Article(id=1242119551417123248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240346, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717430400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1722528000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-02, onlineDate=1774073978523, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1722787200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073978523, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073978523, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073978523, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4425, endPage=4439, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119551895273951, articleId=1242119551417123248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Identification and composition analysis of biofilms on mudflat, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To establish a methodology assessing the existence and active state of biofilms on mudflat. [Methods] We sampled the biofilms on mudflat and the surface sediments in the nearby regions, and compared the dominant algal species and their abundance between the biofilms and their nearby regions by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, we employed chlorophyll a (Chl-a) assay and flow cytometry to compare the concentration of Chl-a and the amount of Chl-a-containing cells between the biofilms and their nearby regions. [Results] The mudflat biofilms mainly harbored Diatomea, Dinoflagellata, Ochrophyta, Chlorophyta, Cryptophyceae, and Phragmoplastophyta, the relative abundance of which, however, varied significantly in different seasons or geographic locations. There was a significant difference in the concentration of Chl-a between biofilms and their nearby regions. The amount of Chl-a-containing cells in biofilms was significantly higher than that in the nearby regions. A method for assessing biofilms on mudflat was established based on the relative abundance of algae, the concentration of Chl-a, and the amount of Chl-a-containing cells. In brief, a sample is classified as a biofilm in the case of the relative abundance of algae higher than 40%, the Chl-a concentration higher than 500 mg/m3, and the amount of Chl-a-containing cells more than 500 cells/μL. Otherwise, the sample is classified as inexistence of biofilm. Additionally, the amount of Chl-a-containing cells more than 1 500 cells/μL indicates that the biofilm is in the vigorous growth phase, and that between 500 cells/μL and 1 500 cells/μL suggests that the biofilm is in the colonization or recession phase. [Conclusion] We compared the dominant algal species and their relative abundance, the concentration of Chl-a, and the amount of Chl-a-containing cells between biofilms on mudflat and their nearby regions, and established a methodology assessing the existence and active state of biofilms on mudflat based on the above indicators. The findings enriched the knowledge of biofilms on mudflat and provided a theoretical basis for understanding the microbial carbon sequestration capacity of biofilms on mudflat.

, correspAuthors=Cong SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*SUN Cong, E-mail:
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【目的】建立光滩生物膜的判定方法。【方法】采集光滩生物膜及其附近表层沉积物,利用18S rRNA基因测序研究生物膜及其附近表层沉积物的优势藻种及其丰度差异;使用叶绿素a (chlorophyll a, Chl-a)检测和流式细胞检测,对生物膜及其附近表层沉积物的叶绿素a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量进行研究。【结果】光滩生物膜主要含有硅藻(Diatomea)、甲藻(Dinoflagellata)、色藻(Ochrophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyta)、隐藻(Cryptophyceae)和轮藻(Phragmoplastophyta),不同季节和地理位置的生物膜优势藻种的相对丰度存在显著变化。光滩生物膜和附近表层沉积物之间的Chl-a浓度存在显著差异,生物膜中含有Chl-a的细胞量显著高于附近表层沉积物。通过藻类相对丰度、Chl-a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量构建了光滩生物膜的判定方法,即藻类相对丰度 > 40%,Chl-a浓度 > 500 mg/m3且含有Chl-a的细胞量 > 500 cell/μL时,判定为有生物膜,反之判定为无生物膜,含有Chl-a的细胞量 > 1 500 cell/μL时,判定生物膜为生长旺盛期,含有Chl-a的细胞量介于500-1 500 cell/μL时,判定生物膜为定殖期或衰退期。【结论】本研究探讨了光滩生物膜及其附近表层沉积物的优势藻种类型及其丰度差异,评估了生物膜及其附近表层沉积物中Chl-a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量,并基于上述认识制定了光滩生物膜有无的判定方法,拓宽了对光滩生物膜的认知,为进一步开展生物膜固碳潜力相关研究提供了理论依据。

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A: Overall environment and biofilm morphology at S1 in SBQT. B: Overall environment and biofilm morphology at S2 in SBQT. C: Overall environment and biofilm morphology at S3 in AWW. D: Overall environment and biofilm morphology at S4 in XMD. SBQT, AWW and XMD represent three different geographic locations, namely Sanbei Shallows, Aiwan Bay and Ximen Island, respectively., figureFileSmall=vvn+iC3910cbuvoVjP7dDA==, figureFileBig=JUcDu6mVGZazPdLdRQsVdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007538803509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=CN, label=图1, caption=样品采集地的整体环境及代表性生物膜的形态

A:三北浅滩-S1. B:三北浅滩-S2. C:隘顽湾-S3. D:西门岛-S4

