Article(id=1242119552708973085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240378, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718812800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1724860800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-29, onlineDate=1774073978831, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1725897600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073978831, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073978831, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073978831, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4440, endPage=4454, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119554739016282, articleId=1242119552708973085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=SHAPE-seq reveals the typical 5′mRNA structure of Escherichia coli and its effect on gene expression, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Due to the short half-life of mRNA transcript, their anti-degradation ability and ability to recruit ribosomes to initiate translation have significant effects on the gene expression in prokaryotes. However, the multiple functional regions in the 5′ end, of mRNA can affect the half-life and thus the expression of target genes, including the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence and its upstream and downstream translational standby sites (TSSs) and the N-terminal coding sequence (NCS). The own and cross-regional structural differences will affect gene expression. Therefore, it is important to analyze the structure-activity relationship of each functional region. [Methods] We employed primer extension sequencing (SHAPE-seq) to analyze the structural characteristics of seven different 5′mRNAs in Escherichia coli and collected the mRNA abundance and protein level information under their regulation. [Results] Under the regulation of unstructured NCS, the mRNA abundance and protein level were increased by10 and 19 times, respectively. The formation of secondary structure TSS with a stem length of 10 nt increased the mRNA abundance. When the SD sequence was wrapped to form a secondary structure, the efficiency of translation initiation mediated by the SD sequence was affected (protein level downregulation by 10%). The combination of TSS and NCS significantly increased the mRNA abundance and protein level by 11 and 60 folds, respectively. [Conclusion] We characterized the structure of each region of 5′mRNA conducive to prokaryotic gene expression and revealed the structure-activity relationship of each functional region, providing a new regulatory element for target gene expression in industrial microorganisms.

, correspAuthors=Xiaojuan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHANG Xiaojuan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jinpeng ZHANG, Jiawei REN, Zilun MEI, Xiaomei ZHANG, Guoqiang XU, Hui LI, Jinsong SHI, Zhenghong XU, Xiaojuan ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119559222727479, articleId=1242119552708973085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=基于SHAPE-seq技术解析大肠杆菌典型5′mRNA结构特征及其对基因表达的影响, columnId=1194702986061517752, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=技术与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】在原核生物基因表达过程中,由于转录本mRNA半衰期较短,其抗降解能力和招募核糖体启动翻译反应的能力对基因表达的影响显著。然而mRNA在其5′端存在多个功能区域,可以影响其半衰期的长短进而影响目的基因的表达,其中主要包括:Shine-Dalgarno (SD)序列以及其上下游的核糖体“等候”位点(translational standby site, TSS)、N端部分编码序列(N-terminal coding sequence, NCS)。各区域由于其自身和跨区域的结构差异会影响基因表达,因此解析各功能区域的构效关系至关重要。【方法】采用引物延伸测序(SHAPE-seq)技术,以大肠杆菌为宿主解析了7种结构不同的5′mRNA胞内的结构特点,采集了其调控下mRNA丰度以及蛋白表达量。【结果】发现非结构化的NCS调控下mRNA丰度和蛋白量分别提高了10倍、19倍;形成二级结构茎长为10 nt的TSS有利于提高mRNA丰度;SD序列被包裹形成二级结构时会影响其介导的翻译起始效率(蛋白表达下降10%);上述较优的TSS和NCS的组合调控下,mRNA丰度和蛋白量显著提高(11倍、60倍)。【结论】本研究解析了5′mRNA各区域有利于原核生物基因表达的结构特征,初步建立了各功能区域的构效关系,为工业微生物目标基因表达提供了新型调控元件。

