Article(id=1242119550519546300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240309, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1722528000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-02, onlineDate=1774073978309, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1722787200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073978309, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073978309, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073978309, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4106, endPage=4118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119550943171019, articleId=1242119550519546300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Distribution characteristics and potential health risks of airborne microorganisms, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Airborne microorganisms (AMs), including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, are ubiquitous. They are indispensable components of the atmospheric ecosystem, play an essential role in maintaining the stability and functions of the atmospheric ecosystem. AMs include not only beneficial microorganisms but also pathogenic microorganisms, which pose a threat to human health. Therefore, comprehensively revealing the distribution characteristics and succession patterns of AMs is of great significance for improving air quality, safeguarding human health, and ensuring national biosafety. This review systematically elucidates the sources, distribution characteristics, influencing factors, and categories of pathogenic microorganisms as well as the health risks associated with AMs. It contributes to the in-depth understanding of AMs pollution and its health risks, providing a scientific basis for preventing and controlling the pollution and protecting human health and eco-environment.

, correspAuthors=Hu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Hu, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengke GAO, Hu LI, Peiyuan XU, Fuyi HUANG, Jianqiang SU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119551685562863, articleId=1242119550519546300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=空气微生物的分布特征及潜在健康风险的研究现状, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空气微生物无处不在,主要包括细菌、真菌和病毒等,是大气生态系统中不可或缺的组成部分,对维持大气生态系统的稳定性和功能具有重要意义。空气微生物中不仅包含有益微生物,也潜在大量威胁人类健康的病原微生物。因此,全面深入揭示空气微生物在空气中的分布特征及演替规律,对提高空气质量、保障人们健康及国家生物安全具有至关重要的作用。本文系统地阐释了空气微生物来源、分布特征及其影响因素、病原微生物种类及潜在健康风险,有助于更好地认识空气微生物污染及其健康风险,为空气微生物污染防控和人类健康保障及生态环境保护提供科学依据。

