Article(id=1242119546480427238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240302, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715702400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1719504000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-28, onlineDate=1774073977346, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1720022400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774073977346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774073977346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774073977346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242119544966283483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='11', pageStart='4011', pageEnd='4465', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774073976985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774074072279, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242119944725397855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242119544966283483, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4271, endPage=4289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242119546954383600, articleId=1242119546480427238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Transcriptomics reveals gene expression patterns of Fusarium graminearum under pH stress, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the transcriptome regulation mechanism of Fusarium graminearum under different pH stress conditions, analyze the changes in gene expression levels, explore the metabolic pathways involved in the responses of F. graminearum cells to acidic or alkaline conditions, and reveal how F. graminearum regulates intracellular metabolism and synthesis to adapt to the changes in extracellular pH. [Methods] F. graminearum was cultured in the PDB media with initial pH 4.5, 6.5, and 8.0 for 48 h, and the total RNA of the strains was extracted to construct the cDNA library. Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and the metabolic pathways involved were analyzed. The expression levels of target genes were determined by RT-qPCR. [Results] Under acidic conditions, a total of 4 283 DEGs were identified, including 2 032 genes with up-regulated expression and 2 251 genes with down-regulated expression. Under alkaline conditions, a total of 498 DEGs were identified, including 269 genes with up-regulated expression and 229 genes with down-regulated expression. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed 211 GO terms for the up-regulated genes and 72 GO terms for the down-regulated genes under acidic conditions. Under alkaline conditions, GO analysis yielded 33 GO terms for the up-regulated genes and 40 GO terms for the down-regulated genes. The results of Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed 22 up-regulated pathways and 32 down-regulated pathways under acidic conditions as well as 8 up-regulated pathways and 13 down-regulated pathways under alkaline conditions. The expression of the genes associated with membrane transporters and hydrolysis of carbohydrates was up-regulated, and that of the genes related to protein metabolism was down-regulated, which assisted F. graminearum