, correspAuthors=张晓娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=y5rUWtXkdEkmeiA9LoiZ5A==, magXml=gfio2NuJ6q1sDUeXeQQ1TQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3MjEL2DtaNN0n7tMq/BAOA==, pdfFileSize=1095960, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=nCTUpJtd9ISHpHisuCYkAA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=BF1JrWMEcHIYOPAu/sZUkA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=张金鹏, 任家卫, 梅子轮, 张晓梅, 徐国强, 李会, 史劲松, 许正宏, 张晓娟)}, authors=[Author(id=1243291006444094441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1243291006582506484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, authorId=1243291006444094441, language=EN, stringName=Jinpeng ZHANG, firstName=Jinpeng, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Structure and sequence characteristics of 5′mRNA containing three functional regions and SHAPE-seq analysis of these structures. A: Specific structural features of 7 typical 5′mRNA. B: Complete schematic diagram of the SHAPE-seq process. C: Procedure for constructing cDNA library through primer extension. D: Reads of 5′mRNA screened that are suitable for subsequent analysis., figureFileSmall=MllNO5qNYfxo7HBvDcr8XQ==, figureFileBig=gGTYSzFTfJa45Uxen/ghqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012060266805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=CN, label=图1, caption=包含3个功能区域的5′mRNA结构和序列特征以及对这些结构进行SHAPE-seq分析流程, figureFileSmall=MllNO5qNYfxo7HBvDcr8XQ==, figureFileBig=gGTYSzFTfJa45Uxen/ghqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012190290235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Nucleotide reactivity analysis and structure simulation of different NCS sequences based on the results of nucleotide reactivity. A: Nucleotide reactivity and structural simulation of NCS forming secondary structure. B: Nucleotide reactivity and structure simulation of unstructured NCS., figureFileSmall=ZpYhzU3jTNPcfPxdLemRTA==, figureFileBig=omn+nS/LQkDv01pK2RSLIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012299342146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同NCS序列的各碱基核苷酸反应性分析以及根据各碱基反应性进行的结构模拟分析, figureFileSmall=ZpYhzU3jTNPcfPxdLemRTA==, figureFileBig=omn+nS/LQkDv01pK2RSLIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012416782664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Analysis of mRNA abundance and protein expression under the regulation of NCS with different structures., figureFileSmall=JSUvCRt6DDW8+191B5m/ZA==, figureFileBig=E90R4kXA6h77uNhgHClaBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012555194704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同结构的NCS调控下mRNA丰度和蛋白表达量分析, figureFileSmall=JSUvCRt6DDW8+191B5m/ZA==, figureFileBig=E90R4kXA6h77uNhgHClaBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012685218137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Nucleotide reactivity analysis and structure simulation of each base of different TSS sequences based on the result of the nucleotide reactivity. A: Nucleotide reactivity and structure simulation of TSS with stem length of 18 nt and ring length of 4 nt. B: Nucleotide reactivity and structure simulation of TSS with stem length of 10 nt and ring length of 10 nt. C: Nucleotide reactivity and structure simulation of TSS with stem length of 10 nt and ring length of 4 nt., figureFileSmall=UNGfw9Sm3grgHZlrmWa4gA==, figureFileBig=Zzz2JZNEmnPwKUYvmv1LrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012827824476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同TSS序列各碱基的核苷酸反应性分析以及根据各反应性的结构模拟, figureFileSmall=UNGfw9Sm3grgHZlrmWa4gA==, figureFileBig=Zzz2JZNEmnPwKUYvmv1LrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291012936876385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Analysis