Article(id=1242119550204973494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240383, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1724688000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-27, onlineDate=1774073978234, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1724947200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073978234, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073978234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073978234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4403, endPage=4424, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119550578266559, articleId=1242119550204973494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Biological effects of antABC operon on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tryptophan can be converted into anthranilate via the KynABU pathway, and anthranilate as a substrate is further converted into alkyl quinolones (AQs), including 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (PQS) and 2-heptyl-4-quinolone (HHQ), under the action of pqsABCDE, a synthetic gene cluster of AQs. At the same time, anthranilate can be degraded into the tricarboxylic acid cycle under the catalysis of the anthranilate dioxygenase complex AntABC, while the biological effect of AntABC on P. aeruginosa remains unclear. [Objective] To construct and characterize the phenotype of the antABC-deleted mutant of P. aeruginosa. [Methods] With P. aeruginosa PAO1 as the starting strain, we constructed the antABC-deleted mutant by homologous recombination to study the effects of the operon on tryptophan degradation, biofilm formation, pyocyanin synthesis, motility, and virulence of P. aeruginosa. [Results] The deletion of antABC or kynU completely inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa with tryptophan as the sole carbon source, while ΔpqsA did not present this phenotype, indicating that antABC was essential for the degradation of tryptophan by P. aeruginosa, and KynABU-AntABC pathway was the only way for the degradation of tryptophan by the bacterium under the culture conditions in this study. In addition to affecting tryptophan degradation in P. aeruginosa, the deletion of antABC promoted the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa by inducing the expression of the extracellular polysaccharide synthesis operon pel, and it promoted the synthesis of pyocyanin by inducing the expression of the pyocyanin synthesis operons phz1 and phz2. In addition, the deletion of antABC enhanced the swarming motility and twitching motility of P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, further deletion of pqsA completely reversed the physiological phenotypes of ΔantABC. Therefore, the regulation of antABC on these physiological phenotypes depended on AQs. The deletion of antABC increased the HHQ accumulation while inhibiting the synthesis of PQS in P. aeruginosa. These results indicated that the regulation of these physiological phenotypes by antABC mainly depended on HHQ. In addition, the deletion of antABC enhanced the virulence of P. aeruginosa to Chinese cabbage and Galleria mellonella larvae, while further deletion of pqsA only partially reversed this virulence phenotype. Moreover, the deletion of antABC caused increased accumulation of anthranilate in P. aeruginosa. Therefore, the enhancement of antABC deletion on the virulence of P. aeruginosa was mediated by HHQ and anthranilate together. Finally, bioinformatics analysis revealed that the missense mutations of antABC operon occurred in more than 90% of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Therefore, antABC was expected to be used as a biomarker to determine whether clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were highly virulent. [Conclusion] AntABC plays an important role in the tryptophan degradation, biofilm formation, pyocyanin synthesis, motility, and virulence of P. aeruginosa. This finding lays a foundation for the clinical diagnosis and antimicrobial development of P. aeruginosa infection.

, correspAuthors=Juanli CHENG, Jinshui LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: CHENG Juanli:
E-mail: LIN Jinshui:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhiying LI, Panxin LI, Wanqing NING, Lan LI, Jiayi HAN, Juanli CHENG, Jinshui LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119555120697962, articleId=1242119550204973494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=铜绿假单胞菌antABC操纵子的生物学效应分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在铜绿假单胞菌中,色氨酸可通过KynABU犬尿氨酸途径被转化邻氨基苯甲酸,邻氨基苯甲酸进一步作为底物在烷基喹诺酮类化合物(alkyl quinolones, AQs)合成基因簇pqsABCDE的作用下被转化为AQs信号分子,包括2-庚基-3-羟基-4-喹诺酮(Pseudomonas quinolone signal, PQS)和2-庚基-4-喹诺酮(2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline, HHQ)。同时,邻氨基苯甲酸还能在邻氨基苯甲酸双加氧酶复合物AntABC的催化下被降解进入三羧酸循环,但AntABC在铜绿假单胞菌中所介导的生物学效应依然不清楚。【目的】构建铜绿假单胞菌antABC的缺失突变株,并对该突变株的表型进行分析。【方法】以铜绿假单胞菌PAO1为亲本菌株,通过同源重组的方法构建antABC缺失突变株,研究该操纵子对铜绿假单胞菌色氨酸降解、生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、运动性和毒力等的影响。【结果】缺失突变antABCkynU均完全抑制了铜绿假单胞菌以色氨酸为唯一碳源的生长,而ΔpqsA则无该表型,说明antABC是铜绿假单胞菌降解色氨酸所必需的,并且在本研究指定的培养条件下KynABU-AntABC途径是该菌降解色氨酸的唯一途径。除了影响铜绿假单胞菌的色氨酸降解,缺失突变antABC通过诱导胞外多糖合成操纵子pel的表达进而促进铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成,还通过诱导绿脓菌素合成操纵子phz1phz2的表达进而促进铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素的合成。缺失突变antABC还促进了铜绿假单胞菌的集群运动和蹭行运动。另外,进一步缺失突变pqsA则完全逆转ΔantABC的这些生理表型。因此,antABC对这些生理表型的调控依赖于AQs。然而缺失突变antABC确实使铜绿假单胞菌积累了更多的HHQ,但却抑制了PQS的合成。说明antABC对这些生理表型的调控主要依赖于HHQ。此外,缺失突变antABC还增强了铜绿假单胞菌对白菜和大蜡螟幼虫的毒力,但是进一步缺失突变pqsA只能部分逆转ΔantABC的这一毒力表型,同时缺失突变antABC也使铜绿假单胞菌积累了更多的邻氨基苯甲酸,因此缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌毒力的增强作用应该由HHQ和邻氨基苯甲酸共同介导。最后,生物信息学分析发现超过90%的铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株中antABC操纵子发生了错义突变,因此antABC有望作为判断铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株是否具有高毒力的生物标志物。【结论】AntABC在铜绿假单胞菌的色氨酸降解、生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、运动性和毒力等方面都发挥着重要的作用,这为针对铜绿假单胞菌的临床诊断和抗菌药物开发奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=成娟丽, 林金水, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ZyENbvoWjOykWJ2Xl2eMoQ==, magXml=ihMd4/VHWNzfQE4h+5btmQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pOEL3g+3O4I0aWPrCvMiTg==, pdfFileSize=1367717, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Cs6Aj/RasyCdRBlAYnUJ4w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EIlRxkq9V/7BRCTxnhCZGg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#Those authors contributed equally to this work.

