Article(id=1242119548120404390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240350, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717516800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1724688000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-27, onlineDate=1774073977736, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1730649600000, pubDateStr=2024-11-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073977736, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073977736, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073977736, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4358, endPage=4370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119550104310196, articleId=1242119548120404390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Characteristics and mechanism of sulfur oxidation of Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus exposed to low oxygen, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the sulfur oxidation characteristics of Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus LS2 under different oxygen levels and to decipher the mechanism of strain LS2 adapting to low-oxygen environments. [Methods] The concentrations of S2O32- and SO42- were measured by ion chromatography. Bacterial growth was determined by plate dilution coating method. The differentially expressed genes and related metabolic pathways were identified and analyzed by transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics technology. [Results] Strain LS2 oxidized reduced sulfur compounds and grew under 0.2%–21.0% oxygen, and it maintained high sulfur oxidation activity under the oxygen level above 1.6%. Comparative transcriptomic analysis screened out 851 differentially expressed genes that might be related to the adaptation to low oxygen, including 464 up-regulated genes and 387 down-regulated genes. In sulfur metabolism, thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, sulfur oxidase/reductase, and sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase were up-regulated, while the Sox enzyme system was down-regulated, which indicated that strain LS2 might change the sulfur oxidation pathway to adapt to low-oxygen environment. In the low-oxygen group, the cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase was up-regulated to increase the O2-binding efficiency. Meanwhile, since less electron could be received by O2, the nitrogenase genes nifDKH and Fix complex genes fixA, fixB, fixC, fixX were up-regulated, making N2 and CO2 the alternative electron accepters to maintain redox balance, which explained the higher maximum bacterial growth in low-oxygen environments. [Conclusion] Strain LS2 is a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that can maintain high sulfur oxidation activity in the low-oxygen environment. Sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, high-oxygen-affinity terminal oxidases, and nitrogenase play a role in the adaptation to the low-oxygen environment. This study is of positive significance for deciphering the mechanism of sulfur oxidation under low oxygen and provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the treatment process of sulfur-containing wastewater.

, correspAuthors=Weitie LIN, Jianfei LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: LIN Weitie,
E-mail: LUO Jianfei,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hongshan YAN, Weitie LIN, Jianfei LUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119551433904609, articleId=1242119548120404390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=化能自养硫氧化细菌Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus低氧硫氧化特性及其机制, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】探究Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus LS2在不同氧浓度下的硫氧化特性,并揭示其低氧适应机制。【方法】通过离子色谱测定S2O32-和SO42-浓度,平板稀释涂布法跟踪测定菌体生长情况,转录组测序及生物信息学分析其差异表达基因及相关代谢通路。【结果】菌株LS2在氧含量0.2%-21%的条件下能够进行硫氧化代谢和生长,并且在氧含量高于1.6%的条件下维持较高的硫氧化活性。比较转录组学分析筛选出851个可能与低氧适应相关的差异表达基因,包括表达上调基因464个,表达下调基因387个,其中硫代硫酸盐硫转移酶(thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, TST)、硫氧化酶/还原酶(sulfur oxidase/reductase, SOR)、硫化物: 醌氧化还原酶(sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, SQR)上调表达,Sox酶系下调表达,菌株LS2低氧硫氧化代谢途径可能发生改变。低氧组菌株LS2上调表达cbb3型细胞色素c氧化酶,以增加O2与酶的结合效率,同时上调表达固氮酶基因nifDKH和Fix复合体基因fixAfixBfixCfixX,利用N2、CO2为最终电子受体维持胞内氧化还原平衡。【结论】菌株LS2是一株在低氧环境中仍能维持较高硫氧化活性的硫氧化细菌,SQR、高氧亲和末端氧化酶及固氮酶对其适应低氧环境有重要作用,本研究对丰富低氧硫氧化代谢机制认识有积极意义,为优化含硫废水处理工艺提供一定理论基础。