of mRNA abundance and protein expression under TSS regulation of different structures., figureFileSmall=84f2owhi8wFsgKicG51enA==, figureFileBig=xs4R79EEvno64s60OwrUIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013054316904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同结构的TSS调控下mRNA丰度和蛋白表达量分析, figureFileSmall=84f2owhi8wFsgKicG51enA==, figureFileBig=xs4R79EEvno64s60OwrUIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013159174510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Nucleotide reactivity analysis and structural simulation of the combination of optimal TSS and NCS based on the nucleotide reactivity. A: Nucleotide reactivity and structural simulation of the combination of a 10 nt stem, a 10 nt loop TSS, and an unstructured NCS. B: Nucleotide reactivity and structural simulation of the combination of a 10 nt stem, a 4 nt loop TSS, and an unstructured NCS., figureFileSmall=jRzyuyCHjFfIyhuxnSgd2g==, figureFileBig=5dpTmS7Ys3IH0plldFesmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013339529588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=CN, label=图6, caption=较优的TSS与NCS组合的5′mRNA序列核苷酸反应性分析以及根据各碱基反应性的结构模拟分析, figureFileSmall=jRzyuyCHjFfIyhuxnSgd2g==, figureFileBig=5dpTmS7Ys3IH0plldFesmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013486330233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Analysis of mRNA abundance and protein expression under different combinations of TSS and NCS., figureFileSmall=/h3H6DMzXP9cnkiHN/xuIA==, figureFileBig=uF+TV97fxwYYIinRtfll4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013591187842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同TSS和NCS组合调控下mRNA丰度和蛋白表达量分析, figureFileSmall=/h3H6DMzXP9cnkiHN/xuIA==, figureFileBig=uF+TV97fxwYYIinRtfll4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291013687656838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsCharacteristicsSources
Strains
Escherichia coli JM109
recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thi-1, hsdR17(rkmk+), e14 (mcrA), supE44, relA1, Δ(lac-proAB)/F′[traD36, proAB+, lacIq, lacZΔM15]Lab stock
Plasmids
pDXW-13It carries a tac promoter and the reporter gene is egfpLab stock
pDXW-13-Bsa ITwo reverse complementary Bsa I restriction sites were inserted before the reporter gene egfpThis study
6A-NCSSHThe NCS carrying tac promoter is inserted after RBS to form the secondary structureThis study
6A-NCSCarries tac promoters, an NCS is inserted after an RBS of 6 nt conservatismThis study
S10L4With tac promoter, egfp is preinserted into a secondary structure with a stem length of 10 ntThis study
S10L10With tac promoter, egfp is preinserted into a secondary structure with a loop length of 10 ntThis study
S18L4With tac promoter, egfp is preinserted into a secondary structure with a stem length of 18 ntThis study
S10L10-6-NCSS10L10 is the skeleton, with NCS inserted before egfpThis study
S10L4-6-NCSS10L4 is the skeleton, with NCS inserted before egfpThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1243291013834457484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用的菌株质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsCharacteristicsSources
Strains
Escherichia coli JM109
recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thi-1, hsdR17(rkmk+), e14 (mcrA), supE44, relA1, Δ(lac-proAB)/F′[traD36, proAB+, lacIq, lacZΔM15]Lab stock
Plasmids
pDXW-13It carries a tac promoter and the reporter gene is egfpLab stock
pDXW-13-Bsa ITwo reverse complementary Bsa I restriction sites were inserted before the reporter gene egfpThis study
6A-NCSSHThe NCS carrying tac promoter is inserted after RBS to form the secondary structureThis study
6A-NCSCarries tac promoters, an NCS is inserted after an RBS of 6 nt conservatismThis study