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articleId=1242119550519546300, language=CN, label=图2, caption=增加空气微生物中病原微生物丰度的潜在途径, figureFileSmall=3x7Dhsnti1a1c5D3kAxcDA==, figureFileBig=Hzm2COVjE4gZ+FSLOo/bcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243292543669093331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550519546300, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dominant bacterial and fungal genera in different study environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Detected environmentDominant bacterial generaReferencesDetected environmentDominant fungi generaReferences
UrbanStreptomyces, Bacillus, Kocuria[2]UrbanXylaria, Schizophyllum, Cryptococcus[2]
Elementary school classroomEnhydrobacter, Streptococcus, Micrococcus[19]Elementary school classroomCladosporium, Trametes, Aureobasidium[19]
Wastewater treatment plantStaphylococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas[20]Subway station (Athens)Cladosporium, Mycosphaerella, Antrodia[21]
Subway station (Athens)Paracoccus, Sphingomonas, Kocuria[21]Indoor multiple-use facilitiesAspergillus, Penicillium, Toxicocladosporium[22]
Indoor multiple-use facilitiesStaphylococcus, Kocuria, Corynebacterium[22]Public transportation facilitiesMalassezia, Penicillium, Aspergillue[22]
Public transportation facilitiesStaphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus[22]Poultry farmsFusarium, Clavaria, Rhodotorula[25]
HospitalStaphylococcus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium[23]Wastewater treatment plantPenicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria[26]
Poultry farmsStaphylococcus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas[24]HospitalPenicillium, ladosporium, Aspergillus[27]
), ArticleFig(id=1243292543736202196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550519546300, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同研究环境中优势细菌属和真菌属

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Detected environmentDominant bacterial generaReferencesDetected environmentDominant fungi generaReferences
UrbanStreptomyces, Bacillus, Kocuria[2]UrbanXylaria, Schizophyllum, Cryptococcus[2]
Elementary school classroomEnhydrobacter, Streptococcus, Micrococcus[19]Elementary school classroomCladosporium, Trametes, Aureobasidium[19]
Wastewater treatment plantStaphylococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas[20]Subway station (Athens)Cladosporium, Mycosphaerella, Antrodia[21]
Subway station (Athens)Paracoccus, Sphingomonas, Kocuria[21]Indoor multiple-use facilitiesAspergillus, Penicillium, Toxicocladosporium[22]
Indoor multiple-use facilitiesStaphylococcus, Kocuria, Corynebacterium[22]Public transportation facilitiesMalassezia, Penicillium, Aspergillue[22]
Public transportation facilitiesStaphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus[22]Poultry farmsFusarium, Clavaria, Rhodotorula[25]
