Article(id=1242119548778905880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240251, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1726588800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-18, onlineDate=1774073977893, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1727020800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073977893, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073977893, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073977893, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4204, endPage=4218, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119549890396465, articleId=1242119548778905880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Immunogenicity of outer membrane vesicles of Fusobacterium nucleatum, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Fusobacterium nucleatum prepared under the pH conditions simulating normal intestinal and tumor microenvironments, and to lay a foundation for the later development of OMV-based vaccines against F. nucleatum. [Methods] Ultra-high-speed centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation were employed to isolate the OMVs of F. nucleatum under different pH conditions. Three models of human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116), human colonic epithelial cells (HCoEpiC), and mouse macrophage Raw264.7 were infected by F. nucleatum. The cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the cell apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry and in situ fluorescence of adherent cells. The safety in vivo was detected by blood routine and whole blood index of mice. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to examine the cell immunogenicity, and the adhesion inhibition assay was conducted to assess cell immunoprotection. [Results] Acidic outer membrane vesicles (aOMVs) and neutral outer membrane vesicles (nOMVs) had no significant different effects on the proliferation or apoptosis of HCoEpiC, HCT116, and Raw264.7 cells. Both nOMVs and aOMVs at a concentration of 25 μg/mL did not lead to significant hemolysis of red blood cells, and the routine blood and whole blood test results of the mice treated with aOMVs were within the normal ranges. The results demonstrated that both aOMVs and nOMVs exhibited good immunogenicity and reduced the adhesion of F. nucleatum to colon cancer cells DLD-1. The aOMVs outperformed nOMVs regarding immunogenicity. [Conclusion] Both aOMVs and nOMVs had good safety and immunogenicity, and aOMVs were superior to nOMVs.

, correspAuthors=Wei ZHENG, Chunshan QUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZHENG Wei, E-mail:
QUAN Chunshan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu'ai GE, Xuqiang ZHANG, Rina SU, Haoyang SUN, Yuxin WANG, Wei ZHENG, Chunshan QUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119551559729599, articleId=1242119548778905880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡的免疫原性, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】评价模拟正常肠道和肿瘤微环境的pH条件下制备的具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)的安全性和免疫原性,为后期开发基于外膜囊泡的具核梭杆菌疫苗奠定基础。【方法】采用超高速离心和密度梯度离心方法制备在不同pH条件下生成的外膜囊泡,建立人结肠癌细胞HCT116、人正常结肠上皮细胞HCoEpiC、小鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7感染模型;采用3-(4, 5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2, 5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT]和细胞活性检测试剂盒(cell counting kit-8, CCK-8)检测细胞增殖的影响;用流式细胞仪和贴壁细胞原位荧光检测细胞凋亡情况;通过小鼠的血常规检测体内安全性;通过酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测免疫原性;通过细胞黏附抑制实验检测免疫保护效果。【结果】酸性条件生成的外膜囊泡(acidic outer membrane vesicles, aOMVs)和中性条件生成的外膜囊泡(neutral outer membrane vesicles, nOMVs)对人正常结肠上皮细胞HCoEpiC、人结肠癌细胞HCT116和小鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7的细胞增殖均无显著性影响,也不能引起细胞凋亡;aOMVs和nOMVs在浓度为25 μg/mL处理红细胞时仍未见明显的溶血现象产生,并且在小鼠体内血常规和全血检测指标数据均在正常范围内;aOMVs和nOMVs均具有免疫原性,可有效减少具核梭杆菌在结肠癌细胞DLD-1上的黏附,aOMVs抗体性能优于nOMVs抗体。【结论】aOMVs和nOMVs的安全性均良好,均具有免疫原性,aOMVs优于nOMVs。

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Fund(id=1243291012534218827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, awardId=0919-140213, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(0919-140213), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243291006301483714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291006309872324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, companyId=1243291006301483714, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243291006318260933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, companyId=1243291006301483714, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=大连民族大学 生命科学学院, 生物技术与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 辽宁 大连 116600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1243291010583868394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Inhibition effects of Fusobacterium nucleatum aOMVs and nOMVs on the growth of cells. Cytotoxicity by MTT and CCK-8 assay. A: aOMVs, HCoEpiC cells. B: nOMVs, HCoEpiC cells. C: aOMVs, HCT116 cells. D: nOMVs, HCT116 cells. E: aOMVs, Raw264.7 cells. F: nOMVs, Raw264.7 cells. *: P < 0.05., figureFileSmall=vCq9VnPZh3dApdI7Ab7D5g==, figureFileBig=3C06W2yqESXy8Kl3vQ0e4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010667754480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Fusobacterium nucleatum aOMVs和nOMVs对细胞生长的抑制作用, figureFileSmall=vCq9VnPZh3dApdI7Ab7D5g==, figureFileBig=3C06W2yqESXy8Kl3vQ0e4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010839720950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The apoptosis of cells infected by aOMVs and nOMVs detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and fluorescence microscopy. A: The figure of apoptosis results detected by fluorescence microscopy. 