, figureFileSmall=vvn+iC3910cbuvoVjP7dDA==, figureFileBig=JUcDu6mVGZazPdLdRQsVdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007689798466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The concentration of Chl-a in the biofilms and their nearby regions in different geographic locations under different seasons. A: March. B: June. C: September. SBQT, AWW and XMD represent three different geographic locations, namely Sanbei Shallows, Aiwan Bay and Ximen Island, respectively. 3-S1-B–9-S4-N represent sample names as shown in Table 1., figureFileSmall=9+X+iC55wUTbbhzxxVbtiQ==, figureFileBig=2cUJ1zEXvrzFKZNfbsIE+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007798850379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同条件下生物膜和附近表层沉积物的Chl-a浓度, figureFileSmall=9+X+iC55wUTbbhzxxVbtiQ==, figureFileBig=2cUJ1zEXvrzFKZNfbsIE+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007933068114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The genus level algal community structure of the biofilms and their nearby regions in different geographic locations under different seasons. 3-S1-B–9-S4-N represent sample names, specific information on the samples is shown in Table 1., figureFileSmall=t7uX8gScKtkVezRcZroktw==, figureFileBig=2PnSfMxBEGSqaAXmicf2iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008008565593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同条件下生物膜和附近表层沉积物中藻类在属水平上的群落结构, figureFileSmall=t7uX8gScKtkVezRcZroktw==, figureFileBig=2PnSfMxBEGSqaAXmicf2iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008339915624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The amount of Chl-a-containing cells in the biofilms and their nearby regions in different geographic locations, seasons and illumination conditions. A: Location. B: Light. The letters including a, b, c and d represent the significance of difference, data with different letters indicate the existence of significant difference., figureFileSmall=ZTF8calYkEr/OtdPqD+5cQ==, figureFileBig=UyJEiw4nkxQfU4rFtgi7OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008583185264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同条件下生物膜和附近表层沉积物中含有Chl-a的细胞量

A:地理位置. B:光照

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A:Chl-a浓度. B:藻类相对丰度. C:含有Chl-a的细胞量

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Sample name and information table

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Sample nameSample timeSiteSample type
3-S1-B2023.03S1Biofilm
3-S2-B2023.03S2Biofilm
6-S1-B2023.06S1Biofilm
6-S2-B2023.06S2Biofilm
6-S1-B-H2023.06S1Biofilm (dark)
6-S2-B-H2023.06S2Biofilm (dark)
6-S3-B2023.06S3Biofilm
6-S4-B2023.06S4Biofilm
9-S1-B2023.09S1Biofilm
9-S2-B2023.09S2Biofilm
9-S1-B-H2023.09S1Biofilm (dark)
9-S2-B-H2023.09S2Biofilm (dark)
9-S3-B2023.09S3Biofilm
9-S4-B2023.09S4Biofilm
3-S1-N2023.03S1Surface sediments near biofilm
6-S1-N2023.06S1Surface sediments near biofilm
6-S3-N2023.06S3Surface sediments near biofilm
6-S4-N2023.06S4Surface sediments near biofilm
9-S1-N2023.09S1Surface sediments near biofilm
9-S3-N2023.09S2Surface sediments near biofilm
9-S4-N2023.09S3Surface sediments near biofilm
), ArticleFig(id=1243291009170387862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品名称信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameSample timeSiteSample type
3-S1-B2023.03S1Biofilm
3-S2-B2023.03S2Biofilm
6-S1-B2023.06S1Biofilm
6-S2-B2023.06S2Biofilm
6-S1-B-H2023.06S1Biofilm (dark)
6-S2-B-H2023.06S2Biofilm (dark)
6-S3-B2023.06S3Biofilm
6-S4-B2023.06S4Biofilm
9-S1-B2023.09S1Biofilm
9-S2-B2023.09S2Biofilm
9-S1-B-H2023.09S1Biofilm (dark)
9-S2-B-H2023.09S2Biofilm (dark)
9-S3-B2023.09S3Biofilm
9-S4-B2023.09S4Biofilm
3-S1-N2023.03S1Surface sediments near biofilm
6-S1-N2023.06S1Surface sediments near biofilm
6-S3-N2023.06S3Surface sediments near biofilm
6-S4-N2023.06S4Surface sediments near biofilm
9-S1-N2023.09S1Surface sediments near biofilm
9-S3-N2023.09S2Surface sediments near biofilm
9-S4-N2023.09S3Surface sediments near biofilm
), ArticleFig(id=1243291009304605599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Overall percentage of algae and percentage of dominant algae species at the phylum level in different samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameOverall percentage of algae (%)Diatomea (%)Dinoflagellata (%)Chlorophyta (%)Ochrophyta (%)Phragmoplastophyta (%)Cryptophyceae (%)
3-S1-B81.0080.760.080.100.060.000.00
3-S2-B81.0071.155.691.212.900.010.04
6-S1-B62.0061.650.020.320.010.000.00
6-S2-B74.0072.880.021.090.010.000.00
6-S3-B65.0064.570.340.030.060.000.00
6-S4-B59.0055.691.490.340.960.510.00
9-S1-B70.0065.402.430.431.120.370.25
9-S2-B70.0062.550.870.894.630.840.23
9-S3-B52.0045.613.110.862.400.010.01
9-S4-B47.0045.810.260.140.690.060.03
3-S1-N11.0010.650.330.000.010.000.00
6-S1-N15.0014.650.050.010.290.000.00
6-S3-N36.0034.720.790.020.450.020.01
6-S4-N38.0037.340.040.590.010.000.01
9-S1-N33.0032.540.320.010.120.010.01
9-S3-N20.0017.611.750.130.320.040.15
9-S4-N33.0021.599.111.040.650.120.49
), ArticleFig(id=1243291009451406251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119551417123248, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同样品中藻类总体占比和门水平上优势藻种的占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameOverall percentage of algae (%)Diatomea (%)Dinoflagellata (%)Chlorophyta (%)Ochrophyta (%)Phragmoplastophyta (%)Cryptophyceae (%)
