Article(id=1242119552327291412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240318, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716220800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1721232000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-18, onlineDate=1774073978739, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1721577600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073978739, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073978739, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073978739, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4319, endPage=4337, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119554705461848, articleId=1242119552327291412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of feeding plastics on the growth and gut microbiota of the larvae of four insect species, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Plastic pollution is an environmental problem that has aroused global concern, and plastics degradation by insect gut microbiota is a new initiative to solve this problem. Despite the important role of insect gut microbiota in the degradation of plastics, little is known about the composition and dynamics of insect gut microbiota. [Objective] To study the effects of feeding plastics on the physiological indices and the composition and dynamics of gut microbiota in the larvae of four insect species. [Methods] Polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and wheat bran (control) were used as the sole carbon source respectively to feed the larvae of Zophobas atratus Fab., Tenebrio molitor L., Tenebrio obscurus F., and Galleria mellonella L. The dynamics of gut microbiota in the larvae of the four insect species were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and the correlations between the physiological indices and gut microbiota were analyzed. [Results] All four insect species fed with PS and PE had significantly lower body weight gain and body length increase than those in the control. The survival rates of Z. atratus and T. molitor larvae fed with PS were 25.33% and 11.75%, respectively, higher than those fed with PE. The dominant microbial taxa of the gut microbiota in the four insect species were Firmicutes (relative abundance of 16.98%–54.93%), Betaproteobacteria (5.91%–39.34%), Gammaproteobacteria (4.62%–30.86%) of Proteobacteria, and Euryarchaeota (9.99%–58.05%). [Conclusion] In addition to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, archaea were also dominant in the gut microbiota in the larvae of the four species fed with PE and PS. The relative abundance of the main microbial taxa in the insect gut varied dynamically over time and was influenced by the types of plastics as well as the insect species. The body weights and body lengths of Z. atratus and T. molitor were correlated with their gut microbiota.

, correspAuthors=Yun XIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*XIA Yun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiachen HU, Guangling LIU, Shitao HUANG, Zijun LI, Hongbo ZHANG, Junna FENG, Deyu XIONG, Yuyu ZHANG, Liling MO, Yunhong KONG, Yun XIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119559004623648, articleId=1242119552327291412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=饲喂塑料对4种昆虫幼虫生长与肠道微生物的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

塑料污染是全球最关注的环境问题之一,目前利用昆虫肠道微生物降解塑料是解决塑料污染的新举措,昆虫肠道微生物菌群在塑料降解过程中起重要作用,但对昆虫取食塑料后肠道中微生物群落的组成和动态还缺乏了解。【目的】探究取食塑料对4种昆虫幼虫生理指标以及肠道微生物的组成和动态的影响。【方法】将聚苯乙烯塑料泡沫(polystyrene, PS)、聚乙烯塑料(polyethylene, PE)和麦麸(对照)作为唯一碳源分别饲喂大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟,采用荧光原位杂交技术对4种幼虫肠道微生物菌群进行动态监测,并比较了它们的生理指标和肠道菌群的关联。【结果】四种昆虫在取食PS和PE后,体重和体长的增长幅度都显著低于麦麸对照组;取食PS的黄粉虫和大麦虫的存活率比取食PE的分别高25.33%和11.75%;4种昆虫肠道中微生物优势细菌菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,丰度16.98%–54.93%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)中的β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria,丰度5.91%–39.34%)和γ‐变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,丰度4.62%–30.86%)以及古菌(Euryarchaeota,丰度9.99%–58.05%)【结论】除厚壁菌门和变形菌门外,古菌也是啮食PE和PS的大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟幼虫肠道中的主要菌群。昆虫肠道中主要微生物菌群的丰度随时间呈动态变化,并受塑料类型以及昆虫种类的影响。大麦虫和黄粉虫的体重和体长与肠道微生物菌群显著相关。

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Comparison of plastic conversion efficiency and optimization of feed ratio between Zophobas morio and Tenebrio molitor[J]. Journal of Mountain Agriculture and Biology, 2024, 43 (2):85-92., articleTitle=Comparison of plastic conversion efficiency and optimization of feed ratio between Zophobas morio and Tenebrio molitor, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243291011905073193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, awardId=31760178, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760178), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291012035096625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, awardId=31760178, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31760178), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291012173508663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, awardId=31860029, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860029), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291012307726397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, awardId=31860029, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31860029), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243291002698576294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291002706964904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, companyId=1243291002698576294, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, Yunnan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291002711159209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, companyId=1243291002698576294, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 昆明学院 农学与生命科学学院, 云南 昆明 650214)]), AuthorCompany(id=1243291002887319986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291002895708594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, companyId=1243291002887319986, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Yiliang County No.1 Middle School, Zhaotong 657600, Yunnan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291002908291507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, companyId=1243291002887319986, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 云南省昭通市彝良县第一中学, 云南 昭通 657600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243291009627567027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Images of larvae of four insects feeding on polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS) and wheat bran (control)., figureFileSmall=qxnVUmjdQpiwiNb4V176iQ==, figureFileBig=w/HmPF1OfFMzXLLlB89FLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009837282237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四种昆虫幼虫分别取食聚乙烯(PE)、聚苯乙烯(PS)和麦麸(control)的图像, figureFileSmall=qxnVUmjdQpiwiNb4V176iQ==, figureFileBig=w/HmPF1OfFMzXLLlB89FLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010093134798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Changes in body weights and lengths of four insect larvae over time (7 d, 14 d, 21 d, and 28 d). Bar graphs show changes in insect body lengths and line graphs show changes in insect body weights; A, B, C and D denote Galleria mellonella L., Zophobas atratus Fab., Tenebrio obscurus F., and Tenebrio molitor L., respectively., figureFileSmall=FecxZHHo65JsJipLWkz8IQ==, figureFileBig=qtVCps+9gSM++1JB0lZ0Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010223158229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=CN, label=图2, caption=四种昆虫幼虫体重和体长随时间(7、14、21和28 d)的变化趋势