1: Control, HCoEiC cells; 2: aOMVs, HCoEpiC cells; 3: nOMVs, HCoEpiC cells; 4: Control, HCT116; 5: aOMVs, HCT116 cells; 6: nOMVs, HCT116 cells; 7: Control, Raw264.7 cells; 8: aOMVs, Raw264.7 cells; 9: nOMVs, Raw264.7 cells. Red: PI-labelled cells; Green: FITC-labelled cells (scale bar=20 μm). B: The figure of apoptosis results detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorter., figureFileSmall=nCV7p4kSD47BLKK2UflRmg==, figureFileBig=EBEXZqbeJGs75yW0NyOFZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010952967164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=CN, label=图2, caption=倒置荧光和流式细胞仪检测aOMVs和nOMVs感染细胞后的细胞凋亡结果, figureFileSmall=nCV7p4kSD47BLKK2UflRmg==, figureFileBig=EBEXZqbeJGs75yW0NyOFZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011074601986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Hemolysis test of aOMVs and nOMVs. A: aOMVs; B: nOMVs., figureFileSmall=D59aqCWNHU5D4WA1GF4d2A==, figureFileBig=6NUHlU0s0jeNFjrkFDn/cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011275927562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=CN, label=图3, caption=aOMVs和nOMVs的溶血实验图, figureFileSmall=D59aqCWNHU5D4WA1GF4d2A==, figureFileBig=6NUHlU0s0jeNFjrkFDn/cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011384979472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Production and titer of serum-specific IgG antibodies of New Zealand white rabbits stimulated by aOMVs and nOMVs. A: Antibody secretion stimulated by aOMVs at 41 d. B: Antibody secretion stimulated by aOMVs at 48 d. C: Antibody secretion stimulated by nOMVs at 41 d. D: Antibody secretion stimulated by nOMVs at 48 d. **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001; ****: P < 0.000 1., figureFileSmall=exCjDvpobd9SBiZyiKzaVA==, figureFileBig=8KrmNO5Q1KVHTBoDc8fnuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011489837076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=CN, label=图4, caption=aOMVs和nOMVs免疫新西兰大白兔血清特异性IgG抗体的产生和效价, figureFileSmall=exCjDvpobd9SBiZyiKzaVA==, figureFileBig=8KrmNO5Q1KVHTBoDc8fnuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011607277594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of anti-aOMVs and anti-nOMVs serum on Fusobacterium nucleatum adhesive capacity to colon cancer cells. In the images, green represents FITC-labelled Fusobacterium nucleatum and blue represents nuclei of DLD-1 cells. Scale bar=25 µm. A: Effect of anti-aOMVs on Fusobacterium nucleatum adherent colon cancer cells. B: anti-nOMVs serum on Fusobacterium nucleatum adherent colon cancer cells. C: Quantification of anti-nOMVs and anti-aOMVs serum on Fusobacterium nucleatum adherent colon cancer cells., figureFileSmall=edltvs+V8xMHzqIZB9pYWA==, figureFileBig=pzYYB2m02C3geqxqWxxO0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011741495328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=CN, label=图5, caption=抗aOMVs和nOMVs血清对Fusobacterium nucleatum黏附结肠癌细胞的影响, figureFileSmall=edltvs+V8xMHzqIZB9pYWA==, figureFileBig=pzYYB2m02C3geqxqWxxO0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011825381415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

  Blood routine results of mice injected with aOMVs and nOMVs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameters (units)AbbreviationsaOMVs resultsnOMVs resultsRanges
White blood cell count (×109/L)WBC4.1205.0600.800−10.600
Neutrophil count (×109/L)Neu#0.6401.0200.230−3.600
Lymphocyte count (×109/L)Lym#3.2904.2100.600−8.900
Monocyte count (×109/L)Mon#0.1000.5200.040−1.400
Red blood cell count (×1012/L)RBC9.7609.8906.500−11.500
Hemoglobin (g/L)HGB137.000140.000110.000−165.000
Hematocrit (%)HCT41.00047.00035.000−55.000
Mean corpuscular volume (fL)MCV48.50050.00041.000−55.000
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg)MCH16.00015.50013.000−18.000
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (g/L)MCHC338.000345.000300.000−360.000
Coefficient of variation of red blood cell distribution width (%)RDW-CV15.00016.10012.000−19.000
Standard deviation of red blood cell distribution width (fL)RDW-SD30.00026.50023.000−39.000
Platelet count (×109/L)PLT1 250.000923.000400.000−1 600.000
Mean platelet volume (fL)MPV5.2005.0004.000−6.200
Platelet distribution widthPDW13.60014.20012.000−17.500
Plateletcrit (%)PCT0.5520.6690.100−0.780
), ArticleFig(id=1243291011951210543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

注射aOMVs和nOMVs后小鼠的血常规检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameters (units)AbbreviationsaOMVs resultsnOMVs resultsRanges
White blood cell count (×109/L)WBC4.1205.0600.800−10.600
Neutrophil count (×109/L)Neu#0.6401.0200.230−3.600
Lymphocyte count (×109/L)Lym#3.2904.2100.600−8.900
Monocyte count (×109/L)Mon#0.1000.5200.040−1.400
Red blood cell count (×1012/L)RBC9.7609.8906.500−11.500
Hemoglobin (g/L)HGB137.000140.000110.000−165.000
Hematocrit (%)HCT41.00047.00035.000−55.000
Mean corpuscular volume (fL)MCV48.50050.00041.000−55.000
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg)MCH16.00015.50013.000−18.000
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (g/L)MCHC338.000345.000300.000−360.000
Coefficient of variation of red blood cell distribution width (%)RDW-CV15.00016.10012.000−19.000