3-S1-B81.0080.760.080.100.060.000.00
3-S2-B81.0071.155.691.212.900.010.04
6-S1-B62.0061.650.020.320.010.000.00
6-S2-B74.0072.880.021.090.010.000.00
6-S3-B65.0064.570.340.030.060.000.00
6-S4-B59.0055.691.490.340.960.510.00
9-S1-B70.0065.402.430.431.120.370.25
9-S2-B70.0062.550.870.894.630.840.23
9-S3-B52.0045.613.110.862.400.010.01
9-S4-B47.0045.810.260.140.690.060.03
3-S1-N11.0010.650.330.000.010.000.00
6-S1-N15.0014.650.050.010.290.000.00
6-S3-N36.0034.720.790.020.450.020.01
6-S4-N38.0037.340.040.590.010.000.01
9-S1-N33.0032.540.320.010.120.010.01
9-S3-N20.0017.611.750.130.320.040.15
9-S4-N33.0021.599.111.040.650.120.49
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光滩生物膜的鉴定和组成分析
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付韵涵 1, 2 , 叶永炼 2 , 马阔建 1, 2 , 许学伟 1, 4 , 孙聪 3, *
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024,64(11): 4425-4439
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微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024, 64(11): 4425-4439
光滩生物膜的鉴定和组成分析
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付韵涵1, 2, 叶永炼2, 马阔建1, 2, 许学伟1, 4, 孙聪3, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学 海洋学院, 浙江 舟山 316021
  • 2 自然资源部第二海洋研究所, 自然资源部海洋生态系统动力学重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3 浙江理工大学 生命科学与医药学院, 浙江 杭州 310018
  • 4 国家深海基地管理中心, 山东 青岛 266237
Identification and composition analysis of biofilms on mudflat
Yunhan FU1, 2, Yonglian YE2, Kuojian MA1, 2, Xuewei XU1, 4, Cong SUN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
  • 3 College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
  • 4 National Deep Sea Center, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2024-08-05 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240346
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【目的】建立光滩生物膜的判定方法。【方法】采集光滩生物膜及其附近表层沉积物,利用18S rRNA基因测序研究生物膜及其附近表层沉积物的优势藻种及其丰度差异;使用叶绿素a (chlorophyll a, Chl-a)检测和流式细胞检测,对生物膜及其附近表层沉积物的叶绿素a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量进行研究。【结果】光滩生物膜主要含有硅藻(Diatomea)、甲藻(Dinoflagellata)、色藻(Ochrophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyta)、隐藻(Cryptophyceae)和轮藻(Phragmoplastophyta),不同季节和地理位置的生物膜优势藻种的相对丰度存在显著变化。光滩生物膜和附近表层沉积物之间的Chl-a浓度存在显著差异,生物膜中含有Chl-a的细胞量显著高于附近表层沉积物。通过藻类相对丰度、Chl-a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量构建了光滩生物膜的判定方法,即藻类相对丰度 > 40%,Chl-a浓度 > 500 mg/m3且含有Chl-a的细胞量 > 500 cell/μL时,判定为有生物膜,反之判定为无生物膜,含有Chl-a的细胞量 > 1 500 cell/μL时,判定生物膜为生长旺盛期,含有Chl-a的细胞量介于500-1 500 cell/μL时,判定生物膜为定殖期或衰退期。【结论】本研究探讨了光滩生物膜及其附近表层沉积物的优势藻种类型及其丰度差异,评估了生物膜及其附近表层沉积物中Chl-a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量,并基于上述认识制定了光滩生物膜有无的判定方法,拓宽了对光滩生物膜的认知,为进一步开展生物膜固碳潜力相关研究提供了理论依据。

光滩  /  生物膜  /  18S rRNA基因测序  /  叶绿素a  /  流式细胞仪

[Objective] To establish a methodology assessing the existence and active state of biofilms on mudflat. [Methods] We sampled the biofilms on mudflat and the surface sediments in the nearby regions, and compared the dominant algal species and their abundance between the biofilms and their nearby regions by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, we employed chlorophyll a (Chl-a) assay and flow cytometry to compare the concentration of Chl-a and the amount of Chl-a-containing cells between the biofilms and their nearby regions. [Results] The mudflat biofilms mainly harbored Diatomea, Dinoflagellata, Ochrophyta, Chlorophyta, Cryptophyceae, and Phragmoplastophyta, the relative abundance of which, however, varied significantly in different seasons or geographic locations. There was a significant difference in the concentration of Chl-a between biofilms and their nearby regions. The amount of Chl-a-containing cells in biofilms was significantly higher than that in the nearby regions. A method for assessing biofilms on mudflat was established based on the relative abundance of algae, the concentration of Chl-a, and the amount of Chl-a-containing cells. In brief, a sample is classified as a biofilm in the case of the relative abundance of algae higher than 40%, the Chl-a concentration higher than 500 mg/m3, and the amount of Chl-a-containing cells more than 500 cells/μL. Otherwise, the sample is classified as inexistence of biofilm. Additionally, the amount of Chl-a-containing cells more than 1 500 cells/μL indicates that the biofilm is in the vigorous growth phase, and that between 500 cells/μL and 1 500 cells/μL suggests that the biofilm is in the colonization or recession phase. [Conclusion] We compared the dominant algal species and their relative abundance, the concentration of Chl-a, and the amount of Chl-a-containing cells between biofilms on mudflat and their nearby regions, and established a methodology assessing the existence and active state of biofilms on mudflat based on the above indicators. The findings enriched the knowledge of biofilms on mudflat and provided a theoretical basis for understanding the microbial carbon sequestration capacity of biofilms on mudflat.