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Reference(id=1243291019224138325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=12, issue=6, pageStart=1659, pageEnd=1673, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=Environmental Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAMPIONI G, PUSTELNY C, FLETCHER MP, WRIGHT VJ, BRUCE M, RUMBAUGH KP, HEEB S, CÁMARA M, WILLIAMS P.Transcriptomic analysis reveals a global alkyl-quinolone-independent regulatory role for PqsE in facilitating the environmental adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to plant and animal hosts[J].Environmental Microbiology,2010,12(6):1659-1673., articleTitle=Transcriptomic analysis reveals a global alkyl-quinolone-independent regulatory role for PqsE in facilitating the environmental adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to plant and animal hosts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243291019400299100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=e0210821, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=Microbiology Spectrum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SIMANEK KA, TAYLOR IR, RICHAEL EK, LASEK-NESSELQUIST E, BASSLER BL, PACZKOWSKI JE.The PqsE-RhlR interaction regulates RhlR DNA binding to control virulence factor production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa[J].Microbiology Spectrum,2022,10(1):e0210821., articleTitle=The PqsE-RhlR interaction regulates RhlR DNA binding to control virulence factor production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243291019513545310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=16, issue=4, pageStart=740, pageEnd=752, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Chemical Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAYLOR IR, PACZKOWSKI JE, JEFFREY PD, HENKE BR, SMITH CD, BASSLER BL.Inhibitor mimetic mutations in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PqsE enzyme reveal a protein-protein interaction with the quorum-sensing receptor RhlR that is vital for virulence factor production[J].ACS Chemical Biology,2021,16(4):740-752., articleTitle=Inhibitor mimetic mutations in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PqsE enzyme reveal a protein-protein interaction with the quorum-sensing receptor RhlR that is vital for virulence factor production, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243291010344796380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, awardId=32070103, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1243291010445459681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, awardId=32070103, 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postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=延安大学 生命科学学院, 陕西省黄土高原资源植物研究与利用省市共建重点实验室, 陕西 延安 716000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243291007295537202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Biosynthesis, transformation and degradation of anthranilate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa., figureFileSmall=nbbiU2nf1wsmy6NJFoUXgQ==, figureFileBig=uF1rhvFM2m0ITEpjImQcpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007492669504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=图1, caption=铜绿假单胞菌中邻氨基苯甲酸的生物合成、转化与降解示意图, figureFileSmall=nbbiU2nf1wsmy6NJFoUXgQ==, figureFileBig=uF1rhvFM2m0ITEpjImQcpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007626887241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in different carbon source media. A−D: The growth of PAO1 and ΔantABC in MMP minimal salts medium with one of 20 amino acids as the sole carbon source. E−H: The growth curves of PAO1, ΔantABC and its complementary strain in liquid medium TSB, MMP minimal salts+10 mmol/L tryptophan (Trp), MMP minimal salts+20% glucose (Glu) and MMP minimal salts+10 mmol/L proline (Pro). All data represent at least three independent experiments. The error line represents the standard deviation. ***: P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=kx4/OruBBCTb03QSjGrWZg==, figureFileBig=A9Jin2DKoN5cFXlRI1k6Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007723356241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=图2, caption=铜绿假单胞菌各菌株在不同碳源培养基中的生长情况, figureFileSmall=kx4/OruBBCTb03QSjGrWZg==, figureFileBig=A9Jin2DKoN5cFXlRI1k6Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007803048025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=KynABU-AntABC pathway is the only way for Pseudomonas aeruginosa to degrade tryptophan in MMP medium. A: The growth curves of PAO1, ΔantABC, and ΔkynU in MMP minimal salts+10 mmol/L tryptophan. B: The growth curves of PAO1, ΔantABC, and ΔkynU in MMP minimal salts+20% glucose. C: The growth curves of PAO1, ΔpqsA, ΔantABC, and ΔantABCΔpqsA in MMP minimal salts+10 mmol/L tryptophan. D: The growth curves of PAO1, ΔpqsA, ΔantABC, and ΔantABCΔpqsA in MMP minimal salts+20% glucose. All data represent at least three independent experiments. The error line represents the standard deviation., figureFileSmall=UM1Mx3mIYHihw8Anz1HEnA==, figureFileBig=HF6yFfpEQ4Igia+zUdjAVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007933071455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=图3, caption=KynABU-AntABC是铜绿假单胞菌在MMP培养基中降解色氨酸的唯一途径, figureFileSmall=UM1Mx3mIYHihw8Anz1HEnA==, figureFileBig=HF6yFfpEQ4Igia+zUdjAVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008058900582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of deletion mutation antABC on biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A, B: Biofilm formation and quantitative analysis of different strains on 96-well plates. C, D: The expression levels of biofilm-related genes in PAO1, ΔantABC and its complementary strain were detected by pel'-lacZ and psl'-lacZ transcription fusion. All data represent at least three independent experiments. The error line represents the standard deviation. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=cr0ew+cGFqeCXx7u3hQ2xw==, figureFileBig=ztSEWbmKRveZSym/4Jawrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008339918960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=图4, caption=缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成的影响, figureFileSmall=cr0ew+cGFqeCXx7u3hQ2xw==, figureFileBig=ztSEWbmKRveZSym/4Jawrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008591577210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of deletion mutation antABC on pyocyanin biosynthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A, B: Synthesis and quantitative analysis of pyocyanin from different strains in PB medium. C, D: The expression levels of pyocyanin synthesis-related genes in PAO1, ΔantABC and its complementary strain were detected by phz1'-lacZ and phz2'-lacZ transcription fusion. All data represent at least three independent experiments. The error line represents the standard deviation. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=Oz3p1mval7zW7lK3GTabzg==, figureFileBig=EDFCm2Z46WTeoDGLT2YDoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008717406337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=图5, caption=缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素合成的影响, figureFileSmall=Oz3p1mval7zW7lK3GTabzg==, figureFileBig=EDFCm2Z46WTeoDGLT2YDoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008826458249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effect of deletion mutation antABC on the swarming motility and twitching motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A, B: Determination of swarming motility of P. aeruginosa different strains. C, D: Determination of swimming motility of P. aeruginosa different strains. E, F: Determination of twitching motility of P. aeruginosa different strains. All data represent at least three independent experiments. The error line represents the standard deviation. **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=K2wg1cgN24+KbeYcwvX8Yg==, figureFileBig=6eN1HVjmhCUMWzyif6+E0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009048756368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=图6, caption=缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌集群运动和蹭行运动的影响, figureFileSmall=K2wg1cgN24+KbeYcwvX8Yg==, figureFileBig=6eN1HVjmhCUMWzyif6+E0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009174585497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effect of deletion mutation antABC on virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A, B: Determination of the lesion area of Chinese cabbage treated with different P. aeruginosa strains. C, D: Survival curves of the Galleria mellonella larvae treated with different P. aeruginosa strains. All data represent at least three independent experiments. The error line represents the standard deviation. *: P < 0.05; ***: P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=kITG0b1L5Qn27Za1cYjlng==, figureFileBig=cV1+ZZ+DbfAl514N1q+TWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009292026013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=图7, caption=缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌毒力的影响, figureFileSmall=kITG0b1L5Qn27Za1cYjlng==, figureFileBig=cV1+ZZ+DbfAl514N1q+TWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009459798182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effect of deletion mutation antABC on AQs production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A: The expression levels of pqsABCDE operon in PAO1, ΔantABC and its complementary strain were detected by pqsA'-lacZ transcription fusion. B: The expression levels of pqsH gene in PAO1, ΔantABC and its complementary strain were detected by pqsH'-lacZ transcription fusion. C: TLC analysis the AQs production of PAO1, ΔantABC and its complementary strain. Lane 1: 20 mmol/L PQS standard; Lane 2: 20 mmol/L HHQ standard; Lane 3: AQs extract of PAO1 (pME6032); Lane 4: AQs extract of ΔantABC (pME6032); Lane 5: AQs extract of ΔantABC (pME6032-antABC); Lane 6: AQs extract of ΔpqsA (pME6032). D: The expression levels of antR gene in PAO1, ΔantABC and its complementary strain were detected by antR'-lacZ transcription fusion. All data represent at least three independent experiments. The error line represents the standard deviation. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001., figureFileSmall=CHTJTjWgBPR1gHEXFghY/A==, figureFileBig=2m4lmlUrsv6Jn7ljVsmOnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009627570351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=图8, caption=缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌AQs产生的影响, figureFileSmall=CHTJTjWgBPR1gHEXFghY/A==, figureFileBig=2m4lmlUrsv6Jn7ljVsmOnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009820508345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers nameSequences (5′→3′)
*: The underlined bases are the restriction sites.
antABC up F ATCGGAATTCATCTCCTCGCTGATGTGC
antABC up R AGAGGTCGAAGTAGATCCAGTTCTTTTC
antABC low F CTGGATCTACTTCGACCTCTACCTGTGC
antABC low R ATCGAAGCTTAGGAGATTCCCATGAACG
pqsA up F AGCTGAATTCAAAATATTCCCGCAACTG
pqsA up R TCGGCCAGGTATCGAAATCGAGGCGGAAC
pqsA low F CGATTTCGATACCTGGCCGACACCCTTTATCAC
pqsA low R ATCGAAGCTTGATCGCTGCCAGTTTGAC
kynU up F AGCTGGATCCCACATGGACGATGGCTTC
kynU up R TGGAGGATTTCGTTGCCGTCGAGGTAGATC
kynU low F CGACGGCAACGAAATCCTCCAGAGCGAAG
kynU low R AGCTAAGCTTGCCAGGGTCAGCAGGTAG
antABC F (pME6032) AGCTGAATTCATGAACGCTACCCGCAGAAG
antABC R (pME6032) AGTCAGATCTGCCTCCGACGAGGCGTCC
antABC F (pUCP24) AGCTGAATTCATGAACGCTACCCGCAGA
antABC R (pUCP24) AGTCGGTACCCAGCATCGACGAGCAGGT
phz1 F AGCTGGTACCAAAGTTTCTCCGGCATAC
phz1 R AGCTAAGCTTAGTGGGAATACCGTCACG
phz2 F AGCTGGTACCATGGATGCCAGTCGATTC
phz2 R AGCTAAGCTTGGTGGGAATACCGTCACG
pqsA F AGCTCTCGAGTCCGGATGCATATCGCTG
pqsA R GTCAGGATCCAACATGCCCGTTCCTCCG
pqsH F CTGACTCGAGATGTCCGGAGGCGTGATG
pqsH R GTCAGGATCCACCAGCAGCCAGTCGATG
antR F AGCTCTCGAGGTCGACTGGTTGCCCTTG
antR R AGCTGGATCCCTCAGGCTGTAGGCGTTG
), ArticleFig(id=1243291009933754560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers nameSequences (5′→3′)
*: The underlined bases are the restriction sites.