柱状图为昆虫体长变化趋势,折线图为昆虫体重变化趋势. A、B、C和D分别表示大蜡螟、大麦虫、黑粉虫和黄粉虫

, figureFileSmall=FecxZHHo65JsJipLWkz8IQ==, figureFileBig=qtVCps+9gSM++1JB0lZ0Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010307044313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Overlapping images of fluorescence in situ hybridization of the intestinal microflora of the insect larvae. A, B, C, D, E and F are overlapping images of fluorescence in situ hybridization using different oligonucleotide probes, in each image the yellow-colored cells are overlapped from those hybridized with the individual FISH probes (red-colored) and with the DAPI-stained cells (green-colored) in the same microscopic field. A: ARCH915. B: Bet42a. C: GAM42a. D: LGC354abc. E: Lab. F: Rotcl1., figureFileSmall=9803erYoHMZEOZvwUy+hmA==, figureFileBig=GoFhOSW27vVRNyGGxLk+ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010449650658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=CN, label=图3, caption=昆虫幼虫肠道菌群荧光镜检重叠图像

A、B、C、D、E和F是使用不同寡核苷酸探针进行荧光原位杂交的重叠图像,黄色细胞是由与单个FISH探针杂交的细胞(红色)和同一显微镜视野中DAPI染色的细胞(绿色)重叠而成. A:ARCH915. B:Bet42a. C:GAM42a. D:LGC354abc. E:Lab. F:Rotcl1

, figureFileSmall=9803erYoHMZEOZvwUy+hmA==, figureFileBig=GoFhOSW27vVRNyGGxLk+ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010546119652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Phylum level composition and dynamics of gut microbiome of four insect larvae. A1–A3, B1–B3, C1–C3 and D1–D3 denote Zophobas atratus Fab., Tenebrio molitor L., Tenebrio obscurus F., and Galleria mellonella L., respectively., figureFileSmall=euHHePcIC9Mhxpa21A6Kww==, figureFileBig=EVBowxgGbg5PFczp53Gz4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010663560174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=CN, label=图4, caption=四种昆虫幼虫门水平肠道菌群的组成和变化

A1–A3、B1–B3、C1–C3和D1–D3分别表示大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟

, figureFileSmall=euHHePcIC9Mhxpa21A6Kww==, figureFileBig=EVBowxgGbg5PFczp53Gz4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010806166514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Composition and dynamics of the functional microflora in the guts of four insect larvae. A1–A3, B1–B3, C1–C3 and D1–D3 denote Zophobas atratus Fab., Tenebrio molitor L., Tenebrio obscurus F., and Galleria mellonella L., respectively., figureFileSmall=sAne/z6ArUl+86BrhGuFVQ==, figureFileBig=DfCmKx9lJuXEujwHDye6FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010911024122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=CN, label=图5, caption=四种昆虫幼虫科肠道功能菌群的组成和变化

A1–A3、B1–B3、C1–C3和D1–D3分别表示大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟

, figureFileSmall=sAne/z6ArUl+86BrhGuFVQ==, figureFileBig=DfCmKx9lJuXEujwHDye6FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010994910206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Correlation analyses between body weights, body lengths of the four insects and their gut microflora., figureFileSmall=miz1F1bVfY7p7XmhALXRsA==, figureFileBig=tyJqienNTe1liXFD3Jkl/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011103961093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=CN, label=图6, caption=昆虫体重、体长和肠道菌群的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=miz1F1bVfY7p7XmhALXRsA==, figureFileBig=tyJqienNTe1liXFD3Jkl/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011288510476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The oligonucleotide probes used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Probe nameTarget microorganismSequences (5′→3′)Formamide (FA, %)
EUB338ⅠⅡⅢ是EUB338Ⅰ、EUB338Ⅱ和EUB338Ⅲ的组合探针;Lab是Lbd、Lab2185和Lab9057的组合探针;LGC354abc是LGC354a、LGC354b和LGC354c的组合探针
EUB338ⅠⅡⅢ is a combination of probes EUB338Ⅰ, EUB338Ⅱ and EUB338Ⅲ; Lab is a combination probe for Lbd, Lab2185 and Lab9057; LGC354abc is a combination of probes LGC354a, LGC354b and LGC354c, Combination probes are mixed and added at the same time.
ARCH915EuryarchaeotaGTGCTCCCCCGCCAATTCCT5
Rotcl1Methanosaeta conciliiCTCCCGGCCTCGAGCCAGAC40
EUB338ⅠBacteriaGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT0
EUB338ⅡBacteriaGCTGCCACCCGTAGGTGT0
EUB338ⅢBacteriaGCAGCCACCCGTAGGTGT0
NONEUBControl probe complementary to EUB338ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGC0
LGC354aFirmicutesTGGAAGATTCCCTACTGC35
LGC354bFirmicutesCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGC35
LGC354cFirmicutesCCGAAGATTCCCTACTGC35
LbdLactobacillusAAGGATAGCATGTCTGCA10
Lab2185LactobacillusTGGTGATCCATCGTCAATCAGGTG10
Lab9057LactobacillusTGAACCGCCTGCACTCGCTTTAC10
GAM42aGammaproteobacteriaGCCTTCCCACATCGTTT35
Bet42aBetaproteobacteriaGCCTTCCCACTTCGTTT35
EntEnterobacteriaceaeCCCCCWCTTTGGTCTTGC30
), ArticleFig(id=1243291011393368081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究使用的寡核苷酸探针