HospitalStaphylococcus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium[23]Wastewater treatment plantPenicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria[26]
Poultry farmsStaphylococcus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas[24]HospitalPenicillium, ladosporium, Aspergillus[27]
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空气微生物的分布特征及潜在健康风险的研究现状
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高梦珂 1, 2 , 李虎 1, 3, * , 徐沛圆 1, 4 , 黄福义 1, 3 , 苏建强 1, 3
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(11): 4106-4118
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(11): 4106-4118
空气微生物的分布特征及潜在健康风险的研究现状
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高梦珂1, 2, 李虎1, 3, * , 徐沛圆1, 4, 黄福义1, 3, 苏建强1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院城市环境研究所, 福建 厦门 361021
  • 2 福建农林大学 菌草与生态学院, 福建 福州 350001
  • 3 中国科学院大学, 北京 101408
  • 4 河北大学 生命科学学院, 河北 保定 071002
Distribution characteristics and potential health risks of airborne microorganisms
Mengke GAO1, 2, Hu LI1, 3, * , Peiyuan XU1, 4, Fuyi HUANG1, 3, Jianqiang SU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China
  • 2 College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
  • 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
  • 4 College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2024-08-05 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240309
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空气微生物无处不在,主要包括细菌、真菌和病毒等,是大气生态系统中不可或缺的组成部分,对维持大气生态系统的稳定性和功能具有重要意义。空气微生物中不仅包含有益微生物,也潜在大量威胁人类健康的病原微生物。因此,全面深入揭示空气微生物在空气中的分布特征及演替规律,对提高空气质量、保障人们健康及国家生物安全具有至关重要的作用。本文系统地阐释了空气微生物来源、分布特征及其影响因素、病原微生物种类及潜在健康风险,有助于更好地认识空气微生物污染及其健康风险,为空气微生物污染防控和人类健康保障及生态环境保护提供科学依据。

空气微生物  /  病原微生物  /  群落分布  /  健康风险

Airborne microorganisms (AMs), including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, are ubiquitous. They are indispensable components of the atmospheric ecosystem, play an essential role in maintaining the stability and functions of the atmospheric ecosystem. AMs include not only beneficial microorganisms but also pathogenic microorganisms, which pose a threat to human health. Therefore, comprehensively revealing the distribution characteristics and succession patterns of AMs is of great significance for improving air quality, safeguarding human health, and ensuring national biosafety. This review systematically elucidates the sources, distribution characteristics, influencing factors, and categories of pathogenic microorganisms as well as the health risks associated with AMs. It contributes to the in-depth understanding of AMs pollution and its health risks, providing a scientific basis for preventing and controlling the pollution and protecting human health and eco-environment.

