Article(id=1242119549689069867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709568000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1716825600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-28, onlineDate=1774073978111, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1730649600000, pubDateStr=2024-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073978111, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073978111, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073978111, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4153, endPage=4170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119550146249029, articleId=1242119549689069867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Fermentation characteristics of unsterilized feedstock with a simplified caproate-producing microbial consortium, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To obtain a stable microbial consortium with a high yield of caproate and achieve high-value carbon recovery from Baijiu-making wastewater (Huangshui). [Methods] We used the plate screening approach to obtain a simplified caproate-producing microbial consortium, evaluated the preferred carbon source of the consortium, and optimized the substrate concentration, pH, and feeding strategy. The metagenomics based on nanopore sequencing was employed to determine the composition and stability characteristics of the simplified caproate-producing microbial consortium. [Results] SimpCom1, a simplified caproate-producing microbial consortium, demonstrated significantly higher conversion rate of lactate than glucose to caproate. When SimpCom1 was used to ferment unsterilized Huangshui, we controlled the working concentration of Huangshui between 30% and 50% and initial pH 5.50 to achieve stable growth and metabolism of the consortium for caproate production. The fermentation was carried out in a fed-batch manner with 50% Huangshui, initial pH 5.50, and pH 6.50–7.00 after 48 h. Within four fed-batch fermentation cycles, the average caproate titer, productivity, proportion of caproate in total acids, and conversion rate of lactate to caproate reached 16.83 g/L, 3.05 g/(L·d), 67.27%, and 0.42 g/g, respectively. The metagenomic analysis showed that Caproicibacterium lactatifermentans, Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, and 'Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003' were the core species of SimpCom1. C. lactatifermentans and 'B. baijiuensis BJN0003' remained stable growth and metabolism in the unsterilized Huangshui, with the relative abundance of 45.3% and 6.7%, respectively, at the end of fermentation with 50%-diluted Huangshui. [Conclusion] We successfully established an efficient and low-cost approach for producing caproate by fermentation of unsterilized Baijiu-making wastewater with a simplified microbial consortium containing C. lactatifermentans and 'B. baijiuensis BJN0003'.

, correspAuthors=Cong REN, Yan XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*REN Cong, E-mail:
XU Yan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao QIN, Zhihao LIU, Cong REN, Yan XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119555271688849, articleId=1242119549689069867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=窖泥来源产己酸精简菌群的生料发酵特性, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】获得高效利用乳酸产己酸的稳定菌群,以实现对白酒酿造废水(黄水)的高值化碳回收处理。【方法】采用平板筛选法获得产己酸精简菌群,评估菌群的底物利用类型,优化菌群的发酵底物浓度、最适pH值和补料策略,并运用基于纳米孔测序技术的宏基因组学分析产己酸精简菌群的结构和稳态特征。【结果】产己酸精简菌群SimpCom1在乳酸条件下具有比葡萄糖条件更优的己酸转化能力;以生料黄水作为发酵原料时,黄水浓度控制在30%−50%、发酵起始pH 5.50的方式可实现菌群稳定生长与代谢;以50%黄水浓度、起始pH 5.50并在48 h后控制pH (6.50≤pH≤7.00)的批次补料发酵方式,四次批次发酵循环的平均己酸累积浓度为16.83 g/L,平均生产效率为3.05 g/(L·d),平均己酸选择性(己酸占产生总酸比值)为67.27%,乳酸向己酸的平均转化得率为0.42 g/g;宏基因组学分析表明,SimpCom1菌群核心物种主要包括解乳酸己小杆菌(Caproicibacterium lactatifermentans)、酸鱼宿主关联乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis)、酪丁酸梭菌(Clostridium tyrobutyricum)和‘Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’,其中解乳酸己小杆菌和‘B. baijiuensis BJN0003’可在生料黄水中有效生长与稳定代谢,在50%稀释度黄水发酵终点的相对丰度分别为45.3%和6.7%。【结论】成功应用含解乳酸己小杆菌和‘B. baijiuensis BJN0003’的产己酸精简菌群发酵生料白酒酿造废水,实现高值、高效、低成本碳回收。

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A: Lactate. B: pH. C: Acetate. D: Propionate. E: Butyrate. F: Caproate., figureFileSmall=q93LCWHI4oeNP0EJAuiWGA==, figureFileBig=fbrfEzNiBSOykjmyf+80RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007656247372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄水使用比例对SimpCom1菌群发酵产己酸的影响, figureFileSmall=q93LCWHI4oeNP0EJAuiWGA==, figureFileBig=fbrfEzNiBSOykjmyf+80RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007786270806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of pH regulation during fermentation process on caproate production (A) and community structures by fermentation of SimpCom1. B (left): Relative abundance; B (right): Absolute abundance. The black arrow in the growth panel indicates the pH controlling at 2 d. C: Biomass of end-of-fermentation flora under different pH conditions., figureFileSmall=RmC+MmlPt1TMlfoiQQjSDg==, figureFileBig=QtVZ04oDXIEpyNci8lhixg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291007924682845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=CN, label=图4, caption=发酵过程pH调控方式对SimpCom1菌群发酵产己酸(A)和菌群结构(B)影响

图B左: 菌群相对定量; 图B右: 菌群绝对定量. C: 不同发酵初始pH条件下发酵终点菌群的生物量