Standard deviation of red blood cell distribution width (fL)RDW-SD30.00026.50023.000−39.000
Platelet count (×109/L)PLT1 250.000923.000400.000−1 600.000
Mean platelet volume (fL)MPV5.2005.0004.000−6.200
Platelet distribution widthPDW13.60014.20012.000−17.500
Plateletcrit (%)PCT0.5520.6690.100−0.780
), ArticleFig(id=1243291012068651059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

  Blood index detection results of mice injected with aOMVs and nOMVs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter (unit)AbbreviationControl group resultsaOMVs resultsnOMVs resultsRange
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)AST105.000112.000134.00036.310−235.480
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)ALT48.00051.20056.44010.006−96.470
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)LDH522.230500.120514.700157.410−899.720
Creatine kinase (U/L)CK984.2001 053.0001 135.0000.000−2 070.550
Urea (mg/dL)BUN17.41015.22016.74010.810−34.740
Creatinine (U/L)CREA25.00024.19021.89010.910−85.090
Uric acid (U/L)UA76.44065.23068.71044.420−224.770
), ArticleFig(id=1243291012173508661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548778905880, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

注射aOMVs和nOMVs后小鼠的血液指标检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter (unit)AbbreviationControl group resultsaOMVs resultsnOMVs resultsRange
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)AST105.000112.000134.00036.310−235.480
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)ALT48.00051.20056.44010.006−96.470
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)LDH522.230500.120514.700157.410−899.720
Creatine kinase (U/L)CK984.2001 053.0001 135.0000.000−2 070.550
Urea (mg/dL)BUN17.41015.22016.74010.810−34.740
Creatinine (U/L)CREA25.00024.19021.89010.910−85.090
Uric acid (U/L)UA76.44065.23068.71044.420−224.770
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具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡的免疫原性
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葛树爱 , 张旭强 , 苏日娜 , 孙浩洋 , 王豫鑫 , 郑维 * , 权春善 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(11): 4204-4218
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(11): 4204-4218
具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡的免疫原性
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葛树爱, 张旭强, 苏日娜, 孙浩洋, 王豫鑫, 郑维* , 权春善*
作者信息
  • 大连民族大学 生命科学学院, 生物技术与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 辽宁 大连 116600
Immunogenicity of outer membrane vesicles of Fusobacterium nucleatum
Shu'ai GE, Xuqiang ZHANG, Rina SU, Haoyang SUN, Yuxin WANG, Wei ZHENG* , Chunshan QUAN*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2024-09-23 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240251
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【目的】评价模拟正常肠道和肿瘤微环境的pH条件下制备的具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)的安全性和免疫原性,为后期开发基于外膜囊泡的具核梭杆菌疫苗奠定基础。【方法】采用超高速离心和密度梯度离心方法制备在不同pH条件下生成的外膜囊泡,建立人结肠癌细胞HCT116、人正常结肠上皮细胞HCoEpiC、小鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7感染模型;采用3-(4, 5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2, 5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT]和细胞活性检测试剂盒(cell counting kit-8, CCK-8)检测细胞增殖的影响;用流式细胞仪和贴壁细胞原位荧光检测细胞凋亡情况;通过小鼠的血常规检测体内安全性;通过酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测免疫原性;通过细胞黏附抑制实验检测免疫保护效果。【结果】酸性条件生成的外膜囊泡(acidic outer membrane vesicles, aOMVs)和中性条件生成的外膜囊泡(neutral outer membrane vesicles, nOMVs)对人正常结肠上皮细胞HCoEpiC、人结肠癌细胞HCT116和小鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7的细胞增殖均无显著性影响,也不能引起细胞凋亡;aOMVs和nOMVs在浓度为25 μg/mL处理红细胞时仍未见明显的溶血现象产生,并且在小鼠体内血常规和全血检测指标数据均在正常范围内;aOMVs和nOMVs均具有免疫原性,可有效减少具核梭杆菌在结肠癌细胞DLD-1上的黏附,aOMVs抗体性能优于nOMVs抗体。【结论】aOMVs和nOMVs的安全性均良好,均具有免疫原性,aOMVs优于nOMVs。

具核梭杆菌  /  外膜囊泡  /  免疫原性  /  黏附抑制

[Objective] To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Fusobacterium nucleatum prepared under the pH conditions simulating normal intestinal and tumor microenvironments, and to lay a foundation for the later development of OMV-based vaccines against F. nucleatum. [Methods] Ultra-high-speed centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation were employed to isolate the OMVs of F. nucleatum under different pH conditions. Three models of human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116), human colonic epithelial cells (HCoEpiC), and mouse macrophage Raw264.7 were infected by F. nucleatum. The cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the cell apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry and in situ fluorescence of adherent cells. The safety in vivo was detected by blood routine and whole blood index of mice. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to examine the cell immunogenicity, and the adhesion inhibition assay was conducted to assess cell immunoprotection. [Results] Acidic outer membrane vesicles (aOMVs) and neutral outer membrane vesicles (nOMVs) had no significant different effects on the proliferation or apoptosis of HCoEpiC, HCT116, and Raw264.7 cells. Both nOMVs and aOMVs at a concentration of 25 μg/mL did not lead to significant hemolysis of red blood cells, and the routine blood and whole blood test results of the mice treated with aOMVs were within the normal ranges. The results demonstrated that both aOMVs and nOMVs exhibited good immunogenicity and reduced the adhesion of F. nucleatum to colon cancer cells DLD-1. The aOMVs outperformed nOMVs regarding immunogenicity. [Conclusion] Both aOMVs and nOMVs had good safety and immunogenicity, and aOMVs were superior to nOMVs.