airborne microorganisms  /  pathogenic microorganisms  /  community distribution  /  health risk
高梦珂, 李虎, 徐沛圆, 黄福义, 苏建强. 空气微生物的分布特征及潜在健康风险的研究现状. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4106 -4118 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240309
Mengke GAO, Hu LI, Peiyuan XU, Fuyi HUANG, Jianqiang SU. Distribution characteristics and potential health risks of airborne microorganisms[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4106 -4118 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240309
空气微生物无处不在[1],多以附着于颗粒物的形式存在,主要包括细菌、真菌、病毒及放线菌等[2]。它们来源广泛(图1):自然源包括土壤、淡水和海洋、植物等;人为源包括人体皮肤、唾沫、动物饲养、工业生产、污水处理以及交通车辆尾气排放等[3]。空气微生物可定殖于人体皮肤、消化道和呼吸道黏膜等,影响人类健康[4]。研究表明,城市空气微生物多样性低是造成城市儿童患哮喘率显著高于农村儿童的重要原因[5]。芬兰科学家也发现,暴露于多样性高的空气微生物中可增强儿童的免疫力[6]。空气微生物能以颗粒物等作为载体进行长距离传播[7],引发多点间人和动物的交叉病原微生物感染,造成更多人员疾病。空气中潜在的病原微生物不仅能够直接感染人类造成疾病[3],而且可以间接通过威胁粮食安全及生态系统稳定威胁人类健康[8]。例如,空气粉尘中的植物病原体威胁农业生产和粮食安全[3];跨洋和跨大陆的沙尘可以将病原微生物从源头转移到数千公里以外的地方,对生态系统造成显著干扰[8],进而威胁人类健康。综上所述,空气微生物已经成为全球关注的热点,在维持生态系统稳定、保障粮食安全及人类健康方面发挥着重要作用。因此,本文系统阐述了空气微生物的来源、分布特征及其影响因素,同时探讨了空气中病原微生物种类及其潜在健康风险,在此基础上对空气微生物领域未来研究方向和前景提出展望,为空气微生物污染防控和空气质量提升提供理论依据,对保障和促进人类健康具有深远意义。
空气中微生物组成十分丰富。据估计,自然界中大约有4万种细菌、150万种真菌和13万种病毒,其中优势细菌属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)等,优势真菌属为枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、交链孢菌属(Alternaria)和青霉菌属(Penicillium)等[9]。目前对空气病毒的研究仍十分缺乏。
空气中细菌浓度大约为101−107 CFU/m3[10]。通过培养方法从空气中分离得到的细菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主[11]。然而,Xue等[12]研究发现,沿海空气中可培养细菌主要为革兰氏阴性菌,如流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)等[13]。关于海洋空气中空气细菌的来源,Li等[14]研究表明,细菌和其他初级生物颗粒可以通过破碎波浪中的气泡破裂,从而由海洋表面微层(sea-surface microlayer, SML)释放到大气中,相对于SML中的浓度,海雾气溶胶中的细菌浓度可以显著富集。
随着分子生物学及高通量测序技术的发展,越来越多的研究学者关注空气细菌群落组成及其影响因素。大量研究表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)在空气细菌群落组成中占主导地位[15-17]。虽然如此,空气微生物群落组成仍存在显著的时空差异,细菌的浓度、多样性、大小分布和优势种会随时间和空间的变化而变化。最新研究表明,厦门市细菌绝对丰度在冬季显著高于夏季,公园的空气细菌绝对丰度最低,工业区的空气细菌绝对丰度最高[9]。在不同季节和不同城市化程度区域,Li等[15]研究发现,空气微生物中致病细菌也存在明显差异,病原微生物占总细菌的比例在夏季显著高于春季,城市化显著增加了潜在致病性物种的相对丰度,特别是在医院附近。此外,Zhai等[18]研究表明,细菌暴露水平主要与人体口腔、室内人体皮肤以及室外风、温度、相对湿度等多种因素相关,因此,细菌组成与具体环境密切相关(表1),城市环境中常检测到的是链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)和考克氏菌属(Kocuria)[2];在小学教室中占主导地位的优势细菌属是水栖菌属(Enhydrobacter)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)和微球菌属(Micrococcus)[19];污水处理厂中主要是葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)[20];在地铁站常检测到副球菌属(Paracoccus)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和考克氏菌属(Kocuria)[21];在室内多用途设施(公共洗浴设施、商务办公室、美食广场)和公共交通设施(机场、火车站)[22]、医院[23]和家禽养殖场[24]等空气中的优势细菌属只有细微的差别。然而,目前的研究多以单一时间采样为主,缺乏时间尺度高分辨率的连续采集及分析[28],不能更好地了解微生物群落的时序变化,因此,后续我们应该着重关注高时间分辨率系统性的研究。
