569
), ArticleFig(id=1243291013922533518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multidrug-resistance of antibiotic resistant bacteria from various sample sources in XS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug resistance countBottom sludgePond waterTurtle bodyEnvironmental soilTotality
/: The detected value is 0.
2R//325
3R/2/35
4R52/613
5R416112
6R325414
7R536620
8R24101127
9R2121015
10R//112
11R//1/1
12R524112
13R2///2
14R5/128
15R5/2/7
), ArticleFig(id=1243291014169997462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

XS各样品来源耐药菌多重耐药情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug resistance countBottom sludgePond waterTurtle bodyEnvironmental soilTotality
/: The detected value is 0.
2R//325
3R/2/35
4R52/613
5R416112
6R325414
7R536620
8R24101127
9R2121015
10R//112
11R//1/1
12R524112
13R2///2
14R5/128
15R5/2/7
), ArticleFig(id=1243291014388101276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Multidrug-resistance of resistant strains from various sample sources in LX

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug resistance countBottom sludgePond waterTurtle bodyEnvironmental soilTotality
/: The detected value is 0.
2R/1/12
3R/1/12
4R/1214
5R//123
6R/3/36
7R/3/47
8R/3//3
9R//369
10R/2248
11R3/7/10
12R//2/2
13R4/5110
14R511310
15R//224
16R//246
17R3/3/6
18R4///4
19R3/1/4
20R1///1
), ArticleFig(id=1243291014522319009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

LX各样品来源耐药菌多重耐药情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug resistance countBottom sludgePond waterTurtle bodyEnvironmental soilTotality
/: The detected value is 0.
2R/1/12
3R/1/12
4R/1214
5R//123
6R/3/36
7R/3/47
8R/3//3
9R//369
10R/2248
11R3/7/10
12R//2/2
13R4/5110
14R511310
15R//224
16R//246
17R3/3/6
18R4///4
19R3/1/4
20R1///1
), ArticleFig(id=1243291014627176618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Detection of integron gene cassette in antibiotic resistant bacteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenotypeDrug resistance typeSource of strainNumber of bacterial strains
Class Ⅰ integron
 aadA1-aadA22-aadA23AminoglycosidesXS farm B
LX farm B
2
3
 aac3-Id-aadA7AminoglycosidesLX farm C4
 aadA1-aadA2-dfrA1-dfrA12-dfrA15Aminoglycosides-trimethoprimLX farm C3
 aadB-aadA1-cmlA6Aminoglycosides-chloramphenicolLX farm C5
 dfrA17-aadA5Trimethoprim-aminoglycosidesXS farm A
XS farm C
LX farm B
4
4
3
Class Ⅱ integron
 dfrA1-sat2-aadA1Trimethoprim-streptomycin-aminoglycosidesLX farm A
LX farm C
2
2
), ArticleFig(id=1243291014711062702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

耐药菌中整合子基因盒的检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenotypeDrug resistance typeSource of strainNumber of bacterial strains
Class Ⅰ integron
 aadA1-aadA22-aadA23AminoglycosidesXS farm B
LX farm B
2
3
 aac3-Id-aadA7AminoglycosidesLX farm C4
 aadA1-aadA2-dfrA1-dfrA12-dfrA15Aminoglycosides-trimethoprimLX farm C3
 aadB-aadA1-cmlA6Aminoglycosides-chloramphenicolLX farm C5
 dfrA17-aadA5Trimethoprim-aminoglycosidesXS farm A
XS farm C
LX farm B
4
4
3
Class Ⅱ integron
 dfrA1-sat2-aadA1Trimethoprim-streptomycin-aminoglycosidesLX farm A
LX farm C
2
2
), ArticleFig(id=1243291014841086133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Conjugation of blaNDM positive strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberSample sourceStrainConjugative transfer rate
XS210704XS farm B bottom sludgeEscherichia coli7.41×10−5 (0.001)
XS210741XS farm B bottom sludgeEdwardsiella3.14×10−4 (0.000)
XS210755XS farm B turtle bodyEscherichia coli3.73×10−4 (0.002)
LX210744LX farm C bottom sludgeEscherichia coli6.09×10−3 (0.001)
LX210756LX farm C turtle bodyEscherichia coli5.43×10−3 (0.000)
LX210781LX farm C environmental soilEscherichia coli3.77×10−3 (0.001)
), ArticleFig(id=1243291014975303871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

blaNDM阳性菌株的接合转移情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample numberSample sourceStrainConjugative transfer rate
XS210704XS farm B bottom sludgeEscherichia coli7.41×10−5 (0.001)
XS210741XS farm B bottom sludgeEdwardsiella3.14×10−4 (0.000)
XS210755XS farm B turtle bodyEscherichia coli3.73×10−4 (0.002)