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Probe nameTarget microorganismSequences (5′→3′)Formamide (FA, %)
EUB338ⅠⅡⅢ是EUB338Ⅰ、EUB338Ⅱ和EUB338Ⅲ的组合探针;Lab是Lbd、Lab2185和Lab9057的组合探针;LGC354abc是LGC354a、LGC354b和LGC354c的组合探针
EUB338ⅠⅡⅢ is a combination of probes EUB338Ⅰ, EUB338Ⅱ and EUB338Ⅲ; Lab is a combination probe for Lbd, Lab2185 and Lab9057; LGC354abc is a combination of probes LGC354a, LGC354b and LGC354c, Combination probes are mixed and added at the same time.
ARCH915EuryarchaeotaGTGCTCCCCCGCCAATTCCT5
Rotcl1Methanosaeta conciliiCTCCCGGCCTCGAGCCAGAC40
EUB338ⅠBacteriaGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT0
EUB338ⅡBacteriaGCTGCCACCCGTAGGTGT0
EUB338ⅢBacteriaGCAGCCACCCGTAGGTGT0
NONEUBControl probe complementary to EUB338ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGC0
LGC354aFirmicutesTGGAAGATTCCCTACTGC35
LGC354bFirmicutesCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGC35
LGC354cFirmicutesCCGAAGATTCCCTACTGC35
LbdLactobacillusAAGGATAGCATGTCTGCA10
Lab2185LactobacillusTGGTGATCCATCGTCAATCAGGTG10
Lab9057LactobacillusTGAACCGCCTGCACTCGCTTTAC10
GAM42aGammaproteobacteriaGCCTTCCCACATCGTTT35
Bet42aBetaproteobacteriaGCCTTCCCACTTCGTTT35
EntEnterobacteriaceaeCCCCCWCTTTGGTCTTGC30
), ArticleFig(id=1243291011535974423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Recovery rate, mortality rate, and pupation rate of four insect larvae at the end of the experiment (28 days)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
InsectTreatmentMortality rate (%)Recovery rate (%)Pupation rate (%)
Zophobas atratus Fab.Control14.00±2.1386.00±5.890.00
PE43.33±2.1656.67±4.520.00
PS18.00±1.7882.00±6.690.00
Tenebrio molitor L.Control10.00±1.9852.75±3.7837.25±4.34
PE11.75±2.6673.75±5.6214.50±2.07
PS2.75±0.3185.50±5.4711.75±2.67
Tenebrio obscurus F.Control8.50±1.6348.50±4.7343.00±5.95
PE49.00±3.8744.50±4.136.50±1.08
PS34.50±2.7850.50±3.0515.00±1.36
Galleria mellonella L.Control46.67±5.4837.33±4.8616.00±1.55
PE54.00±4.7641.33±4.814.67±0.67
PS59.33±4.7530.00±2.5610.67±1.47
), ArticleFig(id=1243291011665997854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119552327291412, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验结束时(28 d) 4种昆虫幼虫存活率、死亡率和化蛹率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
InsectTreatmentMortality rate (%)Recovery rate (%)Pupation rate (%)
Zophobas atratus Fab.Control14.00±2.1386.00±5.890.00
PE43.33±2.1656.67±4.520.00
PS18.00±1.7882.00±6.690.00
Tenebrio molitor L.Control10.00±1.9852.75±3.7837.25±4.34
PE11.75±2.6673.75±5.6214.50±2.07
PS2.75±0.3185.50±5.4711.75±2.67
Tenebrio obscurus F.Control8.50±1.6348.50±4.7343.00±5.95
PE49.00±3.8744.50±4.136.50±1.08
PS34.50±2.7850.50±3.0515.00±1.36
Galleria mellonella L.Control46.67±5.4837.33±4.8616.00±1.55
PE54.00±4.7641.33±4.814.67±0.67
PS59.33±4.7530.00±2.5610.67±1.47
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饲喂塑料对4种昆虫幼虫生长与肠道微生物的影响
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胡佳辰 1 , 刘光玲 1 , 黄石涛 1 , 李子俊 1 , 张洪波 1 , 冯俊娜 1 , 熊德玉 2 , 张瑜瑜 1 , 莫丽玲 1 , 孔云虹 1 , 夏云 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(11): 4319-4337
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(11): 4319-4337
饲喂塑料对4种昆虫幼虫生长与肠道微生物的影响
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胡佳辰1, 刘光玲1, 黄石涛1, 李子俊1, 张洪波1, 冯俊娜1, 熊德玉2, 张瑜瑜1, 莫丽玲1, 孔云虹1, 夏云1, *
作者信息
  • 1 昆明学院 农学与生命科学学院, 云南 昆明 650214
  • 2 云南省昭通市彝良县第一中学, 云南 昭通 657600
Effects of feeding plastics on the growth and gut microbiota of the larvae of four insect species
Jiachen HU1, Guangling LIU1, Shitao HUANG1, Zijun LI1, Hongbo ZHANG1, Junna FENG1, Deyu XIONG2, Yuyu ZHANG1, Liling MO1, Yunhong KONG1, Yun XIA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, Yunnan, China
  • 2 Yiliang County No.1 Middle School, Zhaotong 657600, Yunnan, China
出版时间: 2024-07-22 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240318
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塑料污染是全球最关注的环境问题之一,目前利用昆虫肠道微生物降解塑料是解决塑料污染的新举措,昆虫肠道微生物菌群在塑料降解过程中起重要作用,但对昆虫取食塑料后肠道中微生物群落的组成和动态还缺乏了解。【目的】探究取食塑料对4种昆虫幼虫生理指标以及肠道微生物的组成和动态的影响。【方法】将聚苯乙烯塑料泡沫(polystyrene, PS)、聚乙烯塑料(polyethylene, PE)和麦麸(对照)作为唯一碳源分别饲喂大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟,采用荧光原位杂交技术对4种幼虫肠道微生物菌群进行动态监测,并比较了它们的生理指标和肠道菌群的关联。【结果】四种昆虫在取食PS和PE后,体重和体长的增长幅度都显著低于麦麸对照组;取食PS的黄粉虫和大麦虫的存活率比取食PE的分别高25.33%和11.75%;4种昆虫肠道中微生物优势细菌菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,丰度16.98%–54.93%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)中的β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria,丰度5.91%–39.34%)和γ‐变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,丰度4.62%–30.86%)以及古菌(Euryarchaeota,丰度9.99%–58.05%)【结论】除厚壁菌门和变形菌门外,古菌也是啮食PE和PS的大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟幼虫肠道中的主要菌群。昆虫肠道中主要微生物菌群的丰度随时间呈动态变化,并受塑料类型以及昆虫种类的影响。大麦虫和黄粉虫的体重和体长与肠道微生物菌群显著相关。