, figureFileSmall=RmC+MmlPt1TMlfoiQQjSDg==, figureFileBig=QtVZ04oDXIEpyNci8lhixg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008058900584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Fed-batch semi-continuous fermentation by inoculating consortium SimpCom1 with diluted Huangshui as feedstock. The red arrows represent the feeding points., figureFileSmall=FtQcvYs1Y7hvCKa1WPDr0Q==, figureFileBig=G5SSQ1+BIqDAgpbIdh8+Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008327336044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=CN, label=图5, caption=接种SimpCom1菌群以稀释黄水为底物的半连续批次补料循环发酵, figureFileSmall=FtQcvYs1Y7hvCKa1WPDr0Q==, figureFileBig=G5SSQ1+BIqDAgpbIdh8+Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008578994294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The microbial structures of consortium SimpCom1 in mCGM medium and the fermented-Huangshui broth inoculating with SimpCom1., figureFileSmall=2srdzM9skn5qQCHrFfmFaA==, figureFileBig=ds4I+Dnj1BIjfYbZzySJEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008704823422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=CN, label=图6, caption=接种于mCGM培养基的SimpCom1菌群结构及该菌群接种于黄水发酵后的群落组成, figureFileSmall=2srdzM9skn5qQCHrFfmFaA==, figureFileBig=ds4I+Dnj1BIjfYbZzySJEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291008818069639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The genomic synteny analysis of Caproicibacterium lactatifermentans bin4 from SimpCom1 with Caproicibacterium lactatifermentans LBM19010 and Caproicibacterium lactatifermentans JNU-WLY1368. A: The results of a genome-wide covariance analysis of bin4, which has been assembled from SimpCom1 with two previously reported triple genome-wide covariance analyses of the LBM19010 and JNU-WLY1368; B: Further genome-wide analysis of bin4 and LBM19010 in both groups. The red arrows indicate the unmatched regions., figureFileSmall=tJdM4b9MmeHmVQ7/DN8EBA==, figureFileBig=VIiJAdPvy8BIAvfooqOGhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009048756369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SimpCom1菌群来源组装基因组bin4与解乳酸己小杆菌LBM19010、解乳酸己小杆菌JNU-WLY1368的共线性分析

A:从SimpCom1中组装出来的解乳酸己小杆菌bin4的MAG与当前已报道的两株解乳酸己小杆菌LBM19010和JNU-WLY1368三株全基因组共线性分析的结果. B:bin4与LBM19010两株全基因组进一步共线性分析的结果. 红色箭头表示未匹配区域

, figureFileSmall=tJdM4b9MmeHmVQ7/DN8EBA==, figureFileBig=VIiJAdPvy8BIAvfooqOGhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009166196889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fermentation parameters for caproate within four fed-batch semi-continuous fermentation cycles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cyclet/hAccumulated titer (g/L)Net titer (g/L)Productivity§ (g/(L·d))Yield£ (g/g)Selectivity (%)
§: The productivity was calculated by using the net titer divided by the fermentation time of each cycle. £: The maximum theoretical yield of lactate to caproate is 0.43 based on the formula of 3 lactate→1 caproate. : The selectivity was calculated by using the amount (M/V) of caproate divided by the total amount (M/V) of acetate, propionate, butyrate and caproate.
0−6611.7910.773.920.4375.43
67−13816.027.922.680.4053.71
139−20418.127.492.760.3861.85
205−30221.3911.522.850.4678.06
Mean±SD (Ⅰ−Ⅳ)0−30216.83±3.489.43±1.753.05±0.500.42±0.0367.27±9.95
), ArticleFig(id=1243291009292026012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四个批次补料循环发酵的己酸发酵参数表征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cyclet/hAccumulated titer (g/L)Net titer (g/L)Productivity§ (g/(L·d))Yield£ (g/g)Selectivity (%)
§: The productivity was calculated by using the net titer divided by the fermentation time of each cycle. £: The maximum theoretical yield of lactate to caproate is 0.43 based on the formula of 3 lactate→1 caproate. : The selectivity was calculated by using the amount (M/V) of caproate divided by the total amount (M/V) of acetate, propionate, butyrate and caproate.
0−6611.7910.773.920.4375.43
67−13816.027.922.680.4053.71
139−20418.127.492.760.3861.85
205−30221.3911.522.850.4678.06
Mean±SD (Ⅰ−Ⅳ)0−30216.83±3.489.43±1.753.05±0.500.42±0.0367.27±9.95
), ArticleFig(id=1243291009392689313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The species compositions of consortium SimpCom1 and the fermented-Huangshui broth inoculating with SimpCom1 by using Nanopore long-read-only metagenomics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Microbial consortiumMAG No.Completeness (%)Contamination (%)Genome size (Mb)N50 number (bp)Contig numberSpecies annotation
SimpCom1 in mCGM medium (10 g/L lactate)bin199.041.832.452 450 0641Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis
bin297.990.002.362 360 1881Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’
bin399.784.373.42478 91337Clostridium tyrobutyricum
bin497.650.341.971 970 1091Caproicibacteirium lactatifermentans
bin590.600.672.14327 7537Metalachnospira sp.
Culture in 50% Huangshui inoculated with SimpCom1bin678.364.591.541 129 9975Caproicibacteirium lactatifermentans
bin798.022.363.90618 58111Clostridium sp.
bin897.170.003.10338 63812Thomasclavelia ramosa
bin994.412.803.40559 2077Tepidimicrobiaceae sp.
bin1098.390.672.741 265 7363Agathobaculum sp.
bin1182.734.491.99498 7454Rubeoparvulum sp.
bin1298.820.002.97453 69110Clostridium sp.
bin1382.760.002.19467 1866Clostridium cochlearium
bin1495.300.002.70340 21911Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’
bin1570.750.003.53233 17733Anaerocolumna sp.
bin1698.660.342.522 201 8132Caproicibacteirium amylolyticum
bin1786.391.903.96290 14335Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum
bin1898.810.923.022 988 1726Clostridium tyrobutyricum
bin1996.970.651.51758 2548Lactobacillus acetotolerans
bin2083.631.852.50407 2649Muricomes sp.
bin2154.750.671.49225 9766Caproicibacter sp.
bin2293.621.342.27239 95715Caproicibacter sp.
bin2365.520.002.97267 61519Haloimpatiens sp.
bin2452.230.001.5934 73863Levilactobacillus sp.
bin2554.310.002.0686 89434Garciella sp.
bin2654.831.721.9148 41267Sedimentibacter sp.
bin2792.453.242.60199 17319Pseudoflavonifractor sp.
bin2891.610.003.23599 3547Blautia liquoris
bin2978.890.702.45309 00610Sporanaerobacter acetigenes
bin3081.431.342.52198 97916Mobilitalea sp.
bin3194.064.552.46171 37817Methanolobus chelungpuianus
bin3273.498.171.42104 49719Intestinibacillus sp.
bin3352.754.032.8549 83196Intestinibacillus sp.
bin3465.500.002.48142 32521Clostridia sp.
bin3586.350.893.34580 9069Anaerocolumna sp.