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A: 21.0% O2. B: 5.0% O2. C: 0.2% O2. Replicates n=3, error bar represents standard deviations., figureFileSmall=WwbY5lL9J85jwBSx8XqMOA==, figureFileBig=Jfuk4nrjbi7qH86r9slqcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291005131277184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株LS2在常氧(A)、微氧(B)、低氧(C)条件下的硫氧化及生长曲线, figureFileSmall=WwbY5lL9J85jwBSx8XqMOA==, figureFileBig=Jfuk4nrjbi7qH86r9slqcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291005269689234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Sulfur oxidation of strain LS2 under different oxygen content. A: 0.2% O2. B: 0.8% O2. C: 1.6% O2. D: 3.2% O2. E: 5.0% O2. F: 10.0% O2. Replicates n=3, error bar represents standard deviations., figureFileSmall=nfre0maM6CfyIKse5F650w==, figureFileBig=+Kog6Fg9Y9b5AINxA/6Wlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291005349381014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株LS2在不同氧气浓度下的硫氧化情况, figureFileSmall=nfre0maM6CfyIKse5F650w==, figureFileBig=+Kog6Fg9Y9b5AINxA/6Wlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291005487793052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Sulfur oxidation kinetics of strain LS2 under different oxygen contents. A: 21.0% O2, Na2S2O3. B: 21.0% O2, Na2S4O6. C: 1.6% O2, Na2S2O3. D: 1.6% O2, Na2S4O6. E: 0.2% O2, Na2S2O3. F: 0.2% O2, Na2S4O6. Replicates n=3, error bar represents standard deviations., figureFileSmall=PL5ufmU0mijtT3gEGi3frA==, figureFileBig=8LaYeSkCg/yE38LXMf3Ttg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291005584262055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株LS2在不同氧浓度条件下硫氧化动力学, figureFileSmall=PL5ufmU0mijtT3gEGi3frA==, figureFileBig=8LaYeSkCg/yE38LXMf3Ttg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291005718479790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Function distribution of differentially expressed genes. A: Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes. B: GO term enrichment of differentially expressed genes., figureFileSmall=q4pI2Oo3f+jJfTzTkc6ePw==, figureFileBig=MCa1kTo7kgTZ8TVEbaNfcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291005882057659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=CN, label=图4, caption=差异表达基因功能分布统计, figureFileSmall=q4pI2Oo3f+jJfTzTkc6ePw==, figureFileBig=MCa1kTo7kgTZ8TVEbaNfcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291005986915268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Pathways and critical enzymes of strain LS2 in low-oxygen environment (modified from [21-22]). The solid arrows represent chemical reactions, and the dash arrows represent the same substance or transmembrane transport process., figureFileSmall=NSx4RokPgP9zI3hBP3B5cw==, figureFileBig=czeN7Kw79gn2UjFnBV2APQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291006104355786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株LS2的低氧代谢通路及关键酶, figureFileSmall=NSx4RokPgP9zI3hBP3B5cw==, figureFileBig=czeN7Kw79gn2UjFnBV2APQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291006276322262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Significant differentially expressed genes under low-oxygen condition in strain LS2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathwayGene IDPutative Functionlog2 fold changeSignificance
*: Q < 0.05; **: Q < 0.01; ***: Q < 0.001.
Sulfur metabolismA9404_05555SoxA, sulfur oxidation c-type cytochrome−1.48*
A9404_05595SoxB, thiosulfohydrolase−1.98***
A9404_12910SoxC, sulfane dehydrogenase subunit−1.89***
A9404_12905SoxD, S-disulfanyl-l-cysteine oxidoreductase−1.17*
A9404_11335Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase1.70***
A9404_02545Sulfur oxygenase/reductase3.35***
A9404_02540Sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase3.28***
Oxidative phosphorylationA9404_06580Cytochrome c oxidase cbb3-type subunit Ⅰ1.75***
A9404_06575Cytochrome c oxidase cbb3-type subunit Ⅱ1.66**
A9404_06565Cytochrome c oxidase cbb3-type subunit Ⅲ1.92***
A9404_08670F-type H+/Na+-transporting ATPase subunit alpha−2.60***
A9404_08660F-type H+/Na+-transporting ATPase subunit beta−2.22**
A9404_08685F-type H+-Transporting ATPase subunit c−1.53*
A9404_06480Plasma membrane proton efflux P-type ATPase2.64***
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organismsA9404_06275Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase large chain−3.62***
A9404_07175Type I glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase−1.89**
A9404_07180Transketolase−1.41*
A9404_03755Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase A−1.48***
A9404_07335Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase I−1.39**
A9404_07065Triosephosphate Isomerase−2.26***
A9404_09970Ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase−1.30*
Nitrogen metabolismA9404_01615Nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein subunit beta4.47***
A9404_01620Nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein alpha chain6.73***
A9404_01625Nitrogenase iron protein6.96***
A9404_01790FixX, ferredoxin-like protein4.62***
A9404_01795FixC, dehydrogenases (flavoproteins)4.80***
A9404_01800FixB, electron transfer flavoprotein, alpha subunit5.26***
A9404_01805FixA, electron transfer flavoprotein, beta subunit5.47***
), ArticleFig(id=1243291006389568481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119548120404390, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低氧条件下菌株LS2的显著差异表达基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathwayGene IDPutative Functionlog2 fold changeSignificance
*: Q < 0.05; **: Q < 0.01; ***: Q < 0.001.