Fusobacterium nucleatum  /  outer membrane vesicle  /  immunogenicity  /  adhesion inhibition
葛树爱, 张旭强, 苏日娜, 孙浩洋, 王豫鑫, 郑维, 权春善. 具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡的免疫原性. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4204 -4218 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240251
Shu'ai GE, Xuqiang ZHANG, Rina SU, Haoyang SUN, Yuxin WANG, Wei ZHENG, Chunshan QUAN. Immunogenicity of outer membrane vesicles of Fusobacterium nucleatum[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4204 -4218 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240251
具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum)是一种革兰氏阴性、专性厌氧的无芽孢杆菌,菌体呈梭型,不具备运动能力,是一种机会性致病菌[1]。研究表明,F. nucleatum在肠道中的丰度与结直肠癌直接相关,其携带多种毒力因子,可诱导促炎症反应、肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移以及促炎免疫微环境的形成,促进结直肠癌发展与转移[2-4]。在肿瘤发生早期,研究发现F. nucleatum细胞表面的黏附素A (FadA)蛋白可以通过与结直肠癌细胞的细胞上皮标记物钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)结合,进而激活β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)信号通路,促进肿瘤细胞的增殖能力;此外,F. nucleatum细胞表面的FadA蛋白还可增加内皮通透性,促使F. nucleatum和其他细菌渗透到血液中[5]F. nucleatum还可以通过其外膜自转运蛋白(Fap2)定位到高表达半乳糖-N-乙酰d-半乳糖胺(Gal-GalNAc)的肿瘤细胞表面,使其富集在结直肠癌组织中,通过抑制免疫细胞活性从而帮助肿瘤细胞获得免疫逃逸[6]。Liu等[7]通过蛋白质组学分析发现,F. nucleatum外膜囊泡中包含98种蛋白,其中6种自体转运蛋白与V型分泌系统有关;其中V型分泌系统是革兰氏阴性菌中重要的毒力因子分泌途径,又称为自转运蛋白,通常作为细菌的毒力因子参与细菌的黏附、聚集、侵染、生物膜形成、血清抗性和细菌毒性等生理过程。
细菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)是革兰氏阴性菌外膜释放到细胞外环境中的球形双层小泡,大小约为100−300 nm[8-9]。在革兰氏阴性菌中,因其细胞外膜与肽聚糖之间的交联作用减弱、周质空间中错误折叠蛋白积累、细胞外膜局部曲率增加和细胞爆炸性裂解等作用使其不断从细胞表面分泌出OMVs。革兰氏阴性菌细胞膜由内膜(inner membrane, IM)和外膜(outer membrane, OM)组成,中间是肽聚糖层(peptidoglycan, PG)和周质空间(periplasmic space),外膜和肽聚糖层通过膜锚定蛋白(如Lpp、OmpA和Tol-Pal复合物)连接[10-13]。因OMVs起源于细菌外膜,因此含有大量细菌外膜成分,如磷脂、脂多糖、多种蛋白质以及一些来自IM和OM之间的周质成分,它们在释放过程中被包裹在囊泡腔中[14-16]。OMVs包含多种病原体相关分子模式,能够与宿主模式识别受体结合,从而激活宿主免疫系统,促进细胞因子分泌和细胞焦亡[17-18]。此外,OMVs还携带大量来自细菌的毒素、黏附素等,通过与宿主细胞相互作用,对癌细胞发挥细胞毒性作用,具有内在的抗肿瘤活性[19-20]。另外,由于OMVs独特的中空结构和组成成分,其在革兰氏阴性菌的感染、微生物宿主间相互作用及作为抗菌和抗肿瘤药物递送的载体等方面发挥着重要的功能[21-24]
目前,来源于禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli)[25]、副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis)[26]和胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae)[27]等细菌的外膜囊泡已被研究证明可作为疫苗或疫苗递送系统,诱导有效的免疫保护反应。OMVs作为疫苗或疫苗递送系统优势明显。首先,其表面存在多种抗原,可有效降低病原体引起的靶抗原发生突变的可能性,从而减少逃逸变体的产生[28-29]。其次,OMVs具有内在佐剂的能力,比传统佐剂更安全且能够引起全面免疫[30]。最后,OMVs还可以作为黏膜转运蛋白,将抗原转运到黏膜屏障[31-32]