), ArticleFig(id=1243291009497546921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119549689069867, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

纳米孔长读长宏基因组学分析SimpCom1菌群的物种组成及其接种于黄水发酵后的物种组成情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Microbial consortiumMAG No.Completeness (%)Contamination (%)Genome size (Mb)N50 number (bp)Contig numberSpecies annotation
SimpCom1 in mCGM medium (10 g/L lactate)bin199.041.832.452 450 0641Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis
bin297.990.002.362 360 1881Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’
bin399.784.373.42478 91337Clostridium tyrobutyricum
bin497.650.341.971 970 1091Caproicibacteirium lactatifermentans
bin590.600.672.14327 7537Metalachnospira sp.
Culture in 50% Huangshui inoculated with SimpCom1bin678.364.591.541 129 9975Caproicibacteirium lactatifermentans
bin798.022.363.90618 58111Clostridium sp.
bin897.170.003.10338 63812Thomasclavelia ramosa
bin994.412.803.40559 2077Tepidimicrobiaceae sp.
bin1098.390.672.741 265 7363Agathobaculum sp.
bin1182.734.491.99498 7454Rubeoparvulum sp.
bin1298.820.002.97453 69110Clostridium sp.
bin1382.760.002.19467 1866Clostridium cochlearium
bin1495.300.002.70340 21911Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’
bin1570.750.003.53233 17733Anaerocolumna sp.
bin1698.660.342.522 201 8132Caproicibacteirium amylolyticum
bin1786.391.903.96290 14335Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum
bin1898.810.923.022 988 1726Clostridium tyrobutyricum
bin1996.970.651.51758 2548Lactobacillus acetotolerans
bin2083.631.852.50407 2649Muricomes sp.
bin2154.750.671.49225 9766Caproicibacter sp.
bin2293.621.342.27239 95715Caproicibacter sp.
bin2365.520.002.97267 61519Haloimpatiens sp.
bin2452.230.001.5934 73863Levilactobacillus sp.
bin2554.310.002.0686 89434Garciella sp.
bin2654.831.721.9148 41267Sedimentibacter sp.
bin2792.453.242.60199 17319Pseudoflavonifractor sp.
bin2891.610.003.23599 3547Blautia liquoris
bin2978.890.702.45309 00610Sporanaerobacter acetigenes
bin3081.431.342.52198 97916Mobilitalea sp.
bin3194.064.552.46171 37817Methanolobus chelungpuianus
bin3273.498.171.42104 49719Intestinibacillus sp.
bin3352.754.032.8549 83196Intestinibacillus sp.
bin3465.500.002.48142 32521Clostridia sp.
bin3586.350.893.34580 9069Anaerocolumna sp.
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窖泥来源产己酸精简菌群的生料发酵特性
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秦昊 1 , 刘志豪 1 , 任聪 1, 2, 3, * , 徐岩 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(11): 4153-4170
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(11): 4153-4170
窖泥来源产己酸精简菌群的生料发酵特性
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秦昊1, 刘志豪1, 任聪1, 2, 3, * , 徐岩1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 江南大学 生物工程学院, 酿造微生物学与应用酶学研究室, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 2 江南大学, 工业生物技术教育部重点实验, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 3 中国轻工业微生物组学与生态酿造技术重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
Fermentation characteristics of unsterilized feedstock with a simplified caproate-producing microbial consortium
Hao QIN1, Zhihao LIU1, Cong REN1, 2, 3, * , Yan XU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 3 Key Light-industry Laboratory of Microbiome Ecological Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2024-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240139
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【目的】获得高效利用乳酸产己酸的稳定菌群,以实现对白酒酿造废水(黄水)的高值化碳回收处理。【方法】采用平板筛选法获得产己酸精简菌群,评估菌群的底物利用类型,优化菌群的发酵底物浓度、最适pH值和补料策略,并运用基于纳米孔测序技术的宏基因组学分析产己酸精简菌群的结构和稳态特征。【结果】产己酸精简菌群SimpCom1在乳酸条件下具有比葡萄糖条件更优的己酸转化能力;以生料黄水作为发酵原料时,黄水浓度控制在30%−50%、发酵起始pH 5.50的方式可实现菌群稳定生长与代谢;以50%黄水浓度、起始pH 5.50并在48 h后控制pH (6.50≤pH≤7.00)的批次补料发酵方式,四次批次发酵循环的平均己酸累积浓度为16.83 g/L,平均生产效率为3.05 g/(L·d),平均己酸选择性(己酸占产生总酸比值)为67.27%,乳酸向己酸的平均转化得率为0.42 g/g;宏基因组学分析表明,SimpCom1菌群核心物种主要包括解乳酸己小杆菌(Caproicibacterium lactatifermentans)、酸鱼宿主关联乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis)、酪丁酸梭菌(Clostridium tyrobutyricum)和‘Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’,其中解乳酸己小杆菌和‘B. baijiuensis BJN0003’可在生料黄水中有效生长与稳定代谢,在50%稀释度黄水发酵终点的相对丰度分别为45.3%和6.7%。【结论】成功应用含解乳酸己小杆菌和‘B. baijiuensis BJN0003’的产己酸精简菌群发酵生料白酒酿造废水,实现高值、高效、低成本碳回收。

己酸菌  /  生料发酵  /  菌群精简  /  酿造废水资源化

[Objective] To obtain a stable microbial consortium with a high yield of caproate and achieve high-value carbon recovery from Baijiu-making wastewater (Huangshui). [Methods] We used the plate screening approach to obtain a simplified caproate-producing microbial consortium, evaluated the preferred carbon source of the consortium, and optimized the substrate concentration, pH, and feeding strategy. The metagenomics based on nanopore sequencing was employed to determine the composition and stability characteristics of the simplified caproate-producing microbial consortium. [Results] SimpCom1, a simplified caproate-producing microbial consortium, demonstrated significantly higher conversion rate of lactate than glucose to caproate. When SimpCom1 was used to ferment unsterilized Huangshui, we controlled the working concentration of Huangshui between 30% and 50% and initial pH 5.50 to achieve stable growth and metabolism of the consortium for caproate production. The fermentation was carried out in a fed-batch manner with 50% Huangshui, initial pH 5.50, and pH 6.50–7.00 after 48 h. Within four fed-batch fermentation cycles, the average caproate titer, productivity, proportion of caproate in total acids, and conversion rate of lactate to caproate reached 16.83 g/L, 3.05 g/(L·d), 67.27%, and 0.42 g/g, respectively. The metagenomic analysis showed that Caproicibacterium lactatifermentans, Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, and 'Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003' were the core species of SimpCom1. C. lactatifermentans and 'B. baijiuensis BJN0003' remained stable growth and metabolism in the unsterilized Huangshui, with the relative abundance of 45.3% and 6.7%, respectively, at the end of fermentation with 50%-diluted Huangshui. [Conclusion] We successfully established an efficient and low-cost approach for producing caproate by fermentation of unsterilized Baijiu-making wastewater with a simplified microbial consortium containing C. lactatifermentans and 'B. baijiuensis BJN0003'.