S10L4With tac promoter, egfp is preinserted into a secondary structure with a stem length of 10 ntThis study
S10L10With tac promoter, egfp is preinserted into a secondary structure with a loop length of 10 ntThis study
S18L4With tac promoter, egfp is preinserted into a secondary structure with a stem length of 18 ntThis study
S10L10-6-NCSS10L10 is the skeleton, with NCS inserted before egfpThis study
S10L4-6-NCSS10L4 is the skeleton, with NCS inserted before egfpThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1243291014065144210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
Bsa I-FACAATTCGTAAGAGACCGCTTTCCAGATCTGTAACTTGTGGTCTCGG
Bsa I-RAAAGCGGTCTCTTACGAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACATTATACG
SH10-FCGTATTTAACCAGTAGATCATCCAATCTACTGGTGC
SH10-RGTTTGCACCAGTAGATTGGATGATCTACTGGTTAAA
SH18-FCGTATTTCCCAACACGGAATACCTACATCCCGGTAGGTATTCCGTGTTGGCT
SH18-RGTTTAGCCAACACGGAATACCTACCGGGATGTAGGTATTCCGTGTTGGGAAA
L10-FCGTATTCTAGTAGATCGCCTTCCCCCAAGCGATCTACTCT
L10-RGTTTAGAGTAGATCGCTTGGGGGAAGGCGATCTACTAGAA
6A-FAAACCAAGGAGCACACACACATG
6A-RTCACCATGTGTGTGTGCTCCTTG
N39-FTGAAAACACAAACCTCAACAAACACCACACACGAATTC
N39-RTCACGAATTCGTGTGTGGTGTTTGTTGAGGTTTGTGTT
16S RNA-FCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG
16S RNA-RATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG
QGFP-FGTGGTGCCCATCCTGGTC
QGFP-RCTTCATGTGGTCGGGGTAGC
SHAPE-RT5′-biotin GAACAGCTCCTCGCCCTT
SHAPE-FGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTC
1M7CTTTCCCACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTRRRYGAACAGCTCCTCGCCCT*T*G*C*T*C*A
DMSOCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTYYYRGAACAGCTCCTCGCCCT*T*G*C*T*C*A
PETAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT
ssDNAAGATCGGAAGAGCACACGTCTGAACTCCAGTCAC
), ArticleFig(id=1243291014291636632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552708973085, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
Bsa I-FACAATTCGTAAGAGACCGCTTTCCAGATCTGTAACTTGTGGTCTCGG
Bsa I-RAAAGCGGTCTCTTACGAATTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTCCACACATTATACG
SH10-FCGTATTTAACCAGTAGATCATCCAATCTACTGGTGC
SH10-RGTTTGCACCAGTAGATTGGATGATCTACTGGTTAAA
SH18-FCGTATTTCCCAACACGGAATACCTACATCCCGGTAGGTATTCCGTGTTGGCT
SH18-RGTTTAGCCAACACGGAATACCTACCGGGATGTAGGTATTCCGTGTTGGGAAA
L10-FCGTATTCTAGTAGATCGCCTTCCCCCAAGCGATCTACTCT
L10-RGTTTAGAGTAGATCGCTTGGGGGAAGGCGATCTACTAGAA
6A-FAAACCAAGGAGCACACACACATG
6A-RTCACCATGTGTGTGTGCTCCTTG
N39-FTGAAAACACAAACCTCAACAAACACCACACACGAATTC
N39-RTCACGAATTCGTGTGTGGTGTTTGTTGAGGTTTGTGTT
16S RNA-FCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG
16S RNA-RATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG
QGFP-FGTGGTGCCCATCCTGGTC
QGFP-RCTTCATGTGGTCGGGGTAGC
SHAPE-RT5′-biotin GAACAGCTCCTCGCCCTT
SHAPE-FGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTC
1M7CTTTCCCACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTRRRYGAACAGCTCCTCGCCCT*T*G*C*T*C*A
DMSOCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTYYYRGAACAGCTCCTCGCCCT*T*G*C*T*C*A
PETAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT
ssDNAAGATCGGAAGAGCACACGTCTGAACTCCAGTCAC
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基于SHAPE-seq技术解析大肠杆菌典型5′mRNA结构特征及其对基因表达的影响
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张金鹏 1, 2 , 任家卫 1, 2 , 梅子轮 1, 2 , 张晓梅 3 , 徐国强 1, 2 , 李会 3 , 史劲松 3 , 许正宏 4 , 张晓娟 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024,64(11): 4440-4454
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微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024, 64(11): 4440-4454
基于SHAPE-seq技术解析大肠杆菌典型5′mRNA结构特征及其对基因表达的影响