mudflat  /  biofilm  /  18S rRNA gene sequencing  /  chlorophyll a  /  flow cytometer
付韵涵, 叶永炼, 马阔建, 许学伟, 孙聪. 光滩生物膜的鉴定和组成分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4425 -4439 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240346
Yunhan FU, Yonglian YE, Kuojian MA, Xuewei XU, Cong SUN. Identification and composition analysis of biofilms on mudflat[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4425 -4439 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240346
光滩是一种特殊的生态系统,位于潮间带和浅海海域,全球光滩面积巨大(124 286–131 821 km2),其起到的全球碳封存效应会对全球碳收支产生重大影响[1-2]。光滩栖息着大量底栖微藻(microphytobenthos),其能分泌胞外聚合物并形成生物膜,具有很强的固碳潜力[3-5]。同时,光滩生物膜不仅仅是单一由微藻组成,其还具有大量的微生物、藻类和其他生物,覆盖在滩涂表面[6-7]。光滩生物膜在物质循环、能量转化和生态系统稳定性方面发挥着重要作用[8-9]。此外,其还可以固定和转化营养物质,如氮、磷和有机碳,对滩涂生态系统的营养循环具有重要影响[10-11]。然而,过去的研究体系中,光滩因为缺乏维管植物作为主要生产者,并且表现出显著动态变化,光滩的固碳途径与潜力常常被研究者所忽视,导致全球光滩尚未建立碳汇定量体系,使得光滩在当前的全球碳预算模型中常被忽略,因此迫切需要开展光滩固碳的相关研究填补这一关键空白。目前,对光滩生物膜的研究主要集中在其组成、结构和功能方面[12-13]。通过分析光滩生物膜中的微生物群落组成、生物量和酶活性等指标,可以了解光滩生物膜的多样性和生态功能[6, 14-15]。此外,研究人员还利用分子生物学和生物化学技术,探究光滩生物膜中微生物的代谢活性和功能基因的表达[16-17]。这些研究方法为我们深入了解光滩生物膜的形成机制和生态功能提供了重要的手段。然而,目前对于光滩生物膜的确定尚未建立统一标准,研究者们如何对光滩生物膜进行快速判定仍然是有待解决的关键科学问题。
生物膜在若干复杂的相互作用中发挥核心作用,但其功能以及它们与其他生物的相互作用容易受到环境变化的影响[15, 18-19]。判定光滩生物膜的存在和特征是研究光滩生态系统的关键步骤,然而生物膜的确定方法并不统一,目前主要的判定方法是目视,通过直接观察生物膜颜色的差异来判定生物膜的生长情况,研究人员可以在野外实地考察中直接观察到光滩生物膜的形成和分布情况,并采集样品进行室内分析[20-21]。这种方法可以提供光滩生物膜的颜色差异和物理性质等信息,但仅能进行粗略的估计,无法精确了解群落组成和藻种丰度,且存在人为误差。另一种常用的方法是遥感技术。遥感技术通过使用航空或卫星传感器,获取滩涂表面的影像数据,并通过图像处理和分析来识别和判定光滩生物膜的存在和分布[22]。这种方法具有快速、广覆盖、非破坏性的特点,但是遥感方法仅可以提供大尺度的光滩生物膜信息,而分辨率可能不足以识别小尺度的生物膜特征,影响准确性[23]。为了有效地将滩涂系统的生态功能纳入全球碳收支方案,必须将滩涂生物膜中初级生产者及其相关微生物生态网络整合到整体生态系统中,并探讨其可能的横向或纵向对邻近区域的碳输出。
在光滩生物膜中,藻类的种类和丰度对生态系统的结构和功能具有重要影响,并且主导了光滩沉积物中初级生产力高的特点[24-25]。叶绿素是藻类和植物中常见的光合色素,而叶绿素的主要形式为叶绿素a (chlorophyll a, Chl-a),其在一定程度上能够反映水体中的藻类数量[26]。Chl-a浓度可以作为评估藻类及其丰度的重要指标。因此准确测量叶绿素浓度可以明确生物膜中藻种的变化情况,对确定光滩生物膜的有无至关重要[13, 27]。流式细胞仪是一种广泛应用于生物学和环境科学研究的高精度仪器[28],它将样品中的微生物或细胞通过流体流动引入仪器中,并利用激光束激发样品中的叶绿素荧光来测量Chl-a的浓度[29]。流式细胞仪的优势在于其高灵敏度和快速分析能力,可以准确快速地测量大量环境样品的Chl-a浓度[30]。除了流式细胞仪,还有其他方法用于确定藻类的种类和丰度,如18S rRNA基因测序技术,其是一种基于DNA序列的方法,通过测定样品中的18S rRNA基因序列来鉴定和定量藻类的种类和丰度[31]。这种方法能够提供更详细的藻类分类信息,帮助我们更加深入全面地分析生物膜中藻类的多样性和动态变化[32]
本研究综合使用18S rRNA基因测序、Chl-a浓度测定和流式细胞检测等方法,基于不同季节和不同区域中样品的比较分析,明确了生物膜及其附近表层沉积物中藻类相对丰度特征、Chl-a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量间的对应关系,基于时空分布样本分析构建了综合藻类相对丰度、Chl-a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量确定光滩生物膜的判定方法。该方法有助于快速和全面判定光滩生物膜的存在,有助于扩展对于光滩生物膜的认识,为进一步开展生物膜固碳潜力评估提供理论依据。