caproate-producing bacteria  /  fermentation with unsterilized feedstock  /  microbial consortium simplification  /  carbon recycling of Baijiu-making wastewater
秦昊, 刘志豪, 任聪, 徐岩. 窖泥来源产己酸精简菌群的生料发酵特性. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4153 -4170 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240139
Hao QIN, Zhihao LIU, Cong REN, Yan XU. Fermentation characteristics of unsterilized feedstock with a simplified caproate-producing microbial consortium[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4153 -4170 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240139
以酿造为代表的食品工业产生大量pH低至3.00−4.00的高化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)废水(COD高达150 g/L),其生化组分主要包括以乳酸为代表的有机酸及乙醇,厌氧消化产甲烷是处理此类高浓度食品工业废水的常用方式[1-2]。然而,厌氧消化产甲烷难以直接处理高浓度废水,该技术的设备投资高昂、运行成本高[3]。食品工业废水的高值化碳回收近年来受到高度重视[4],目前国外新建起以餐厨和食品副产物为原料的中链脂肪酸(己酸、辛酸)生产示范工厂[5]。因食品工业废水本身富含乳酸或极易酸化生成乳酸的特点,近年来,以乳酸为电子供体的中链脂肪酸碳链延长工艺逐渐受到重视[6],但仍存在自然富集菌群生长缓慢和纯培养菌株难以被应用于未灭菌废水生料发酵的挑战[7]
采用“自上而下” (top-down)或“自下而上” (bottom-up)的菌群构建策略,快速获得高效己酸转化菌群,成为从富含高浓度底物(例如乳酸)的有机废弃物中进行中链脂肪酸炼制的关键[8]。自然界能够以乳酸为电子供体(即乳酸利用型)的微生物较为稀有,当前已经发现的乳酸利用型厌氧菌如从绵羊瘤胃分离的埃氏巨球形菌(Megasphaera elsdenii),虽然能够直接利用乳酸产生己酸,但在糖类存在时,乳酸会经丙烯酸途径优先转化为丙酸[9],造成乳酸-己酸转化过程中的碳流向的分流,生产上难以利用此类微生物完成对己酸的连续高质量转化。Kucek等研究表明采用菌群连续进行己酸高效转化的前提是要实现产己酸菌株对乳酸的高效利用,避免因丙烯酸途径造成对乳酸碳流向的分流[10]。因此,寻找新型产己酸微生物,将目前食品工业厌氧消化工艺中的产丁酸/丙酸模式升级为不产生丙酸的己酸碳链延长模式,可有望提升食品工业高浓度废水的处理效率和资源化率。
当前已报道能够利用乳酸对己酸进行转化的微生物主要分布在梭菌纲(Clostridia)下的解乳酸己小杆菌(Caproicibacteirium lactatifermentans)[11-12]Ruminococcaceae bacterium BL-6[13]和阴性球菌纲(Negativicutes)下啤酒巨球形菌(Megasphaera cerevisiae)[14]、产己酸巨球形菌(Megasphaera hexanoica)[15]、埃氏巨球形菌(Megasphaera elsdenii)[16]。其中C. lactatifermentans (建议中文译名:解乳酸己小杆菌)为本研究团队近期从白酒酿造窖泥中筛选鉴定到的新种,具有良好的乳酸-己酸转化能力,但该菌为小基因组微生物(基因组大小≤2 Mb),根据基因组注释结果推测其为多种氨基酸营养缺陷型微生物,因此其纯菌株在培养过程中对营养需求过高,菌株纯化难度大[11]。根据解乳酸己小杆菌在筛选过程中表现出与其他微生物的伴生特性(如丁酸梭菌、酪丁酸梭菌),筛选产己酸精简菌群应用于实际发酵,是推广解乳酸己小杆菌(C. lactatifermentans)应用范围,建立新型黄水高值化转化的一个重要策略。
最近,Wu等[17]和Zhu等[18-19]等以开放式连续发酵的方式实现用黄水发酵产己酸,己酸产量最高分别达到12.3 g/L和25.4 g/L。采用上述发酵方式对黄水发酵虽可以得到产量较高的短、中链脂肪酸(主要为己酸),但是从微生物整体变化以及短中链脂肪酸的产生情况来看,使用结构复杂的微生物菌群进行发酵会导致发酵系统整体波动变大。稳定的菌群具有较纯培养菌株更好的发酵能力,通过菌群中微生物之间的交叉喂养(cross-feeding)可以实现菌群结构和代谢稳定,有望表现出优于纯培养菌株的抵抗外源污染[20]和高效碳转化能力[21-22]。因此采用精简菌群对高乳酸生料酿造废水实现高效产酸发酵,是实现低成本、高效益碳回收的重要基础保障。
本研究旨在运用解乳酸己小杆菌能够实现乳酸-己酸高效转化的特点,基于以解乳酸己小杆菌为核心功能微生物的产己酸精简菌群,在确定产己酸精简菌群最适底物类型的基础上进行发酵条件优化,探索批次补料发酵工艺在黄水高效发酵制备己酸中的应用价值。
本研究所使用的黄水和窖泥样本均来自于四川某酒厂。
乙酸钠、丁酸钠、己酸钠,Solarbio公司;叔戊酸、乳酸钠,Sigma-Aldrich公司;DNA提取试剂盒PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit,QIAGENiagen公司;建库与测序试剂,NEB公司;其余常规化学试剂购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
NanoDrop 8000蛋白核酸测定分光光度计、Qubit荧光计、厌氧工作站,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;气相色谱仪Agilent 7890B、高效液相色谱仪Agilent 1260,Agilent公司;精密pH计,METTLER TOLEDO公司;有机酸柱Aminex HPX-87H,Bio-Rad公司;气相色谱柱CP-WAX 57 CB,Agilent公司;3 L玻璃发酵罐,Eppendorf公司;Oxford Nanopore GridON测序仪,Oxford Nanopore Technologies公司。