antABC up F ATCGGAATTCATCTCCTCGCTGATGTGC
antABC up R AGAGGTCGAAGTAGATCCAGTTCTTTTC
antABC low F CTGGATCTACTTCGACCTCTACCTGTGC
antABC low R ATCGAAGCTTAGGAGATTCCCATGAACG
pqsA up F AGCTGAATTCAAAATATTCCCGCAACTG
pqsA up R TCGGCCAGGTATCGAAATCGAGGCGGAAC
pqsA low F CGATTTCGATACCTGGCCGACACCCTTTATCAC
pqsA low R ATCGAAGCTTGATCGCTGCCAGTTTGAC
kynU up F AGCTGGATCCCACATGGACGATGGCTTC
kynU up R TGGAGGATTTCGTTGCCGTCGAGGTAGATC
kynU low F CGACGGCAACGAAATCCTCCAGAGCGAAG
kynU low R AGCTAAGCTTGCCAGGGTCAGCAGGTAG
antABC F (pME6032) AGCTGAATTCATGAACGCTACCCGCAGAAG
antABC R (pME6032) AGTCAGATCTGCCTCCGACGAGGCGTCC
antABC F (pUCP24) AGCTGAATTCATGAACGCTACCCGCAGA
antABC R (pUCP24) AGTCGGTACCCAGCATCGACGAGCAGGT
phz1 F AGCTGGTACCAAAGTTTCTCCGGCATAC
phz1 R AGCTAAGCTTAGTGGGAATACCGTCACG
phz2 F AGCTGGTACCATGGATGCCAGTCGATTC
phz2 R AGCTAAGCTTGGTGGGAATACCGTCACG
pqsA F AGCTCTCGAGTCCGGATGCATATCGCTG
pqsA R GTCAGGATCCAACATGCCCGTTCCTCCG
pqsH F CTGACTCGAGATGTCCGGAGGCGTGATG
pqsH R GTCAGGATCCACCAGCAGCCAGTCGATG
antR F AGCTCTCGAGGTCGACTGGTTGCCCTTG
antR R AGCTGGATCCCTCAGGCTGTAGGCGTTG
), ArticleFig(id=1243291010051195079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

List of strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsRelated featuresSource
Tc: Tetracycline; Gm: Gentamicin; Km: Kanamycin; Amp: Ampicillin.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
 PAO1 (ATCC 15692)Wild-typeLaboratory collection
 ΔantABCMutant of knockout antABC in PAO1This study
 ΔpqsAMutant of knockout pqsA in PAO1This study
 ΔkynUMutant of knockout kynU in PAO1This study
 ΔantABCΔpqsAantABC/pqsA double deletion mutant in PAO1This study
Escherichia coli
 TG1F' [traD36 proAB+ lac Iq lacZΔM15], supE, thi-1, Δ(lac-proAB),
Δ(mcrB-hsdSM)5, (rK mK)
Laboratory collection
 S17-1RP4-2 (Km: : Tn7, Tc: : Mu-1), pro-82, LAMpir, recA1, endA1, thiE1,
hsdR17, creC510
Laboratory collection
Plasmids
 pK18mobsacBKmr; sacB-based gene replacement vector[18]
 p34s-GmAmpr; Gm resistant cassette carrying vector[19]
 pME6032Broad-host-range vector, Tcr[20]
 pME6032-antABCantABC was cloned into pME6032This study
 pUCP24Broad-host-range vector, Gmr[21]
 pUCP24-antABCantABC was cloned into pUCP24This study
 pMini-CTX: : lacZΩ-FRT-attP-MCS, ori, int, oriT, Tcr[22]
 pMini-CTX-PpelF: : lacZPpelF promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-PpslA: : lacZPpslA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-Pphz1: : lacZPphz1 promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-Pphz2: : lacZPphz2 promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-PpqsA: : lacZPpqsA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-PpqsH: : lacZPpqsH promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-PantR: : lacZPantR promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
), ArticleFig(id=1243291010193801422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119550204973494, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株和质粒信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsRelated featuresSource
Tc: Tetracycline; Gm: Gentamicin; Km: Kanamycin; Amp: Ampicillin.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
 PAO1 (ATCC 15692)Wild-typeLaboratory collection
 ΔantABCMutant of knockout antABC in PAO1This study
 ΔpqsAMutant of knockout pqsA in PAO1This study
 ΔkynUMutant of knockout kynU in PAO1This study
 ΔantABCΔpqsAantABC/pqsA double deletion mutant in PAO1This study
Escherichia coli
 TG1F' [traD36 proAB+ lac Iq lacZΔM15], supE, thi-1, Δ(lac-proAB),
Δ(mcrB-hsdSM)5, (rK mK)
Laboratory collection
 S17-1RP4-2 (Km: : Tn7, Tc: : Mu-1), pro-82, LAMpir, recA1, endA1, thiE1,
hsdR17, creC510
Laboratory collection
Plasmids
 pK18mobsacBKmr; sacB-based gene replacement vector[18]
 p34s-GmAmpr; Gm resistant cassette carrying vector[19]
 pME6032Broad-host-range vector, Tcr[20]
 pME6032-antABCantABC was cloned into pME6032This study
 pUCP24Broad-host-range vector, Gmr[21]
 pUCP24-antABCantABC was cloned into pUCP24This study
 pMini-CTX: : lacZΩ-FRT-attP-MCS, ori, int, oriT, Tcr[22]
 pMini-CTX-PpelF: : lacZPpelF promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-PpslA: : lacZPpslA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-Pphz1: : lacZPphz1 promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-Pphz2: : lacZPphz2 promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-PpqsA: : lacZPpqsA promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-PpqsH: : lacZPpqsH promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
 pMini-CTX-PantR: : lacZPantR promoter was cloned into pMini-CTX: : lacZLaboratory collection
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铜绿假单胞菌antABC操纵子的生物学效应分析
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李治盈 # , 李盼欣 # , 宁婉清 , 李兰 , 韩嘉仪 , 成娟丽 * , 林金水 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(11): 4403-4424