本研究的样本采集于浙江省淤长型光滩,包括3月在浙江省宁波市的三北浅滩(SBQT, 121.43°E, 30.31°N)、6月和9月在三北浅滩、台州市的隘顽湾(AWW, 121.50°E, 28.30°N)和温州市的西门岛(XMD, 121.19°E, 28.32°N)采集的样品。其中S1和S2分别代表三北浅滩不同位置的生物膜站位,S3代表隘顽湾的生物膜站位,S4代表西门岛的生物膜站位。采集方法主要通过肉眼观察发现生物膜覆盖区域,使用抹刀仔细刮擦沉积物表面覆盖的生物膜(< 1 cm)得到样品,同时从附近区域收集无生物膜覆盖的表层沉积物样品,样品收集至无菌50 mL离心管,保存在冰盒中,并尽快运至实验室进行4 ℃和−20 ℃保存。其中4 ℃保存样品主要用于Chl-a含量和含Chl-a细胞的测定,−20 ℃保存样品主要用于DNA提取和高通量测序。
样品冷冻后,将泥样混合均匀,称取约1 g泥样并记录,在−80 ℃、压力 < 3 Pa、避光5−10 h的条件下冷冻干燥,然后称取干重。样品称重后,立即加入5 mL丙酮(丙酮需放入4 ℃冰箱预冷24 h),用振荡器搅拌均匀,随后使用超声波细胞破碎仪进行超声波处理(0 ℃循环水温控制,90%功率处理,时间共计60 s,其中工作2 s、间隔2 s,循环15次)。超声破碎处理后的样品在−20 ℃下冷冻20−30 h,间隔10−15 h振荡一次。随后,将冷冻处理后的样品摇匀,4 ℃、1 750×g离心5 min,取上清液在叶绿素荧光仪(Turner Designs公司)上测定浓度,每个样品平行重复3次。
使用DNA分离试剂盒ALFA-SEQ Advanced Soil DNA Kit [方舟生物安全科技(广州)有限公司]从生物膜和沉积物样本中提取环境总DNA,每个样品平行重复3次,随后将获得的环境总DNA样品合并用于后续分析。使用引物528F (5′-GCGGTAATTCCAGCTCCAA-3′)和新706R (5′-AATCCRAGAATTTCACCTCT-3′),PCR扩增针对V4高变区的真核生物18S rRNA基因[33]。使用质量分数为2%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行PCR扩增产物的检测和验证,收集大小为340 bp左右的片段作为合格扩增子,用于高通量测序。
使用ALFA-SEQ DNA Library Prep Kit建库试剂盒[方舟生物安全科技(广州)有限公司]进行文库构建,构建好的文库经Qubit荧光定量仪(Invitrogen公司)定量和文库检测合格后,使用NovaSeq 6000测序平台(Illumina公司)进行双端测序,获得原始数据。对于所获得的原始数据使用VSEARCH (v2.15.2)和QIIME 2 (v2023.5)软件进行处理[25]。通过使用QIIME 2软件中的DADA2模块,对组装的序列进行过滤、去冗余以及基于参考序列去除嵌合体后获得代表性序列(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)和特征表(ASVs table),基于SILVA (v132)数据库对ASVs进行分类注释用于下游分析[34]
使用0.22 µm MillexR-GP滤膜过滤得到纯水以1:10稀释样品,使细胞浓度不超过106/mL。使用CytoFLEX流式细胞仪(Becton, Dickinson and Company公司),在488 nm激发激光下通过尺寸(前向散射)检测器和内部复杂性(侧向散射)检测器对样本进行分析。所有样品中细胞的重悬和洗涤均使用PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4)。将流式细胞仪的激发波长设置为480 nm,阈值为50。使用流式细胞仪记录来自Baul3的10 000个事件,并分析正向和侧向散点图以确定含有Chl-a的细胞。数据使用Flowmax软件进行处理,使用电子门控来分离有无Chl-a的细胞。以FL1/FL3点阵图的形式显示数据。
18S rRNA基因PCR的α多样性分析包括Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数,β多样性基于加权UniFrac距离和Bray-Curtis相似性进行主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA),物种组成分类汇总结果均使用QIIME 2软件和R语言进行统计和可视化。流式细胞检测通过CytExpert进行细胞丰度的数据分析,然后通过R语言(v4.3.2)的ggplot2、devtools、MicobiotaProcess、phyloseq和amplicon软件分析包进行可视化。Chl-a浓度使用Origin软件(v2019b)进行可视化。通过SPSS (v26.0)对于样品间基于18S rRNA基因测序得到的物种丰度、Chl-a浓度、含有Chl-a的细胞量等进行t检验,用于评估有无生物膜间差异的显著性。
为了构建不同区域光滩生物膜确定的方法,本研究选择浙江省的3个光滩作为研究区域,于2023年3月、6月和9月采集三北浅滩的两处生物膜(S1和S2)、隘顽湾的一处生物膜(S3)和西门岛的一处生物膜(S4),此外还采集生物膜附近的沉积物样品和无光情况下的S1和S2生物膜样品用于后续分析,样品编号和对应信息如表1所示。通过目视判定生物膜的有无,从图1整体来看,目视法判定的结果显示出不同地理位置生物膜和沉积物的颜色存在差异,不同区域生物膜的颜色同样也存在差异。具体来说,三北浅滩生物膜呈绿色,但S1站位生物膜呈暗绿色(图1A),S2站位的生物膜呈浅绿色(图1B),隘顽湾生物膜呈褐色(图1C),西门岛生物膜的颜色呈灰色(图1D),然而3处不同地理位置的生物膜附近的表层沉积物的颜色相似,均呈黄色,明显浅于生物膜的颜色。