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张金鹏1, 2, 任家卫1, 2, 梅子轮1, 2, 张晓梅3, 徐国强1, 2, 李会3, 史劲松3, 许正宏4, 张晓娟1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 江南大学 生物工程学院, 工业生物技术教育部重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 2 江南大学, 粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 3 江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 4 四川大学 轻工科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610065
SHAPE-seq reveals the typical 5′mRNA structure of Escherichia coli and its effect on gene expression
Jinpeng ZHANG1, 2, Jiawei REN1, 2, Zilun MEI1, 2, Xiaomei ZHANG3, Guoqiang XU1, 2, Hui LI3, Jinsong SHI3, Zhenghong XU4, Xiaojuan ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 2 National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 3 School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 4 College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2024-09-10 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240378
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【目的】在原核生物基因表达过程中,由于转录本mRNA半衰期较短,其抗降解能力和招募核糖体启动翻译反应的能力对基因表达的影响显著。然而mRNA在其5′端存在多个功能区域,可以影响其半衰期的长短进而影响目的基因的表达,其中主要包括:Shine-Dalgarno (SD)序列以及其上下游的核糖体“等候”位点(translational standby site, TSS)、N端部分编码序列(N-terminal coding sequence, NCS)。各区域由于其自身和跨区域的结构差异会影响基因表达,因此解析各功能区域的构效关系至关重要。【方法】采用引物延伸测序(SHAPE-seq)技术,以大肠杆菌为宿主解析了7种结构不同的5′mRNA胞内的结构特点,采集了其调控下mRNA丰度以及蛋白表达量。【结果】发现非结构化的NCS调控下mRNA丰度和蛋白量分别提高了10倍、19倍;形成二级结构茎长为10 nt的TSS有利于提高mRNA丰度;SD序列被包裹形成二级结构时会影响其介导的翻译起始效率(蛋白表达下降10%);上述较优的TSS和NCS的组合调控下,mRNA丰度和蛋白量显著提高(11倍、60倍)。【结论】本研究解析了5′mRNA各区域有利于原核生物基因表达的结构特征,初步建立了各功能区域的构效关系,为工业微生物目标基因表达提供了新型调控元件。

核糖体等候位点  /  N端编码序列  /  SD序列  /  引物延伸测序  /  构效关系

[Objective] Due to the short half-life of mRNA transcript, their anti-degradation ability and ability to recruit ribosomes to initiate translation have significant effects on the gene expression in prokaryotes. However, the multiple functional regions in the 5′ end, of mRNA can affect the half-life and thus the expression of target genes, including the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence and its upstream and downstream translational standby sites (TSSs) and the N-terminal coding sequence (NCS). The own and cross-regional structural differences will affect gene expression. Therefore, it is important to analyze the structure-activity relationship of each functional region. [Methods] We employed primer extension sequencing (SHAPE-seq) to analyze the structural characteristics of seven different 5′mRNAs in Escherichia coli and collected the mRNA abundance and protein level information under their regulation. [Results] Under the regulation of unstructured NCS, the mRNA abundance and protein level were increased by10 and 19 times, respectively. The formation of secondary structure TSS with a stem length of 10 nt increased the mRNA abundance. When the SD sequence was wrapped to form a secondary structure, the efficiency of translation initiation mediated by the SD sequence was affected (protein level downregulation by 10%). The combination of TSS and NCS significantly increased the mRNA abundance and protein level by 11 and 60 folds, respectively. [Conclusion] We characterized the structure of each region of 5′mRNA conducive to prokaryotic gene expression and revealed the structure-activity relationship of each functional region, providing a new regulatory element for target gene expression in industrial microorganisms.

translational standby site  /  N-terminal coding sequence  /  SD sequence  /  SHAPE-seq  /  structure-activity relationship
张金鹏, 任家卫, 梅子轮, 张晓梅, 徐国强, 李会, 史劲松, 许正宏, 张晓娟. 基于SHAPE-seq技术解析大肠杆菌典型5′mRNA结构特征及其对基因表达的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4440 -4454 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240378
Jinpeng ZHANG, Jiawei REN, Zilun MEI, Xiaomei ZHANG, Guoqiang XU, Hui LI, Jinsong SHI, Zhenghong XU, Xiaojuan ZHANG. SHAPE-seq reveals the typical 5′mRNA structure of Escherichia coli and its effect on gene expression[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4440 -4454 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240378