LX210744LX farm C bottom sludgeEscherichia coli6.09×10−3 (0.001)
LX210756LX farm C turtle bodyEscherichia coli5.43×10−3 (0.000)
LX210781LX farm C environmental soilEscherichia coli3.77×10−3 (0.001)
), ArticleFig(id=1243291015088550086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Antimicrobial susceptibility before and after conjugation MIC (mg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1243291015185019081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119553103237662, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

接合转移前后的药物敏感性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
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浙江省养鳖场中细菌耐药性及blaNDM传播特性
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张琦 , 李思思 , 张章晟 , 孙允 , 储珊珊 , 沈涛 , 程莫然 , 韩剑众 , 曲道峰 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(11): 4388-4402
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(11): 4388-4402
浙江省养鳖场中细菌耐药性及blaNDM传播特性
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张琦, 李思思, 张章晟, 孙允, 储珊珊, 沈涛, 程莫然, 韩剑众, 曲道峰*
作者信息
  • 浙江工商大学 食品与生物工程学院, 浙江 杭州 310018
Antibiotic resistance and blaNDM transmission characteristics of bacteria from turtle farms in Zhejiang Province
Qi ZHANG, Sisi LI, Zhangsheng ZHANG, Yun SUN, Shanshan CHU, Tao SHEN, Moran CHENG, Jianzhong HAN, Daofeng QU*
Affiliations
  • School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-09-23 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240367
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【目的】调查浙江省不同地区6家养鳖场[浙江萧山(Xiaoshan, XS)和兰溪(Lanxi, LX)两地各3家]的细菌耐药情况,对养殖场细菌的耐药性进行监测并分析两地养鳖场细菌耐药特征和所携耐药基因的差异;对养鳖场内blaNDM的传播特性进行分析。【方法】通过16S rRNA基因进行菌株鉴定,使用Kirby-Bauer (K-B)药敏试验测定分离菌的药物敏感性,使用PCR技术检测分离菌所携带的耐药基因,通过接合转移实验获得携blaNDM质粒接合子并根据接合转移频率评价各供体菌的接合转移能力,通过改良Carba NP法产酶实验、质粒复制子分型和最小抑菌浓度测定进一步验证携blaNDM质粒在细菌间传播的能力。【结果】共分离得到244株细菌,其中两地养殖场的菌群分布相似,均以肠杆菌科细菌为主。此外,对整合子的PCR扩增结果表明存在多种耐药基因,其中包括氨基糖苷类和甲氧苄胺嘧啶类耐药基因。实验还发现大量未形成完整整合子结构的耐药菌,具有整合更多外源耐药基因的潜力。所有分离菌对至少一种抗生素耐药,而且部分耐药菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素也表现出耐药性,其对应的碳青霉烯类耐药基因已在部分养殖场内传播。本研究证明blaNDM存在于质粒上并可在细菌间传播,LX携带blaNDM质粒的接合移频率显著高于XS。【结论】水产养殖环境中的细菌耐药性问题日益严峻,特别是碳青霉烯类耐药基因blaNDM在养鳖场中呈现出扩散趋势。

养鳖场  /  耐药性  /  耐药基因  /  blaNDM  /  传播

[Objective] To investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles, resistance genes, and blaNDM transmission characteristics of bacterial isolates from six turtle farms in two regions (three in Lanxi (LX) and three in Xiaoshan (XS)) of Zhejiang Province. [Methods] Bacterial strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The Kirby-Bauer method was employed to examine the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria. PCR was employed to detect resistance genes carried by the isolated bacteria. Conjugation transfer experiments were conducted to obtain blaNDM-carrying plasmids, and the conjugation frequency was analyzed to assess the transfer capabilities of bacterial donors. Additionally, the modified Carba NP test, plasmid replicon typing, and minimum inhibitory concentration determination were carried out to evaluate the transmission of blaNDM-carrying plasmids among bacteria. [Results] A total of 244 bacterial strains were isolated, with similar distribution between the two regions and Enterobacteriaceae being dominant. PCR amplification of integrons revealed various resistance genes, including those conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and trimethoprim. We identified numerous resistant bacteria capable of integrating additional exogenous resistance genes. All the isolated strains exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, with some displaying resistance to carbapenems. PCR detection of resistance genes indicated the dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes within some farms. This study confirmed the presence of blaNDM on plasmids capable of inter-bacterial transmission. Moreover, the farms in LX exhibited significantly higher conjugation frequency of blaNDM-carrying plasmids than the farms in XS. [Conclusion] Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in aquaculture environments is becoming increasingly serious. The carbapenem resistance gene blaNDM has spread within turtle farms.