Sulfur metabolismA9404_05555SoxA, sulfur oxidation c-type cytochrome−1.48*
A9404_05595SoxB, thiosulfohydrolase−1.98***
A9404_12910SoxC, sulfane dehydrogenase subunit−1.89***
A9404_12905SoxD, S-disulfanyl-l-cysteine oxidoreductase−1.17*
A9404_11335Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase1.70***
A9404_02545Sulfur oxygenase/reductase3.35***
A9404_02540Sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase3.28***
Oxidative phosphorylationA9404_06580Cytochrome c oxidase cbb3-type subunit Ⅰ1.75***
A9404_06575Cytochrome c oxidase cbb3-type subunit Ⅱ1.66**
A9404_06565Cytochrome c oxidase cbb3-type subunit Ⅲ1.92***
A9404_08670F-type H+/Na+-transporting ATPase subunit alpha−2.60***
A9404_08660F-type H+/Na+-transporting ATPase subunit beta−2.22**
A9404_08685F-type H+-Transporting ATPase subunit c−1.53*
A9404_06480Plasma membrane proton efflux P-type ATPase2.64***
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organismsA9404_06275Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase large chain−3.62***
A9404_07175Type I glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase−1.89**
A9404_07180Transketolase−1.41*
A9404_03755Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase A−1.48***
A9404_07335Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase I−1.39**
A9404_07065Triosephosphate Isomerase−2.26***
A9404_09970Ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase−1.30*
Nitrogen metabolismA9404_01615Nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein subunit beta4.47***
A9404_01620Nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein alpha chain6.73***
A9404_01625Nitrogenase iron protein6.96***
A9404_01790FixX, ferredoxin-like protein4.62***
A9404_01795FixC, dehydrogenases (flavoproteins)4.80***
A9404_01800FixB, electron transfer flavoprotein, alpha subunit5.26***
A9404_01805FixA, electron transfer flavoprotein, beta subunit5.47***
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化能自养硫氧化细菌Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus低氧硫氧化特性及其机制
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严洪珊 , 林炜铁 * , 罗剑飞 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(11): 4358-4370
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(11): 4358-4370
化能自养硫氧化细菌Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus低氧硫氧化特性及其机制
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严洪珊, 林炜铁* , 罗剑飞*
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院, 广东 广州 510006
Characteristics and mechanism of sulfur oxidation of Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus exposed to low oxygen