原核生物的基因表达过程由于转录和翻译在空间和时间上是同步发生的,因此目的基因的表达必须在mRNA降解前完成[1-2]。然而原核生物体内存在多类型的核酸降解酶[3],导致mRNA降解严重,大多数mRNA的半衰期约为2−4 min[4],因此在短时间内高效地招募核糖体启动翻译反应,并且提高mRNA抵抗水解的能力,对基因表达至关重要。
据报道mRNA 5′端至起始密码子后100−200 nt的序列对翻译反应和mRNA抗降解能力具有重要的影响[5-6]。这一区域可以划分为3种:(1) 核糖体等候区(translational standby site, TSS)[7];(2) 以Shine-Dalgarno (SD)序列为核心的负责招募核糖体启动翻译反应的区域[8];(3) 位于起始密码子后的长度约为50 nt的N端编码序列(N-terminal coding sequence, NCS)[9-10]。其中TSS位于mRNA上游,是核酸降解酶E (RNase E)的主要靶向区域,该区域恰当的二级结构会显著提高mRNA半衰期,但同时可能对容留核糖体产生负面影响[3, 11-12];SD序列负责招募核糖体[13-14],它与核糖体的匹配度以及是否被二级结构包裹,都会直接影响与核糖体结合的速度,进而影响翻译反应效率;而NCS由于物理空间上与TSS和SD区域接近,其序列和是否存在二级结构都会影响上述两个区域的生理功能,影响翻译复合物的延mRNA的滑动,进而影响基因表达[5, 15]。上述各功能区域的调控效果都会受到其本身结构的影响,但mRNA在胞内的结构因其单链化学结构而变得非常复杂[16],难以精准进行表征其在胞内的结构,这也是mRNA水平的基因表达调控机制复杂的重要原因,目前大多研究通过自由能计算来预测mRNA二级结构,准确度较低[17-18]。这对解析mRNA各功能区域的构效关系造成了严重障碍。
针对这一问题,本研究采用引物延伸的选择性2′-羟基酰化分析法(selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension sequencing, SHAPE-seq)技术[19],表征mRNA 5′端各功能区域在大肠杆菌细胞内的结构。其原理是针对mRNA序列中未发生碱基互补配对的区域(单链区)添加化学修饰,这一修饰会造成mRNA在进行逆转录时被迫终止,进而形成一个截断的cDNA文库。对mRNA的逆转录产物(cDNA文库)进行高通量测序(high-throughput sequencing, HTS),分析文库多态性、计算RNA的反应谱,可以得到各碱基的修饰概率(反应性),即各位点的未配对的概率[20]。本研究通过在大肠杆菌细胞内解析典型的mRNA 5′端区域结构特征,并对比通过传统自由能计算预测的mRNA二级结构,结合蛋白表达量、转录本丰度的定量分析,建立mRNA 5′端区域的构效关系,以提高翻译效率和mRNA丰度为目标,明确了对基因表达影响显著的各区域的设计参数,为原核生物调控基因表达提供了高性能的元件,也为mRNA 5′端区域的人工设计提供了重要依据。同时本研究建立的跨区域结构表征-调控表型分析的研究思路也为相关构效关系的研究提供了可借鉴的方法。
本研究所用菌株和质粒见表1
本研究所用引物名称及序列见表2,引物均由苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司合成。
LB培养基组分均购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;Bsa I快切酶购自NEB公司;cDNA合成试剂盒购自赛默飞世尔科技公司;1-甲基-7-硝基靛红酸酐(1-methyl-7-nitroisatin anhydride, 1M7)购自MCE公司;RNA提取试剂盒、Power qPCR premix (SYBR Green I)试剂盒、一步法RT-PCR扩增试剂盒均购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;NanoDrop超微量核酸蛋白测定仪购自ThermoFisher Scientific公司。
为了构建含有结构不同的5′mRNA的重组质粒,使用Golden Gate无缝组装[21]的方式进行连接,以pDXW-13为模板,使用引物Bsa I-F (ACAATTCGTAAGA GACCGCTTTCCAGATCTGTAA CTTGTGGTCTCGG)和Bsa I-R (AAAGC GGTCTCTTACGAA TTGTTATCCGCTCACAATTC CACACATTATACG)在绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP)前添加Bsa I识别位点,所有人工合成的各功能区序列正向引物的黏性末端设计为CGTA,反向引物的黏性末端设计为TCAC。将所有功能区的正、反单链引物均稀释至20 μmol/L,各取10 μL混匀置于PCR仪中退火形成双链DNA。PCR反应条件:95℃ 5 min;每8 s下降0.1 ℃,700个循环降至25 ℃。双链DNA 5′端使用T4 PNK酶进行磷酸化并与载体进行连接,将连接产物转入大肠杆菌(JM109),对转化子进行测序验证。
将待测定胞内结构的重组菌株挑取单菌落至10 mL LB培养基中培养,以2%的接种量分别转接到装有3 mL LB培养基中,添加浓度为0.2 mol/L的IPTG进行诱导,然后向培养基中分别添加22.5 μL 1M7或DMSO,于37 ℃、220 r/min培养3 min,然后进行RNA提取,将提取的RNA溶于10 μL RNase-free ddH2O中,向RNA中加入3 μL 0.5 μmol/L的SHAPE-RT逆转录引物,95 ℃加热5 min,加入逆转录酶用于合成第一链cDNA,向cDNA中加入1 μL NaOH (10 mol/L)置于95 ℃反应5 min,向每管cDNA中加入5 μL盐酸(3 mol/L)用以中和NaOH。向每管cDNA中加入78 μL预冷的无水乙醇进行洗涤cDNA,离心后将乙醇吸出,加入500 μL 70%的预冷乙醇进行重悬后吸出,加入22.5 μL RNase-free ddH2O用于重悬cDNA。
为了明确cDNA 3′端的序列便于后续进行测序,采用环连接酶将ssDNA连接,并在60 ℃反应2 h。连接完成后,向cDNA中加入70 μL RNase-free H2O、10 μL乙酸钠(3 mol/L)以及1 μL糖原(20 mg/mL)用于cDNA的可视化,最后加入300 μL预冷的100%乙醇,混合后,进行洗涤,于12 000 r/min离心10 min后将乙醇吸出,加入20 μL RNase-free H2O和36 μL AMPure XP Beads磁珠用于纯化cDNA,纯化步骤按照说明书进行。纯化完成后,将cDNA溶于20 μL TE缓冲液中。
以cDNA为模板,通过使用引物1M7/DMSO、SHAPE-F以及PET对cDNA进行扩增,其中1M7/DMSO引物的作用是用于在合成的DNA中添加特定的识别序列,便于后续对序列进行区分,而PET的作用是用于将cDNA长度增加,便于后续满足测序要求。将获得的双链DNA送至武汉希望组生物科技有限公司进行扩增子测序。
对测序得到的不同结构的5′mRNA的序列文件(FASTQ文件),首先使用生物信息学中常用的去除引物序列的工具(cutadapt[22]软件),去除实验过程中添加的引物序列(1M7/DMSO),指令为:cutadapt-j20-a-A-o-p;cutadapt-j20-g-G-o-p,然后使用序列统计工具(seqkit[23]软件)对每条序列进行读数统计,指令为:seqkit stats。接下来使用SHAPE-seq实验流程中的核苷酸反应性计算工具(spats[20]软件)来计算每个核苷酸被修饰的概率,指令为:spats targets.fa RRRY YYYR 1.fastq 2.fastq,其中targets.fa为目标RNA的序列,1.fastq和2.fastq为去掉引物序列后的测序数据。对得到的每一个核苷酸的修饰概率θ,根据公式(1)和公式(2)进行归一化计算每个核苷酸被化学试剂(1M7)修饰的概率ρi
式中:θi为spats输出的每个碱基修饰的反应性,L为目标mRNA去除接头后的序列长度。根据计算得到的ρi使用RNA结构模拟工具(RNAstructure[24])来模拟每种5′mRNA在胞内的结构。