turtle farms  /  antibiotic resistance  /  antibiotic resistance genes  /  blaNDM  /  transmission
张琦, 李思思, 张章晟, 孙允, 储珊珊, 沈涛, 程莫然, 韩剑众, 曲道峰. 浙江省养鳖场中细菌耐药性及blaNDM传播特性. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4388 -4402 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240367
Qi ZHANG, Sisi LI, Zhangsheng ZHANG, Yun SUN, Shanshan CHU, Tao SHEN, Moran CHENG, Jianzhong HAN, Daofeng QU. Antibiotic resistance and blaNDM transmission characteristics of bacteria from turtle farms in Zhejiang Province[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4388 -4402 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240367
我国主要养殖的鳖品种为中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)。根据中国渔业统计年鉴2021数据显示,2020年我国养殖鳖产量达到33.3万t,仅浙江省的鳖产量就已达到10.2万t,占全国产量的30.7%,为全国单省份产量最高[1-2]。由于集约化养殖的实施,鳖苗的抗病能力降低,导致大量抗生素被用于促进生长和预防细菌病,形成了严重的耐药性问题[3-7]
新德里金属-β-内酰胺酶(new delhi metallo- beta-lactamase NDM)是一种金属-β-内酰胺酶,能够水解包括碳青霉烯类在内的大多数β-内酰胺类抗生素[8-12]。首次发现编码碳青霉烯酶NDM-1的耐药基因blaNDM可追溯至2009年,当时在新德里的一名瑞典患者的肺炎克雷伯菌中分离出[8]。携带blaNDM的细菌通常对几乎所有抗生素都具有耐药性,因为它们同时存在其他耐药机制[13]。这些细菌通过体液或食物的交叉污染传播,并且可能迅速传播到社区和医院环境中[14]。研究表明,blaNDM耐药基因可能传播到水体细菌中,例如河流[15]。碳青霉烯类抗生素在临床上的使用也加快了耐药基因的突变和进化。
然而,碳青霉烯类抗生素只能用于医院环境中的人类临床治疗,不用于水产养殖。近年来,在水产养殖环境中发现blaNDM的报道逐渐增多,提示水产养殖环境中的blaNDM正在快速传播扩散。目前,对blaNDM传播机制的研究仍存在许多未知,大部分研究集中在酶的特性、相关抑制剂和基因分型方面,对其传播途径的研究还不够深入[16-17],而且针对携blaNDM质粒适应性代价的研究更是缺乏。
本研究选择了浙江萧山(Xiaoshan, XS)和兰溪(Lanxi, LX)两地各3家规模相近的中华鳖养殖场进行采样调查。通过16S rRNA基因测序技术鉴定分离菌株,以了解养鳖场中细菌的种属分布;通过Kirby-Bauer (K-B)法药敏试验确定分离菌株的耐药表型;通过PCR技术检测常用抗生素的耐药基因和整合子整合酶及基因盒,通过接合转移等实验了解blaNDM的传播特性。研究旨在更全面地评价两地鳖养殖环境中细菌的耐药表型和携带耐药基因的情况及其差异,为鳖养殖过程中的病害防治提供预警。
在LX和XS两地分别选择了3家规模相近的中华养鳖场,共计6家养殖场(每家约6.7 hm2),并从这些养殖场的池底污泥、养殖池水、鳖体(鳖壳、鳖腔拭子)及周围土壤中分离得到样品共224份。
Brain Heart Infusion Broth、Mueller-Hinton Broth、细菌琼脂粉均购自青岛海博生物技术有限公司;琼脂糖购自OXOID公司;组合式药敏试盒购自天津市金章科技发展有限公司;天根细菌DNA提取试剂盒购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;PCR引物、DL2000 DNA Marker与50×TAE缓冲液均购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;2×Taq PCR Master Mix、10 mg/mL溴化乙锭均购自BBI生命科学有限公司。