综上所述,细菌外膜囊泡具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性。Zhang等[33]研究初步表明,具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡具备刺激宿主引起强大免疫保护的特性。本研究在前期对具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡蛋白组学研究的基础上,评估了不同pH条件下培养获得的具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡的安全性,考察了刺激新西兰大白兔产生抗体以及免疫产生的抗体性能,探讨不同pH培养条件对具核梭杆菌免疫原性的影响,为更好地开发基于外膜囊泡的具核梭杆菌疫苗提供了理论依据。
二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)购自Sigma-Aldrich公司,3-(4, 5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2, 5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT]购自Amresco公司,Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8)购自APExBIO公司。RPMI 1640培养基、0.25%胰蛋白酶(含EDTA)、0.25%胰蛋白酶(不含EDTA)、Anbtibiotic-Antimycotic (100×)均购自Gibco公司。培养细胞用的胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)购自PAN公司。人结肠癌细胞株HCT116购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司,人正常结肠上皮细胞株HCoEpiC由中国科学院大连化学物理研究所惠赠,小鼠巨噬细胞株Raw264.7和人结肠癌腺癌上皮细胞DLD-1均购自武汉尚恩生物技术有限公司,Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 23726购自美国菌种保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection)。新西兰大白兔购自南京巴傲得生物科技有限公司,3周龄雌性无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF)小鼠购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。
哥伦比亚血琼脂平板培养,置于有厌氧袋的厌氧箱中,37 ℃静置培养。F. nucleatum种子液培养通过挑取单菌落转接在30 mL体系TSPC (0.03% TSB,0.01% BactoTM Peptone,0.25 mg/mL l-cysteine)培养基,通入无菌N2,37 ℃恒温培养箱中密封静置培养。中性条件下F. nucleatum扩大培养是将种子液按1%转接在2 L体系TSPC液体培养基中,补充38.4 mL中性l-cysteine (酸性条件下F. nucleatum扩大培养是补充30.1 mL酸性l-cysteine),充无菌N2,密封后于37 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养40 h左右。然后将2 L培养好的F. nucleatum菌液,在4 ℃、8 500×g离心25 min,取上清。上清液过水膜并浓缩至总体积为30 mL左右。浓缩后的液体分装至超速离心管中,4 ℃、200 000×g离心4 h,去掉上清,沉淀用400 μL 1×PBS重悬,获得粗提的OMVs。将碘克沙醇梯度离心液用含0.85% NaCl的30 mmol/L 4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸缓冲液(hydroxyethyl piperazine ethanesulfonic acid, HEPES)稀释至以下浓度:40%、35%、30%、25%、20%、15%,并按浓度由大到小加入同一超速离心管中,每个梯度500 μL,最后加入粗提的400 μL OMVs。4 ℃、135 000×g离心16 h后,去掉最上层1 mL液体,将剩下的液体由上至下每200 μL分装至1.5 mL离心管中,依次取样进行12% SDS-PAGE,考马斯亮蓝染色,观察蛋白质条带。蛋白条带对应的液体中含有OMVs,收集蛋白条带所对应的样品,20倍体积1×PBS稀释,稀释后的液体分装至离心管中,4 ℃、200 000×g离心4 h,去掉上清,沉淀用400 μL 1×PBS重悬,获得纯化的OMVs。
将HCT116细胞、HCoEpiC细胞、Raw264.7细胞(每孔细胞数为1.2×104个)接种于96孔平底培养板中,与浓度为0、25、50、100 μg/mL的aOMVs和nOMVs共孵育24 h。每孔加入100 μL的MTT试剂孵育4 h,每孔加入100 μL的DMSO溶液使用多功能酶标仪检测OD490值以评价细胞活力。
将HCT116细胞、HCoEpiC细胞、Raw264.7细胞(每孔细胞数为1.2×104个)接种于96孔平底培养板中,与浓度为0、25、50、100 μg/mL的aOMVs和nOMVs共孵育24 h。每孔加入100 μL的CCK-8溶液孵育2 h,使用多功能酶标仪检测OD450值以评价细胞活力。