大麦虫  /  黄粉虫  /  黑粉虫  /  大蜡螟  /  荧光原位杂交技术  /  聚苯乙烯  /  聚乙烯  /  肠道菌群

Plastic pollution is an environmental problem that has aroused global concern, and plastics degradation by insect gut microbiota is a new initiative to solve this problem. Despite the important role of insect gut microbiota in the degradation of plastics, little is known about the composition and dynamics of insect gut microbiota. [Objective] To study the effects of feeding plastics on the physiological indices and the composition and dynamics of gut microbiota in the larvae of four insect species. [Methods] Polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and wheat bran (control) were used as the sole carbon source respectively to feed the larvae of Zophobas atratus Fab., Tenebrio molitor L., Tenebrio obscurus F., and Galleria mellonella L. The dynamics of gut microbiota in the larvae of the four insect species were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and the correlations between the physiological indices and gut microbiota were analyzed. [Results] All four insect species fed with PS and PE had significantly lower body weight gain and body length increase than those in the control. The survival rates of Z. atratus and T. molitor larvae fed with PS were 25.33% and 11.75%, respectively, higher than those fed with PE. The dominant microbial taxa of the gut microbiota in the four insect species were Firmicutes (relative abundance of 16.98%–54.93%), Betaproteobacteria (5.91%–39.34%), Gammaproteobacteria (4.62%–30.86%) of Proteobacteria, and Euryarchaeota (9.99%–58.05%). [Conclusion] In addition to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, archaea were also dominant in the gut microbiota in the larvae of the four species fed with PE and PS. The relative abundance of the main microbial taxa in the insect gut varied dynamically over time and was influenced by the types of plastics as well as the insect species. The body weights and body lengths of Z. atratus and T. molitor were correlated with their gut microbiota.