cells to adapt to changes in the external environment. At the same time, F. graminearum maintained the internal environment balance by reducing secondary metabolism and amino acid metabolism under acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively, to resist extracellular pH stress. [Conclusion] In the acidic environment, F. graminearum adapts to the changes in the extracellular environment by promoting the production of ribonucleoprotein complexes and secondary metabolism. In an alkaline environment, F. graminearum senses and responds to external stresses via amino acid metabolism. The analysis of the metabolic pathways of F. graminearum cells provides gene expression data for studying the responses of F. graminearum to different pH environments. The findings of this study are helpful to understand the pathogenic mechanism of F. graminearum.

, correspAuthors=Jie GUO, Cuijun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*GUO Jie, E-mail:
ZHANG Cuijun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuping SHANG, Yiwei WANG, Guan WANG, Hanqi LI, Pengfeng LI, Jie GUO, Cuijun ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242119550607622510, articleId=1242119546480427238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=转录组揭示禾谷镰刀菌酸碱胁迫条件下的基因表达模式, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】研究不同pH胁迫条件下禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)的转录组调控机制,分析基因表达水平及差异,探究在酸性或碱性条件下与禾谷镰刀菌细胞抗胁迫反应相关的代谢通路,揭示禾谷镰刀菌如何主动调节细胞内代谢与合成过程,以适应细胞外pH环境的变化。【方法】在初始pH为4.5、6.5、8.0的PDB培养基中培养禾谷镰刀菌48 h,提取菌株的总RNA,构建cDNA文库。利用转录组测序技术及生物信息学技术鉴定相关差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),进一步分析涉及的代谢通路。采用反转录实时定量PCR (reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)对基因表达水平进行验证。【结果】在酸性条件下,共有4 283个DEGs,其中2 032个上调DEGs和2 251个下调DEGs;在碱性条件下,共有498个DEGs,其中269个上调基因和229个下调基因。基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)富集分析结果显示,在酸性条件下上调基因显著富集到的GO terms有211个,下调的有72个;碱性条件下上调的GO terms有33个,下调的有40个。京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)富集分析结果显示,在酸性条件下上调DEGs显著富集到的通路有22个,下调有32个;在碱性条件下上调通路有8个,下调有13个。膜转运蛋白的表达和糖类化合物的水解等相关基因表达上调以及蛋白质代谢相关基因表达下调,协助禾谷镰刀菌细胞适应外界环境的变化。与此同时,禾谷镰刀菌在酸性和碱性条件下分别通过降低次生代谢和降低氨基酸代谢来维持自身细胞的内环境平衡,从而抵抗细胞外pH胁迫。【结论】在酸性环境中,禾谷镰刀菌通过促进核糖蛋白复合体的产生以及次生代谢来适应细胞外环境的变化;在碱性环境中,禾谷镰刀菌细胞通过氨基酸代谢来响应和感知外界的胁迫。通过对禾谷镰刀菌细胞代谢相关通路分析为禾谷镰刀菌对不同pH环境的响应提供重要的基因表达数据支撑,研究结果有助于理解禾谷镰刀菌的致病机制。

, correspAuthors=郭杰, 张翠军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3e+pngFXiaX2VSkHgDijGQ==, magXml=XAM164eSSdwrvyK6mpBFoA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=W2K27yxnHIE7FsfXxzZ6Lg==, pdfFileSize=1673389, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=abgAdIllfMpltR4gHlM10w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/wVJuAQ0FG5zqQBF0t615A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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A: pH 4.5. B: pH 6.5. C: pH 8.0., figureFileSmall=mNlCYbqY8oNyyhOd9ghPQg==, figureFileBig=ijVmn4mtIxui3+bdxBFrYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009577238700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同pH值条件下禾谷镰刀菌的生长状态, figureFileSmall=mNlCYbqY8oNyyhOd9ghPQg==, figureFileBig=ijVmn4mtIxui3+bdxBFrYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009740816566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Reproducibility