取7种结构不同的5′mRNA的大肠杆菌菌液各1 h,12 000 r/min离心1 min后,弃上清液,加入1 mL PBS洗涤2次,取100 μL菌液添加至酶标板中以检测其OD600值和荧光强度。GFP检测的激发波长为488 nm,发射波长为517 nm。按照公式(3)计算相对荧光强度。
取7种结构不同的5′mRNA的大肠杆菌菌液各1 h,然后按照2%的接种量转接至2 mL的LB培养基中(添加1%的抗生素),于37 ℃、220 r/min培养1 h后添加0.5 mmol/L IPTG进行诱导,继续培养2 h。取1 mL菌液进行RNA提取。对提取的RNA进行逆转录。将得到的cDNA使用引物QGFP-F/R以及16S RNA-F/R两对引物检测egfp基因的mRNA水平。
5′mRNA对基因表达具有显著影响,而这一功能是由其5′mRNA结构所决定的。因此,通过解析mRNA的构效关系并理性改造其自身结构,可以有效地实现基因表达的人工调控。为探究各区域结构对基因表达的影响,根据已报道的原核5′mRNA序列特点,结合NUPACK[25]设计了7种典型的结构不同的5′mRNA,具体设计以及预测结构如图1A所示。本研究利用SHAPE-seq重点解析人工设计的包含TSS、SD序列和NCS区域的5′mRNA在胞内的结构。如图1B所示,SHAPE-seq利用1-甲基-7-硝基靛红酸酐(1-methyl-7-nitroisatin anhydride, 1M7)特异性地与未发生碱基互补配对的碱基结合,导致逆转录时产生一个截断的cDNA文库。通过高通量测序读取逆转录得到的cDNA文库,统计每个碱基与化学探针的“反应性”,可以获得核苷酸未配对的概率。其中,连续多个高反应性的核苷酸则表示该区域处于单链状态的可能性越大。相反,若连续多个碱基的反应性较低,则该区域的碱基发生碱基互补配对,形成二级结构的概率越高。
在得到cDNA文库之后,通过两轮PCR的方法在cDNA 3′端添加接头(图1C),同时进行两轮扩增增加cDNA文库的长度。对1M7处理组的cDNA文库进行高通量测序的结果进行初步统计,以同mRNA未经1M7处理的样品(DMSO组)为对照,评估测序数据质量(图1D)。结果发现,各组测序数据中,90%的测序数据都符合Q 30的标准,读数最少为1 696 131条,并且片段长度存在显著差异,实验组(1M7组)较对照组(DMSO组)的片段平均长度短7−9 nt。整体质量表明文库符合数据质量要求,获得了具有高度多态性的cDNA文库,且1M7有效插入了mRNA,截短了cDNA片段,满足后续分析各碱基的反应性需求。
为了研究N端编码序列(NCS)结构对目的基因表达的影响,固定了TSS序列和SD序列,设计了2种结构不同的NCS,2种NCS根据结构预测存在一定差异,具体如下:(1) 6A-NCSSH,NCS区域形成茎长为8 nt、环为6 nt的二级结构并且其余区域处于单链状态,自由能为−22.90 kcal/mol;(2) 6A-NCS,NCS区域完全处于单链状态,未发生碱基互补配对,自由能为−13.40 kcal/mol。
按照公式(1)和公式(2)将SHAPE-seq的θi值转换成每一个核苷酸的反应性ρi值。结果如图2所示,6A-NCS整体的核苷酸反应性明显高于6A-NCSSH,说明6A-NCS较6A-NCSSH二级结构更加简单,链内互补配对的概率较低。
根据计算得到的每个碱基的反应性解析6A-NCSSH的结构(图2A),6A-NCSSH前3个碱基发生了碱基互补配对,后3个核苷酸处于单链状态。自第6个核苷酸之后,ρ值开始下降,平均仅为0.3,存在碱基互补配对现象。8−42 nt区域内,核苷酸反应性先降后升,该区域形成了一个茎长为6 nt、环为21 nt的二级结构,而30−37 nt区域内的SD序列位于该二级结构的环上。6A-NCSSH的NCS区域(46−84 nt)的核苷酸反应性普遍较低,平均水平在0.25之下,说明该区域内碱基互补配对的概率较高,二级结构较复杂;53 nt附近NCS与TSS发生了碱基互补配对,在58−79 nt内形成了茎长为8 nt、环为6 nt的二级结构。对这一设计的SHAPE-seq分析结果表明该二级结构与预测的结构较一致。
6A-NCS的1−42 nt区域(TSS以及SD序列)内核苷酸反应性大多数都在2以上(图2B),结构模拟表明该区域形成了茎长为8 nt、环为21 nt的二级结构,mRNA起始区域未发生碱基互补配对,SD序列暴露在二级结构的环上。其NCS区域(46−84 nt)的核苷酸反应性都在0.5以上,该区域绝大多数碱基未发生碱基互补配对,仅在76−88 nt形成了茎长为4 nt、环为4 nt的二级结构。结果表明设计的NCS以非结构化(线性化)的形式稳定存在于胞内。
对6A-NCS以及6A-NCSSH调控的GFP的荧光强度以及mRNA水平进行定量分析,结果如图3所示,较未插入人工设计的NCS的组别(WT)相比,结构化的NCS (6A-NCSSH)和非结构化的NCS (6A-NCS)调控下,egfp基因的mRNA丰度分别提高了2.8倍和10倍,而荧光强度分别提高了10倍和19倍。研究结果显示,虽然结构化和非结构化的NCS均能显著提高基因表达,但非结构化的NCS对mRNA丰度和蛋白量都具有更加显著的提高效果。Espah Borujeni等[5]研究表明,非结构化的NCS有利于核糖体在翻译初期的沿mRNA链的顺利滑动,而这些覆盖于mRNA上的核糖体发挥了保护mRNA抵抗水解的作用,因此表现为对mRNA丰度的显著提高。结果表明,避免NCS区域形成复杂的二级结构,有利于提高目标基因的转录水平以及翻译水平。这与Allert等[26]研究结果一致,他们通过对原核生物基因组序列进行分析发现,通常高蛋白产量的基因的N端通常具有高AU含量以及较高的自由能(较少的二级结构)。
为了研究TSS结构对基因表达的影响,设计了3种包含相同SD序列,但二级结构茎长与环大小不同的TSS,具体如下,(1) S18L4:茎长为18 nt、环为4 nt的二级结构,自由能为−43.30 kcal/mol;(2) S10L10:茎长为10 nt、环为10 nt,自由能为−27.60 kcal/mol;(3) S10L4:茎长为10 nt、环为4 nt的二级结构,自由能为−29.60 kcal/mol。
对3种TSS序列的核苷酸反应性分析发现,其mRNA起始区域内核苷酸反应性都较高(图4),但是随着mRNA的延伸,S10L4的核苷酸反应性逐渐降低,趋近于0。虽然S10L4自由能不是3种设计中最低的,但其链内碱基互补配对概率最高,有多个区域发生了碱基互补配对,二级结构最复杂,结构化程度最高。如图4C所示,主要的几个结构化区域为:33−57 nt区域内形成了茎长为10 nt、环为4 nt的高稳定性的二级结构;在10−30 nt形成了茎长为6 nt、环为4 nt的稳定性略差的二级结构;65 nt附近的SD序列被包裹形成二级结构。
S18L4在1−30 nt区域的核苷酸反应性较高(图4A),平均在10,说明该区域大部分碱基都未发生碱基配对,仅有3个碱基发生了配对。在30−75 nt区域内,存在一个高稳定性局部的二级结构,表现为反应性均低于0.5,形成了茎长为18 nt、环为4 nt的二级结构,其SD序列(80−96 nt)具有较低反应性,形成了较稳定的碱基互补配对。
对S10L10的核苷酸反应性分析发现(图4B),在其TSS前30 nt区域内反应性较高,平均在3,在13−29 nt形成了茎长4 nt、环为8 nt的二级结构,但由于核苷酸反应性较高,所以该二级结构稳定性较低,形成概率较小。在34−63 nt区域内,形成了茎长为11 nt、环为7 nt的二级结构,该二级结构与预测结果并不完全符合,而且二级结构的茎中包含未发生配对的单独碱基。这一设计中SD序列所在区域未发生碱基互补配对。
以上二级结构结果表明,mRNA在细胞内的复杂环境状况下形成的二级结构更加复杂,存在自由能无法预测到的小范围结构。
对S18L6、S10L10以及S10L4调控下的荧光强度与mRNA丰度进行定量分析,结果如图5所示,S10L10与SD序列(WT)相比,在其调控下egfp基因的mRNA丰度提高了1.8倍,荧光强度提高2.9倍。SHAPE-seq结果表明,设计形成了茎长11 nt、环7 nt的二级结构,这一结构有利于基因表达,但具有茎长为18 nt的S18L6调控下的egfp基因的mRNA丰度反而不利于提高egfp基因的mRNA丰度,荧光强度虽有提高,但提高幅度不大(46%)。说明进一步增加茎长,不利于基因表达,尤其会使mRNA丰度降低。Zhang等研究报道,当胞内二级结构茎长过长时,会更加容易遭到RNase III的靶向降解[6],当茎长超过16 nt时,RNase III对这一结构的靶向切割效率可以超过80%[27]。这一机制可以解释mRNA丰度的显著降低,另外,需要注意的是,SHAPE-seq结果表明其SD序列发生了碱基互补配对,有可能被二级结构裹挟其中,核糖体需要耗费更大的能量才能与其结合,这也有可能进一步造成了翻译起始效率低的问题[28]。两方面共同造成了这一设计调控下基因表达效果较差。