Zophobas atratus Fab.  /  Tenebrio molitor L.  /  Tenebrio obscurus F.  /  Galleria mellonella L.  /  fluorescence in situ hybridization  /  polystyrene  /  polyethylene  /  gut microbiota
胡佳辰, 刘光玲, 黄石涛, 李子俊, 张洪波, 冯俊娜, 熊德玉, 张瑜瑜, 莫丽玲, 孔云虹, 夏云. 饲喂塑料对4种昆虫幼虫生长与肠道微生物的影响. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4319 -4337 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240318
Jiachen HU, Guangling LIU, Shitao HUANG, Zijun LI, Hongbo ZHANG, Junna FENG, Deyu XIONG, Yuyu ZHANG, Liling MO, Yunhong KONG, Yun XIA. Effects of feeding plastics on the growth and gut microbiota of the larvae of four insect species[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4319 -4337 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240318
塑料因其耐腐蚀性强、耐磨性好、韧性高和成本低廉等特点,在多个领域得到广泛应用[1]。据统计,1950−2015年全球累积生产的塑料废弃物达63亿t[2]。自2020年左右,口罩等塑料医疗制品大量生产[3]。2021年,中国就生产了1.1亿t塑料制品[4]。预计至2050年,全球将累计产生120亿t塑料废弃物[5]。塑料的大量使用且难降解对生态环境造成了巨大压力[6]。日常生活中常用的塑料有聚苯乙烯塑料泡沫(polystyrene, PS)和聚乙烯塑料(polyethylene, PE)等[7]。目前处理PS和PE废弃物的方法有物理填埋法、燃烧能源回收法、再生造粒和化学原料回收法等[8]。其中填埋和焚烧都会对环境造成再次污染[9],而化学分解成本较高,难以普及[10]。塑料废弃物再生造粒技术存在利用率低、能耗大以及排放物二次污染等问题[11]。近年来,利用生物降解塑料废弃物已经成为了环境保护研究的焦点[12],而利用昆虫降解塑料废弃物是生物降解中最具吸引力的方法之一[13-14]。已知可取食塑料的昆虫包括鳞翅目中的印度谷螟(Plodia interpunctella Htibner)、粉斑螟(Ephestia cautella)和大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella L.),鞘翅目中的杂拟谷盗(Tribolium confusum)、谷蠹(Rhyzopertha dominica)、烟草甲(Lasioderma serricorne)、米象(Sitophilus oryzae)、锯谷盗(Oryzaephilus surinamensis)、赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum)、四纹豆象(Callosobruchus maculates)、药材甲(Stegobium obscurus L.),以及等足目中的孔团水虱(Sphaeroma)等[15]。其中对有鞘翅目中的大麦虫(Zophobas atratus Fab.)、黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor L.)和黑粉虫(Tenebrio obscurus F.),以及鳞翅目的大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella L.)[16]研究较多。大麦虫、黄粉虫和黑粉虫的游离氨基酸含量较高且无毒[17],能作为牲畜饲养过程中优质的氨基酸供体[18]
昆虫肠道微生物降解塑料的微生物学机制吸引了国内外学者的广泛关注[19]。Peng等[20]发现黑粉虫幼虫肠道微生物的肠球菌科(Enterococcaceae)、螺旋体科(Spiroplasmataceae)和肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)的丰度变化与其取食PS的量有关。Brandon等[21]报道黄粉虫分泌的乳化因子与其肠道微生物协同作用,增强了对PS塑料的降解效率。Yang等[22-23]从黄粉虫肠道中分离出降解PS的微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium sp.),课题组同时利用大庆霉素对肠道细菌进行抑制,发现饲喂大庆霉素的黄粉虫失去了降解PS的能力。Yang等[24]发现印度古螟幼虫的肠道食糜可侵蚀并穿透PE,并分离出阿氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter asburiae)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)可降解PE的细菌,同时用软电离质谱技术对其释放出的化合物进行检测,发现了C7H10、C3H6O2和C29H48O4等12种水溶性子产物。胡亚楠等[25]在大蜡螟肠道食糜中分离出具有降解PE能力的菌株蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和Enterobacter bugandensis,体外培养实验发现,接种菌株后聚乙烯的C−H伸缩震动峰与酯羰基指数产生变化,说明菌株利用聚乙烯导致C−H键减弱,从而使聚乙烯表面化学官能团产生了变化。李琛静等[26]报道饲喂PE和PS塑料25 d后大麦虫不能正常化蛹,通过凝胶渗透色谱仪(gel permeation chromatography, GPC)测定大麦虫粪便中残留的塑料分子量变化,发现PS的中低分子量物质占比增加,而PE的中高分子量物质占比增加。
根据上述研究结果可推断,昆虫啮食塑料后,通过肠道微生物菌群对塑料进行降解,从而获得生长所必需的碳源和能源。然而取食不同塑料对昆虫生理指标及肠道微生物菌群的组成和动态的影响尚不清楚,同时对功能菌群与昆虫生长发育之间的关联也尚待了解。因此,本研究以大麦虫、黑粉虫、黄粉虫和大蜡螟幼虫为研究对象,研究它们在取食PS和PE过程中的存活率、死亡率、化蛹率以及体重体长的变化情况,并采用基因探针通过荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)研究不同时间段昆虫肠道微生物菌群的组成及动态。