通过叶绿素荧光计对生物膜和附近表层沉积物样品中的Chl-a浓度进行测定,3月份三北浅滩两处生物膜的Chl-a浓度和附近表层沉积物存在显著差异,生物膜处的Chl-a浓度显著高于沉积物(P < 0.05) (图2A)。6月份采集的样品中,三北浅滩两处生物膜的Chl-a浓度均显著高于附近表层沉积物(P < 0.05),隘顽湾生物膜和附近表层沉积物的Chl-a浓度同样具有显著性差异(P < 0.05),值得注意的是,6月西门岛处附近表层沉积物(6-S4-N)的Chl-a浓度略高于生物膜(6-S4-B)处的Chl-a浓度(图2B);9月份三北浅滩两处生物膜的Chl-a浓度显著高于附近表层沉积物(P < 0.05),隘顽湾处生物膜和附近表层沉积物之间同样存在显著差异(P < 0.05),而西门岛处与6月份的结果不同,其生物膜平均Chl-a浓度高于附近表层沉积物(图2C)。因此,在不同季节下,不同地理位置的生物膜Chl-a浓度会发生明显变化,大部分样本中生物膜的Chl-a浓度显著高于附近表层沉积物,表明Chl-a浓度是区分生物膜和附近表层沉积物的重要指标,6月西门岛生物膜附近表层沉积物的Chl-a浓度表明,一些生物膜由于处于生长期或衰退期的活性状态,从而导致其颜色等目视状态和表层沉积物相似,因此仅通过目视来进行生物膜有无的判定并不准确,需要通过Chl-a浓度测定等方法来进一步确定。
对于3个地理位置的生物膜和附近表层沉积物样品,通过18S rRNA基因V4区的PCR扩增和Illumina测序,共获得了51个样本,包括7 629 276条高质量的序列,平均149 593条序列,每个样本测序量范围:10 079–251 670条序列。通过分析不同站位下藻类的总体占比发现,有生物膜处藻类的总体占比明显高于附近表层沉积物(表2)。3月三北浅滩两处生物膜藻类的总体占比均为81.00%,显著高于附近表层沉积物(11.00%),6月三北浅滩的两处生物膜和3月类似,其藻类总体占比仍显著高于附近表层沉积物,隘顽湾和西门岛有生物膜的藻类占比虽然没有三北浅滩明显,但是生物膜和沉积物之间仍存在较大差异。9月3处生物膜样品中的藻类总体占比(47.00%−70.00%)均高于附近表层生物膜(20.00%−33.00%)。因此,大多数情况下,生物膜的藻类总体占比高于附近表层沉积物,18S rRNA基因测序是判定生物膜有无的重要手段。
在门水平上,生物膜和沉积物之间藻类总体占比以及不同藻种的相对丰度存在显著差异(表2)。结果显示生物膜中主要包括6个门:硅藻(Diatomea)、甲藻(Dinoflagellata)、绿藻(Chlorophyta)、色藻(Ochrophyta)、轮藻(Phragmoplastophyta)和隐藻(Cryptophyceae)。通过生物膜和附近表层沉积物的藻类组成来看,生物膜处的优势藻种为硅藻,色藻和隐藻的占比相对较少。然而在生物膜附近表层沉积物中,硅藻仍是相对丰度最高的藻种,但其丰度显著低于生物膜,甲藻、轮藻和色藻的相对丰度比生物膜中的相对丰度更加丰富。因此,6个主要藻种在生物膜和附近表层沉积物中的相对占比存在显著差异,其中硅藻是导致生物膜和附近沉积物差异的主要因素,相比于生物膜附近表层沉积物,有生物膜处硅藻的占比更高(> 40.00%) (P < 0.05)。对于不同季节的生物膜进行分析,3月三北浅滩S1生物膜中隐藻和轮藻的丰度和附近表层沉积物比相对较低,S2处生物膜中甲藻和绿藻的丰度和附近表层沉积物比相对较高,6月S2处生物膜中色藻丰度较高,这一现象在S4处表层沉积物中有类似现象,此外S4处生物膜和S3处沉积物的甲藻丰度较高,说明不同地理位置处生物膜的藻类丰度存在着一定差异。9月4种生物膜优势藻种的相对占比差异不大,S2和S3处生物膜的绿藻丰度明显高于附近表层沉积物,上述结果说明生物膜和附近表层沉积物之间的藻类丰度存在显著差异,并且不同地理位置的生物膜中各藻种的相对丰度会随着季节发生显著性变化。
进一步对属水平上生物膜和附近表层沉积物中的藻类组成进行分析,发现属水平上藻类丰度最高的是硅藻对应的属,这与门水平的结果一致。在所有生物膜和附近表层沉积物样品中,杆状藻科(Bacillariophyceae)无法分类到属的类群的丰度均为最高,而除了Bacillariophyceae科无法分类到属的类群外,硅藻其他属在不同样品中的分布存在较为显著差异,例如三北浅滩S1处生物膜中布文藻属(Gyrosigma)在3月和9月的丰度较高,舟形藻属(Navicula)只在9月的丰度较高;三北浅滩S2处生物膜中Navicula属在3月和9月的丰度较高,Gyrosigma属只在9月的丰度较高;隘顽湾S3处生物膜中Gyrosigma属在6月的丰度较高,而Navicula属在9月的丰度较高;西门岛S4处生物膜中海链藻属(Thalassiosira)和骨条藻属(Skeletonema)在6月的丰度较高,而Navicula属在9月的丰度较高(图3)。以上结果表明,不同生物膜之间虽然门水平的组成及其相对丰度类似,但属水平上仍存在一定差异,并且相同站位的优势属会随季节的变化而改变。与此同时,在生物膜和附近表层沉积物样品的比较中,生物膜与附近表层沉积物样品的主要藻类组成在属水平上也存在一定差异,例如隘顽湾S3处生物膜中Gyrosigma属在6月的丰度较其附近表层沉积物样品更高,西门岛S4处生物膜中Thalassiosira属和Skeletonema属在6月的丰度较其附近表层沉积物样品更高(图3)。
流式细胞检测作为一种高通量单细胞分析技术,可以观察细胞内Chl-a的浓度,通过对生物膜和附近表层生物膜样品中含有Chl-a的细胞进行计数,可以进一步了解生物膜光合作用的能力,为生物膜固碳量的计算提供一定的基础。首先,对于来自不同地理位置的样品进行了含有Chl-a的细胞量检测,结果表明不同地理位置之间生物膜及其沉积物含有Chl-a的细胞量不尽相同,含有Chl-a的细胞量最高的是隘顽湾,其次是西门岛,三北浅滩最少,然而无论哪个地理位置,有生物膜处含有Chl-a的细胞量均显著高于附近沉积物(P < 0.05) (图4A)。从季节角度比较,根据箱式图的箱盒长度,可以看出不同生物膜对于季节变化的响应也存在明显不同,其中S1和S3生物膜受季节的影响不大,而S2和S4受季节的影响比较显著,说明季节变化对于不同种类生物膜含有Chl-a的细胞量的影响较大,然而随着季节变化,有生物膜处含有Chl-a的细胞量均高于1 500 cell/μL。因此,不论地理位置和季节的改变,生物膜处含有Chl-a的细胞量均显著高于附近沉积物,表现为 > 1 500 cell/μL。