真菌种类繁多,约150万种,但其通常只占所有空气微生物的小部分[18]。真菌病原体和过敏原在空气中无处不在,相较于细菌,真菌暴露与过敏及哮喘具有更加紧密的联系[29]。Fröhlich-Nowoisky等发现,空气中的真菌大小不一,粗颗粒物中植物病原体较多,可吸入细颗粒物中人类病原体和过敏原较多,并且在粗颗粒物和细颗粒物之间检测到真菌群落结构和组成存在显著性差异[25]。例如,一些植物病原体仅在或主要在粗颗粒样品中发现,如布氏白粉菌(Blumeria graminis)和锈菌属(Puccinia spp.);而一些人类病原体仅在细颗粒样品中检测到,如热带念珠菌(Candida tropicalis)和Wallemia spp.[30]
枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)和青霉菌属(Penicillium)在空气真菌群落中占主导地位[31],然而季节变化会导致微生物的聚集、组成和相互作用发生改变,真菌群落在夏季表现出比冬季更高的异质性[29]。在不同条件下导致过敏的真菌物种丰度在秋季达到峰值,而真菌病原体的相对丰度在春季最高;室外真菌丰度冬季高于夏季,而室内则相反[32]。在不同地区,由于来源、气象条件、土地利用类型和人为活动的不同,真菌群落的多样性具有显著差异(表1),在城市环境下检测到的是裂褶菌属(Schizophyllum)、炭角菌属(Xylaria)和隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)[2];在小学教室中占主导地位的优势真菌属为枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、栓菌属(Trametes)和短梗霉属(Aureobasidium)[19];地铁站主要是枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、球腔菌属(Mycosphaerella)、薄孔菌属(Antrodia)[21];家禽养殖场常检测到的是镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、珊瑚菌属(Clavaria)和红酵母属(Rhodotorula)[25];在室内多用途设施(公共洗浴设施、商务办公室、美食广场)、公共交通设施(机场、火车站)[22]、污水处理厂[26]、医院[27]等空气中的优势真菌属有细微的差别。因此研究空气中真菌的多样性可以为微生物感染的控制和监测提供参考。
植物[3]、水体[13]和土壤[33]是空气微生物的重要来源,人类活动也会释放大量微生物到空气中,如口腔微生物、飞沫、皮肤微生物脱落以及粪便排泄等[34]。空气微生物具有来源多、种类多样、活性易变、播散三维、沉积再现和感染广泛的特点[35],其组成受多种自然及人为因素影响,如气象因子(包括温度、相对湿度、降水、大气压以及紫外强度)、化学污染物、重金属污染、土地利用方式改变、人为活动和城市化等[9]
温度是影响空气微生物生存和繁殖的最重要因素之一。低温可降低微生物机体的代谢活力,使其生长和繁殖受到抑制,但存活时间会相对延长;高温既可能使微生物体内的蛋白质和核酸变性失活,破坏细胞结构导致微生物死亡,又可能会加快微生物细胞干燥脱水,不利于微生物生存[35]。温度对空气细菌和真菌的影响程度有所不同,相比细菌,温度对真菌浓度的影响更大[35]。例如,Frączek等[36]的研究表明,最高的真菌气溶胶浓度出现在夏季(平均气温17−19 ℃),为1 439−16 445 CFU/m3,明显高于秋季(172−3 567 CFU/m3)、冬季(112−2 531 CFU/m3)和春季(245−1 939 CFU/m3)。
相对湿度也是影响微生物生存和繁殖的重要因素,对空气微生物浓度、多样性和组成等影响显著,并且与温度结合后影响更明显[37]。先前的研究表明,室内温度越低空气交换速率越高,室内空气细菌丰度越低;相对湿度越低,室内空气中真菌浓度越低[38]。在亚热带地区,相对湿度对空气中真菌孢子数的影响要大于温度,70%−80%左右的湿度值有利于担孢子和子囊孢子的释放[12]
风是生物气溶胶产生和传播的动力,空气中微生物浓度受风影响较大,风可以吹散高浓度的微生物气溶胶,也可以将其他环境中的微生物带入空气中[1]。低风速条件下,细菌和真菌繁殖体的传输受到限制,使其只能在产生源附近进行传播,导致周围人类更容易暴露在微生物风险中;而高风速具有相当强的大气稀释效应,即使会带来外源微生物,也会降低微生物浓度水平[39]
大部分研究表明降水会增加空气中微生物的浓度,通过增加环境湿度促进微生物的产生和释放,进而增加空气中微生物浓度[40-41]。Levetin和Horner[42]研究发现,降雨对空气中真菌的干孢子和湿孢子有积极作用,通常在叶子上发现干孢子,当雨滴撞击叶子表面时,孢子可能会分散随风进入到大气中。仅少部分研究发现降雨和降雪会对空气中微生物产生冲刷和净化作用,进而降低空气中微生物浓度,并且微生物粒径越大,对微生物粒子的清除效果越好[37]
不同强度的太阳辐射会导致环境温度和相对湿度发生变化,由此对微生物的生存和繁殖产生复杂影响。当太阳辐射增强时,紫外线普遍增强,这将增强杀死微生物的能力[43]。先前研究表明,低辐射强度下,环境中适宜的温度和湿度有利于微生物孢子的释放,进而提高空气中微生物浓度水平[42]
空气污染物是影响空气微生物群落组成的重要因素之一。空气污染物是指存在于大气中,对人类健康和环境产生危害的各种物质和颗粒等,主要包括大气颗粒物(particulate matter, PM)、臭氧(O3)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)和一氧化碳(CO)[44]。Crandall和Gilbert[45]研究发现,空气污染物在形成微生物群落结构中起着主要作用,由于雾霾天有毒有害物质浓度较高,北京市区雾霾事件期间空气中微生物浓度呈现下降趋势。Xie等研究表明,空气质量水平不同的地区,总微生物(total airborne microbes, TAMs)浓度趋势呈现不同变化,随着空气质量的恶化,TAMs浓度并不总是随着空气质量的恶化而增大,而是呈现先上升后略有下降的变化趋势,在中等污染水平时达到最大值,这可能是由于附着在颗粒物(PM)上的化学污染物数量的变化引起的微生物生长和抑制的共同作用[46]。此外,Jeon等[47]认为PM排放会因其附着性而引发生物气溶胶浓度的增加,而细颗粒物(PM2.5)可以作为空气中微生物的载体,PM2.5浓度的增加为空气中微生物的附着提供了更多的介质,因此导致空气微生物浓度水平随着PM2.5浓度的增加而增加。对于其他污染物(如O3)与TAMs浓度呈负相关关系[39],这可能是由于高浓度的O3对微生物产生毒性作用。相反,Dong等[48]发现SO2、NO2和CO浓度与空气中微生物总量呈显著正相关关系,这一现象可能是由于SO2、NO2和CO转化的硫酸盐、硝酸盐和碳酸盐可以被一些活性菌当作营养物质,有利于微生物的生长。