PS塑料泡沫板采购自武汉齐为建筑材料有限公司(材料符合国家标准,检测数据由湖北一检建设工程质量检测有限公司提供),规格为9.5 cm× 5 cm×5 cm,质量约为3.68 g;PE透明自封袋采购自浙江名科塑业股份有限公司(材料符合国家标准,检测数据由国家预包装食品质量监督检验中心提供),规格为4 cm×6 cm×0.05 mm,质量约为0.16 g;粗麦麸采购自凤台县锦娟商贸有限责任公司(主要原料为小麦,粗蛋白≥11%,粗纤维 < 11%,粗灰分 < 6%)。
大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟幼虫均购自北京君和子平科贸有限公司,在昆明学院农学与生命科学学院植物保护实验室室温(22±2) ℃避光饲养。采购的4种幼虫均在3–4龄,饲养盒为29 cm×20 cm×15 cm聚苯烯硬质塑料盒,所用饲养盒材质坚硬,未被昆虫啃食。选取相近体态和有活力的幼虫作为研究对象,每个培养盒中饲养200只。每种幼虫被分为3个处理组,对照组50 g粗麦麸,PE处理组7 g聚乙烯透明塑料袋,PS处理组7 g聚苯乙烯泡沫板,每7 d饲喂一次。所用饲喂材料均经过紫外灯进行3次灭菌处理,每次15 min。实验周期为28 d,在7、14、21、28 d收集当天的昆虫粪便,用于FISH样品固定实验。黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大麦虫均为拟布甲属仓储害虫[27],麦麸是它们最常见的取食材料,因此本研究选择麦麸作为对照。大蜡螟是以蜂蜡为食的世界性害虫[28],麦麸也可作为大蜡螟的食物来源[29],为统一4种昆虫对照组营养来源,避免产生误差,特选用麦麸作为对照。
本研究在7、14、21、28 d统计4种昆虫幼虫的死亡数、存活数以及化蛹数,将昆虫幼虫的死尸和蛹挑出培养盒,防止幼虫吃掉尸体[30]。每7 d更换饲喂材料时,从4种昆虫的每组培养箱中随机挑选30只幼虫,测量体长和体重。昆虫存活率、死亡率和化蛹率按照公式(1−3)计算。
无菌条件下收集昆虫粪便,参照Amann等方法进行FISH样品固定[31]。取幼虫粪便样品2 g,分装于2支2 mL离心管中,一支加入1 mL的50%乙醇(C2H5OH)用于固定革兰氏阳性细菌,另一支加入1 mL的4%多聚甲醛(paraformaldehyde, PFA, Biosharp)用于固定革兰氏阴性细菌。4 ℃冰箱静置3 h后,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心8 min,去除上清液后各加入1 mL 1×PBS磷酸缓冲液,混匀后离心去除上清液。50%乙醇固定的样品加入与样品等体积的50%乙醇,保存于–20 ℃冰箱备用;PFA固定的样品加无菌水至2 mL,混匀后4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心8 min,去除上清液后,洗脱重复3次,加入与样品等体积的50%乙醇保存于–20 ℃冰箱备用。
寡核苷酸探针购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司,核苷酸探针采用荧光染料CY3或荧光素异硫氰酸酯(fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC)在核酸序列的5′-末端标记。昆虫肠道微生物主要由细菌和古菌组成[32],在ProbeBase数据库[33]中的对可能适用于昆虫肠道微生物菌群的寡核苷酸探针进行了初步筛选,选择了细菌门水平探针以及动物肠道中常见功能菌群探针,古菌则选择了已知动物肠道中常用的门水平探针以及动物肠道中常用的甲烷菌探针。初步筛选出EUB338Ⅰ、EUB338Ⅱ、EUB338Ⅲ (Bacteria细菌)、HGC69A (Actinobacteria门)、LGC354abc (Firmicutes门)、GNSB-941+CFX784 (Chloroflexi门)、ALF968 (Alphaproteobacteria纲)、GAM42a (Gammaproteobacteria纲)、Bet42a (Betaproteobacteria纲)、SRB385+SRB385DB (Desulfovibrionales目)、CF319a (Flavobacteriia目)、Erec482 (Clostridiales目)、BAC303 (Bacteroidales科)、Lab (Lactobacillus属)、Ent (Enterobacteriaceae科)、Bif228 (Bifidobacterium属)、Chis150 (Clostridium属)、Clit135 (Romboutsia属)、FPR-1 (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii种)、Bfra602 (Bacteroides fragilis种)、ARCH915 (Euryarchaeota古菌)、MSMX860 (Methanosarcinales目)、MB1174 (Methanobacteriales目)、MG1200b (Methanomicrobiales目)、MS1414 (Methanosarcinales科)、MC1109 (Methanococcaceae科)、MB311 (Methanobacteriales科)、MX825 (Methanosaeta spp.属)、Mbr830 (Methanobrevibacter属)、Msp541 (Methanosphaera属)、Rotcl1 (Methanosaeta concilii种)和Mmi1123 (Methanomicrobium mobile种),共30种探针,通过FISH技术对麦麸、PE和PS三种饲料喂养的4种昆虫幼虫混合(1:1:1)粪便样品进行了测定(3次重复),最终选择细胞平均丰度 > 1% [4ʹ, 6-二脒基-2苯基吲哚(4ʹ, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI)染色的总菌数]的FISH探针作为本研究中使用的探针(表1),并在所有FISH实验中均采用NONEUB[34]探针作为对照,排除FISH中可能存在的假阳性。
将等量乙醇或PFA固定的昆虫粪便样品(约20 μL)置于3%明胶涂层的载玻片上,用一片新的与其对应重叠放置,前后拉动10−15次,将微生物细胞均匀涂布在两片的1/3处。为了增加寡核苷酸探针穿透细胞壁的能力,涂有样品的载玻片自然阴干后放入–80 ℃冰箱低温处理5 min,随后放入55 ℃水浴锅中高温处理5 min,并重复3次。之后采用CARD-FISH处理以进一步增加探针的穿透性[35],阴干后依次浸泡在50%、80%和100%乙醇溶液中各脱水3 min,在无菌且避光环境下将杂化液与FISH探针依次加到载玻片上,在46 ℃恒温培养箱内杂化3 h;杂化后将载玻片置于48 ℃的洗脱液中洗脱15 min;随后在超纯水中浸洗后阴干。阴干后滴加浓度为100 μL 0.005 mg/mL的DAPI浸染杂化区10 min,最后在超纯水中浸洗3遍后阴干等待镜检。