使用16S rRNA基因测序技术对分离的微生物进行物种鉴定[18]
将检测到的244株菌按照2020年临床实验室标准化协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2020, CLSI 2020)中各类不同菌种肉汤微量稀释法(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)标准,实验所测的菌株类别在CLSI 2020中均有标准。参考不同菌株的不同解释类别和区域直径断点进行实验。其中药敏试验方法未变动。不同类型的菌株按照药敏试验(判定折点)现有标准进行调整。结合养鳖用药和研究需要,共选择25种抗生素进行敏感性测试。
采用K-B法进行药敏试验,仅可观察到养鳖场细菌的耐药表型。研究关注养鳖场常用的五大类抗生素(包括氨基糖苷类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、氯霉素类、四环素类),以及耐药表型中检出率较高的碳青霉烯类抗生素,共计6类抗生素。参考文献[19-26]的报道,选择了29种耐药基因,并委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成相应引物。随后,通过PCR扩增养鳖场细菌中耐药基因的存在情况。
为了研究整合子在养鳖场耐药基因传播中的作用,利用整合子保守区序列合成相关引物,检测Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子的整合酶intI1intI2intI3,并对检测到整合子整合酶的菌株进行了相应基因盒的检测与分析。根据说明书使用天根细菌DNA提取试剂盒提取分离菌株DNA。根据文献[27-29],设计了整合子和基因盒的引物,具体信息见表1。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Taq PCR Master Mix 25 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板5 µL,ddH2O 18 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,对应引物退火温度持续40 s,72 ℃延伸30 s (每增加250 bp扩增片段长度,延伸时间增加15 s),30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;4 ℃保温。程序结束后,取各菌株PCR扩增产物和DL2000 DNA Marker 5 µL进行1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,电泳条件为电压120 V,时间30 min。将PCR扩增出的整合子基因盒PCR产物割胶回收,送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。将测得的序列进行拼接,并上传至NCBI进行BLAST比对,对基因盒进行进一步地分析。
为了评估目标菌株的耐药基因blaNDM是否存在于具有水平传播能力的可转移质粒上,并确定其转移频率。选择blaNDM阳性菌株作为供体菌,而大肠杆菌EC600则作为受体菌。具有以下特征的菌株可以被确定为可转移质粒:对美罗培南表现出抗性;PCR扩增可检测到耐药基因blaNDM;16S rRNA基因菌种鉴定与受体菌一致;在含有8 μg/mL美罗培南和2.5 mg/mL利福平的MH双抗平板上转移后,能够形成单个菌落。
为了验证接合前后的耐药质粒和耐药基因的转移情况,按照CLSI 2020的药物敏感性测定标准,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定供体菌、受体菌和接合子的药物敏感性。