高氮源mCGM培养基(g/L):乳酸10.000或葡萄糖20.000,乙酸钠5.000,酵母粉10.000,蛋白胨10.000,(NH4)2SO4 2.000,NaH2PO4 1.000,K2HPO4 0.500,MgSO4·7H2O 0.100,FeSO4·7H2O 0.015,MnSO4·H2O 0.010,CaCl2 0.010,CoCl2 0.002,ZnSO4 0.002。固体培养基添加终浓度为1.5%的琼脂糖。
低氮源MM培养基(g/L):乳酸10.0,酵母粉1.0,乙酸钠5.0,(NH4)2SO4 2.0,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2,NaH2PO4·2H2O 0.5,CaCl2·2H2O 0.1,K2HPO4 0.5,微量元素300 µL。微量元素的组成成分(mg/L):FeSO4·7H2O 2 000.0,ZnCl2 50.0,MnCl2·4H2O 500.0,CuCl2·H2O 30.0,(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 50.0,CoCl2·6H2O 2 000.0,NiCl2·6H2O 50.0,Na2SeO3·5H2O 100.0,H3BO3 50.0,EDTA 1 000.0,HCl (ω=36%) 1 mL。
产己酸精简菌群采用“富集-涂板”法进行筛选。具体而言,以老窖泥作为菌群筛选源,向初始pH 5.50且添加了体积分数为20%的黄水的MM培养基中,以质量体积分数(窖泥质量: 发酵体系体积)为5%的比例接种老窖泥,在37 ℃下对窖泥中的微生物进行富集培养至7 d。然后用乳酸mCGM培养基对富集菌液以10−3、10−4和10−5稀释度进行稀释,取100 μL菌液涂布于mCGM琼脂平板上,置于37 ℃厌氧工作站中培养3 d。然后挑取单个菌落接种至含乳酸碳源的mCGM液体培养基中培养7 d,培养液上清通过气相色谱测定己酸和丁酸产生量,保留己酸浓度 > 1.00 g/L的菌液,并对上述保留菌液进行扩培放大培养与保藏。镜检和Sanger测序表明,这种方法获得的菌落未经进一步纯化,为含有解乳酸己小杆菌的菌群,将之定义为产己酸精简菌群。
采用mCGM液体培养基对产己酸精简菌群进行发酵产己酸能力的判定。以白酒酿造过程中常见碳源——葡萄糖、乳酸分别作为发酵过程中的主要碳源,在厌氧工作站内以发酵总体积10%的接种量将处于对数期的产己酸精简菌群接种至100 mL新鲜除氧的mCGM培养基中,初始pH设置为5.50,设置3个平行组,于37 ℃连续培养5 d。发酵期间每天连续取样,并将样品菌体和上清分离后分别冻存至–20 ℃冰箱内,以进行后续发酵指标的评定和分析。
本研究中所使用的黄水理化性质:pH 3.35乳酸74.21 g/L,乙酸8.13 g/L,乙醇53.99 g/L。设置30%稀释、50%稀释和不稀释(原液) 3个稀释度的黄水对菌群进行发酵,并在发酵后使用终浓度为5 mol/L氢氧化钠调节黄水pH至5.5。将处于对数期的产己酸精简菌群以发酵总体积10%的接种量接种至100 mL上述3种稀释度的黄水中进行发酵,每个条件设置3个平行组。发酵期间每天连续取样,并将样品菌体和上清分离后分别冻存在–20 ℃冰箱,后续进行发酵指标的评定和分析。
采取补料发酵的方式,考察补料后pH对己酸产量的影响。以初始pH 5.50、稀释度为50%的黄水对产己酸精简菌群进行生料发酵实验。在考察补料后的pH对菌群发酵产己酸的影响时,使用HCl调节pH至不同浓度(pH 5.50、6.00、6.50、7.50)并将底物浓度统一调节至40 g/L后进行发酵实验。将处于对数期的高产己酸菌群以发酵总体积10%的接种量接种至100 mL上述黄水中进行发酵,每个条件设置3个平行组。发酵期间每天连续取样,并将样品菌体和上清分离后分别冻存在−20 ℃冰箱,后续进行发酵指标的评定和分析。
确定了SimpCom1菌群最适补料方式后,采用批次补料的方式在3 L发酵罐中对发酵进行放大,以评估己酸的最大产量。以初始pH 5.50,稀释度为50%的黄水进行发酵实验,当pH达到6.50时(发酵48 h)开始控制发酵体系pH在6.50–7.00之间。
3 L发酵罐控制条件:在厌氧工作站(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)内将SimpCom1菌群培养至对数期后,以发酵总体积10%的接种比例转接入3 L发酵罐中,发酵温度控制在37 ℃,采用8 mol/L的HCl控制调节pH值。每次取样后分别对发酵过程内的乳酸利用和挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸、丁酸、己酸)产生情况进行监测。当乳酸消耗接近完全时,放出约50%发酵体系体积的发酵液,同时补加等体积、稀释度为50%的黄水。发酵罐的转速设置在200 r/min,发酵过程中以N2维持罐内正压。
采用气相色谱仪器(Agilent公司)对样本中的主要挥发性有机酸进行分析,色谱柱型号为CP-WAX 57 CB (Agilent公司)。样本制备方法为:添加50 μL叔戊酸内标(终浓度12.5 g/L,含终浓度5%的浓盐酸)于200 μL发酵上清液中(提前使用0.22 μm水相滤膜过膜),涡旋后取200 μL上清液进行主要挥发性有机酸的检测。升温程序:初始温度60 ℃,保持0.5 min,以20 ℃/min升温到180 ℃,保持5.5 min。分流比为5:1,进样口温度为220 ℃,氢离子火焰检测器温度为220 ℃。
采用高效液相色谱仪(Agilent公司)对发酵体系的乳酸进行分析,色谱柱为Aminex HPX-87H (Bio-Rad公司)。取500 μL发酵上清液,使用0.22 μm水相滤膜过膜后上样,流动相为5 mmol/L稀硫酸溶液,流速0.5 mL/min,柱温60 ℃,采用示差检测器检测乳酸的含量。