Hongshan YAN, Weitie LIN* , Jianfei LUO*
Affiliations
  • School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-11-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240350
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【目的】探究Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus LS2在不同氧浓度下的硫氧化特性,并揭示其低氧适应机制。【方法】通过离子色谱测定S2O32-和SO42-浓度,平板稀释涂布法跟踪测定菌体生长情况,转录组测序及生物信息学分析其差异表达基因及相关代谢通路。【结果】菌株LS2在氧含量0.2%-21%的条件下能够进行硫氧化代谢和生长,并且在氧含量高于1.6%的条件下维持较高的硫氧化活性。比较转录组学分析筛选出851个可能与低氧适应相关的差异表达基因,包括表达上调基因464个,表达下调基因387个,其中硫代硫酸盐硫转移酶(thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, TST)、硫氧化酶/还原酶(sulfur oxidase/reductase, SOR)、硫化物: 醌氧化还原酶(sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, SQR)上调表达,Sox酶系下调表达,菌株LS2低氧硫氧化代谢途径可能发生改变。低氧组菌株LS2上调表达cbb3型细胞色素c氧化酶,以增加O2与酶的结合效率,同时上调表达固氮酶基因nifDKH和Fix复合体基因fixAfixBfixCfixX,利用N2、CO2为最终电子受体维持胞内氧化还原平衡。【结论】菌株LS2是一株在低氧环境中仍能维持较高硫氧化活性的硫氧化细菌,SQR、高氧亲和末端氧化酶及固氮酶对其适应低氧环境有重要作用,本研究对丰富低氧硫氧化代谢机制认识有积极意义,为优化含硫废水处理工艺提供一定理论基础。

低氧适应  /  硫氧化细菌  /  固氮酶  /  末端氧化酶  /  转录组分析

[Objective] To study the sulfur oxidation characteristics of Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus LS2 under different oxygen levels and to decipher the mechanism of strain LS2 adapting to low-oxygen environments. [Methods] The concentrations of S2O32- and SO42- were measured by ion chromatography. Bacterial growth was determined by plate dilution coating method. The differentially expressed genes and related metabolic pathways were identified and analyzed by transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics technology. [Results] Strain LS2 oxidized reduced sulfur compounds and grew under 0.2%–21.0% oxygen, and it maintained high sulfur oxidation activity under the oxygen level above 1.6%. Comparative transcriptomic analysis screened out 851 differentially expressed genes that might be related to the adaptation to low oxygen, including 464 up-regulated genes and 387 down-regulated genes. In sulfur metabolism, thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, sulfur oxidase/reductase, and sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase were up-regulated, while the Sox enzyme system was down-regulated, which indicated that strain LS2 might change the sulfur oxidation pathway to adapt to low-oxygen environment. In the low-oxygen group, the cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase was up-regulated to increase the O2-binding efficiency. Meanwhile, since less electron could be received by O2, the nitrogenase genes nifDKH