藻类光合作用有明显的日夜节律现象,光照是其中的重要因素。对于不同光照条件(日、夜)下的生物膜样品进行了含Chl-a的细胞量检测,结果表明在有光条件(日)下,三北浅滩两处生物膜含有Chl-a的细胞量在不同季节时存在一定差异,但均显著高于无光条件(夜)下生物膜含有Chl-a的细胞量,而在无光条件(夜)下生物膜含有Chl-a的细胞量在不同季节时差异不大(图4B),因此,生物膜状态随着光照的有无发生变化,有光照时,含有Chl-a的细胞量 > 1 500 cell/μL,为生长旺盛期,当无光照时,含有Chl-a的细胞量急剧降低,6月S1生物膜(6-S1-B-H)中含有Chl-a的细胞量最低,为516.57 cell/μL,最高为9月S2处生物膜(9-S2-B-H),为1 457.73 cell/μL,因此,通过图4A中沉积物的细胞量判定含有Chl-a的细胞量 < 500 cell/μL时为无生物膜,通过图4B中无光状态下生物膜处含有Chl-a的细胞量判定含有Chl-a的细胞量在500−1 500 cell/μL之间时判定为有生物膜且生物膜处于衰退状态,通过有光照状态下生物膜处的细胞量判定含有Chl-a的细胞量 > 1 500 cell/μL,为生长旺盛期(图4)。
根据上述结果可以发现,以目视判定,6-S3-N和6-S4-N分别为隘顽湾和西门岛的生物膜附近表层沉积物,通过对Chl-a浓度的测量发现,两处的Chl-a浓度均大于500 mg/m3,与6-S3-B和6-S4-B差异较小,应判定为有生物膜(图5A),通过测定藻类的相对丰度,发现其比例接近40%,与6-S3-B和6-S4-B差异较小,可以被判定为有生物膜(图5B),同时,两处含有Chl-a的细胞量分别为1 208.3 cell/μL和1 301.3 cell/μL (图5C),显著高于其他无生物膜处含有Chl-a的细胞量(P < 0.05),在500−1 500 cell/μL之间,通过无光情况下判定生物膜处于生长衰退期时含有Chl-a的细胞量范围为500−1 500 cell/μL,因此,通过含有Chl-a的细胞量可以判定这两处为生长衰退期的生物膜站位。生物膜处于活性状态衰退的情况下通过目视观察的颜色和状态与沉积物的区别不大,但是通过含有Chl-a的细胞量可以判定出两处实际上是生物膜,说明通过目视判定生物膜的有无具有一定的局限性。
藻类相对丰度和Chl-a浓度可以用于确定生物膜存在与否,生物膜处的Chl-a浓度普遍较高,基本都高于500 mg/m3,和附近表层沉积物形成较大不同(P < 0.05),同样,生物膜处藻类的相对丰度一般高于40%,反之附近沉积物的相对丰度小于40%,生物膜及其附近表层沉积物之间,无论是Chl-a浓度还是藻类相对丰度的占比都存在着显著的差异(图5A5B),而例如6-S3-N和6-S4-N虽然基于目视的判定属于不存在生物膜,但基于藻类相对丰度和Chl-a浓度的判定属于存在生物膜。生物膜处含有Chl-a的细胞量可以用于确定生物膜存在与否以及活性状态,不同站位生物膜处含有Chl-a的细胞量(> 1 500 cell/μL)显著高于附近沉积物(P < 0.05),处于有活性状态,而例如6-S3-N和6-S4-N属于存在生物膜,但处于生长衰退期(图5C)。
因此,本研究提出,当光滩样品中藻类相对丰度 > 40%,Chl-a浓度 > 500 mg/m3且含有Chl-a的细胞量 > 500 cell/μL时,样品可以判定为生物膜,反之则不是生物膜。另外,通过上述方法确认的生物膜样品,可以通过含有Chl-a的细胞量反映出生物膜所处状态,当含有Chl-a的细胞量 > 1 500 cell/μL时,判定生物膜状态为生长旺盛期,反之则为生长衰退期。
光滩生物膜是重要的微生物初级生产者,其作为光滩蓝碳的主要来源,在评估沿海生态系统时容易被忽视,但近年来,生物膜对滩涂地区的初级生产力、沉积物的底栖交换、养分循环和氧气生产的重要作用已得到较多关注[35]。生物膜的细胞中由于存在叶绿素等色素,会展现出和其他沉积物区域不同的颜色,高色素浓度表层沉积物中Chl-a是主要色素,其浓度比周围地区常见的值高2−5倍[36-37],其中各种藻类栖息在生物膜上进行光合作用,是有效的CO2泵,影响着光滩生态系统CO2: O2的平衡,为整个生态系统提供能量的同时,也将大气中的CO2从大气转移到沉积物中实现固碳,进而影响全球气候变化[38]。无论何处的生物膜都与其附近的沉积物存在显著差异,生物膜颜色的差异不仅仅是周围环境的影响因素导致的,微藻内的色素组成也将导致生物膜颜色的差别[39]。目前,对于光滩生物膜缺乏相关深入研究,仍采用传统的目视颜色差异的方法进行生物膜的识别。在本研究中,对浙江省3处典型光滩(三北浅滩、隘顽湾和西门岛)进行了生物膜采样和分析,结果表明通过传统目视观察可以明显发现生物膜,但是仅可用于初步判定生物膜是否存在,仍存在判定误差,需要进一步检测进行明确。
由于生物膜对微藻能起到保护作用,减少外部压力对于微藻的影响,所以一般出现在生物膜中的藻类丰度均明显高于附近沉积物[40]。大量研究表明,硅藻是生物膜中最丰富的类群,尤其是底栖硅藻,因快速周转和较强的适应能力而广泛分布,能够占据多种水生栖息地[2, 20, 39]。其他种类如蓝藻、绿藻、裸藻等,相较硅藻丰度和多样性上都较低[5]。Hörnlein等[16]研究发现天然生物膜中的优势藻种为硅藻,硅藻在该生态系统中起重要作用,具有指导群落中其他生物昼夜节律的功能。然而在波罗的海沿海地区,微微型真核生物发挥着重要作用,它们约占自养微微浮游生物总生物量的50%,最丰富的微微真核藻类是隐藻(16%),其次是硅藻(9%)[41-42]。究其原因,主要是因为丰富的藻类群落通常只在沉积物表面形成一个薄层,以介导复杂的生物地球化学循环过程和光滩的固碳作用[43-44],光滩生物膜呈现斑块状分布,是一个随时间不断变化的微生物群落,其群落组成和优势藻种的相对丰度会发生明显变化[45]。此外,虽然不同地区间底栖微藻的群落组成及优势种存在明显差异,其在季节差异上变化趋势并不显著[41]