为了对微生物群落结构进行绝对定量,在样本进行DNA提取之前添加内标菌。内标菌(丙酮丁醇梭菌)的制备、添加量及物种绝对丰度计算方法参考辜杨等的内标菌定量方法[23]。DNA提取前按照5.2×107 cells/mL添加内标菌。DNA提取过程参照Power Soil DNA Isolation Kit (Qiagen公司)说明书进行提取,在完成提取后经NanoDrop 8000分光光度计测定样品浓度,后储存于−80 ℃中待用。PCR扩增引物为338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)[24],对细菌的16S rRNA基因V3−V4可变区进行扩增,扩增子的建库与测序在上海凌恩生物科技有限公司Illumina MiSeq PE300测序平台完成。选取在mCGM培养基发酵群落(乳酸碳源)与黄水发酵群落发酵终点的菌体进行Nanopore宏基因组测序。在进行测序前使用Qubit荧光计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)对基因组DNA浓度进行定量,然后在Oxford Nanopore GridON测序仪(Oxford Nanopore公司)进行测序,测序芯片为flowcell R9.4.1。16S rRNA基因扩增子数据与Nanopore宏基因组测序原始数据已上传NCBI,登录号分别为PRJNA1081667和PRJNA1081632。
16S rRNA基因扩增子测序数据分析采用QIIME 2[25]完成,其中数据去噪方法为DADA2[26]。采用vsearch[27]对ASV进行99%相似水平聚类,获得代表性ASV序列。ASV代表序列的物种注释首先使用Greengene2分类学数据库[28]进行比对,再经NCBI 16S rRNA基因数据库和nt数据库进行精确注释。
宏基因组测序数据经metaFlye[29]进行从头组装,采用Nanophase[30]内置的Metabat2、Maxbin2和SemiBin2进行分箱,内置的MetaWrap进行分箱的提纯。组装基因组所代表物种的丰度计算使用CoverM完成(https://github.com/wwood/CoverM)。基因组共线性分析及可视化使用Mauve[31]完成。
图1所示,经过多轮“富集-涂板”法筛选,最终得到12个己酸产生能力 > 1 g/L的产己酸精简菌群,后续选择己酸产量较高的SimpCom1 (己酸产量为5.52 g/L)进行发酵能力测试。
图2A所示,获得的产己酸精简菌群SimpCom1在乳酸条件下呈现出“升pH式”的发酵方式,pH从5.53上升至6.86。底物测定表明,该菌群具有较强的乳酸利用能力,最大乳酸利用速率可达5.8 g/(L·d) (发酵2−3 d)。己酸的产生与乳酸的消耗相耦联,在11 g/L的乳酸下,己酸的最大产量为4.49 g/L,转化率为40% (理论转化率为43%),该过程中还伴随产生了2.65 g/L的丁酸。乙酸和丁酸均可以作为己酸合成的电子受体,在己酸快速生成时期(发酵2−3 d),伴随着乙酸的降低,最大降幅为0.77 g/L,同时丁酸的合成速率减缓,此时发酵过程中的碳流向主要流向逆向β-氧化途径进行己酸的合成。
图2B所示,在葡萄糖为底物的条件下SimpCom1菌群对葡萄糖的消耗贯穿在整个发酵过程中,并且发酵方式变为“降pH式”的发酵。与初始pH相比,pH值从5.42降至4.90。短中链脂肪酸的产生情况表明,在21 g/L葡萄糖下,己酸的最大产量为4.74 g/L,转化率为22.4%。对比乳酸条件,葡萄糖条件下己酸的转化率下降了17.6%。
乳酸和葡萄糖两种底物的发酵测试表明,在乳酸碳源下,SimpCom1菌群具有更优的己酸产生能力。产生4.49 g/L己酸和2.65 g/L丁酸理论上共需要15.90 g/L的乳酸,大于发酵过程中乳酸总消耗量(8.81 g/L),这表明SimpCom1菌群中可能含有提供电子供体(如乳酸)的微生物。同时考虑到酿造黄水具有一定的葡萄糖、麦芽糖等糖类物质[32],SimpCom1菌群的糖类利用能力表明其可以兼容富含可溶性糖的黄水。以上结果表明,在进行SimpCom1菌群精简的过程中,核心微生物具有一定的自组装性,这使得该菌群获得了一定抵御碳饥饿的能力,该互生关系可能是持续维持SimpCom1菌群具备乳酸-己酸转化能力的重要原因。
浓香型白酒酿造工艺的稳定性保证了黄水质量的整体稳定性,但不同来源的黄水会因酿造工艺的不同造成黄水质量产生一定的波动。由于生料黄水需同时提供发酵过程中的底物(乳酸)和其他满足菌群生长的营养物质,黄水被过度稀释不利于菌群生长,但过高的浓度(乳酸 > 40 g/L)菌群无法将乳酸完全利用。为探究SimpCom1菌群在未灭菌的黄水中进行乳酸-己酸发酵转化的最适稀释度,将该菌群接种到仅调节pH、不添加其他任何外源成分、不同稀释度的黄水中进行发酵,黄水使用终浓度为30%、50%和100%。
图3所示,在30%和50%浓度的黄水中,SimpCom1菌群均表现出良好的乳酸利用和己酸产生能力,50%浓度黄水更有利于累积更高浓度的己酸(最高10.37 g/L)。100%浓度的黄水对SimpCom1菌群的底物利用具有较强的抑制作用,“升pH值”发酵现象并不明显,最终仅产生了2.92 g/L的己酸。不同于在mCGM培养基中的发酵,SimpCom1菌群在黄水培养基中展现出丁酸“先产生,后利用”的特性,乙酸始终为上升趋势,未观测到乙酸的表观利用。
由于黄水中存在大量由Pta-Ack途径产生乙酸的微生物,如丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)、鸡盲肠丁酸球菌(Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum)等微生物,推测生料黄水发酵时乙酸和丁酸的增加可能由黄水中这些产酸菌的生长引起。此外,在上述3种稀释度的黄水下,均未检测到大量丙酸产生(丙酸产量最高为0.56 g/L),表明SimpCom1菌群在发酵黄水时,大部分碳流量并未经丙烯酸途径产生丙酸。综上所述,50%浓度的黄水为发酵较合适的工作浓度。
鉴于SimpCom1菌群在利用乳酸时pH呈现上升趋势,乳酸初始浓度和发酵初始pH值对最终己酸产量均有较大影响。为了进一步提升己酸产量,采取补料后调节发酵pH的方式,同时探索在底物充足和不同补料后的pH值这两种情况下对菌群产己酸效率的影响。如图4A所示,补料后的初始pH值分别调节至5.50、6.00、6.50、7.50。当己酸含量达到10 g/L以上时(发酵2 d),若pH维持在酸性条件(pH 5.50),继续补料会由于酸抑制效应导致体系内乳酸-己酸的转换变缓(调节后己酸增加量仅2.29 g/L);而当补料后pH提升至6.00−6.50后,酸抑制效应消弱,微生物能够继续进行己酸的合成。与pH 5.50时相比,pH升至6.00和6.50后,发酵体系的己酸再累积量分别提高了39%和101% (分别为4.15 g/L和6.01 g/L)。然而,当pH控制到7.50后,己酸产量再次下降,表明当pH升至7.50后不利于SimpCom1菌群的乳酸-己酸的转化。从代谢过程中的碳流向来看,SimpCom1菌群在4种发酵优化方式中均未检测到丙酸的产生,这说明利用SimpCom1菌群可以直接将乳酸转化为己酸,未出现乳酸经丙烯酸途径产生丙酸的情况。综上所述,最优的补料后pH为6.50,在此pH下,SimpCom1菌群在批次发酵整个周期中对黄水中的乳酸最大利用量约为21.46 g/(L·d) (发酵1−2 d),己酸产量最高达到16.87 g/L。黄水发酵过程中,解乳酸己小杆菌(C. lactatifermentans)为绝对优势微生物,其发酵终点的相对丰度占物种总丰度的76.50%−98.52% (图4B左)。