of Fusarium graminearum transcriptome data under different pH treatments. A: Heat map of RNA expression values between different samples. Pearson correlation coefficients are represented by color and number. B: PCA shows distances between samples from different groups., figureFileSmall=nMWuvou5rMWfi5iJ9WhQkA==, figureFileBig=nRyJZaL55xTe/KrHgTZcjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009841479869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=图2, caption=禾谷镰刀菌在不同pH处理下转录组数据重复性, figureFileSmall=nMWuvou5rMWfi5iJ9WhQkA==, figureFileBig=nRyJZaL55xTe/KrHgTZcjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291009929560256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Classification analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A: Number of DEGs. B: Veen diagram of up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs at pH 4.5 vs. pH 6.5 and at pH 8.0 vs. pH 6.5. C: The heat map shows the genes whose expression is consistently up-regulated as the pH continues to increase. Red indicates high expression and blue indicates low expression. Color scale indicates normalized FPKM values (log2 FPKM). D: The heat map shows the genes whose expression is consistently down-regulated as the pH continues to increase. Red indicates high expression and blue indicates low expression. Color scale indicates normalized FPKM values (log2 FPKM)., figureFileSmall=bYd8+QEj/7Ym5iv7NdNMgA==, figureFileBig=J2LzWRpXcSnmDgSeQN4f0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010051195078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=图3, caption=差异表达基因的分类分析, figureFileSmall=bYd8+QEj/7Ym5iv7NdNMgA==, figureFileBig=J2LzWRpXcSnmDgSeQN4f0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010139275468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=GO enrichment analysis of DEGs under acidic or alkaline stress. A: GO enrichment analysis of up-regulated DEGs at acid stress. B: GO enrichment analysis of down-regulated DEGs at acid stress. C: GO enrichment analysis of up-regulated DEGs at alkaline stress. D: GO enrichment analysis of down-regulated DEGs at alkaline stress. BP: Biological process; MF: Molecular function; CC: Cellular component., figureFileSmall=NuCPmvVNuvmafcdvJ87Seg==, figureFileBig=5ry9R791wmhLNKLXWLfLfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010218967252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=图4, caption=在酸碱胁迫条件下上调和下调差异表达基因的GO富集分析, figureFileSmall=NuCPmvVNuvmafcdvJ87Seg==, figureFileBig=5ry9R791wmhLNKLXWLfLfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010307047642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs under acidic or alkaline stress. A: KEGG enrichment analysis of up-regulated DEGs at acid stress. B: KEGG enrichment analysis of down-regulated DEGs at acid stress. C: KEGG enrichment analysis of up-regulated DEGs at alkaline stress. D: KEGG enrichment analysis of down-regulated DEGs at alkaline