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(11): 4403-4424
铜绿假单胞菌antABC操纵子的生物学效应分析
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李治盈#, 李盼欣#, 宁婉清, 李兰, 韩嘉仪, 成娟丽* , 林金水*
作者信息
  • 延安大学 生命科学学院, 陕西省黄土高原资源植物研究与利用省市共建重点实验室, 陕西 延安 716000
Biological effects of antABC operon on Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Zhiying LI#, Panxin LI#, Wanqing NING, Lan LI, Jiayi HAN, Juanli CHENG* , Jinshui LIN*
Affiliations
  • Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Resource Plants on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2024-08-30 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240383
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在铜绿假单胞菌中,色氨酸可通过KynABU犬尿氨酸途径被转化邻氨基苯甲酸,邻氨基苯甲酸进一步作为底物在烷基喹诺酮类化合物(alkyl quinolones, AQs)合成基因簇pqsABCDE的作用下被转化为AQs信号分子,包括2-庚基-3-羟基-4-喹诺酮(Pseudomonas quinolone signal, PQS)和2-庚基-4-喹诺酮(2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline, HHQ)。同时,邻氨基苯甲酸还能在邻氨基苯甲酸双加氧酶复合物AntABC的催化下被降解进入三羧酸循环,但AntABC在铜绿假单胞菌中所介导的生物学效应依然不清楚。【目的】构建铜绿假单胞菌antABC的缺失突变株,并对该突变株的表型进行分析。【方法】以铜绿假单胞菌PAO1为亲本菌株,通过同源重组的方法构建antABC缺失突变株,研究该操纵子对铜绿假单胞菌色氨酸降解、生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、运动性和毒力等的影响。【结果】缺失突变antABCkynU均完全抑制了铜绿假单胞菌以色氨酸为唯一碳源的生长,而ΔpqsA则无该表型,说明antABC是铜绿假单胞菌降解色氨酸所必需的,并且在本研究指定的培养条件下KynABU-AntABC途径是该菌降解色氨酸的唯一途径。除了影响铜绿假单胞菌的色氨酸降解,缺失突变antABC通过诱导胞外多糖合成操纵子pel的表达进而促进铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成,还通过诱导绿脓菌素合成操纵子phz1phz2的表达进而促进铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素的合成。缺失突变antABC还促进了铜绿假单胞菌的集群运动和蹭行运动。另外,进一步缺失突变pqsA则完全逆转ΔantABC的这些生理表型。因此,antABC对这些生理表型的调控依赖于AQs。然而缺失突变antABC确实使铜绿假单胞菌积累了更多的HHQ,但却抑制了PQS的合成。说明antABC对这些生理表型的调控主要依赖于HHQ。此外,缺失突变antABC还增强了铜绿假单胞菌对白菜和大蜡螟幼虫的毒力,但是进一步缺失突变pqsA只能部分逆转ΔantABC的这一毒力表型,同时缺失突变antABC也使铜绿假单胞菌积累了更多的邻氨基苯甲酸,因此缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌毒力的增强作用应该由HHQ和邻氨基苯甲酸共同介导。最后,生物信息学分析发现超过90%的铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株中antABC操纵子发生了错义突变,因此antABC有望作为判断铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株是否具有高毒力的生物标志物。【结论】AntABC在铜绿假单胞菌的色氨酸降解、生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、运动性和毒力等方面都发挥着重要的作用,这为针对铜绿假单胞菌的临床诊断和抗菌药物开发奠定了基础。

铜绿假单胞菌  /  AntABC  /  邻氨基苯甲酸  /  烷基喹诺酮类化合物  /  毒力

In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tryptophan can be converted into anthranilate via the KynABU pathway, and anthranilate as a substrate is further converted into alkyl quinolones (AQs), including 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (PQS) and 2-heptyl-4-quinolone (HHQ), under the action of pqsABCDE, a synthetic gene cluster of AQs. At the same time, anthranilate can be degraded into the tricarboxylic acid cycle under the catalysis of the anthranilate dioxygenase complex AntABC, while the biological effect of AntABC on P. aeruginosa remains unclear. [Objective] To construct and characterize the phenotype of the antABC-deleted mutant of P. aeruginosa. [Methods] With P. aeruginosa PAO1 as the starting strain, we constructed the antABC-deleted mutant by homologous recombination to study the effects of the operon on tryptophan degradation, biofilm formation, pyocyanin synthesis, motility, and virulence of P. aeruginosa. [Results] The deletion of antABC or kynU completely inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa with tryptophan as the sole carbon source, while ΔpqsA did not present this phenotype, indicating that antABC was essential for the degradation of tryptophan by P. aeruginosa, and KynABU-AntABC pathway was the only way for the degradation of tryptophan by the bacterium under the culture conditions in this study. In addition to affecting tryptophan degradation in P. aeruginosa, the deletion of antABC promoted the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa by inducing the expression of the extracellular polysaccharide synthesis operon pel, and it promoted the synthesis of pyocyanin by inducing the expression of the pyocyanin synthesis operons phz1 and phz2. In addition, the deletion of antABC enhanced the swarming motility and twitching motility of P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, further deletion of pqsA completely reversed the physiological phenotypes of ΔantABC. Therefore, the regulation of antABC on these physiological phenotypes depended on AQs. The deletion of antABC increased the HHQ accumulation while inhibiting the synthesis of PQS in P. aeruginosa. These results indicated that the regulation of these physiological phenotypes by antABC mainly depended on HHQ. In addition, the deletion of antABC enhanced the virulence of P. aeruginosa to Chinese cabbage and Galleria mellonella larvae, while further deletion