在pH值分别为5.50、6.00、6.50、7.50的条件下,解乳酸己小杆菌的绝对生物量与接种零时刻相比分别增加了11.3、8.92、10.3、12.3倍(图4B右)。虽然pH 6.50为产己酸的最优初始pH条件,但pH 7.50时解乳酸己小杆菌的绝对生物量(1.74×107 cells/mL),较pH 6.50时发酵终点对应值(1.11×107 cells/mL)高56.75%。在收集等体积发酵液离心后,发现聚集到试管底部的菌体量与补料至不同pH条件下的OD600值及绝对生物量的整体变化趋势相符(图4C)。综上所述,采用50%浓度的黄水基质发酵时,补料后pH 6.50为最适产己酸发酵条件,而产己酸菌群菌剂制备的最适pH为7.50。
基于优化后的发酵实验条件,在3 L发酵罐中采用控制过程pH (6.50≤pH≤7.00)和批次补料循环发酵的策略对SimpCom1菌群发酵体系进行放大。为高效处理黄水,尽可能削弱产物酸抑制效应,在乳酸接近消耗完全时,放出约50%体积的发酵液,同时补加相同体积的50%稀释度生料黄水。如图5所示,根据补料周期和底物消耗的情况,本测试含4个“放料-补料”循环:Ⅰ期,0−66 h;Ⅱ期,67−138 h;Ⅲ期,139−204 h;Ⅳ期,205−302 h。在4个周期内,己酸的产生速率维持在2.68−3.92 g/(L·d) (表1),发酵终点己酸的最大产量达到了21.39 g/L。在发酵前3个阶段,乙酸累积量维持在3.57−7.28 g/L之间,丁酸和己酸在每次补料后迅速累积,第198 h分别达到10.74 g/L和18.53 g/L。补料后,乳酸快速被利用,利用量0.32 g/(L·d) (发酵154−198 h)。进入发酵Ⅳ期,乳酸利用率降至0.26 g/(L·d),乙酸和丁酸开始缓慢利用,发酵体系内的碳流量逐步汇集至己酸合成途径,发酵终点己酸缓慢累积至21.39 g/L。此外,虽然丙酸在发酵Ⅲ期开始累积,但发酵终点丙酸累积量仅为3.89 g/L,表明发酵体系内的碳流并未大量流入丙烯酸途径。
综上所述,批次补料发酵测试表明,以50%稀释度的生料黄水进行批次循环补料,同时维持发酵pH在6.50−7.00之间的半连续循环发酵的方式,可获得平均己酸累积浓度为(16.83±3.48) g/L,每批次发酵己酸的平均净产生量为(9.43±1.75) g/L,平均己酸生产效率为(3.05±0.50) g/(L·d),平均己酸选择性(己酸占产生总酸比值)为(67.27±9.95)%,乳酸向己酸的平均转化得率为(0.42±0.03) g/g (表1)。
表2所示,采用基于牛津纳米孔长读长测序的宏基因组学分析SimpCom1菌群(培养于mCGM乳酸培养基中)的物种组成情况,以及分析该菌群接种到黄水中的微生物群落组成结构。分别从mCGM培养基发酵群落(即SimpCom1菌群)和黄水发酵群落(即SimpCom1菌群接种至黄水中形成的群落)中获得31.54 Gb和21.04 Gb的原始序列数据,使用metaFlye组装后获得的组装序列(Contig)总长度分别为11.52 Mb和144.86 Mb。从mCGM培养基发酵群落和黄水发酵群落中分别得到4个和31个中等质量和高质量组装基因组(metagenome-assembled genomes, MAGs),其Contig序列总长度为10.2 Mb和79.36 Mb,分别占组装Contig数据量的88.54%和54.78%。获得的3个完整成环MAGs均来自mCGM培养基发酵群落。研究表明,长读长宏基因组测序在获得SimpCom1菌群物种的完整基因组方面具有较强的优势(表2)。
基于基因组分类数据库(genome taxonomy database, GTDB)和典型菌株基因组服务器(the type (strain) genome server, TYGS)对MAG进行物种注释,SimpCom1菌群的4个MAGs (bin1−bin4)全部被注释到;黄水发酵群落下,31个MAGs (bin5−bin35)中能被准确注释到已知物种的数量为12个,未分类物种19个。如表2图6所示,从mCGM培养基发酵群落中共获得了4个组装基因组,分别为解乳酸己小杆菌(Caproicibacteirium lactatifermentans,相对丰度为36.7%)、酸鱼乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis,相对丰度为52.4%)、‘Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’ (相对丰度为7.1%)和酪丁酸梭菌(Clostridium tyrobutyricum,相对丰度为1.3%)。上述4种菌合计丰度为97.5%,表明SimpCom1菌群主要由这4种微生物组成。在黄水发酵群落中,解乳酸己小杆菌和‘B. baijiuensis BJN0003’的相对丰度分别为45.3%和6.7%,是SimpCom1菌群在黄水发酵中的第一和第二高丰度微生物,为核心乳酸-己酸转化的功能物种。此外还检测到解淀粉产己酸小杆菌(Caproicibacterium amylolyticum)、鸡盲肠丁酸球菌(Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum)、泰氏艾森贝格氏菌(Eisenbergiella tayi)、耐醋乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acetotolerans),推测这些菌主要为生料黄水中的本土微生物,可能在发酵过程中为核心微生物解乳酸己小杆菌提供电子受体或电子供体,如C. amylolyticumB. pullicaecorum分别具有生成乳酸、乙酸和丁酸的能力[33-34]