用改进后的Carba NP法进行实验,以检测供体菌、受体菌和接合子的碳青霉烯酶产生情况。具体操作如下[30]:将20 μL待测菌和阳性对照菌分别接种至3 mL MH肉汤中,在37 ℃、200 r/min下培养12−18 h。其中,产生A酶的对照菌为ATCC BAA-1705,产生B酶的对照菌为ATCC BAA-2146。然后,将上述菌液按1:100的体积比转接至新鲜的100 mL MH肉汤中进行继续培养(阳性菌接种至含有200 μg/mL氨苄青霉素的MH肉汤),直到菌液的OD600约为1.0。接下来,吸取1 mL上述菌液转移到EP管中,4 ℃、5 000×g离心5 min,将菌体集中后,弃去上清液,并加入1 mL pH 7.8的2×10−5 mol/L Tris-HCl溶液悬浮菌体。随后4 ℃、5 000×g离心5 min,将菌体集中后,弃去上清液。再重复一次悬浮洗涤步骤,最后用800 μL Tris-HCl溶液悬浮菌体。将菌体进行超声裂解,4 ℃水浴,100 W,每超声20 s间隔5 s,直至菌液清亮。经过超声后,将菌液在4 ℃、5 000×g离心5 min,上清液中含有所提取的碳青霉烯酶。接着,吸取50 μL提取物加入到各工作液中,混匀后封膜在37 ℃孵育30 min,观察颜色变化。
委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成相应引物进行PCR扩增。本研究中所使用的质粒复制子引物的具体信息详见表2。然后进行PCR扩增,最后在蛋白印迹成像系统下观察结果。将PCR产物送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序,将测序结果上传至PlasmidFinder进行BLAST比对分析,以确定接合子中质粒的复制子分型。
使用Origin 9.8对实验数据进行单因素方差分析和作图,P < 0.05时表示存在显著性差异。
整理结果得到XS和LX两地菌株组成情况。如图1所示,244株分离菌中有72株被鉴定为爱德华氏菌属,34株为肠杆菌属,33株为摩根菌属,13株为枸橼酸杆菌属,35株为埃希氏属,9株为不动杆菌属,16株为气单胞菌属,11株为嗜冷杆菌属,6株为假单胞菌属,5株为葡萄球菌属,4株为克雷伯菌属,2株为乳球菌属,4株为肠球菌属。其中,有191株分离菌(约78.3%)被鉴定为肠杆菌科。从分离得到的属种类来看,两地养殖环境的菌群分布总体相似,不同之处在于XS养殖场中发现了克雷伯菌属,而LX养殖场中仅分离出乳球菌属。然而,从各种属菌株数量来看,在XS养殖场环境中,爱德华氏菌属和埃希氏属占据了分离株的主导地位;而在LX养殖场环境中,则是爱德华氏菌属和肠杆菌属处于主导地位。
本研究对两地共244株耐药菌进行了聚类分析,先将菌株的耐药重数进行统计,将评分高且表达量大的抗生素进行聚类得到多重耐药数。然后进一步比较了XS养殖场和LX养殖场耐药菌的多重耐药性。如表3表4图2所示,XS养殖环境中,耐药菌主要集中在2R−7R (69株)和8R−13R (59株),仅有10.5% (15株)的耐药菌表现出14R−20R的高耐药性;LX养殖环境中,耐药菌则以8R−13R (42株)和14R−20R (35株)为主,仅有23.8% (24株)的耐药菌属于2R−7R范畴,显示出更严重的耐药情况。说明菌株已经发展出对多种抗生素的抵抗能力,这可能是由于长期接触抗生素及其残留物或者环境中其他选择压力的结果。研究表明LX养殖场的耐药问题较为紧迫。
进一步比较了XS养殖环境和LX养殖环境的耐药率(图3)。两地的耐药菌对青霉素类药物苯唑西林和阿莫西林,以及磺胺类药物磺胺异噁唑、复方新诺明和甲氧苄胺嘧啶的耐药率均超过70%。在其他抗生素方面,两地的耐药情况存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。XS养殖环境中,除了磷霉素外,其余16种抗生素的耐药率均低于LX养殖环境,尤其是对于亚胺培南、链霉素、环丙沙星、红霉素、阿奇霉素、四环素、氯霉素、多黏菌素等抗生素。LX养殖环境的耐药率显著高于XS养殖环境,有的甚至超过了10倍。结果表明,与XS相比,LX养鳖场的耐药问题更加严峻。
对两地耐药菌的总体耐药基因检出率进行比较,见图4。在16种检测到的耐药基因中,XS耐药菌检出了13种,而LX耐药菌检出了15种。其中,qnrVC只在XS耐药菌中检出,而qnrBtet(D)和catA2这3种耐药基因则仅在LX耐药菌中发现。通过比较发现,除了各自独有的耐药基因外,其余12种耐药基因的检出率在LX耐药菌中均高于XS耐药菌。其中,qnrStet(A)和floR这3种耐药基因的检出率存在显著差异(P < 0.05),特别是tet(A)的检出率在LX耐药菌中已经达到了81%。
244株耐药菌进行了I型整合子整合酶intI1,II型整合子整合酶intI2和III型整合子整合酶intI3的PCR扩增检测,详细结果见图5。在XS和LX的鳖养殖环境中,I型整合子整合酶intI1的检出率分别为69.2%和79.2%;II型整合子整合酶intI2的检出率分别为6.3%和12.8%;III型整合子整合酶intI3在两地均未检出。表明鳖养殖环境中主要存在I型整合子。值得一提的是,两地的部分耐药菌同时携带了I型整合子整合酶intI1和II型整合子整合酶intI2,表明可能存在多种整合子结构。