FISH样品采用荧光显微镜BX60 (Olympus Corporation公司)观察。该显微镜配备了特定的荧光激发块,分别用于观测Cy3和FITC标记的探针杂化样品,以及DAPI染色的样品。在100×的物镜下观察并采集图像,通过ImageJ软件[36]计数功能对拍摄的图像进行计数,用探针点亮的靶标微生物数量除以同一视野下被DAPI点亮的微生物数量算出该探针靶标微生物的相对丰度,每组FISH探针杂化的微生物菌群的百分比丰度通过15个不同视野采集的图像进行计算。
昆虫生理指标及其肠道菌群的丰度数据通过SPSS 25.0进行分析,采用单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA)和最小显著性差异(least-significant difference, LSD)两两比较(P < 0.05)确定处理间差异的显著性,采用皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析比较(P < 0.05)生理指标与靶标微生物间相关的显著性。通过Microsoft Excel 365进行数据整理,所有作图均使用R software package v.4.2.3完成。
四种昆虫幼虫均以蛀洞(图1)的形式取食PS,以啃食的形式从边缘取食PE。在饲养过程中发现,所有处理组均产生刺激性臭味,其中PS处理组和PE处理组臭味大于麦麸组(对照)。黄粉虫和大蜡螟虫在取食PS和PE之前虫体颜色均为淡黄色,取食21 d后虫体颜色较对照组深。相比之下,大麦虫和黑粉虫在各处理组中的虫体颜色变化不明显。
饲养28 d后,与饲喂麦麸的对照相比,饲喂塑料的4种昆虫幼虫存活率和化蛹率高低不同(表2)。饲喂麦麸的大麦虫存活率最高,且未观察到化蛹现象。饲喂PS的黄粉虫和黑粉虫存活率比对照组高。大蜡螟中饲喂PE的存活率最高。除大麦虫外,其余3种昆虫对照组的化蛹率均高于PE和PS组(表2)。
在28 d饲养过程中取食塑料和麦麸的4种昆虫的体重和体长呈不同程度的增长(图2)。除麦麸组外,体重增长率最高的是黑粉虫PS组,每只由7 d的(0.07±0.01) g平均增长至28 d的(0.10±0.01) g,增长率为42.86%。其次是黄粉虫PE组(33.33%)、黄粉虫PS组(33.33%)、黑粉虫PE组(33.33%)、大蜡螟PS组(12.50%)、大麦虫PS组(8.75%)、大蜡螟PE组(8.00%)和大麦虫PE组(6.41%)。除麦麸组外,体长增长率最高的是黑粉虫PE组,每只由7 d的(2.17±0.08) cm增长至28 d的(2.41±0.08) cm,增长率为11.06%,其次是黄粉虫PE组(10.13%)、大蜡螟PE组(8.30%)、黑粉虫PS组(7.69%)、大麦虫PS组(7.37%)、黄粉虫PS组(7.20%)、大麦虫PE组(4.34%)、大蜡螟PS组(3.16%)。实验结束时,大麦虫和黄粉虫PE组和PS组的体重均显著(P < 0.05)低于对照组,取食塑料PE和PS后的大麦虫体重无显著(P > 0.05)差异。黑粉虫PE组体重显著(P < 0.05)低于PS和对照组,而大蜡螟PE组体重与PS组无显著(P > 0.05)差异。
FISH结果表明,饲喂PS、PE和麦麸的昆虫肠道中细菌与古菌为优势菌群。细菌与古菌占大麦虫肠道总菌数的86.46%–95.21%,黄粉虫肠道的79.49%–82.15%,黑粉虫肠道的75.45%–90.85%,大蜡螟肠道的89.99%–91.99%。肠道微生物群落主要由广古菌门的古菌(图3A) (平均丰度9.99%–58.05%)以及厚壁菌门(图3D) (平均丰度16.98%–54.93%),变形菌门的β-变形菌纲(图3B) (平均丰度5.91%–39.34%)和γ‐变形菌纲(图3C) (平均丰度4.62%–30.86%) 的细菌组成。其中鬃毛甲烷菌(图3F)占广古菌门的2.27%–22.45%,肠杆菌和乳杆菌(图3E)分别占厚壁菌门细菌的1.32%–20.21%和3.39%–26.81%。
从饲喂麦麸改为单一的PE或PS对昆虫肠道微生物主要菌群影响的程度不同,影响的时间不同(图4图5)。与麦麸对照组相比,饲喂PE的大麦虫肠道中厚壁菌门(从26.45%升至50.88%)和γ‐变形菌纲(从4.62%升至10.72%)在7 d时显著(P < 0.05)升高,乳杆菌在14 d时显著降低(从22.69%降至4.20%),广古菌门(从9.99%升至23.46%)和肠杆菌(从3.66%升至8.05%)在28 d时显著(P < 0.05)升高(图4A1图5A1)。饲喂PS的大麦虫肠道中β-变形菌纲(从19.46%升至35.64%)和鬃毛甲烷菌(从2.27%升至10.76%)在21 d时显著(P < 0.05)升高,而厚壁菌门(从18.88%降至16.90%)则显著(P < 0.05)降低(图4A2图5A2)。黄粉虫肠道中,PE组乳杆菌(15.42%升至17.43%),鬃毛甲烷菌(从14.22%升至18.42%)和肠杆菌(从8.23%升至16.96%)在14 d时显著(P < 0.05)升高(图5B1),而广古菌门(从36.23%降至19.83%)显著(P < 0.05)降低,21 d时的肠杆菌(11.52%)显著(P < 0.05)高于对照组(4.16%),而28 d的广古菌门(13.92%)则显著(P < 0.05)低于对照组(34.80%) (图4B1图5B1)。饲喂PS在7 d时显著(P < 0.05)升高了黄粉虫肠道中的肠杆菌(从2.56%升至7.27%),在14 d时显著(P < 0.05)升高了γ‐变形菌纲(从14.37%升至26.81%)和鬃毛甲烷菌(从14.22%升至18.42%)的丰度(图4B2图5B2)。饲喂PE对黑粉虫肠道菌群的影响较小,只有鬃毛甲烷菌(6.24%)在14 d时显著(P < 0.05)低于对照组(14.35%) (图5C1)。饲喂PS在7 d时显著(P < 0.05)升高了黑粉虫肠道中γ‐变形菌纲(从9.35%升至18.11%)和乳杆菌(从4.80%升至15.90%)的丰度,在28 d时显著(P < 0.05)升高了广古菌门(从21.10%升至58.05%)的丰度,同时显著(P < 0.05)降低了厚壁菌门(从54.93%降至29.70%)和鬃毛甲烷菌(从12.25%降至6.01%)的丰度(图4C2图5C2)。饲喂PE在21 d时显著(P < 0.05)降低了大蜡螟肠道β-变形菌纲(从24.24%降至10.14%)的丰度,在28 d显著(P < 0.05)升高了广古菌门(从15.45%升至28.43%)的丰度(图4D1)。饲喂PS显著(P < 0.05)降低了大蜡螟肠道7 d乳杆菌(从23.41%降至7.40%)的丰度(图5D2)。
通过Pearson分析对4种昆虫幼虫的体重、体长以及肠道微生物菌群的丰度进行了相关性分析,结果表明(图6),大麦虫的体重和体长与β-变形菌纲均存在显著负相关,黄粉虫体重与广古菌门存在显著负相关(P < 0.05),而大蜡螟和黑粉虫的体重、体长与其肠道微生物菌群无显著相关性(P > 0.05)。