stress., figureFileSmall=Ycy1KMMxJpyuWHXY4rONAA==, figureFileBig=rKtneYZJhysuhVcsPM/rbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010441265377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=图5, caption=在酸碱胁迫条件下上调和下调差异表达基因的KEGG富集分析, figureFileSmall=Ycy1KMMxJpyuWHXY4rONAA==, figureFileBig=rKtneYZJhysuhVcsPM/rbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010550317289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Expression analysis of genes regulating DON synthesis and pathogenicity-related transcription factors under acidic or alkaline stress. A: Expression of TRI genes in Fusarium graminearum under acidic or alkaline stress. B: Expression of transcription factors regulating DON synthesis or pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum under acidic or alkaline stress., figureFileSmall=3BZ8dHXDLD9h56+S5KKWYw==, figureFileBig=PbiZ3cu5IAW9As+JT+RWyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010667757807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=图6, caption=酸碱胁迫条件下DON毒素合成调控基因及致病相关转录因子表达分析, figureFileSmall=3BZ8dHXDLD9h56+S5KKWYw==, figureFileBig=PbiZ3cu5IAW9As+JT+RWyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010818752758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Inhibition of glycine, threonine and tryptophan metabolism by alkali stress in Fusarium graminearum., figureFileSmall=quLnEhk9J65h837GvyzbQQ==, figureFileBig=Yhz+v3AKHYHc449eGMOzRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291010957164799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=图7, caption=碱胁迫抑制禾谷镰刀菌甘氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸代谢, figureFileSmall=quLnEhk9J65h837GvyzbQQ==, figureFileBig=Yhz+v3AKHYHc449eGMOzRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011066216710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Inhibition of secondary metabolite biosynthesis by acid stress in Fusarium graminearum., figureFileSmall=+wdPceBOwI9qU0RSH0rB+g==, figureFileBig=Sln0Ad6w2TjEjSIUUXmlPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011254960396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=图8, caption=酸胁迫抑制禾谷镰刀菌次生代谢物的生物合成, figureFileSmall=+wdPceBOwI9qU0RSH0rB+g==, figureFileBig=Sln0Ad6w2TjEjSIUUXmlPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011317874962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=RT-qPCR verification of target gene expression levels. A: RT-qPCR detection of target gene expression levels in Fusarium graminearum under acidic or alkaline stress. B: Target gene expression levels in transcriptome data., figureFileSmall=7Z9eaprU3wZVUFa+1gj2Kg==, figureFileBig=eCUHsyoh+xrRRAnHPwsweQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011393372441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=图9, caption=目的基因表达水平的RT-qPCR验证, figureFileSmall=7Z9eaprU3wZVUFa+1gj2Kg==, figureFileBig=eCUHsyoh+xrRRAnHPwsweQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243291011540173085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for quantitative PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesPrimer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Length (bp)
FGSG_09530FgTubulin-FGTCAGTGCGGTAACCAAATCG95
FgTubulin-RCTCAGAGGTGCCGTTGTAAAC
FGSG_08350FGSG_08350-FCCCAAGGTCATCGTAGCAGGAA122
FGSG_08350-RAGACCGGAAACGTGAGCCATAT