表5中共检出了5种I型整合子基因盒,其中所含的耐药基因序列包括aadA1-aadA22-aadA23dfrA17-aadA5;LX养殖场检出了全部5种I型整合子基因盒。在LX养殖场的4株耐药菌中,仅检出了1种II型整合子基因盒。在检出的整合子基因盒中,大部分包含的耐药基因针对氨基糖苷类抗生素和甲氧苄胺嘧啶类抗生素,只有1种I型整合子中含有耐药基因cmlA6 (针对氯霉素类抗生素),而仅有1种II型整合子中含有耐药基因sat2 (针对链霉素类抗生素)。在本研究中,整合子整合酶阳性菌的基因盒综合检出率为15.9% (32/201),其中I型整合子整合酶阳性菌的基因盒检出率为19.6%,II型整合子整合酶阳性菌的基因盒检出率为16.7%,而其余检出整合子整合酶阳性的耐药菌未获得PCR扩增产物。
在本研究中,6株目标菌株均达到了预实验要求,并成功通过接合转移和接合子验证获得了含blaNDM阳性质粒的接合子。各目标菌株的接合转移情况详见表6。XS分离株的接合频率为10−4−10−5之间,而LX分离株的接合频率均在10−3,接合频率结果表明LX分离株的接合转移能力显著强于XS分离株(P < 0.05)。
改良Carba NP法检测的产酶结果见图6。结果表明,受体菌EC600经接合转移成功获得了产碳青霉烯酶的能力,6株供体菌和6株接合子均产生B类碳青霉烯酶。
通过微量肉汤稀释法评估了供体菌和受体菌大肠杆菌EC600在接合前后的药物敏感性变化,结果如表7所示。接合前后菌株对包括美罗培南在内的β-内酰胺类抗生素的药物敏感性均发生了转变,从敏感变为耐药,证明blaNDM阳性质粒成功地接合转移至受体菌EC600中。此外,XS分离株的接合转移也导致受体菌EC600对磺胺甲基噁唑、庆大霉素、阿奇霉素和卡那霉素的药物敏感性由敏感转变为耐药。这些抗生素的药物敏感性变化可能是由于接合转移的质粒携带了相关的耐药基因。此外,供体菌通过微量肉汤稀释法得到的药物敏感性情况与K-B法药敏试验的结果相一致。
对6株接合子进行了质粒复制子的PCR扩增,随后对产物进行了测序,并将结果上传至PlasmidFinder进行复制子分型。分析结果显示,XS分离株接合子XS210704-EC600、XS210741-EC600和XS210755-EC600所携带的质粒复制子类型均为IncC型,而LX分离株接合子LX210744-EC600、LX210756-EC600和LX210781-EC600所携带的质粒复制子类型均为IncX3型。研究表明同一地区的接合子可能携带相同类型的blaNDM阳性质粒。
本研究通过16S rRNA基因鉴定共发现了13种菌属,其中爱德华氏菌属在养鳖场中占据主导地位。K-B药敏试验显示,分离的细菌中至少对一种抗生素表现出耐药性。这一结果可能与过去水产养殖中大量使用青霉素类和磺胺类抗生素有关[31]。从分离来源来看,两地池底污泥中的耐药菌情况最为严重,其耐药率大多高于其他来源。鳖体来源的耐药情况主要体现在池底污泥中。这可能是由于鳖在活动中频繁接触池底污泥,促使两者的耐药菌发生交流和交换。吴甘林[32]研究指出,在其他水产养殖中,池底污泥中的耐药情况同样严重。这些结果表明池底污泥是养鳖场中最重要的耐药菌和耐药基因的储存库,因此需要定期处理以控制耐药菌和耐药基因的传播。
对比两地各种抗生素的耐药率发现,LX养殖场除了磷霉素外,对其他16种抗生素的耐药率均显著高于XS养殖场(P < 0.05),表明LX养殖场的耐药情况比XS养殖场更为严峻,因此需要采取更严格的抗生素使用和养殖场管理来缓解其耐药问题。例如严格执行抗生素使用指南,确保只在必要时才使用抗生素,建立和实施养鳖场内外的抗生素耐药性监测系统,定期监测抗生素使用与耐药性发展的关系以及与相关部门和研究机构共享数据,加强耐药性相关信息的报告和分析等。除了碳青霉烯类外的其他抗生素的耐药率与其他水产相关研究结果一致,但多黏菌素B、四环素和喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率存在差异[31]。其中多黏菌素B的耐药率要比其他研究相对较低,这可能是因为其他研究中对多黏菌素天然耐药的菌属比例较高[33]。特别需要关注的是,LX养殖场的碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率较其他研究偏高[34-35]。虽然本研究检测到了5种碳青霉烯类耐药基因,但仅检出了6株blaNDM阳性耐药菌,这与碳青霉烯类抗生素的表型耐药率相差较大,可能存在其他未检测的超广谱β-内酰胺类耐药基因或碳青霉烯类耐药基因。然而,碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率和blaNDM的检出结果表明,碳青霉烯类耐药基因在调查的养殖场内已经传播,而这类抗生素禁止用于水产养殖,因此需要引起更多关注。