of pqsA only partially reversed this virulence phenotype. Moreover, the deletion of antABC caused increased accumulation of anthranilate in P. aeruginosa. Therefore, the enhancement of antABC deletion on the virulence of P. aeruginosa was mediated by HHQ and anthranilate together. Finally, bioinformatics analysis revealed that the missense mutations of antABC operon occurred in more than 90% of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Therefore, antABC was expected to be used as a biomarker to determine whether clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were highly virulent. [Conclusion] AntABC plays an important role in the tryptophan degradation, biofilm formation, pyocyanin synthesis, motility, and virulence of P. aeruginosa. This finding lays a foundation for the clinical diagnosis and antimicrobial development of P. aeruginosa infection.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa  /  AntABC  /  anthranilate  /  alkyl quinolones  /  virulence
李治盈, 李盼欣, 宁婉清, 李兰, 韩嘉仪, 成娟丽, 林金水. 铜绿假单胞菌antABC操纵子的生物学效应分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4403 -4424 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240383
Zhiying LI, Panxin LI, Wanqing NING, Lan LI, Jiayi HAN, Juanli CHENG, Jinshui LIN. Biological effects of antABC operon on Pseudomonas aeruginosa[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4403 -4424 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240383
铜绿假单胞菌是一种革兰氏阴性条件致病菌[1],它能成功感染免疫力受损或功能低下的患者,如造成囊性纤维化患者的肺部感染、烧伤感染、泌尿系统感染等,占院内感染的10%−20%[2-3]。铜绿假单胞菌之所以能成功致病,离不开其自身产生的多种致病相关次级代谢产物,包括吩嗪类化合物、烷基喹诺酮类化合物、酰基高丝氨酸内酯类化合物和邻氨基苯甲酸等,这些次级代谢产物在铜绿假单胞菌生长过程中大量分泌和积累,其合成受到群体感应(quorum sensing, QS)系统的调控[4-6]
QS是微生物在生长过程中,通过产生并释放可扩散的信号分子(自诱导剂)来感知群体密度,当群体密度达到一定阈值时,聚集的信号分子与相应的转录调节子结合而诱导各种靶基因的转录表达,从而调控细菌的各种群体行为,如调控生物被膜的形成、运动性以及毒力因子的产生等[7-8]。铜绿假单胞菌主要包括4种QS系统,分别为lasrhliqspqs系统。其中lasrhliqs的信号分子分别为N-3-氧十二烷酰-l-高丝氨酸内酯(3-oxo-C12-HSL)、N-丁酰-l-高丝氨酸内酯(C4-HSL)和2-(2-羟基苯基)-噻唑-4-甲醛[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde, IQS],它们分别由LasI、RhlI和AmbBCDE合成,并分别通过结合相应的调节因子受体LasR、RhlR和IqsR从而调控下游基因的表达[9-10]。铜绿假单胞菌PQS系统则是以烷基喹诺酮类化合物(alkyl quinolones, AQs)为信号分子的QS系统[11]。AQs主要包括3个重要的化合物,即2-庚基-3-羟基-4-喹诺酮(2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4- quinolone, PQS)、2-庚基-4-喹诺酮(2-heptyl-4- quinolone, HHQ)和4-羟基-2-庚基喹啉-N-氧化物(4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline-N-oxide, HQNO),其中PQS及其前体HHQ是PQS系统的信号分子[11-12]。PQS与LysR型调节子PqsR的C末端配体结合区相互作用,导致其构象变化进而激活pqsABCDE操纵子的表达,从而调节铜绿假单胞菌的一些毒力表型[13]。在PqsABCDE的催化下,铜绿假单胞菌以邻氨基苯甲酸为底物合成HHQ,HHQ则进一步在黄素单加氧酶PqsH催化下经羟基化反应产生PQS[9] (图1)。
铜绿假单胞菌中邻氨基苯甲酸有2种代谢来源途径:第一种是降解色氨酸并转化产生邻氨基苯甲酸的犬尿氨酸途径,该途径依赖3种酶,分别是kynA (PA2579)基因编码的色氨酸2, 3-双加氧酶、kynB (PA2081)基因编码的犬尿氨酸甲酰胺酶和kynU (PA2080)基因编码的犬尿氨酸酶,是存在色氨酸时细胞代谢转化产生邻氨基苯甲酸的主要来源[14];第二种途径是以分支酸为底物,在邻氨基苯甲酸合酶PhnAB的催化下合成邻氨基苯甲酸[15]
邻氨基苯甲酸除了能转化为PQS之外,还能通过AntABC降解途径被降解。邻氨基苯甲酸被降解的第一步是转化为儿茶酚[16],该反应由邻氨基苯甲酸双加氧酶复合物AntABC介导,AntABC由AntA、AntB和AntC三个亚基组成,它们分别是属于同一操纵子的antA (PA2512)、antB (PA2513)和antC (PA2514)的基因产物。其中antA编码邻氨基苯甲酸双加氧酶大亚基、antB编码邻氨基苯甲酸双加氧酶小亚基、antC编码邻氨基苯甲酸双加氧酶还原酶[16-17]。形成的儿茶酚则进一步经儿茶酚降解途径CatABC的降解而进入三羧酸循环(TCA循环)。
虽然AntABC是负责邻氨基苯甲酸降解的已知关键酶,但是其在铜绿假单胞菌中所介导的生物学效应依然不清楚。因此,为了解决这一问题,本研究在铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中缺失突变了antABC操纵子,并基于该突变株阐述了antABC操纵子的生物学效应。结果显示,antABC操纵子在铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的色氨酸降解、生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、运动性和毒力等方面都发挥着重要的作用。
本研究使用的引物信息详见表1
本研究使用的菌株及质粒信息详见表2
本研究中使用的大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌PAO1及其突变株均在37 ℃培养,液体振荡使用的转速为220 r/min。
TSB液体培养基(g/L):Tryptone Soya Broth 30.0,pH 7.0。
LB液体培养基(g/L):酵母提取物5.0,NaCl 10.0,胰蛋白胨10.0,pH 7.0。
TSB固体培养基(g/L):Tryptone Soya Broth 30.0,琼脂粉15.0,pH 7.0。
LB固体培养基(g/L):酵母提取物5.0,NaCl 10.0,胰蛋白胨10.0,琼脂粉15.0,pH 7.0。
MMP基础培养基(mg/L):Na2HPO4 4 258.8,KH2PO4 1 905.2,FeSO4 0.6,MgSO4 120.0,(NH4)2SO4 2 642.8,pH 7.0,使用时添加适量的碳源[23]
MMP基础培养基中补加的碳源:2 g/L的葡萄糖或10 mmol/L的氨基酸(异亮氨酸,Ile;半胱氨酸,Cys;苯丙氨酸,Phe;亮氨酸,Leu;色氨酸,Trp;丝氨酸,Ser;甘氨酸,Gly;甲硫氨酸,Met;脯氨酸,Pro;苏氨酸,Thr;谷氨酰胺,Gln;天冬酰胺,Asn;缬氨酸,Val;丙氨酸,Ala;精氨酸,Arg;组氨酸,His;酪氨酸,Tyr;谷氨酸,Glu;赖氨酸,Lys;天冬氨酸,Asp;这些氨基酸中的一种)。
PB培养基(g/L):NaCl 1.4,K2SO4 10.0,胰蛋白胨20.0,pH 7.0[1]
集群运动(swarming motility)培养基(g/L):营养肉汤8.0,葡萄糖5.0,琼脂糖5.0,pH 7.0[24]
泳动运动(swimming motility)培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,NaCl 5.0,琼脂糖3.0,pH 7.0[24]
蹭行运动(twitching motility)培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,NaCl 5.0,琼脂糖10.0,pH 7.0[24]
抗生素使用情况如下:铜绿假单胞菌(硫酸卡那霉素30 μg/mL,氯霉素30 μg/mL,庆大霉素100 μg/mL,四环素200 μg/mL),大肠杆菌(硫酸卡那霉素30 μg/mL,氯霉素30 μg/mL,四环素20 μg/mL,庆大霉素10 μg/mL)。
琼脂糖、胰蛋白胨、酵母提取物、Tryptone Soya Broth培养基,OXOID公司;DNA纯化回收试剂盒、质粒小提试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;DNA聚合酶,北京全式金生物技术有限公司;限制性内切酶,TaKaRa公司;T4 DNA连接酶,NEB公司;o-硝基苯基-β-d-半乳糖苷(o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside, ONPG),西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;琼脂粉,Gentamicin、Kanamycin monosulfate、Chloramphenicol、Tetracycline和20种氨基酸等,北京索莱宝科技有限公司。其他常规试剂均使用国产分析纯。