FGSG_08351FGSG_08351-FCGATGGCAAGACCTGCACAA179
FGSG_08351-RCGACGACGGAACCAGAAACG
FGSG_08352FGSG_08352-FAATGGTCGCACCGAGCACTA120
FGSG_08352-RCTGGATAACAGCAGGAACAAGAG
FGSG_09704FGSG_09704-FAACCTGGTGCCTATGCCTTCT204
FGSG_09704-RTGCCCATGAACTTGCTAATGAC
FGSG_10097FGSG_10097-FTTCTCGTTCCCTGTCATCCAC110
FGSG_10097-RGAAACGGCATATCGCTTCACC
), ArticleFig(id=1243291011678585125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

定量PCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesPrimer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Length (bp)
FGSG_09530FgTubulin-FGTCAGTGCGGTAACCAAATCG95
FgTubulin-RCTCAGAGGTGCCGTTGTAAAC
FGSG_08350FGSG_08350-FCCCAAGGTCATCGTAGCAGGAA122
FGSG_08350-RAGACCGGAAACGTGAGCCATAT
FGSG_08351FGSG_08351-FCGATGGCAAGACCTGCACAA179
FGSG_08351-RCGACGACGGAACCAGAAACG
FGSG_08352FGSG_08352-FAATGGTCGCACCGAGCACTA120
FGSG_08352-RCTGGATAACAGCAGGAACAAGAG
FGSG_09704FGSG_09704-FAACCTGGTGCCTATGCCTTCT204
FGSG_09704-RTGCCCATGAACTTGCTAATGAC
FGSG_10097FGSG_10097-FTTCTCGTTCCCTGTCATCCAC110
FGSG_10097-RGAAACGGCATATCGCTTCACC
), ArticleFig(id=1243291011804414250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics of the transcriptome data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameClean readsClean base (bp)Read lengthQ20 (%)Q30 (%)G+C content (%)
pH 4.5-124 024 5257 207 357 500PE15097.1390.9653.83
pH 4.5-224 026 3917 207 917 300PE15097.1691.0253.79
pH 4.5-324 148 4377 244 531 100PE15097.0790.7554.16
pH 6.5-124 137 7967 241 338 800PE15096.9890.4553.33
pH 6.5-224 018 2497 205 474 700PE15097.0890.8353.09
pH 6.5-324 122 4077 236 722 000PE15097.3391.6253.11
pH 8.0-124 037 5657 211 269 500PE15097.1491.1053.31
pH 8.0-224 035 7347 210 720 200PE15097.4391.8853.28
pH 8.0-324 145 8207 243 746 000PE15097.2891.4653.41
), ArticleFig(id=1243291011947020591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242119546480427238, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

转录组数据统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameClean readsClean base (bp)Read lengthQ20 (%)Q30 (%)G+C content (%)
pH 4.5-124 024 5257 207 357 500PE15097.1390.9653.83
pH 4.5-224 026 3917 207 917 300PE15097.1691.0253.79
pH 4.5-324 148 4377 244 531 100PE15097.0790.7554.16
pH 6.5-124 137 7967 241 338 800PE15096.9890.4553.33
pH 6.5-224 018 2497 205 474 700PE15097.0890.8353.09
pH 6.5-324 122 4077 236 722 000PE15097.3391.6253.11
pH 8.0-124 037 5657 211 269 500PE15097.1491.1053.31
pH 8.0-224 035 7347 210 720 200PE15097.4391.8853.28
pH 8.0-324 145 8207 243 746 000PE15097.2891.4653.41
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转录组揭示禾谷镰刀菌酸碱胁迫条件下的基因表达模式
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尚余平 1, 2, # , 王一唯 2, 3, # , 王冠 1, 2 , 李涵琪 1, 2 , 李鹏锋 2 , 郭杰 1, * , 张翠军 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(11): 4271-4289
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(11): 4271-4289
转录组揭示禾谷镰刀菌酸碱胁迫条件下的基因表达模式
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尚余平1, 2, #, 王一唯2, 3, #, 王冠1, 2, 李涵琪1, 2, 李鹏锋2, 郭杰1, * , 张翠军2, *
作者信息
  • 1 山西农业大学 农学院, 农业农村部有机旱作农业重点实验室(部省共建), 山西 晋中 030801
  • 2 中国农业科学院深圳农业基因组研究所, 岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室深圳分中心, 广东 深圳 518120
  • 3 太原理工大学 计算机科学与技术学院, 山西 太原 030024