目前已经发现了6种整合子亚型,但仅I型、II型和III型整合子与耐药基因的传播有关。本研究检测到的只有I型和II型整合子,并且检出的耐药基因主要是氨基糖苷类和甲氧苄胺嘧啶类耐药基因,与先前的研究结果相似[27]。整合子基因盒内携带的耐药基因类型表明,在鳖养殖中应更加严格地控制氨基糖苷类和甲氧苄胺嘧啶类抗生素的使用。比较2个养殖场的基因盒检出种类和菌株数量发现,LX养殖场检出了全部5种I型整合子和1种II型整合子,而XS养殖场只检出了2种I型整合子。表明LX养殖场的耐药情况可能更为严重。此外,综合整合酶阳性菌的基因盒检出率为15.9% (32/201),说明存在大量未形成完整整合子结构的耐药菌,它们的基因组中可能存在整合其他耐药基因的结构,从而使宿主获得更多耐药基因。最小抑菌浓度测定结果显示,XS接合子中的质粒除了携带blaNDM外,还携带了部分其他抗生素类型的耐药基因,而且接合子的药物敏感性变化与该地区其他接合子相似。
目前,blaNDM耐药基因已在世界各地的环境、医院和社区细菌中广泛分布,已被证实可通过质粒在不同细菌株之间传播。临床数据显示,从临床样品中分离和检测blaNDM阳性细菌,显示了这些耐药基因在医院和社区环境中的存在和传播[13-14]。对于抗生素耐药性,blaNDM编码的NDM酶能够水解多种β-内酰胺类抗生素,包括第三代和第四代头孢菌素、青霉素类药物,甚至部分卡那霉素。利用PCR技术检测和鉴定blaNDM基因,确认其在不同细菌株中的存在和分布,进一步证实了其通过质粒的水平传播。可通过质粒测序和比较分析,确定了质粒上blaNDM的结构和种类,揭示了不同质粒介导的耐药性传播机制。然而,不同地区和环节中的碳青霉烯类耐药基因阳性菌株是否具有同源性,以及这些菌株的传播历程还需进一步研究。
分离菌的鉴定结果表明鳖养殖场细菌以肠杆菌科为主,XS和LX两地6家鳖养殖场的菌属分布情况相似。两地耐药菌对四环素、青霉素类抗生素和磺胺类抗生素等传统抗生素的耐药率和耐药基因检出率较高。LX耐药菌大多数抗生素耐药率和耐药基因检出率比XS高。池底污泥是鳖养殖场中重要的耐药菌和耐药基因的储存库。与此同时,整合子整合酶的高检出率和基因盒的低检出率说明许多耐药菌存在潜力整合外源耐药基因从而获得更多的抗生素抗性。耐药基因blaNDM阳性的6株分离株的blaNDM阳性质粒均可接合转移,而且LX分离株的IncX3型质粒的接合转移频率高于XS分离株的IncC型质粒。表明同地区的接合子可能携带同一类型的blaNDM阳性质粒。携带blaNDM质粒通过接合转移进行的水平传播是blaNDM在各种环境中广泛传播的主要原因。
  • 浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划(2023SNJF051)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240367
  • 接收时间:2024-06-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-09-23
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-14
  • 录用日期:2024-08-26
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"Three Rural Areas and Nine Parties" Scientific and Technological Cooperation Plan of Zhejiang Province(2023SNJF051)
浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划(2023SNJF051)
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    浙江工商大学 食品与生物工程学院, 浙江 杭州 310018

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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