突变株及互补菌株的构建按照文献[25]报道的方法执行。
本研究中突变株的构建主要采用同源重组的方法。以构建ΔantABC为例,首先,以铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的总DNA为模板,用设计的两对引物antABC up F/antABC up R和antABC low F/antABC low R分别扩增了该基因的上游antABC up片段和下游antABC low片段,再使用antABC up F/antABC low R引物以antABC up片段和antABC low片段为模板,通过重叠延伸PCR构建基因敲除盒ΔantABC。将获得的敲除盒与自杀载体pK18mobsacB同时酶切(BamH I/Hind III)后进行连接,然后转化至大肠杆菌TG1,筛选阳性克隆并获得重组载体pK18mobsacBantABC连接庆大霉素抗性基因(Gm)后转化进大肠杆菌S17-1得到重组供体菌株S17-1 (pK18mobsacBantABC-Gm)。随后,将得到的供体菌与受体菌(铜绿假单胞菌PAO1)通过接合的手段将重组载体导入铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中。随后,将接合后的菌苔使用LB悬浮稀释后涂布于含有庆大霉素(100 μg/mL)和氯霉素(30 μg/mL)的LB双抗平板。长出的菌落经PCR验证后得到单交换体。获得的单交换体再通过LB无抗性摇菌,稀释后涂布于含有卡那霉素(30 μg/mL)和12%蔗糖的LB平板上,对长出的单菌落经PCR检测、抗性验证和测序后,即获得antABC的缺失突变株。
以构建ΔantABC的互补菌株为例,首先使用引物antABC F/antABC R,扩增antABC操纵子基因片段。将成功扩增的antABC操纵子基因片段和互补载体pME6032同时酶切(EcoR I/Bgl II)后进行连接,然后转化至大肠杆菌TG1中,筛选阳性克隆并获得重组互补载体pME6032-antABC。随后,通过电击转化的方法将重组载体电转至ΔantABC突变株中,经抗性筛选获得遗传互补菌株。使用同样的方法得到铜绿假单胞菌其他突变株的互补菌株。
将待测菌株接种于5 mL液体TSB培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养12 h后按1%转接至新鲜的5 mL液体TSB培养基中,培养至稳定期后分别各取1 mL的待测菌液,4 500 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,再用1 mL MMP培养基悬浮清洗2次使各样品间OD600测定的数值相等,然后转接到新鲜的5 mL液体MMP培养基(设置不同碳源处理,如以葡萄糖或不同的氨基酸为碳源),调节起始OD600为0.05,37 ℃、220 r/min振荡培养,根据不同菌株的生长情况,选择合适的时间间隔测定OD600,绘制生长曲线。培养基中可根据实验需要添加适量浓度的抗生素及诱导剂IPTG等。
AQs的提取方法主要参考文献[26]并加以修改。将待测菌株接种于5 mL的液体LB中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养12 h。将培养后的菌液按1%转接至5 mL的液体LB中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养至稳定期后10 000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清并用0.22 μm的微孔过滤器过滤。将滤液用3倍体积的酸化乙酸乙酯(乙酸乙酯中加入0.01%的冰醋酸)萃取2次。收集萃取液并旋转蒸发浓缩。浓缩提取物用甲醇溶解,取3 μL溶解液点GF254 TLC板。吹干后,以二氯甲烷: 甲醇(95:5)为流动相进行层析。层析后使用紫外分析仪在312 nm波长下进行可视化观察并采集图片。
生物被膜的形成方法主要参考文献[25]并加以修改,首先将待测菌株接种于新鲜的5 mL液体LB培养基中,待细菌培养至OD600为2.50时,取培养后的菌液按1%稀释到新鲜LB培养基中,混匀后取100 μL稀释后菌液加入96孔PVC板中,每个处理设置8个重复,在37 ℃培养箱中培养24 h后吸去菌液,并在每个孔中加入200 μL的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)清洗2次以除去非黏附细胞和培养基。室温干燥后,向每孔里加入100 μL 0.1%结晶紫染液对已形成的生物被膜染色10 min,再用PBS清洗2次。最后用适量的95%乙醇洗提附着在生物被膜上的结晶紫,然后使用酶标仪测定乙醇洗涤液的OD570对生物被膜进行定量。通过8个重复数据计算平均值和标准偏差。
绿脓菌素含量测定方法主要参考文献[1]。将待测菌株接种于5 mL液体TSB培养基,37 ℃、220 r/min培养至OD600为2.50,按1%转接至5 mL新鲜的液体PB培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养24 h后,将培养物以8 000 r/min离心5 min收集上清液,在5 mL上清液中加入3 mL氯仿,剧烈颠倒混匀2 min后,以8 000 r/min的速度离心10 min。然后,将氯仿相转移至新的离心管中并加入1 mL 0.2 mol/L的HCl进行反萃取,再次离心后,取出HCl溶液,测定OD520,绿脓菌素含量=OD520×17.072 (μg/mL)。绿脓菌素含量的测定结果再用菌液的OD600值做均一化处理。
集群运动、游泳运动和蹭行运动实验参考文献[27]的方法。3种运动性实验分别在集群运动平板,游泳运动平板和蹭行运动平板上进行。对于集群运动和游泳运动运动性实验,将待测菌株接种于5 mL液体LB中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养至OD600为0.80后取3 μL菌液接种于各自平板中心,30 ℃正置培养20−24 h,观察菌苔的扩散情况,使用ImageJ软件以培养皿直径为标定长度测量菌苔面积。对于蹭行运动运动性实验,用牙签挑取菌落穿刺接种于蹭行运动平板的底部,37 ℃倒置培养24 h,然后用染色液(0.05%考马斯亮蓝R250,40%甲醇,10%乙酸)染色3 h后,使用工业酒精脱洗至蹭行运动平板底部的细菌运动扩散圈清晰可见,使用ImageJ软件以培养皿直径为标定长度测量扩散圈面积。
本研究测定β-半乳糖苷酶活性的方法参考文献[28]并加以修改。吸取200 µL待测菌液,检测OD600后从中吸取50 µL菌液,依次加入420 µL的Z buffer、20 µL氯仿和10 µL 0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)。混合均匀后30 ℃孵育1 h。之后向混合液中加入100 µL浓度为4 mg/mL的o-硝基苯基-β-d-半乳糖苷(ONPG)开始反应,反应液变色后加入250 µL的1 mol/L Na2CO3终止反应,并记录反应时间。12 000 r/min离心3 min,检测反应后上清液的OD420OD550,然后根据公式(1)计算β-半乳糖苷酶活性,以米勒单位(Miller units, MU)表示。
Z buffer配方(g/L):Na2HPO4 0.85,NaH2PO4 4.79,KCl 0.47,MgSO4 0.12,pH 7.0,最后加入0.2% β-巯基乙醇。
白菜感染实验主要参考文献[24]的方法。将待测菌株接种于5 mL液体LB培养基,37 ℃、220 r/min培养至稳定期,取1 mL菌液以5 500 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,用10 mmol/L的MgSO4悬浮并清洗菌体2次后,调至OD600为2.00,备用。选择新鲜且生长状况一致的白菜叶片,表面经0.1% H2O2消毒后,使用微量注射器接种10 μL预处理的菌液于白菜背面,30 ℃保湿培养6 d后观察分析大白菜接种处感染情况,最后使用Image J软件测量接种处感染面积。
大蜡螟幼虫感染实验方法参考文献[29]并加以修改。将各待测菌株接种于液体TSB培养基培养至稳定期后,转接至新鲜的液体TSB培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养至OD600为0.70,吸取1 mL菌液,以5 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,使用无菌的0.85% NaCl清洗2次后,重新悬浮菌体并稀释成2×107 CFU/mL的菌悬液,备用。随后,将生长状况一致的大蜡螟幼虫置于冰上5−10 min。待大蜡螟幼虫麻醉后用微量注射器在大蜡螟幼虫尾部第3节处注射5 μL菌悬液,以注射0.85%的NaCl溶液为对照。每个处理注射60只大蜡螟幼虫,室温下黑暗培养,每12 h记录1次大蜡螟幼虫存活数,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,并用Mantel-Cox对数秩检验对结果进行统计分析。
本研究的每个处理都至少设定3个生物学重复,实验结果以平均值±标准偏差的形式体现。采用Student t (双尾非配对)检验进行显著性分析。用GraphPad Prism version 10.00软件对结果进行统计学分析并作图,P < 0.05代表差异显著。
犬尿氨酸途径(KynuABU)是动物以及一些真菌和细菌体内色氨酸(Trp)分解代谢的主要途径[30]。在铜绿假单胞菌中,Trp的分解代谢是先通过KynABU途径将Trp转化成邻氨基苯甲酸,邻氨基苯甲酸进一步在邻氨基苯甲酸双加氧酶复合物AntABC的催化下被降解并进入TCA循环(图1)。
为了验证KynABU-AntABC途径是否只能降解Trp,比较分析了铜绿假单胞菌野生菌PAO1和ΔantABC突变株的生长表型差异情况。结果显示,在基础培养基MMP中分别以20种不同的氨基酸为唯一碳源培养时,相比于PAO1,ΔantABC只在以Trp为唯一碳源的条件下才出现明显的生长缺陷表型。这表明,在测试的20种氨基酸中,只有Trp的降解依赖于AntABC途径(图2A2D)。