Transcriptomics reveals gene expression patterns of Fusarium graminearum under pH stress
Yuping SHANG1, 2, #, Yiwei WANG2, 3, #, Guan WANG1, 2, Hanqi LI1, 2, Pengfeng LI2, Jie GUO1, * , Cuijun ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (Co-constuction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China
  • 2 Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong, China
  • 3 College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
出版时间: 2024-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240302
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【目的】研究不同pH胁迫条件下禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)的转录组调控机制,分析基因表达水平及差异,探究在酸性或碱性条件下与禾谷镰刀菌细胞抗胁迫反应相关的代谢通路,揭示禾谷镰刀菌如何主动调节细胞内代谢与合成过程,以适应细胞外pH环境的变化。【方法】在初始pH为4.5、6.5、8.0的PDB培养基中培养禾谷镰刀菌48 h,提取菌株的总RNA,构建cDNA文库。利用转录组测序技术及生物信息学技术鉴定相关差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),进一步分析涉及的代谢通路。采用反转录实时定量PCR (reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)对基因表达水平进行验证。【结果】在酸性条件下,共有4 283个DEGs,其中2 032个上调DEGs和2 251个下调DEGs;在碱性条件下,共有498个DEGs,其中269个上调基因和229个下调基因。基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)富集分析结果显示,在酸性条件下上调基因显著富集到的GO terms有211个,下调的有72个;碱性条件下上调的GO terms有33个,下调的有40个。京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)富集分析结果显示,在酸性条件下上调DEGs显著富集到的通路有22个,下调有32个;在碱性条件下上调通路有8个,下调有13个。膜转运蛋白的表达和糖类化合物的水解等相关基因表达上调以及蛋白质代谢相关基因表达下调,协助禾谷镰刀菌细胞适应外界环境的变化。与此同时,禾谷镰刀菌在酸性和碱性条件下分别通过降低次生代谢和降低氨基酸代谢来维持自身细胞的内环境平衡,从而抵抗细胞外pH胁迫。【结论】在酸性环境中,禾谷镰刀菌通过促进核糖蛋白复合体的产生以及次生代谢来适应细胞外环境的变化;在碱性环境中,禾谷镰刀菌细胞通过氨基酸代谢来响应和感知外界的胁迫。通过对禾谷镰刀菌细胞代谢相关通路分析为禾谷镰刀菌对不同pH环境的响应提供重要的基因表达数据支撑,研究结果有助于理解禾谷镰刀菌的致病机制。

酸碱胁迫  /  禾谷镰刀菌  /  转录组  /  差异表达基因

[Objective] To study the transcriptome regulation mechanism of Fusarium graminearum under different pH stress conditions, analyze the changes in gene expression levels, explore the metabolic pathways involved in the responses of F. graminearum cells to acidic or alkaline conditions, and reveal how F. graminearum regulates intracellular metabolism and synthesis to adapt to the changes in extracellular pH. [Methods] F. graminearum was cultured in the PDB media with initial pH 4.5, 6.5, and 8.0 for 48 h, and the total RNA of the strains was extracted to construct the cDNA library. Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and the metabolic pathways involved were analyzed. The expression levels of target genes were determined by RT-qPCR. [Results] Under acidic conditions, a total of 4 283 DEGs were identified, including 2 032 genes with up-regulated expression and 2 251 genes with down-regulated expression. Under alkaline conditions, a total of 498 DEGs were identified, including 269 genes with up-regulated expression and 229 genes with down-regulated expression. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed 211 GO terms for the up-regulated genes and 72 GO terms for the down-regulated genes under acidic conditions. Under alkaline conditions, GO analysis yielded 33 GO terms for the up-regulated genes and 40 GO terms for the down-regulated genes. The results of Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed 22 up-regulated pathways and 32 down-regulated pathways under acidic conditions as well as 8 up-regulated pathways