and Fix complex genes fixA, fixB, fixC, fixX were up-regulated, making N2 and CO2 the alternative electron accepters to maintain redox balance, which explained the higher maximum bacterial growth in low-oxygen environments. [Conclusion] Strain LS2 is a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that can maintain high sulfur oxidation activity in the low-oxygen environment. Sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, high-oxygen-affinity terminal oxidases, and nitrogenase play a role in the adaptation to the low-oxygen environment. This study is of positive significance for deciphering the mechanism of sulfur oxidation under low oxygen and provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the treatment process of sulfur-containing wastewater.

adaptation to low oxygen  /  sulfur-oxidizing bacterium  /  nitrogenase  /  terminal oxidase  /  transcriptome analysis
严洪珊, 林炜铁, 罗剑飞. 化能自养硫氧化细菌Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus低氧硫氧化特性及其机制. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4358 -4370 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240350
Hongshan YAN, Weitie LIN, Jianfei LUO. Characteristics and mechanism of sulfur oxidation of Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus exposed to low oxygen[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4358 -4370 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240350
硫化物具有强还原性、强腐蚀性和生物毒害性,常见于石化、制革、粘胶人造丝制造、煤炭气化发电等工业产生的废水,以及城市污水、黑臭水体、沼气中,是废弃物处理中最棘手的问题之一[1-2]。硫氧化细菌(sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, SOB)在生物法处理含硫废水中发挥了重要作用。SOB的含硫废水处理工艺的最终产物通常是硫酸盐或单质硫,硫酸盐可直接排入海水或咸水接收水,单质硫可以通过固液分离方法进行分离和回收,用于生产硫酸、硫肥、杀菌剂和电池阴极材料[3]
SOB在氧化硫化物时首先生成S0,黄素细胞色素c硫化物脱氢酶(flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase, FCSD)和硫化物: 醌氧化还原酶(sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, SQR)是目前已知能够催化该反应的两种酶,它们分别将电子传递至细胞色素c和醌[4]。细胞色素c与醌的电子随后会进入细胞膜上的电子传递链参与能量代谢。SQR能够催化H2S与谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)生成谷胱甘肽过硫化物(glutathione persulfide, GSSH)或H2S2,并且经过多轮反应可生成长链的GSnH和H2Sn (n≥2),当n=9时,长链硫烷硫能够自发生成S8形式的单质硫[5]。GSSH等过硫化物可进一步被过硫化物氧化酶(persulfide oxidase, PDO)或硫氧化酶/还原酶(sulfur oxidase/reductase, SOR)利用。PDO催化GSSH与O2反应生成SO32−和GSH,SOR则能够催化GSSH与O2发生歧化反应生成H2S和SO32−[6]。PDO与SOR的反应均需要O2参与,因而在氧气匮乏的条件下GSSH无法被快速消耗,更有可能被SQR催化多轮加硫反应生成长链硫烷硫,进一步引起S8积累。