将HCT116细胞、HCoEpiC细胞和Raw264.7细胞以5.0×105个/mL细胞浓度接种于12孔细胞培养板中,向实验组中加入aOMVs和nOMVs各10 μL,阴性对照组中加10 μL 1×PBS,空白组直接加完全培养基共孵育24 h。加入195 μL Annexin V-FITC结合液染,5 μL Annexin V-FITC染料,轻轻混匀,最后加入10 μL碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)染色液,混匀,室温避光孵育15 min,在倒置荧光显微镜下观察,Annexin V-FITC为绿色荧光,碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)为红色荧光。
将HCT116细胞、HCoEpiC细胞、Raw264.7细胞以1.0×106个/mL细胞浓度接种于6孔细胞培养板中,再将细胞放入细胞培养箱中,37 ℃培养12 h,直至细胞完全贴壁。实验组中分别加入100 μL aOMVs和nOMVs,阴性对照组中加100 μL 1×PBS,空白组直接加完全培养基共孵育24 h。加入适量胰酶细胞消化液(无EDTA)消化后,用细胞培养液把细胞吹打下来,转移到离心管内,1 000×g离心5 min,弃上清,收集细胞,用1×PBS轻轻重悬细胞并计数。加入195 μL Annexin V-FITC结合液轻轻重悬细胞,再加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC,轻轻混匀,加入10 μL PI轻混匀。室温避光孵育15 min,随后置于冰浴中,利用流式细胞仪进行检测。
取得的小鼠血液在4 ℃、100×g离心10 min,去除上层血清,将取得的红细胞沉淀用PBS洗涤3次。将所得红细胞沉淀用PBS配制成10%的红细胞悬液。随后取500 μL的血液和500 μL不同浓度的外膜囊泡(25、50、100 μg/mL)混合,于37 ℃孵育2 h。以超纯水作为阳性对照,PBS作为阴性对照。将孵育管4 ℃、100×g离心10 min,取上清100 μL加入到96孔板,于多功能酶标仪检测540 nm处吸光度值。对每个处理组进行3次重复。溶血率计算如公式(1)所示。
式中:OD阳性对照是样品为纯水所测上清OD540值,OD阴性对照是样品为PBS所测上清OD540值,OD实验组是样品为不同浓度囊泡所测上清OD540值。
小鼠进行尾部静脉注射浓度为25 μg/mL的aOMVs和nOMVs,连续给药3 d后,采集适量的小鼠血液样本(空白对照组、实验组)加入到含有肝素的抗凝管中,利用全自动生化仪测定相关参数,包括红细胞计数(red blood cell count, RBC)、白细胞计数(white blood cell count, WBC)、血红蛋白浓度(hemoglobin concentration, HGB)、血小板计数(platelet count, PLT)等。另外,取对照组与实验组小鼠全血进行血项分析,检测血清中天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)和肌酐(creatinine, CREA)等指标的变化,评估aOMVs和nOMVs在体内的代谢情况以及对小鼠生理功能的潜在影响,从而更全面地了解外膜囊泡在体内的安全性。
挑选两只健康的新西兰大白兔,对未免疫的新西兰大白兔进行采血,作为免疫阴性对照。采用背部脊柱两侧皮下各3个点平均注射,首次免疫21 d后进行第一次加强免疫,之后每次免疫间隔为10−14 d。在第三次加强免疫7 d后进行阳性血的采集。阳性血在1 200×g离心15 min,两次离心后放入无菌50 mL冻存管中,并加入适量体积的0.02%叠氮钠溶液,放入−20 ℃冰箱保存。
将浓度为5 μg/mL aOMVs和nOMVs抗原分别以100 μL/孔包被96孔酶标板,37 ℃孵育2 h;用PBST (PBS+0.05% Tween-20)洗涤液洗涤3次,5%脱脂奶粉封闭1.5 h,再用PBST洗涤液洗涤3次;按照100 μL/孔将待测样品加入对应包被抗原的孔中,于37 ℃孵育1.5 h后洗涤3次;再将HRP-羊抗兔IgG以200 μL/孔加入,37 ℃孵育1 h后洗涤3次;加入底物液150 μL/孔,室温反应20 min,最后每孔加入终止液50 μL。用酶标仪测OD450值。以P/N值(P代表阳性值,N代表阴性值)为参考来表示aOMVs和nOMVs刺激新西兰大白兔血清抗体分泌水平,标准如公式(2)所示。
式中:OD阳性血清是来自接受aOMVs或nOMVs刺激的阳性血清样品的OD450值,OD阴性血清是未接受抗原刺激的阴性血清样品的OD450值,OD空白对照是无抗原的空白孔的OD450值。
F. nucleatum在TSPC培养基中培养10 h至OD600=0.8,25 ℃、6 000×g离心5 min,去掉上清,用1×PBS重悬沉淀至OD600=0.5,以适量Dio染料标记,常温染色5−20 min后,室温下6 000×g离心5 min,弃上清,继续用1×PBS重悬沉淀,6 000×g再次离心5 min,除去未结合的染料,加入适量RPMI 1640培养基重悬沉淀至OD600=0.2。在混有体积分数为1%新西兰大白兔血清的RPMI 1640培养基中连续稀释4倍,于37 ℃与荧光标记的F. nucleatum 1:1孵育2 h。100 μL细菌/血清混合物与HCT116细胞共培养,感染细胞在37 ℃孵育12 h。洗涤去除未结合的细菌后,利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察,于酶标仪检测激发和发射波长分别为488 nm和550 nm的值来定量荧光。