人类活动是影响空气微生物群落分布的另一重要因素。人体皮肤和消化道携带1012−1014种微生物,人类活动会导致室内和室外环境微生物群落组成发生一定的变化[9]。研究表明,室内不同界面与人体皮肤之间具有较多的共享微生物,人类经常接触的界面中,潜在致病微生物的比例显著高于人类较少接触的界面,这证明人类的直接接触将显著改变室内界面微生物群落组成[49]。此外,人类活动造成的室外空气污染物及化学组分变化也会显著影响空气微生物组成,中国新年期间与非新年期间相比,人口和人类活动存在显著差异,环境的变化受人类活动影响,对空气微生物群落产生显著影响[28]。空气细菌群落中潜在致病菌的检出率为0.07%−24.85%,平均为6.22%,与城市街道采集的样品空气中检出率相当[17],空气细菌中的潜在致病菌相对丰度在春节期间随时间延长而增加,春节后下降,春节期间空气中致病细菌的相对丰度高达24.85%,平均为14.28%[28],与人类皮肤上检测到的丰度相当[49],甚至高于医院空气中检测到的丰度[15]。这些结果表明,人类活动会对空气微生物群落丰度产生显著影响。
城市化进程不断加快使得土地利用方式、人口密度以及绿地格局发生变化。在城市化过程中,公园和城市住宅区迅速取代了农业区和森林区,导致土地硬化,这些变化会间接影响土壤微生物的组成和多样性,最终通过灰尘或气溶胶的扩散影响空气微生物[15]。植被覆盖率对空气微生物的组成具有重要影响。Li等以厦门为样点城市展开研究发现,细菌群落在门(phylum)水平上来看,归一化植被指数显著低于城市功能区(森林、街道、居民区)的区域(后文统称为对照区),放线菌门显著高于其他门类,厚壁菌门则呈相反趋势;同样,在真菌群落的纲水平上也发现显著差异,森林区的子囊菌纲的相对丰度最低,而在对照区相对丰度最高[17]。因此,植被覆盖率是决定空气中细菌和真菌群落组成的关键因素。然而,随着城市化进程的加速,城市绿地面积逐渐减少。先前研究表明,空气中病原微生物在森林、街道、居民区检测出的相对丰度为3.03%−6.77%,其中病原微生物在居民区和街道区丰度较高,森林区丰度最低[17]。因此,推测城市绿地在塑造空气微生物群落方面发挥着重要作用,其中植物种类的多样性对于降低空气中病原微生物的相对丰度具有至关重要的作用[17]
空气微生物中潜在的病原微生物污染逐渐成为社会关注的重点环境问题之一。目前空气微生物污染中的病原微生物主要有细菌性、真菌性以及病毒性三大类[50],而且潜在病原微生物丰度增加的途径越来越多样化[51],如图2所示,由于人为因素产生的包括人类日常生活、工农业及畜牧业等,自然来源主要包括动植物扩散、水汽输送、土壤逸散以及其他的自然灾害(沙尘暴及洪水等),导致人类健康处在更大的威胁中。特别是一些典型的人为排放源所带来的健康风险尤其重大。例如,卫生填埋场的废弃物处理过程中,垃圾焚烧和填埋产生的污染物可成为病原体传播的介质,显著增大了潜在健康风险[37];交通排放中的颗粒物不仅携带有害化学物质,还可能成为病原微生物的载体,增加呼吸系统疾病的风险[50];工业排放中释放的重金属和有机污染物会抑制免疫系统,使人体更易感染病原微生物[52];农业和畜牧业排放的氨气、甲烷及农药残留,不仅直接影响呼吸健康,还可能通过空气传播病原微生物,引发慢性或急性的健康问题[52-53]。此外,英美两国发现洪水淹没的房屋有利于病原微生物生存,含有大量霉菌的房屋会成为暴露病原微生物的一个场所[54]。Wesley等研究表明,城市气溶胶中始终存在病原菌,其中幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)、蜱传立克次体(Tick-borne Rickettsia)、C型肉毒梭菌(Clostridium botulinum type C)、鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia mallei)、类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia pseudomallei)等细菌对环境有害,可导致人类健康疾病和哺乳动物疾病(如菌血症、胃肠道溃疡、胃溃疡和腺病)[55],这也表明城市地区存在的许多病原微生物可能对城市居民的健康构成威胁。
空气中潜在的病原微生物不仅会对人类健康造成伤害,同时也会对植物造成伤害。空气中的真菌通过孢子进行传播,真菌孢子的远距离传播会对农业和全球粮食安全构成威胁,即使寄主植物季节性缺失,一些真菌病原体也能够跨越洲际距离传播并重新感染宿主,一个显著的例子是稈锈病菌(Puccinia graministritici Eriks et Henn.)、叶锈病菌[Puccinia rubigo-veratritici (Eriks.) Carleton]和条锈病菌[Puccinia glumarum (Schm.) Eriks. et Henn]的传播导致农业作物小麦患小麦茎锈病,小麦发病后轻者麦粒不饱满,重者麦株枯死,不能抽穗,产量急剧下降,对全球粮食供应构成威胁[56]。因此,探索病原微生物多样性和分布特征可以为后续研究病原微生物对人类健康和生活的影响打下坚实的基础。病原菌对植物的侵入,可导致周围土壤及水体等微生物群落等受到干扰,造成生态系统紊乱。在“同一健康(one health)”下探索病原微生物多样性和分布特征可为地球生态系统稳定、动植物及人类健康提供重要的科学基础。