O2是SOB常见的电子受体之一,筛选能够在低氧条件下具有高硫氧化活性的SOB菌株能够削减含硫废水处理的曝气成本。化能自养硫氧化细菌Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus LS2是盐硫小杆菌属(Halothiobacillus)的新种,能够在15−40 ℃、pH 5.0–9.0的环境中生长,可利用硫化物、单质硫、硫代硫酸盐、连四硫酸盐和亚硫酸盐作为底物,但无法利用硫氰酸盐作为单一硫源[7]。根据全基因组测序和基于比对的基因预测结果,菌株LS2的基因组编码了包括SQR、Sox酶系等多种硫氧化酶,以及4种催化O2还原反应的末端氧化酶——aa3型细胞色素c氧化酶、bo’型醌氧化酶、cbb3型细胞色素c氧化酶和bd型醌氧化酶,其中cbb3型细胞色素c氧化酶和bd型醌氧化酶属于高氧亲和氧化酶,因此菌株LS2具有在低氧环境中进行硫氧化的潜能。本研究分析了LS2在不同氧浓度条件下的硫氧化及生长特性,利用比较转录组学发掘了LS2与低氧适应相关的基因,并提出LS2低氧适应相关的代谢通路模型。
液体培养基(g/L):KH2PO4 0.40,MgCl2 0.12,NaCl 1.00,CaCl2 0.01,Widdel微量元素溶液[8] 1.00 mL/L,121 ℃灭菌20 min后加入过滤除菌的Na2S2O3 0.25,NaHCO3 0.20,NH4Cl 0.027,FeCl2 0.007 9 g/L。
固体培养基(g/L):K2HPO4 0.40,MgSO4·7H2O 0.12,KNO3 0.40,NH4Cl 0.10,技术琼脂粉15.00,121 ℃灭菌20 min后加入过滤除菌的Na2S2O3 2.48,NaHCO3 0.20,FeSO4 0.02 g/L。
Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus LS2 (=GDMCC 1.4095T=JCM 39442T)是本实验室保存的一株硫氧化细菌,菌液与50%甘油1:1混匀后冻存于−70 ℃。活化时取冻存于−70 ℃的菌株LS2以1%接种量接入液体培养基中,置于30 ℃、150 r/min摇床培养2 d,稀释涂布法接种至固体培养基,静置于30 ℃生化培养箱培养4 d,挑取单菌落接入液体培养基即可作为种子液用于后续实验。
常氧、微氧、低氧条件下菌株LS2的硫氧化及生长特性的实验中设置了氧含量为21.0%、5.0%、0.2%等3个顶空条件,之后为了进一步探究菌株LS2在氧气受限条件下的硫氧化特性,实验设置了10.0%、5.0%、3.2%、1.6%、0.8%、0.2%等6个不同氧浓度的顶空条件,其顶空制备方法如下:高压蒸汽灭菌前,将30 mL培养基分装至容积为125 mL的血清瓶中,丁基胶塞和铝盖封口后置于沸水浴10 min,然后利用真空泵与N2曝气装置对培养基交替进行抽气3 min,曝气1 min,重复操作3次,最后向培养基内充入0.085 MPa正压的N2,即为顶空含氧量约为0.2%的低氧培养体系,在此基础上额外加入O2制备含氧量为0.8%、1.6%、3.2%、5.0%、10.0%的微氧培养体系,顶空含氧量为21.0%的常氧培养体系中使用空气作为顶空,不进行抽气处理。顶空氧浓度通过气相色谱测定(浙江福立分析仪器有限公司,Porapak-Q柱)。
使用离子色谱法(Dionex Aquion RFIC,Dionex IonPac AS19 IC柱)测定底物S2O32−和产物SO42−的浓度,淋洗液为18 mmol/L KOH,淋洗液流速1 mL/min,抑制器电流45 mA,柱温30 ℃,进样量25 μL,背景电导4−6 μS/cm。
通过稀释涂布平板和菌落计数跟踪测定菌体生长情况。
菌株LS2在含1 mmol/L Na2S2O3的液体培养基中30 ℃、150 r/min摇床培养10−12 h,500 mL菌液通过0.22 μm滤膜抽滤收集菌体,在6 mL无底物培养基中重悬。
实验设置了3个氧浓度组(0.2%、1.6%、21.0%),并选用Na2S2O3和Na2S4O6作为底物,每种底物设置了多个浓度梯度。菌株LS2以高接种量接入未添加底物的培养基中,并通过稀释涂布平板计数的方法评估实际接种量,2 h的适应期后,按一定顺序逐瓶加入底物起始反应,待到实验组内含最低浓度底物的样品中检测到硫酸根的生成,并且底物尚未消耗完全时,依照加入底物的顺序通过抽滤终止反应。实验通过离子色谱测定其初始和最终硫酸根浓度,计算其在短时间内的平均反应速率,通过米氏方程拟合动力学曲线。
设置顶空氧浓度分别为21.0% (常氧组)和0.2% (低氧组),底物Na2S2O3浓度为1 mmol/L,30 ℃、150 r/min摇床培养,常氧组培养约12–14 h即可用于RNA提取,低氧组则需培养10–14 d,当培养基pH 5.8−6.1且底物未消耗完全时,即可用于RNA提取。
在维持顶空条件的前提下向菌液中注入5%苯酚-乙醇溶液使细菌迅速破裂死亡[9-10],从而避免在收集过程中低氧组暴露在空气中而导致转录组发生改变。RNA提取参照RNAiso Plus试剂盒(TaKaRa公司)说明书进行,总RNA样品−70 ℃保存。RNA测序委托苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司进行。
差异表达基因分析以常氧组为对照组,低氧组为实验组,以测序得到的转录本表达量(read count)为输入数据,使用Bioconductor中的R语言包DESeq2 (v1.38.3)[11]进行数据处理,筛选|log2 fold change|≥1.0,Q < 0.05的基因,统计基因显著性差异表达情况。基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)富集分析使用GOseq[12]进行分析,P < 0.05为显著富集。差异表达基因在京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)数据库代谢通路上的可视化映射通过R语言包Pathview (v1.31.3)[13]完成。