and 13 down-regulated pathways under alkaline conditions. The expression of the genes associated with membrane transporters and hydrolysis of carbohydrates was up-regulated, and that of the genes related to protein metabolism was down-regulated, which assisted F. graminearum cells to adapt to changes in the external environment. At the same time, F. graminearum maintained the internal environment balance by reducing secondary metabolism and amino acid metabolism under acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively, to resist extracellular pH stress. [Conclusion] In the acidic environment, F. graminearum adapts to the changes in the extracellular environment by promoting the production of ribonucleoprotein complexes and secondary metabolism. In an alkaline environment, F. graminearum senses and responds to external stresses via amino acid metabolism. The analysis of the metabolic pathways of F. graminearum cells provides gene expression data for studying the responses of F. graminearum to different pH environments. The findings of this study are helpful to understand the pathogenic mechanism of F. graminearum.

pH stress  /  Fusarium graminearum  /  transcriptome  /  differentially expressed genes
尚余平, 王一唯, 王冠, 李涵琪, 李鹏锋, 郭杰, 张翠军. 转录组揭示禾谷镰刀菌酸碱胁迫条件下的基因表达模式. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4271 -4289 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240302
Yuping SHANG, Yiwei WANG, Guan WANG, Hanqi LI, Pengfeng LI, Jie GUO, Cuijun ZHANG. Transcriptomics reveals gene expression patterns of Fusarium graminearum under pH stress[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (11) : 4271 -4289 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240302
镰刀菌(Fusarium)是一类植物病原真菌[1-2],广泛感染禾谷类作物,包括小麦、大麦、玉米等[3]。其中禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)可引起小麦赤霉病[4-6]、玉米穗腐病[7-8]、水稻恶苗病[9]等多种重要病害。禾谷镰刀菌不仅会直接导致田间作物减产,还会在谷物贮存过程中产生多种真菌毒素,如脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、雪腐镰刀烯醇(nivalenol, NIV)和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEA)[10-11]等。其中DON毒素合成受到如TRI5TRI4TRI11TRI3等多个TRI基因调控[12]。禾谷镰刀菌在小麦穗部产生的真菌毒素会损害动物和人类的免疫和生殖系统,对人畜健康构成威胁[13-14]。这严重威胁粮食生产及食品安全,因此成为全球重点防控的植物病原真菌[15-17]
pH值对真菌的生长以及毒素的产生都有着重要影响。适当的pH值是微生物生长的关键因素,环境pH值的波动对微生物构成巨大挑战,酸碱胁迫会扰乱细胞内pH值的稳定性,进而影响蛋白质、核酸、脂类和碳水化合物等生物大分子的结构和功能[18-19]。当外部环境pH值偏离最佳范围时,微生物需要一种或多种有效途径来保持细胞内pH值接近中性,从而确保其正常生长[20-21]。pH值也会影响毒素的产生[22]。在病原菌与宿主相互作用中,病原菌为了生存和繁殖,会通过自身的代谢和基因表达调控以适应环境变化[23-25]。不同的病原菌对pH值的变化具有不同的响应,从而影响其毒素的产生[26-27]。如黄曲霉菌[28]、灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)和禾谷镰刀菌等真菌在较低的pH值下(酸性条件)更容易产生毒素,而在高pH值下(碱性条件)会抑制毒素产生减缓病害蔓延[29-30]。植物病害研究聚焦于病菌侵染致病和寄主抗病机制,禾谷镰刀菌病害的转录组学研究也是如此,大多着眼于禾谷镰刀菌侵染致病过程和寄主响应侵染的基因表达调控[31-32]。虽然已经有一些关于镰刀菌在不同pH值环境下的生长发育[33]和镰刀菌侵染小麦使宿主细胞碱化的相关报道[34-35],但其很少关注到镰刀菌自身基因表达量的变化。因此本研究系统地探讨了不同pH值诱导禾谷镰刀菌的基因表达途径与生理机制。
本研究从转录组水平探究了不同pH值环境下禾谷镰刀菌基因表达量的变化,在pH值为4.5、6.5、8.0条件下进行了差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)鉴定、DEGs的基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)分析、DEGs的京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)分析、氨基酸和次生代谢通路分析、pH响应基因分析、DON毒素合成通路分析等,为禾谷镰刀菌在不同pH环境下调控基因表达提供宝贵数据。
本研究使用引起小麦赤霉病的禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum,也称禾谷镰孢菌) pH-1菌株,由中国农业科学院植物保护研究所刘文德实验室惠赠。