遗传互补的结果显示,在TSB培养基中缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌生长无显著影响(图2E),而在MMP基础培养基中以Trp为唯一碳源培养时,ΔantABC丧失了生长能力,互补antABC后则恢复ΔantABC的生长,接近PAO1的水平(图2F),并且以葡萄糖(Glu)或脯氨酸(Pro)为唯一碳源培养时,PAO1、ΔantABC及其互补菌株之间的生长情况无显著差异(图2G2H)。综上所述,antABC途径对于铜绿假单胞菌降解Trp是必需的。
上述结果表明铜绿假单胞菌的antABC是其降解Trp所必需的,在20种氨基酸中只有Trp的降解依赖于AntABC途径。为了判断在铜绿假单胞菌中KynABU-AntABC途径是否为降解Trp的唯一途径,构建了铜绿假单胞菌kynU缺失突变株,生长表型分析显示在MMP基础培养基中以Trp为唯一碳源培养时,相比于野生型PAO1,ΔkynU和ΔantABC均丧失了生长能力(图3A),并且以葡萄糖(Glu)为唯一碳源培养时,PAO1、ΔantABC和ΔkynU菌株之间的生长无显著差异(图3B),说明KynABU-AntABC途径是铜绿假单胞菌降解Trp所必需的。然而铜绿假单胞菌中Trp经KynABU催化转化为邻氨基苯甲酸后,除了通过AntABC被降解进入TCA循环外,还能通过PqsABCDE代谢途径用于合成AQs (图1)。如果合成的AQs能被再降解,Trp也能通过KynABU-PqsABCDE途径被代谢。为了验证这一假设,本研究构建了ΔpqsA和ΔantABCΔpqsA突变株,同样在以Trp为唯一碳源的MMP培养基中进行生长测定,结果显示缺失突变pqsA不影响铜绿假单胞菌在以Trp为唯一碳源的MMP培养基中的生长,但相比PAO1和ΔpqsA,ΔantABC和ΔantABCΔpqsA在该培养条件下均丧失了生长能力(图3C),而以葡萄糖(Glu)为唯一碳源培养时,PAO1、ΔpqsA、ΔantABC和ΔantABCΔpqsA菌株之间的生长无显著差异(图3D)。综上所述,在MMP培养基中,铜绿假单胞菌的KynABU-AntABC途径是其降解Trp的唯一途径,其合成的AQs不能被重新降解再利用。
上述结果表明缺失突变antABC影响了铜绿假单胞菌AQs的合成,同时有研究报道AQs影响铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成[10]。为了探讨antABC操纵子对是否影响铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成,本研究对各菌株生物被膜的形成情况进行了分析比较。结果显示ΔantABC在PVC 96孔板上的生物被膜形成量显著高于其回补菌株和野生菌PAO1,说明缺失突变antABC显著增强了铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成(图4A)。当在ΔantABC的基础上进一步缺失AQs的合成基因pqsA时,相比于ΔantABC,ΔantABCΔpqsA的生物被膜形成能力显著降低,且ΔantABCΔpqsA的生物被膜形成能力与ΔpqsA相似,也均低于PAO1野生菌(图4B),说明缺失AQs抑制了ΔantABC生物被膜形成增强的表型。综上所述,缺失突变antABC以AQs依赖的方式促进了铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成。
胞外多糖Pel和Psl是铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜基质的关键结构成分,操纵子pelABCDEFG (简称pel)和pslABCDEFGHIJKLMNO (简称psl)分别是负责胞外多糖Pel和Psl的生物合成[31]。本研究进一步通过lacZ转录融合的手段,分析了缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌胞外多糖合成操纵子pelpsl表达的影响。结果显示ΔantABC (pUCP24)中胞外多糖合成操纵子pel的表达量相比野生菌PAO1 (pUCP24)和ΔantABC (pUCP24-antABC)互补菌株均有显著提升(图4C),而psl操纵子的表达量在这3个菌株之间则无显著差异(图4D)。因此,缺失突变antABC以AQs依赖的方式促进了铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成,主要通过增强胞外多糖合成操纵子pel的表达实现的。
已有研究报道铜绿假单胞菌PQS系统正调控其绿脓菌素的合成[32-33]。为了研究缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素合成的影响,本研究对各菌株绿脓菌素的合成情况进行了分析比较。结果显示ΔantABC菌株绿脓菌素的合成量显著高于其回补菌株和野生菌PAO1,说明缺失突变antABC显著增强了铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素的合成(图5A)。此外,相比于大量合成绿脓菌素的PAO1和ΔantABC菌株,ΔantABCΔpqsA和ΔpqsA均几乎不合成绿脓菌素(图5B),说明缺失AQs抑制了ΔantABC绿脓菌素合成增加的表型。综上所述,缺失突变antABC以AQs依赖的方式增强了铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素的合成。
由于铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素的合成由phzA1B1C1D2E1F1G1 (简称phz1)和phzA2B2C2D2E2F2G2 (简称phz2)这2个操纵子负责[32]。因此,我们检测了antABCphz1phz2表达的影响。结果显示相比于野生型PAO1,antABC缺失突变均显著增加了phz1phz2的表达,回补antABC又可恢复phz1phz2的表达至野生型水平(图5C5D)。综上所述,缺失突变antABC以AQs依赖的方式增强了铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素的合成,主要通过增强phz1phz2的表达实现的。
铜绿假单胞菌主要有3种运动方式,分别为集群运动、游泳运动和蹭行运动[34]。已有研究报道铜绿假单胞菌PQS系统正调控铜绿假单胞菌的集群运动和蹭行运动[35-36]。为了研究缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌运动性的影响,本研究分析比较了各菌株的运动能力。结果显示,相比于野生菌PAO1,antABC缺失突变显著增强了铜绿假单胞菌的集群运动和蹭行运动(图6A6E),但不影响铜绿假单胞菌的游泳运动(图6C6D)。然而,相比于PAO1野生菌,ΔpqsA和ΔantABCΔpqsA的集群运动和蹭行运动能力却显著降低(图6B6F),说明缺失AQs抑制了ΔantABC集群运动和蹭行运动增强的表型。综上所述,缺失突变antABC以AQs依赖的方式增强了铜绿假单胞菌的集群运动和蹭行运动。
为了分析antABC对铜绿假单胞菌毒力的影响,分别以白菜和大蜡螟幼虫为感染模型,比较了各菌株的致病能力。结果显示,相比于PAO1野生菌,缺失突变antABC显著增加了铜绿假单胞菌对白菜和大蜡螟幼虫的毒力,而互补antABC后可使ΔantABC的毒力表型恢复至野生菌水平(图7A7C)。然而,在ΔantABC基础上进一步缺失pqsA则使铜绿假单胞菌对白菜和大蜡螟幼虫的毒力显著降低。说明缺失AQs抑制了ΔantABC毒力增强的表型。由于ΔantABCΔpqsA对白菜和大蜡螟幼虫的毒力依然还显著高于ΔpqsA,暗示ΔantABC毒力增强的表型不完全依赖于AQs (图7B7D)。综上所述,缺失突变antABC增强了铜绿假单胞菌的毒力,而且这种表型仅部分依赖于AQs。
由于antABC缺失突变可导致铜绿假单胞菌的毒力增强,那么铜绿假单胞菌的临床分离株中是否会发生antABC突变以增强毒力的现象?为探讨这一问题,本研究以铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的AntABC蛋白序列为模板,通过Protein BLAST比对分析从铜绿假单胞菌基因组数据库(https://www.pseudomonas.com)中鉴定到712株临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌,其中有392株的AntA蛋白发生了错义突变,突变率为55.06%,有663株的AntB蛋白发生了错义突变,突变率为93.12%,有662株的AntC蛋白发生了错义突变,突变率为92.98% (具体的比对结果已上传至国家微生物科学数据中心,编号NMDCX0000257)。说明antABC在铜绿假单胞菌的临床分离株中存在广泛的错义突变,这些突变有可能使AntABC失活而增强铜绿假单胞菌的毒力。
为了研究缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌AQs和邻氨基苯甲酸含量的影响。一方面,本研究通过转录融合的手段检测了野生型PAO1、ΔantABC及其互补菌株中pqsApqsH的表达水平。结果如图8所示,ΔantABCpqsA的表达水平显著高于野生菌PAO1 (图8A),而同样条件下ΔantABCpqsH的表达水平却显著低于野生菌PAO1 (图8B),且回补antABC均可恢复ΔantABC的这些表型至PAO1水平。此外,通过薄层色谱(TLC)测定了稳定生长期的PAO1、ΔantABC及其互补菌株中AQs的含量,并以PQS标准品和HHQ标准品作为阳性对照,ΔpqsA (不合成AQs)作为阴性对照。结果显示ΔantABC中HHQ的含量明显高于PAO1,且回补antABC又能使ΔantABC的HHQ含量显著降低;相反,相比PAO1和互补菌株中明显的PQS信号,用TLC无法检测到ΔantABC中的PQS信号(图8C)。另一方面,由于antR的表达量与铜绿假单胞菌中邻氨基苯甲酸的含量呈正相关,可用于评价胞内邻氨基苯甲酸的含量水平[6],通过转录融合的手段检测了野生型PAO1、ΔantABC及其互补菌株中antR的表达水平以探究antABC缺失突变是否影响铜绿假单胞菌邻氨基苯甲酸的含量,结果如图8D所示,ΔantABCantR的表达水平显著高于野生菌PAO1,且回补antABC能恢复ΔantABC的表型至PAO1水平。综上所述,antABC缺失突变使铜绿假单胞菌邻氨基苯甲酸的含量显著提升并且差异影响了铜绿假单胞菌pqsABCDEpqsH的表达,通过增强pqsABCDE的表达和抑制pqsH的表达,显著促进HHQ的合成积累,同时降低PQS的形成。