菌株LS2在常氧(21.0% O2)、微氧(5.0% O2)、低氧(0.2% O2)环境中的硫氧化特性及生长曲线实验结果如图1所示,在初始氧气浓度为21.0%、5.0%和0.2%条件下,1 mmol/L Na2S2O3可分别在12、14、191 h内消耗完毕,细胞数量最大值分别为1.71×107、1.63×107、2.37×107 CFU/mL,之后细胞快速死亡。结果表明菌株LS2能够在氧含量为0.2%−21.0%的环境中硫氧化和生长。然而,相比于常氧和微氧培养,在氧气浓度低至0.2%的培养环境中,菌株LS2的硫氧化速度明显减慢,同时菌体生长速度也远低于常氧与微氧培养时的菌体生长速度,说明低氧环境中菌株LS2代谢效率有所下降,值得注意的是,低氧环境中菌株LS2的最大生长量显然高于常氧与微氧培养,这提示在低氧条件下菌株LS2的能量可能更多地被用于与生长量相关的合成代谢中。
为进一步探究菌株LS2在不同氧浓度下的硫氧化代谢特性,设置在顶空氧含量为0.2%、0.8%、1.6%、3.2%、5.0%、10.0%条件下以1 mmol/L Na2S2O3培养菌株LS2。结果如图2所示,在顶空氧气浓度大于1.6%的条件下,菌株LS2在6–8 h进入对数期,可以在14 h内将1 mmol/L Na2S2O3消耗完全。然而,在0.2% O2的低氧环境下,菌株LS2硫氧化速率大幅下降,未能观察到明显的对数期,在191 h时完全消耗1 mmol/L Na2S2O3。在初始顶空氧气浓度为0.8%的条件下,硫氧化过程分为2个阶段,在0–24 h时硫氧化速度较快,此后由于顶空氧气含量降低,硫氧化速度明显降低且表现出近似匀速的趋势。结果表明菌株LS2能够在氧浓度低至1.6%的环境中高效进行硫氧化反应。
硫氧化动力学实验结果如图3所示,以Na2S2O3为底物时,21.0% O2、1.6% O2、0.2% O2等3个实验组的硫氧化最大催化速率vmax分别为0.098、0.051、0.002 1 μmol/(h·107 cells),以Na2S4O6为底物时,21.0% O2、1.6% O2、0.2% O2实验组的vmax分别为0.58、0.049、0.002 1 μmol/(h·107 cells)。在氧气充足的条件下,菌株LS2氧化Na2S4O6vmax高于氧化Na2S2O3vmax,菌株LS2对Na2S4O6具有更高的氧化效率,但在限制氧气的条件下,两种底物的vmax接近,表明在氧含量低于1.6%的条件下,菌株LS2的硫氧化效率由环境氧含量决定。
为进一步研究菌株LS2适应低氧环境的能量代谢机制,对常氧(21.0% O2)和低氧(0.2% O2)条件下的菌株LS2转录组进行分析。设置常氧组为对照,低氧组为实验组,以|log2 fold change|≥1.0,Q < 0.05的条件筛选差异表达基因,在比对到的2 599个基因中共筛选出851个差异表达基因,其中表达上调基因464个,表达下调基因387个(图4A)。
菌株LS2常氧与低氧条件下的差异表达基因GO富集结果如图4B所示。其中在分子功能类目中,有10个差异表达基因与电子传递活性(GO: 0009055)相关,8个基因与醌结合(GO: 0048038)相关,5个基因与固氮酶活性(GO: 0016163)相关,4个基因与乙酰辅酶A羧化酶活性(GO: 0003989)相关;在细胞组分类目中,有3个基因与乙酰辅酶A羧化酶复合体(GO: 0009317)相关,3个基因与钼铁固氮酶复合体(GO: 0016612)相关;在生物过程类目中,有25个差异基因与氮固定(GO: 0009399)相关,有10个基因与脂肪酸生物合成过程(GO: 0006633)相关,5个基因与O抗原生物合成过程(GO: 0009243)相关,4个基因与胞外多糖生物合成过程(GO: 0045226)相关,3个基因与丙二酰辅酶A生物合成过程(GO: 2001295)相关。结果表明在低氧条件下,菌株LS2中与电子传递、氮固定、脂肪酸合成、胞外多糖合成等功能相关的基因的转录表达发生显著变化。
能量代谢、电子传递相关通路中差异表达基因如表1所示。结果显示在硫代谢途径中,Sox酶系中SoxA、SoxB、SoxC、SoxD编码基因表达下调,硫代硫酸盐硫转移酶(thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, TST)、SOR、SQR等硫氧化酶基因表达上调。在氧化磷酸化途径中,cbb3型氧化酶显著上调,表明菌株LS2通过上调表达高氧亲和氧化酶提高酶对O2的结合效率。同时,F1FO型ATP酶下调表达和P型ATP酶的上调表达,说明菌株LS2在低氧条件下可能处于能量受限的状态,需要通过消耗ATP维持膜两侧的质子浓度梯度。在卡尔文循环途径中,核酮糖1, 5-二磷酸羧化酶(ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, RuBisCO)、5-磷酸核糖异构酶(ribose-5-phosphate isomerase, RPI)、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH)、磷酸丙糖异构酶(triosephosphate isomerase, TPI)等酶均表达下调。在氮代谢途径中,固氮酶和FixA、FixB、FixC、FixX均上调表达。
末端氧化酶与微生物的低氧适应能力密切相关,末端氧化酶冗余的现象在SOB中较为常见,许多SOB都含有至少1种高氧亲和氧化酶[14-18]。菌株LS2的基因组中编码了4种末端氧化酶:aa3型细胞色素c氧化酶、bo’型氢醌氧化酶、cbb3型细胞色素c氧化酶、bd型氢醌氧化酶,其中包括2种高氧亲和氧化酶,因而能够耐受一定程度的低氧环境。van den Ende等[19]研究表明,产硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thioparus)能够在顶空氧浓度约为4%的条件下氧化硫化物,但氧化效率在顶空氧浓度低于6%时开始降低。与之相比,菌株LS2能够适应氧含量更低的环境,即顶空氧浓度1.6%的环境。类似地,与菌株LS2同属的那不勒斯盐硫小杆菌(Halothiobacillus neapolitanus)在输入氧浓度为1.1%−1.3%的条件下可达到78.57 g/(m3·h)的除H2S效率[20]。除此之外,菌株LS2的基因组编码了较为完整的固氮酶及相关调控系统的基因,能够通过固氮作用获取自身生长所需的氮源,可以在缺氮条件下进行含硫废水治理。