大量研究表明,高通量测序的方法可以揭示滩涂中微生物等群落的详细结构特征[46]。本研究通过使用18S rRNA基因高通量测序分析,发现不同地理位置的生物膜和沉积物之间在物种组成和丰度上存在显著差异,但硅藻始终是光滩生物膜的主要藻类,不同地理位置在生物膜处的藻类相对丰度(50%−90%)远远大于沉积物(10%−40%),在3−9月的浙江典型光滩的微生物膜中也无显著的优势藻种组成变化,这与其他光滩生物膜的研究类似。浙江省光滩属于温带,受季节变化的影响相对较大,包括光照、温度与泥沙输送等,本研究中三北浅滩附近是盐沼环境,隘顽湾周围受人为扰动的影响较大,西门岛生物膜附近生长着红树林,受到周围环境以及潮汐横向运输的影响因素,可能使得其生物膜中具有的藻类的优势种类和相对丰度存在较大差异。西门岛处生物膜和另外两处生物膜的差异最显著,其多样性和丰富度显著偏高,可能是因为西门岛周边滩涂具有多生境的自然环境梯度,包括植被、养分含量、暴露在空气中的持续时间的变化等,而高度可变的环境增加了微生物群落组成的复杂性[47]。因此,通过18S rRNA基因高通量测序,可以在目视基础上深入了解不同分类学水平上藻种和相对丰度分布差异,从而准确研判样本中生物膜是否存在及生物膜所具有的微藻组成特征。
Chl-a是浮游植物,特别是藻类的主要色素,常用于指征藻类的生物量,目前已经提出了基于Chl-a浓度作为浮游植物生物量和水柱中营养物浓度的方法来进行富营养化评估,这些研究结果证实了通过Chl-a浓度判定生物膜是否存在的可行性[48]。同时,微型浮游植物包括微微型真核藻类及聚球藻(Synechococcus)和原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus)等蓝细菌,由于细胞微小,形态特征不明显,通常采用流式细胞仪进行分析,通过该方法,可以调查微型真核藻类、微微型真核藻类、聚球藻、原绿球藻以及浮游植物优势种的组成、丰度与分布情况[49]
基于以上认识,本研究详细讨论了浙江光滩生物膜和附近表层沉积物在藻类相对丰度、Chl-a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量在不同站位、季节等条件下的差异,发现通过单一方法难以准确判定光滩生物膜的存在,例如本研究发现生物膜中藻类相对丰度远远高于其附近沉积物表层藻类的相对丰度,具有生物膜的光滩中6个优势藻种的相对丰度通常大于40%,但在某些情况下,生物膜和附近表层沉积物的差异并不显著,例如,6月S3的表层沉积物和9月S3的生物膜处藻类占比相差不大。同时,本研究发现有生物膜区域含有Chl-a的细胞量显著高于其附近沉积物区域,在无光情况下生物膜状态会从生长旺盛期(> 1 500 cell/μL)逐渐减少到生长衰退期(500−1 500 cell/μL),增加了对于生物膜活性状态判定的认识。因此,提出了基于藻类丰度、Chl-a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量三者结合的综合判定方法,基于该方法,6月隘顽湾和西门岛的表层沉积物(6-S3-N和6-S4-N)虽然目视未发现生物膜,但可以判定为生物膜。
本研究揭示了传统目视测定带来的人为判定误差,并给出了光滩生物膜各项指标的判定阈值,在传统光滩生物膜的判定方法之外,构建了一项基于藻类丰度、Chl-a浓度和含有Chl-a的细胞量的光滩生物膜判定方法,结合不同季节和地理位置从多角度耦合验证判定生物膜方法的可靠性,为光滩生物膜的确定及活性状态提供了方便准确的判定方法。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U23A2034)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32370006)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LDT23D06025D06)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240346
  • 接收时间:2024-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-08-05
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-04
  • 录用日期:2024-08-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A2034)
国家自然科学基金(U23A2034)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370006)
国家自然科学基金(32370006)
Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LDT23D06025D06)
浙江省自然科学基金(LDT23D06025D06)
作者信息
    1 浙江大学 海洋学院, 浙江 舟山 316021
    2 自然资源部第二海洋研究所, 自然资源部海洋生态系统动力学重点实验室, 浙江 杭州 310012
    3 浙江理工大学 生命科学与医药学院, 浙江 杭州 310018
    4 国家深海基地管理中心, 山东 青岛 266237

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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