抗生素耐药性(antibiotic resistance, AMR)的出现变成了对全球卫生、粮食安全和可持续发展目标的最大威胁之一。然而由于抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)在人、动物和环境之间的广泛传播,抗生素的功效日益被削弱[5]。由细菌引起的疾病主要依赖抗生素治疗,因此其疗效日益受到阻碍,导致数百万人死亡[57]。据预测,到2050年,耐药性致病微生物可能导致人类死亡数量高达1 000万[57]。空气中的微生物,包括潜在的携带抗生素抗性基因的微生物,很容易被人类吸入并定殖在消化道和呼吸道黏膜上,甚至深入肺部[58],鉴于成年人每天呼吸的空气通量在10 000−12 000 L[59],周围的大气可能是ARGs的重要暴露途径。例如,2019年与耐药性相关的下呼吸道感染死亡人数超过150万,其成为负担最重的感染综合征,造成这种状况的6种主要死亡病原体包括待定大肠埃希氏菌(Candidatus Escherichia coli)、待定金黄色葡萄球菌(Candidatus Staphylococcus aureus)、待定肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Candidatus Klebsiella Pneumonia)、待定肺炎链球菌(Candidatus Streptococcus pneumoniae)、待定鲍曼不动杆菌(Candidatus Acinetobacter baumannii)和待定铜绿假单胞菌(Candidatus Pseudomonas aeruginosa),已被世卫组织确定为重点病原体[57]。此外,ARGs的存在使得一些中低收入国家的各个年龄段人群死亡率都很高,微生物耐药性成为全球最主要的健康问题之一,在一些贫困国家这个问题尤为严重[60]。目前,ARGs已在不同生态系统中广泛检出,例如土壤、水体、空气及污水处理厂污泥等,而与土壤和水环境相比,关于空气微生物中ARGs研究相对较少,这越来越受到研究者的关注。同时先前研究大多集中在ARGs和潜在病原体的分布和丰度上,因此,未来应该深入对在大气生态系统环境下的ARGs和潜在病原体之间关系的探究。
病毒是地球上存在数量最多、多样性最高的生命体[61]。空气中存在丰富多样的病毒,其数量大约为细菌的9−461倍[62]。相较于细菌和真菌,病毒可以附着在更小粒径的有机气溶胶上,使其存活时间变得更长,从而分散到更远的距离,最远可达几米[63-64]。新型冠状病毒通过空气等介质飞速传播,造成了大量人员感染甚至死亡,一度成为全球最受关注的公共卫生问题之一[29]。此外,病毒的传播可随季节变化而变化,不同病毒的暴发时间各不相同,一些集中在夏季,而另一些集中在冬季或其他时间[18]。人在呼吸时,上呼吸道暴露在外,导致潜在健康风险增大,例如流感病毒与引起普通感冒的其他鼻病毒、腺病毒和冠状病毒通常会感染上呼吸道[1]。空气中的病毒对人类的健康造成了巨大的威胁,然而,目前对病毒的生态研究主要集中在海洋生态系统,截至目前对空气病毒的研究有限,并未深入了解它的特性及功能。为更好地提升空气质量、保障人类健康,亟须展开对空气病毒群落分布规律及其影响因素的研究,采取预防措施来降低其危害。
空气微生物在提升环境质量和保障人群健康过程中发挥着重要作用,而近年来空气微生物污染更加严重地威胁着人们的生活和健康,其中的病原微生物不仅会引发人类疾病,还可能加速许多工业设备的腐蚀、食品的变质,影响农作物的产量。此外,抗生素的滥用会导致细菌的耐药性增强,使其治疗效果逐渐降低。因此,未来应该关注病原微生物的群落分布规律及其影响因素,重视空气微生物污染对人类产生的影响。
空气病毒威胁人类健康,然而目前对病毒生态的研究主要集中在海洋生态系统,对空气病毒的认识存在一定的局限性,尚无研究阐明空气病毒群落分布规律、影响因素及其生态功能。然而随着高通量测序技术的日渐成熟,环境病毒及其功能等也越来越受到全球研究者的关注,因此,未来我们应该结合高通量测序技术,更加关注空气病毒群落分布及其影响因素的研究。
目前对空气微生物多为较单一时间的研究,通过短期采样或者粉尘收集来探索空气中微生物群落,这并不能捕捉到整体的微生物状况,空气中微生物的高时间分辨率动态目前鲜有报道,如小时序列这种小时尺度的空气微生物组成特征研究,可以追踪空气微生物群落的时序变化,揭示其季节性变化、环境因素对空气微生物的影响机制,从而更好地理解空气微生物与大气及气候变化之间的关系。因此,我们应该深入进行对空气微生物高时间分辨率的系统性研究,揭示空气微生物群落的时空动态特征。
空气中的微生物对环境生态系统的平衡和稳定具有重要作用,其活性和致病性的变化均会对人类产生重大影响。将空气微生物活性和致病性结合到一起研究,可以更加全面地评估它们对人类健康产生的影响,通过研究活性微生物在空气中的分布及与之相关的疾病发生率之间的关系,确定其潜在健康风险和预防措施。同时二者之间的综合性研究需要跨学科合作,可涉及微生物学、流行病学、生态学等多个领域,促进知识交流和合作,从而推动空气微生物研究的发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42377108)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240309
  • 接收时间:2024-05-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-08-05
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17
  • 录用日期:2024-08-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377108)
国家自然科学基金(42377108)
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    1 中国科学院城市环境研究所, 福建 厦门 361021
    2 福建农林大学 菌草与生态学院, 福建 福州 350001
    3 中国科学院大学, 北京 101408
    4 河北大学 生命科学学院, 河北 保定 071002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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