根据生长实验及转录组学分析结果,从硫氧化、氮固定、碳固定和电子传递链等代谢途径进行分析并提出菌株LS2的低氧适应机制模型(图5)[21-22]
Sox酶系是SOB中常见的将硫代硫酸盐氧化成硫酸盐的代谢途径。菌株LS2的基因组中编码了完整的SoxXYZABCD酶系,以及TST、SOR、SQR、PDO等硫氧化相关酶。在常氧条件下,硫氧化反应由Sox酶系主导,S2O32−的8个电子均由间质中游离的细胞色素c接收。在低氧条件下,由TST、SOR、SQR、PDO催化的硫氧化反应则占主导。低氧条件下,菌株LS2下调表达SoxC和SoxD。当Sox酶系中缺乏Sox(CD)2时,Sox酶系难以将S2O32−完全氧化为SO42−,而可能通过某种途径反应生成硫烷硫(R−SnH或H−Sn)[23-24]。硫烷硫则进一步通过TST、SOR、SQR、PDO被氧化。由于SOR和PDO催化反应时需要O2直接参与反应,这部分电子不参与电子传递链上的能量转化,因此相比于Sox酶系,经TST、SOR、SQR、PDO的硫氧化途径对S2O32−提供的电子的利用效率相对更低。然而,SQR催化H2S氧化生成零价硫的过程伴随着醌的还原,醌相对于细胞色素c具有更低的氧化还原电势,因此当还原态的氢醌将电子反向传递至NADH时能够消耗更少的质子动力势,而当氢醌正向传递电子用于O2还原时则提供更多的质子动力势,这是能量缺乏条件下TST-SOR-SQR-PDO途径的优势。
菌株LS2在应对低氧环境时,通过选择性表达具有更高氧亲和度的cbb3型细胞色素c氧化酶,以提高酶结合O2的效率。高氧亲和氧化酶在多种微生物中,如大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)、荚膜红细菌(Rhodobacter capsulatus)、海洋硝化螺菌(Nitrospira marina)等,已被报道为一种主导的低氧适应策略[25-27]。然而相比于低氧亲和氧化酶,高氧亲和氧化酶的H+/e通常更低,cbb3型氧化酶的H+/e只有0.2–0.5[28-29]。低含氧量限制了O2与复合体Ⅳ结合的效率,同时高氧亲和氧化酶作为质子泵的效率较低,导致有氧呼吸提供质子动力势的效率受限,F1FO型ATP合酶的下调表达也表明菌株LS2在低氧环境中能量转化效率有所降低。
低氧条件下能量转化效率降低导致固碳途径受到限制。在生长实验中,低氧条件下菌株LS2的硫氧化速率和生长速率显著低于常氧组,但其最大生长量高于常氧培养组,因此从低氧培养中的某个时间点的角度,菌株LS2的硫氧化速率降低,因而维持细胞快速生长的能量不足,导致固碳速率降低,表现为固碳途径的表达下调。然而从整个培养周期看,低氧条件下用于固碳的能量和电子的比例上升,使得最大生长量高于常氧组。
在不缺乏氮源的条件下,固氮酶基因nifDKH、Fix复合体基因fixAfixBfixCfixX均显著上调表达,表明固氮也可能是低氧条件下电子去向之一。菌株LS2基因组中同时编码了Rnf复合体和Fix复合体,但低氧条件下仅有Fix复合体的基因被上调表达。Rnf复合体与Fix复合体均能够将NADH的电子传递至铁氧还蛋白(ferredoxin, Fd)或黄素氧化还原蛋白(flavodoxin, Fld),Rnf复合体通过质子动力势驱动该需能反应[30],而后者则通过电子分叉驱动,无需消耗离子的渗透势能或ATP就能生成势能更低的还原态Fd[31],这意味着Fix复合体对于膜内外的质子浓度梯度的要求较低,即使在能量缺乏的低氧条件下也能为固氮反应提供还原态Fd。Alleman等[32]的研究表明,同时编码Fix复合体和Rnf复合体的瓦恩兰德固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii)在低氧的环境中也更适应利用Fix复合体驱动生成还原态Fld。在N2、CO2均可作为电子受体维持氧化还原平衡的情况下,虽然Fix复合体能减少部分启动固氮反应所需的能量成本,但固氮途径所消耗的能量(2 ATP/e)仍高于固碳途径所消耗的能量(0.75 ATP/e),通过固氮作用维持氧化还原平衡并非能量最优选择,因此氮固定可能在低氧环境中存在某种优势,是菌株低氧适应的关键机制之一。
本研究发现菌株LS2在低氧条件下具有较高的硫氧化活性,并通过转录组学分析揭示其低氧适应机制,主要依赖于cbb3型氧化酶、SQR、固氮酶。本研究为菌株LS2在含硫废水处理的应用及相关工艺的优化提供一定理论基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(91951118)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240350
  • 接收时间:2024-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-11-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-05
  • 录用日期:2024-08-27
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(91951118)
国家自然科学基金(91951118)
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    华南理工大学 生物科学与工程学院, 广东 广州 510006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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