为验证aOMVs和nOMVs对不同细胞增殖的影响,分别用MTT和CCK-8法对aOMVs和nOMVs处理后的不同细胞的活性进行了检测。如图1所示,当浓度达到25 μg/mL时,HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞的生存率达到90%以上。随着浓度的上升,细胞生存率有轻微的下降趋势,浓度达到100 μg/mL时,HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞的生存率依然能保持在80%以上,表明aOMVs和nOMVs对HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞增殖均无影响。CCK-8法也验证了该结果(图1),初步证明aOMVs和nOMVs的细胞毒性较低。
为考察aOMVs和nOMVs对不同细胞凋亡的影响,将2种外膜囊泡分别与不同细胞共孵育,随后进行Annexin V-FITC染色和PI染色,分别采用倒置荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪进行检测。其中,Annexin V-FITC标记早期凋亡细胞(绿色荧光);PI标记坏死细胞或晚期凋亡细胞(红色荧光)。倒置荧光显微镜结果如图2A所示,在空白对照组中出现少许的红色和绿色荧光,表明只有很少部分HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞发生了凋亡,这类凋亡通常是细胞自发凋亡造成的(图2A中1、2A中4、2A中7)。如图2A中2、2A中5、2A中8所示,aOMVs引起极少的HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞发生凋亡,在视野中看到的红色荧光相较于对照组和nOMVs组多一些,证明aOMVs主要使HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞发生晚期凋亡。由图2A中3观察到,视野中既有绿色荧光也有红色荧光,说明nOMVs引起HCoEpiC细胞发生早期凋亡和晚期凋亡。由图2A中4和2A中9观察到,大多数细胞发红色荧光,证明nOMVs主要引起HCT116和Raw264.7细胞发生晚期凋亡。综合以上结果,与空白组相比,aOMVs和nOMVs对HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞的凋亡无显著影响。其次,通过流式细胞仪进一步验证了外膜囊泡对细胞凋亡的影响,结果如图2B所示,aOMVs处理HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞后,细胞总凋亡比例(12.1%、1.1%、1.4%)与活细胞比例(87.9%、98.3%、98.0%)相比较小,可视为正常凋亡范围;nOMVs处理HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞后,细胞总凋亡比例(6.6%、3.6%、0.9%)与活细胞比例(93.4%、96.1%、98.9%)相比较小,同样可视为正常凋亡范围,说明aOMVs和nOMVs对HCoEpiC细胞、HCT116细胞和Raw264.7细胞凋亡无显著影响。
为确保材料的生物安全性以便开展后续的动物实验,对aOMVs和nOMVs进行了溶血性能的评估。与阳性对照组相比,阴性对照组和浓度在0−50 μg/mL范围内的aOMVs和nOMVs均未观察到明显的溶血现象,未导致大量红细胞的破裂,其溶血率小于5%,当nOMVs的浓度达到100 μg/mL时,产生了轻微的溶血现象(图3A3B),由此说明外膜囊泡在静脉注射剂量为25 μg/mL时具有良好的血液相容性,可进行小鼠体内实验。
小鼠在接受25 μg/mL外膜囊泡注射给药3 d后的血检指标如表1所示,其血小板数目(PLT)、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞(RBC)等血液指标均在正常范围内,表明外膜囊泡在血液中具有良好的稳定性。从表2可以得出,在反映肝脏损伤及炎症反应的指标检测中,注射材料后的小鼠谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT),均与正常组小鼠基本一致;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)等心脏炎症损伤的指标也未见异常;尿素(BUN)、肌酐(CREA)和尿酸(UA)等肾功能指标也处于正常范围内,表明外膜囊泡在体内具有良好的生物安全性。
为了进一步验证外膜囊泡膜蛋白的抗原性,对新西兰大白兔进行免疫并检测其血液中抗体水平。结果显示,41 d和48 d的免疫后,ELISA试验的P/N值均≥2.1,表明新西兰大白兔体内产生了抗体。41 d时,检测不同稀释度的特异性血清抗体P/N值,aOMVs为11.58、8.95、6.77、3.40、1.69,nOMVs为28.4、26.25、18.60、17.05、6.50 (图4A4C)。48 d时,抗体水平达到高峰,aOMVs和nOMVs的P/N值分别为44.25、25.59、20.09、12.53、7.44和60.69、52.03、48.50、43.54、22.09 (图4B4D)。总之,经过3次加强免疫后,试验组和阳性对照组的新西兰大白兔都已经有较高抗体水平,尤其是3次加免后一周(48 d),各组抗体水平达到最高峰。