SHAPE-seq结果表明,S10L4具有更加复杂的结构,其调控的egfp基因的mRNA丰度和荧光强度相较于无TSS组(WT)提高了3.7倍和2.6倍。S10L4调控的mRNA丰度比S10L10调控的提高了68%,但荧光强度与S10L10相比有一定降低。一方面原因可能是S10L4 TSS区域的二级结构更加复杂,可以使mRNA更加稳定,mRNA抵抗水解能力更强;另一方面,由于其SD序列与其他区域发生了碱基互补配对,从而导致翻译起始效率大大降低,使蛋白表达水平与mRNA丰度提高不成正比[29]
为了分析TSS和NCS之间是否存在二级结构的交互影响,以及是否会对基因表达产生串扰效应,选择了两个较优的TSS (S10L10与S10L4)的序列分别与上述优化得到的非结构化的NCS进行连接,解析其构效关系,经预测S10L4-6-NCS的自由能为−28.00 kcal/mol,S10L10-6-NCS的自由能为−29.90 kcal/mol。经过核苷酸反应性分析发现(图6),在TSS前30 nt区域内,S10L4-6-NCS的大多数核苷酸反应性都在1以下,而S10L10-6-NCS的核苷酸反应性平均介于1−2,说明在起始区域,S10L4-6-NCS的二级结构仍然较为复杂,经过结构模拟发现,在10 nt附近,S10L4-6-NCS的TSS区域与SD序列以及起始密码子发生了碱基互补配对,而S10L10-6-NCS的TSS仅与SD序列末端发生了碱基互补配对。在10−70 nt区域内,S10L10-6-NCS形成了与预测结果一致的茎长为10 nt、环为10 nt的二级结构,并且在10−30 nt,形成了茎长为4 nt、环为9 nt的稳定性较差、形成概率较低的二级结构,而S10L4-6-NCS在30-60 nt区域内形成了茎长为10 nt、环为4 nt的二级结构,同时在10−30 nt内形成了稳定性较高、形成概率较高的茎长为6 nt、环为4 nt的二级结构。在80−130 nt区域内,两种设计的NCS大部分均处于单链状态,但S10L4-6-NCS在110−120 nt附近,形成了茎长为4 nt、环为4 nt的二级结构。上述结果说明,不同区域之间存在明显的串扰效应,因此非常有必要考虑基因背景的因素,尽量大范围研究mRNA水平各元件或功能区的调控机制和效果。
对S10L10-6-NCS、S10L4-6-NCS调控下的荧光强度与mRNA丰度进行测定,结果如图7所示,相比于对照WT组,S10L4-6-NCS和S10L10-6-NCS调控下mRNA丰度分别提高了50倍和36倍,而它们调控下荧光强度分别提高了38倍和58倍。两种组合都对基因表达有显著的促进作用,但S10L4-6-NCS对mRNA丰度的提高更明显,而S10L10-6-NCS对蛋白量提高更明显。结合SHAPE-seq结果,认为S10L4-6-NCS的NCS区域在一定概率上,存在一个局部二级结构,并且其SD序列与TSS也发生了碱基互补配对。这两个区域的二级结构可能在一定程度上阻碍了核糖体与mRNA结合,从而导致翻译延伸速率受到阻滞[5],但是这些二级结构非常有利于mRNA抵抗水解,提高mRNA稳定性,从而提高mRNA丰度。
综上所述,上述两个较优TSS和NCS的组合显著提高了基因表达,虽然在提高mRNA和蛋白量方面存在具体量比上的差异,但是通过结构分析和表达活性的分析,综合认为具有较优的表达的作用。同时,条件允许的情况下,尽量避免SD序列与NCS形成二级结构是5′mRNA改造中应遵循的重要依据[30]
原核生物的基因表达受制于mRNA的半衰期,而常见的基因表达调控元件不能提高mRNA抗水解的能力,目前许多研究发现mRNA本身存在多个功能区域可以影响其抗水解的能力以及翻译效率,Zhang等[6]将TSS设计形成二级结构从而开发了一种调节RNA降解的RNA模块库(dtRNAs),将其用于增加体内或体外的转录稳定性,而不影响翻译起始效率,因此TSS的二级结构可以提高其抗水解能力。Tian等[30]通过对96个合理选择的NCS进行系统分析发现,这些NCS的调控水平表现出4个数量级差异,然后将人工合成的以及天然的NCS用于N-乙酰神经氨酸(NeuAc)生物合成途径中,发现NeuAc产量与野生型相比提高了3.21倍,而Espah borujeni等[5]通过核糖体印迹发现,当NCS形成二级结构时会导致其调控的mRNA丰度下降,以及核糖体与mRNA的结合力降低,因此推测NCS形成二级结构不利于目的基因的表达。Sun等[31]通过使用中等强度且富含A、U碱基的RBS来调控3-酮类固醇-9α-羟化酶(KshA、KshB)相关基因的过表达,9α-羟基雄甾-4-烯-3, 17-二酮(9-OHAD)的产量得到显著增加。上述研究表明了各功能区可以通过改变自身的特征来改变其调控水平,但多数设计均利用最小自由能进行模拟,不能代表其在胞内的真实结构,并且未探讨多个区域之间是否会形成跨区域的二级结构,因此导致各功能区组合后的调控效果不明确等问题。
本研究采用了SHAPE-seq技术,该技术将化学探针与高通量测序技术相结合,通过对典型的5′mRNA区域进行结构解析,结合mRNA丰度和蛋白表达量的分析,研究了TSS、SD序列、NCS各自以及串扰效应特征对基因表达的影响,三者之间是否会存在结构串扰关系。结果表明具有较高自由能、非结构化的NCS核苷酸反应性较高,形成二级结构的概率较小,更加有利于提高目的基因的mRNA丰度以及蛋白表达水平,这有可能是当NCS形成二级结构时会导致核糖体与mRNA的结合能力减弱,不利于核糖体沿mRNA的滑动,从而导致其翻译效率降低[5]。改变TSS序列可以有效控制该区域形成的结构特征,从而对转录后水平产生2−3倍的变化,这一区域形成结构越复杂越有利于提高mRNA丰度,然而过长的茎环结构会使mRNA更容易降解(mRNA丰度下降30%),可能是由于这种过长的茎会更加容易被核酸降解酶(RNase III)靶向识别[6, 32];另外,SD序列被二级结构裹挟其中时会影响其介导的翻译起始(蛋白表达下降10%)。研究中也发现跨区域之间存在形成二级结构的情况,当SD序列或者NCS被TSS包裹形成二级结构时,会导致翻译效率的降低,这是不同区域调控效果存在串扰的重要原因之一。组合二级结构茎长适中的TSS以及非结构化的NCS,其调控下mRNA丰度和蛋白量显著提高(11倍、60倍)。本研究获得的调控性能较优的5′mRNA序列为工业微生物目标基因表达提供了调控元件,研究解析的各区域的构效关系为人工基因回路的构建提供了设计依据。同时本研究采用SHAPE-seq技术检测的mRNA结构和传统的自由能预测的二级结构结果存在差异,为建立构效关系提供了更精准的信息,是RNA二级结构分析的有效方法。然而,需要指出的是,本研究虽然突破了领域内采用基于自由能预测的方法分析二级结构,在一定程度上为解决了mRNA结构信息匮乏的问题提供了先例,但是这一方法通量较低,分析工具较少,对实验操作和数据分析要求较高,后续可以开发在测序环节添加样品barcode,再结合SHAPE-seq高通量测序,实现快速获得大规模序列的二级结构解析的目标,更加全面地采集结构信息,建立更加完善的5′mRNA构效关系。
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240378
  • 接收时间:2024-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-20
  • 录用日期:2024-08-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171421)
国家自然科学基金(32171421)
作者信息
    1 江南大学 生物工程学院, 工业生物技术教育部重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
    2 江南大学, 粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心, 江苏 无锡 214122
    3 江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
    4 四川大学 轻工科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610065

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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