昆虫肠道微生物菌群在塑料降解中起重要作用。昆虫啃食塑料后,塑料碎片进入昆虫肠道,而肠道中的微生物菌群降解塑料碎片,产生短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acid, SCFA),SCFA提供了昆虫所需的碳源和能源[37]。在饲养过程中观察到昆虫对PS和PE的取食方式与李玮等[38]、唐瑞等[39]及丁梦琪[40]的报道相符。本研究采用FISH技术对取食PS、PE和麦麸的大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟幼虫肠道微生物群落的组成和丰度进行了多个时间点(7、14、21和28 d)分析,发现广古菌门的古菌是4种昆虫肠道中的优势菌群,占不同时间点昆虫肠道总菌数的9.99%–58.05%,特别是在饲喂PS的黑粉虫肠道中28 d高达58.05% (图5C2),而同一时间点的细菌丰度仅为37.58%,说明古菌也是塑料降解昆虫肠道微生物群落中的主要菌群。王子君[41]报道,黄粉虫在啮食PS后产生了丙酮酸和乙酸,推测昆虫取食塑料后产生的乙酸可能被甲烷菌利用而产生甲烷[42]。本研究在饲喂塑料的昆虫肠道中发现了鬃毛甲烷菌,该菌利用乙酸作为能源和碳源生产甲烷[43],初步验证了王子君[41]的推测,但是在本研究中鬃毛甲烷菌只占广古菌门古菌总数的22.72%–38.67%,广古菌门绝大部分是甲烷菌[44],推测还存在其他的甲烷菌,但它们的组成和代谢特征还有待研究。本研究中除古菌外,厚壁菌门和变形菌门的细菌也是昆虫肠道中的优势菌群,与张诗焓等[45]、Urbanek等[46]和陈冠舟等[47]采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序对取食PS的黄粉虫肠道微生物群落研究的结果一致。
饲喂单一的PE和PS对4种昆虫肠道中主要微生物菌群丰度的影响不同。影响的时间不同,例如PE对大麦虫肠道菌群在第7天产生显著影响,而PS的对肠道菌群的影响在第21天才观察到。影响的菌群不同,黄粉虫中PS显著影响广古菌门、厚壁菌门、γ‐变形菌纲、乳杆菌和鬃毛甲烷菌,而PE仅影响了鬃毛甲烷菌。然而昆虫不同,PE和PS影响的微生物菌群、影响的时间均存在显著差异,说明昆虫肠道微生物群落的组成非常复杂。基于饲喂PE和PS昆虫早期(第7天)微生物菌群丰度的变化无法判定可能直接参与塑料降解的微生物菌群,因为不同昆虫微生物菌群丰度的变化各异,甚至有些昆虫(如黄粉虫和大蜡螟)的微生物菌群丰度并未发生显著变化。这是因为目前对降解塑料的昆虫肠道微生物菌群的组成,特别是降解塑料的微生物菌群的组成还缺乏了解,还未能设计出以塑料降解菌群为靶标的特异性的基因探针,因此加强昆虫肠道微生物菌群的纯培养及其功能研究很有必要。
目前,虽然使用单一塑料作为碳源饲喂昆虫以实现塑料降解是可行的,但其效率仍有待提高。本研究发现以单一的PS和PE分别饲喂4种昆虫幼虫,虽然昆虫体重和体长均有所增加,但速度慢于饲喂麦麸的对照组,这与张诗焓等[45]和陈耀等[48]所得结论一致。此外,本研究发现在饲喂PS的4种昆虫中黄粉虫的存活率较高,而殷涛等[49]对比了取食PS、PE和聚丙烯发泡板(polypropylene, PP)大麦虫和黄粉虫化蛹率后发现,大麦虫幼虫期较长且化蛹率低,本研究结果也表明在28 d的饲养中大麦虫无化蛹现象,与其他3种昆虫相比幼虫期最长,说明可取食降解塑料的周期也最长。研究表明在未成龄幼虫时(实验开始前期)少量多次投喂青菜叶、瓜果麦麸、玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆等,对后期发育化蛹有利[40, 50],因此,为了有效地提高昆虫取食塑料的效率,在利用昆虫降解塑料时,应选择存活率较高的黄粉虫或者幼虫期较长的大麦虫,同时添加一定比例的辅食提高昆虫的存活率,从而有效提高昆虫取食塑料的效率。
此外,本研究观察到黄粉虫和大蜡螟在取食塑料后体色加深。Evison等[51]发现黄粉虫的体色变化与其表皮结构及抗真菌的能力相关,体色较深时,表皮更厚且孔隙更少,与免疫相关的酚氧化酶活性更高。张诗焓等[45]也观察到类似的现象,并通过KEGG功能预测发现取食PS塑料后黄粉虫体内与氨基酸代谢相关基因的丰度升高。
本研究发现,大麦虫的体重和体长的变化与β-变形菌的丰度变化呈显著负相关(P < 0.05)。β-变形菌包含了许多病原菌,例如伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia)[52],在植物害虫生物防治上被广泛研究[53],本研究中β-变形菌丰度会随大麦虫取食塑料的时间显著增加,因而这可能是导致其肠道内β-变形菌丰度变化与体重和体长的变化呈显著负相关(P < 0.05)的原因。黄粉虫体重的变化与肠道中的广古菌门丰度变化呈显著(P < 0.05)负相关,广古菌门绝大部分是甲烷菌[44],甲烷菌(例如鬃毛甲烷菌)与宿主(昆虫)竞争利用塑料降解产生的短链脂肪酸,因此造成了黄粉虫体重的降低。然而黑粉虫和大蜡螟的体重、体长的变化与肠道微生物种群的变化无显著(P > 0.05)相关,说明饲喂PS和PE的黑粉虫及大蜡螟幼虫,其肠道微生物菌群丰度的变化对它们的体重和体长无显著影响。
(1) 除细菌厚壁菌门和变形菌门外,古菌广古菌门也是啮食PE和PS的大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟幼虫肠道中的主要菌群。
(2) 大麦虫、黄粉虫、黑粉虫和大蜡螟幼虫肠道中的主要微生物菌群的丰度随时间呈动态变化,并受塑料类型以及昆虫种类的影响。
(3) 大麦虫和黄粉虫的体重和体长与肠道微生物菌群显著相关,而黑粉虫和大蜡螟与肠道微生物菌群无显著相关性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31760178)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31860029)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240318
  • 接收时间:2024-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-21
  • 录用日期:2024-07-18
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760178)
国家自然科学基金(31760178)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860029)
国家自然科学基金(31860029)
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    1 昆明学院 农学与生命科学学院, 云南 昆明 650214
    2 云南省昭通市彝良县第一中学, 云南 昭通 657600

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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