为了分析比较aOMVs和nOMVs免疫产生抗体的性能,将不同浓度的两种抗体与荧光标记的F. nucleatum孵育24 h后,采用两种方法检测黏附在结肠癌细胞上的F. nucleatum数量。结果显示,在共聚焦显微镜下观察到,随着aOMVs抗体(图5A)和nOMVs (图5B)添加量增加,绿色荧光逐渐减弱,表明经过aOMVs抗体和nOMVs抗体处理的DLD-1细胞可以有效地减少F. nucleatum在DLD-1上的黏附。图5C是通过酶标仪检测激发光的荧光强度的结果,发现在各浓度的抗体作用下,与aOMVs抗体共孵育的绿色荧光强度均低于与nOMVs抗体共孵育的绿色荧光强度,表明与aOMVs抗体共孵育后的F. nucleatum黏附能力低于与nOMVs抗体共孵育后的F. nucleatum,证明aOMVs所产生的抗体抑制F. nucleatum黏附DLD-1细胞的能力更强,aOMVs抗体性能优于nOMVs抗体。
OMVs是细菌在生长过程中自然分泌的一种具有双层膜的囊泡结构,外膜组成部分与亲本细菌类似,无繁殖复制能力,研究证明其比细菌具有更优的生物安全性[34],并且因其携带多种亲本细菌的抗原,在引发淋巴B细胞活化方面非常有效,可刺激一种较强的保护性免疫反应[35]。因此,将外膜囊泡作为主要抗原应用于具核梭杆菌疫苗研究具有可能性。然而,在不同培养条件下形成的外膜囊泡对具核梭杆菌的免疫效应如何尚不清楚。
本研究利用超速离心技术和密度梯度离心技术,从酸性和中性培养条件下获得的具核梭杆菌液体培养上清液中提取并制备了酸性外膜囊泡(aOMVs)和中性外膜囊泡(nOMVs)。前期研究表明,两种外膜囊泡的物理性质和蛋白组成方面均有差异[33],本研究进一步对其安全性和免疫原性进行详细分析和验证。通过流式细胞和细胞毒性试验发现,两种外膜囊泡对人正常结肠上皮细胞HCoEpiC、人结肠癌细胞HCT116和小鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7细胞凋亡以及增殖均无显著影响,经外膜囊泡注射后小鼠体内的血常规和全血的血液指标均在正常范围内,表明两种外膜囊泡具有较好的安全性。将两种外膜囊泡作为抗原免疫刺激新西兰大白兔,在无任何佐剂存在的情况下,均能够引起强烈的lgG抗体反应,表明两种外膜囊泡均具有较强的免疫原性,aOMVs免疫原性优于nOMVs。体外抗体免疫抑制黏附实验结果表明,aOMVs和nOMVs抗体处理后具核梭杆菌黏附或进入DLD-1细胞的数量显著减少,aOMVs抗体处理组比nOMVs抗体处理组细胞数量更少。具核梭杆菌外膜中携带多种黏附蛋白,如FadA和Fap2,这些蛋白可被利用于黏附以及靶向肿瘤细胞[5]。OMVs起源于具核梭杆菌的外膜,其外膜中保留着与其母细胞相类似的外膜蛋白,进而与具核梭杆菌竞争黏附并聚集于结直肠癌细胞的表面,使aOMVs和nOMVs抗体对细胞起到免疫保护作用,减少了具核梭杆菌对肿瘤细胞的侵袭。上述实验表明,两种外膜囊泡均满足疫苗低毒或无毒以及免疫保护性基本条件[36],可作为具核梭杆菌疫苗候选抗原。
对aOMVs实验组和nOMVs对照组间的差异蛋白分析结果表明,相较于nOMVs,aOMVs中有8个外膜蛋白表达量发生显著变化,其中D5REW7蛋白上调最为显著,D5REW7是一种外膜蛋白A (outer membrane protein A, OmpA)家族蛋白。OmpA是革兰氏阴性菌的外膜蛋白,在细菌的侵袭、耐药、形成生物膜及维持菌体外膜完整性上均起重要作用。OmpA因具有稳定的结构以及已证实的免疫原性表位,使其认定良好的疫苗靶点[37-39]。截至目前,OmpA蛋白已经作为大肠杆菌[40]和铜绿假单胞菌[41]的候选疫苗。尽管OmpA具有免疫原性并显示出一定程度的保护作用,但它们是否可作为替代抗体疗法仍然需要进一步研究。未来可以集中于在aOMVs中显著上调的D5REW7蛋白的识别和验证,并探讨该蛋白在设计针对具核梭杆菌疫苗和预防结肠癌方面的潜力。综上所述,来自酸性条件下制备的具核梭杆菌外膜囊泡由于具有优良的毒力因子抗原性,因此有望开发为结直肠癌的免疫防治的新手段。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(0919-140213)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240251
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-09-23
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
  • 录用日期:2024-09-18
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Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(0919-140213)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(0919-140213)
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    大连民族大学 生命科学学院, 生物技术与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 辽宁 大连 116600

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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