值得注意的是,SimpCom1菌群在经过黄水发酵后,并未检出原本作为mCGM培养基发酵条件下的第一高丰度物种L. acidipiscis,而且C. tyrobutyricum的相对丰度也由1.3% (mCGM培养基组)降至0.4% (黄水发酵组)。这表明L. acidipiscisC. tyrobutyricum在SimpCom1菌群发酵黄水产生己酸的过程中并非核心功能物种。需要强调的是,L. acidipiscis在黄水发酵群落中虽然并非核心功能物种,但在低乳酸(10 g/L)、高氮源(20 g/L)的mCGM培养基发酵群落中表现出了较强的供电子(乳酸)潜力(具体表型见2.1节)。Ulčar等的研究同样表明乳酸菌在有效生长后,能够与C. lactatifermentans建立起以乳酸代谢为基础的良好的互养关系(cross-feeding)[35]。上述结果表明,乳酸碳源是形成以解乳酸己小杆菌、‘B. baijiuensis BJN0003’为核心产酸功能物种的稳定菌群的重要驱动力。黄水中虽然存在诸如B. pullicaecorumL. acetotolerans在内的多种微生物,但SimpCom1菌群中的核心物种解乳酸己小杆菌和‘B. baijiuensis BJN0003’仍然可以在黄水本土微生物存在的情况下维持较高的丰度,使得SimpCom1菌群的核心产酸物种在未灭菌的生料黄水中仍然可以维持较好生长与代谢。
基因共线性分析表明,SimpCom1菌群中的解乳酸己小杆菌bin4与解乳酸己小杆菌JNU-WLY1368菌株具有较大的差异,而与解乳酸己小杆菌LBM19010菌株的基因组结构更为接近(图7A)。解乳酸己小杆菌bin4与纯培养菌株LBM19010仍然存在多处菌株特异性序列(图7B箭头所指处),表明解乳酸己小杆菌具有较高的菌株多样性,推测不同酿造环境中的解乳酸己小杆菌菌株存在独立进化的可能。
本团队近期研究表明,解乳酸己小杆菌(C. lactatifermentans)为土壤中的稀有厌氧菌[36],作为一种小基因组微生物(编码基因 < 2 000个),该菌不能从头合成诸如丙氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸在内的多种氨基酸,但却成为白酒酿造窖泥中的绝对优势微生物[11, 37-39]。解乳酸己小杆菌往往与其他微生物如丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)、酪丁酸梭菌(Clostridium tyrobutyricum)处于伴生状态,较难纯化,目前已报道的相关纯培养菌株仅有3株[12, 40]。本研究采用“自上而下” (top-down)的菌群精简策略,通过特点碳源(乳酸)富集和平板法筛选,快速获得了以解乳酸己小杆菌、‘Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’为核心物种的产己酸功能菌群SimpCom1,该菌群在酿造黄水生料发酵中发酵性能优秀。理解核心功能微生物在实际生境中的生理代谢特征,是成功获得所需功能菌群的重要因素。黄水为窖泥微生物的生存提供了所有营养物质[41-42],基于解乳酸己小杆菌的生长和代谢特性[11, 35],即其生长依赖于其他微生物和具有独特的乳酸利用能力,不必进行纯培养菌株分离,即可获得在黄水中能够稳定生长与进行酸转化的产己酸精简菌群。
白酒酿造产生的废水量在轻工行业排名第二,仅次于造纸[2]。黄水及其蒸馏后的底锅水是白酒生产废水COD的主要来源,仅浓香型白酒厂每年产生的黄水就在100万t以上,其中所含乳酸在6万t以上。此外,乳酸也是厨余垃圾发酵的重要产物[43]。然而,从黄水和厨余垃圾发酵制备的食品级乳酸均存在工艺复杂、纯化困难、成本无法与淀粉发酵法竞争等问题。Contreras-Dávila等采用从颗粒污泥获得富集菌群发酵餐厨垃圾,产生C3−C6的短中链脂肪酸,而且产生的丁酸远高于己酸,其中未分类鉴定的Caproiciproducens spp.可能是该系统的主要微生物[44],将乳酸转化为价值更高的己酸具有重要的应用价值。含解乳酸己小杆菌、‘Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’的产己酸精简菌群在基于乳酸的中链脂肪酸碳链延伸发酵方面具有重要的应用潜力,可避免传统废水处理过程中乳酸经丙烯酸途径对碳流向的分流,提高更容易分离产品——己酸的比例和终产物浓度。
综上所述,本研究对以菌群精简的方式获得了以解乳酸己小杆菌(C. lactatifermentans)、‘Butyriproducens baijiuensis BJN0003’为最重要核心功能微生物的菌群SimpCom1。基于补料批次生料发酵工艺,SimpCom1菌群在富含乳酸的稀释黄水中具有高效的乳酸-己酸转化能力,产生的己酸浓度 > 20 g/L,生产效率3.05 g/(L·d)。该乳酸-己酸发酵转化技术除仅需进行pH调节外,不必添加其他外源培养基组分,其本质为优质窖泥微生物菌群的窖池外转化。此外,发酵获得的菌泥还可以应用于白酒酿造的窖泥制作和窖池养护。本研究通过“自上而下”的菌群精简方法,为基于乳酸的中链脂肪酸转化提供了研究思路,为富含乳酸基质的低成本、高价值碳回收提供了重要理论基础和发酵工艺参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2101201)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240139
  • 接收时间:2024-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-05
  • 录用日期:2024-05-28
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National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2101201)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2101201)
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    1 江南大学 生物工程学院, 酿造微生物学与应用酶学研究室, 江苏 无锡 214122
    2 江南大学, 工业生物技术教育部重点实验, 江苏 无锡 214122
    3 中国轻工业微生物组学与生态酿造技术重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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