在铜绿假单胞菌中,邻氨基苯甲酸作为色氨酸(Trp)通过犬尿氨酸途径(KynABU)的转化产物,既能用于合成烷基喹诺酮信号分子(AQs)又能被邻氨基苯甲酸双加氧酶复合体(AntABC)降解形成儿茶酚从而进入TCA循环(图1)[16]。铜绿假单胞菌AntABC除了介导邻氨基苯甲酸的降解外,其他的生物学效应是未知的。本研究构建了antABC的缺失突变株,并对其生理和毒力表型进行了分析。结果显示:(1) 铜绿假单胞菌antABC只能介导Trp的降解,并且在本研究指定的培养条件下KynABU-AntABC是该菌降解Trp的唯一途径;(2) 缺失突变antABC以AQs依赖的方式促进了铜绿假单胞菌的生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、集群运动和蹭行运动,以及增强了铜绿假单胞菌对白菜和大蜡螟幼虫的毒力;(3) 缺失突变antABC使铜绿假单胞菌积累了更多的邻氨基苯甲酸和HHQ,但却抑制了PQS的合成。
在MMP培养基中,铜绿假单胞菌antABC只能介导Trp的降解,并且KynABU-AntABC是该菌降解Trp的唯一途径,即Trp转化为邻氨基苯甲酸后无法经AQs进一步被降解。由于在以Trp为唯一碳源的MMP培养基中,铜绿假单胞菌可以正常合成AQs (数据未展示),说明铜绿假单胞菌合成的AQs在该培养条件下是不会被降解的。微生物在群体感应后期往往通过以下2种分子机制退出群体感应状态:(1) 微生物在群体感应后期迅速表达特异的降解酶,降解群体感应信号分子;(2) 微生物在群体感应后期降低信号分子合成酶基因的表达,从而降低群体感应信号分子的生物合成[37]。因此,铜绿假单胞菌退出PQS群体感应生理状态应该采取上述的第二种机制,而不是直接降解信号分子。另外,在铜绿假单胞菌中不能排除还存在其他色氨酸降解路径的可能性,因为这种路径可能在本研究的培养条件下不表达。
本研究分析了缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌运动性的影响,结果发现缺失突变antABC只增强了铜绿假单胞菌的集群运动和蹭行运动,而对游泳运动无显著影响。由于铜绿假单胞菌的集群运动主要依赖于鞭毛和鼠李糖脂,蹭行运动则依赖于菌毛,而游泳运动依赖于鞭毛[38-40]。因此,缺失突变antABC显然不会影响铜绿假单胞菌鞭毛的合成和功能,其对铜绿假单胞菌运动性的影响主要通过影响鼠李糖脂和菌毛的合成或功能实现的。
本研究的结果显示缺失突变antABC以AQs依赖的方式促进了铜绿假单胞菌的生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、集群运动和蹭行运动。缺失突变antABC使铜绿假单胞菌积累了更多的邻氨基苯甲酸和HHQ,却抑制了PQS的合成。研究报道,胞内的PQS信号分子能促进铜绿假单胞菌的生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成和集群运动,而不影响它的蹭行运动[9, 41]。综上所述,缺失突变antABC促进铜绿假单胞菌的生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、集群运动和蹭行运动等的表型变化,非PQS介导,而是由胞内积累的HHQ所致。尽管有文献报道,外源添加邻氨基苯甲酸能显著抑制铜绿假单胞菌的生物被膜形成[42-43],但是在ΔantABC遗传背景下,进一步缺失突变pqsA完全逆转了ΔantABC生物被膜增强的表型,这说明缺失突变antABC积累的邻氨基苯甲酸并未影响铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成,我们推测antABC突变积累的邻氨基苯甲酸的量并不足以抑制铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的形成。综上所述,缺失突变antABC以HHQ依赖的方式促进铜绿假单胞菌的生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、集群运动和蹭行运动。
本研究发现缺失突变antABC增强了铜绿假单胞菌对白菜和大蜡螟幼虫的毒力,且这种表型仅部分依赖于AQs,因为在ΔantABC遗传背景下进一步缺失突变pqsA只能部分逆转ΔantABC的毒力表型。另外,缺失突变antABC使铜绿假单胞菌积累了更多的邻氨基苯甲酸和HHQ,但却抑制了PQS的合成。在不同的感染模型中PQS信号分子在铜绿假单胞菌的毒力方面发挥着不同的作用[9]。在小鼠烧伤感染模型中,缺失PQS信号分子不影响铜绿假单胞菌的毒力[44],但在线虫感染模型中,PQS信号分子却是铜绿假单胞菌的毒力所必需的[45]。因此,缺失突变antABC产生的毒力增强表型显然不是PQS所介导的。此外,有文献报道铜绿假单胞菌培养物中的邻氨基苯甲酸含量水平在稳定生长期迅速增加,然后再次下降,形成一个邻氨基苯甲酸峰,而铜绿假单胞菌的毒力会在邻氨基苯甲酸峰值前后发生显著改变,显示邻氨基苯甲酸是调节铜绿假单胞菌致病性相关表型的关键因素之一[5, 46]。因此缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌毒力的增强作用应该由HHQ和邻氨基苯甲酸共同介导。转录组分析结果显示,信号分子HHQ在铜绿假单胞菌胞中通过其转录调节受体PqsR仅对自身的生物合成操纵子pqsABCDE有调控作用[11]pqsABCDE合成操纵子最后一个基因编码的PqsE蛋白,能与rhl群体感应系统的调节因子受体RhlR直接互作而调节RhlR的功能,进而调控包括生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、运动性和毒力在内的多种铜绿假单胞菌的致病表型[11, 47-49]。因此,缺失突变antABC对铜绿假单胞菌相关致病表型的影响,可能通过促进HHQ的合成积累,进而增强pqsE的表达实现的。
总之,本研究揭示了铜绿假单胞菌antABC的重要生物学效应,它不仅能够负责铜绿假单胞菌色氨酸的降解,而且在铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成、绿脓菌素合成、运动性及毒力等方面都发挥着十分重要的作用。此外,通过生物信息学分析发现antABC在铜绿假单胞菌的临床分离株中存在广泛的错义突变,这些突变有可能使AntABC失活而增强铜绿假单胞菌的毒力。因此antABC有望作为一种生物标志物来判断铜绿假单胞菌的临床分离株是否具有高毒力,为针对铜绿假单胞菌的临床诊断和抗菌药物开发奠定了基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32070103)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31860012)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32360015)
  • 陕西省秦创原“科学家+工程师”队伍建设项目(2023KXJ-019)
  • 陕西省“特支计划”区域发展人才项目(2020-44)
  • 陕西省普通高等学校青年杰出人才支持计划(2018-111)
  • 陕西高校青年创新团队项目(2022-943)
  • 陕西省大学生创新创业训练项目(S202210719127)
  • 陕西省大学生创新创业训练项目(S202310719142)
  • 延安大学科研计划(2023HBZ-001)
  • 延安大学科研计划(2023CGZH-007)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240383
  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-08-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
  • 录用日期:2024-08-27
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070103)
国家自然科学基金(32070103)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860012)
国家自然科学基金(31860012)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360015)
国家自然科学基金(32360015)
Qinchuang Yuan "Scientist+Engineer" Team Construction Project of Shaanxi Province(2023KXJ-019)
陕西省秦创原“科学家+工程师”队伍建设项目(2023KXJ-019)
Regional Development Talent Project of the "Special Support Plan" of Shaanxi Province(2020-44)
陕西省“特支计划”区域发展人才项目(2020-44)
Outstanding Young Talent Support Project of the Higher Education Institutions of Shaanxi Province(2018-111)
陕西省普通高等学校青年杰出人才支持计划(2018-111)
Youth Innovation Team Project of Shaanxi Universities(2022-943)
陕西高校青年创新团队项目(2022-943)
Shaanxi University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(S202210719127)
陕西省大学生创新创业训练项目(S202210719127)
Shaanxi University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(S202310719142)
陕西省大学生创新创业训练项目(S202310719142)
Research Project of Yan'an University(2023HBZ-001)
延安大学科研计划(2023HBZ-001)
Research Project of Yan'an University(2023CGZH-007)
延安大学科研计划(2023CGZH-007)
作者信息
    延安大学 生命科学学院, 陕西省黄土高原资源植物研究与利用省市共建重点实验室, 陕西 延安 716000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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