将禾谷镰刀菌接种于PDA培养基上,28 ℃培养7 d,用无菌枪头打孔,分别将5个菌饼放入pH 4.5、6.5、8.0的PDB培养基(100 mL)中,在28 ℃恒温条件下,200 r/min避光培养2 d[36]
收集菌丝时,首先用无菌水冲洗菌丝至无培养基颜色,迅速液氮冻存。每种处理均有3个生物学重复,所有采集的样本均保存在−80 ℃以便进行进一步分析。
为了进行RNA测序分析,将冻存样品用研钵在液氮中研磨至粉末,并使用RNAprep Pure Plant Plus Kit (天根生化科技北京有限公司)提取总RNA,在1%琼脂糖凝胶上检测RNA是否降解和污染,使用超微量生物检测仪估计RNA浓度。总RNA样本送深圳华大基因股份有限公司(BGI Genomics Co., Ltd.)进行文库构建和测序。使用MGIEasy RNA文库制备试剂盒构建文库,并在DNBSEQ平台上使用Paired-end scheme进行测序。
使用FastQC软件对测序数据进行质量评估(质检)[37]。使用Trimmomatic[38]对序列(reads)进行过滤,以去除低质量reads。所有干净的reads使用HISAT2映射到禾谷镰刀菌的参考基因组上[39]
利用featureCounts软件对reads进行计数。取用每千个碱基的转录每百万映射读取的片段(fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads, FPKM)≥1作为有表达的阈值,利用DESeq2对3种pH处理样品的基因转录水平进行差异表达分析[40]P < 0.05且|log2 fold change|≥1被指定为DEGs。使用clusterProfiler对DEGs进行GO和KEGG富集分析,将P-value < 0.05的通路定义为显著富集的通路[41-44]
为了进一步验证RNA-seq实验结果的可靠性,提取实验组和对照组的镰刀菌菌丝总RNA,并用反转录试剂盒将RNA逆转录为cDNA,选取5个DEGs (包括与酸性胁迫下次生代谢通路相关的2个基因,以及碱胁迫条件下氨基酸合成通路相关的3个基因),根据基因序列用Primer Premier 5软件设计基因特异性引物,并由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。引物名称及引物序列见表1。引物验证合格后使用SYBR Green I荧光定量预混试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)进行RT-qPCR分析。反应体系(20 µL):2×ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.4 µL,cDNA 1 ng,ddH2O补至20 µL。RT-qPCR反应参数参考试剂盒说明书。以Tubulin为内参基因,采用2−ΔΔCt方法进行相对定量。
将新鲜的禾谷镰刀菌菌饼放入不同pH的PDB培养液中振荡培养48 h,pH 6.5时菌丝非常丰富,pH 8.0时菌丝略微减少,pH 4.5时能明显看出菌丝生长受到抑制。结果表明,禾谷镰刀菌在不同pH条件下生长状态不同,其中最适生长pH为中性,在酸性或者碱性条件下生长受到抑制(图1)。
为了系统地研究不同pH值处理下禾谷镰刀菌的转录组变化情况,分别收集pH 4.5、6.5和8.0条件下培养的菌丝,提取总RNA进行转录组测序,设置3次生物学重复。测序数据质检表明Q20和Q30分别超过97.07%和90.45%,G+C含量在53.09%−54.16% (表2)。结果表明,数据质量可靠,可以进行转录组分析。本研究测序数据已上传NCBI公共数据库(序列号为GSE267311)。
采用Pearson相关系数估计了生物重复样本的相关性,3个生物学重复之间相关性系数超过0.78 (图2A)。为了进一步考察数据的可信度,使用了主成分分析(PCA分析,图2B)发现,pH 8.0-1和pH 6.5-1与其余2个重复差异较大,因此后续分析对这两组数据进行了去除,剩余样品数据良好,可用于进一步分析。
通过计算酸性、中性、碱性条件下各样品的FPKM,发现在酸性条件下,共有9 341个基因有表达量;在中性条件下,共有8 974个基因有表达量;在碱性条件下,共有9 386个基因有表达量。进一步分析DEGs结果表明,在酸性条件下,共有4 283个DEGs,其中包含2 032个上调DEGs和2 251个下调DEGs (图3A、附表S1,数据已提交国家微生物科学数据中心,编号:NMDCX0000326);在碱性条件下,共有498个DEGs,其中269个上调DEGs和229个下调DEGs (图3A、附表S1,数据已提交国家微生物科学数据中心,编号:NMDCX0000326)。另外,在碱性条件下,上调DEGs的数量多于下调DEGs,而在酸性条件下则相反,下调DEGs偏多(图3A)。
此外,414个DEGs在酸性条件和碱性条件种均存在差异表达,其中在酸性条件和碱性条件下有92个DEGs共同上调,有162个DEGs共同下调(图3B)。其余60个DEGs在酸性和碱性条件中表现出相反的表达模式(图3B)。这些DEGs的不同可能与禾谷镰刀菌在不同pH环境下的生长情况有关。
在适应外界环境变化的过程中,禾谷镰刀菌能够通过调节自身的变化来应对非生物胁迫,尤其是温度和pH等因素。随着pH的持续上升,与pH反应相关的基因也持续发生变化,数据显示,持续上调的DEGs有43个(图3C),同时持续下调DEGs有13个(图3D)。上调基因主要注释到一些与非生物胁迫相关的膜转运蛋白和糖苷水解酶等,如钠和氯依赖性GABA转运蛋白1 (sodium and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1, FGSG_04240)可能与离子转运有关;抗原1 (antigen 1, FGSG_03954)可能在应对外界环境变化时发挥作用;糖苷水解酶家族76 (glycoside hydrolase family 76, FGSG_04584)可能与糖类化合物的水解有关。下调基因主要注释到与蛋白质代谢相关的脱氢酶和转移酶等,如3-羟基丁酰脱氢酶(3-hydroxybutyryl-dehydrogenase, FGSG_13963)可能与脂肪酸代谢有关;乙醇脱氢酶(alcohol dehydrogenase, FGSG_03546)可能与醇的代谢有关;4-氨基丁酸氨基转移酶(4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, FGSG_06751)可能与氨基酸代谢有关。综上所述,随着pH的持续上升,禾谷镰刀菌通过增强膜转运蛋白的表达、促进糖类化合物的水解以及降低脂代谢来适应外界环境的变化。
为了更好地理解禾谷镰刀菌在不同pH条件下转录过程中DEGs的功能分类,分别对上调DEGs和下调DEGs进行了GO功能富集分析,将这些基因划分为相应的生物过程(biological process, BP)、分子功能(molecular function, MF)和细胞成分(cellular component, CC)。酸性条件下上调DEGs显著富集的GO terms共有211个,在生物过程中,高度富集的terms包括翻译(translation)、肽生物合成过程(peptide biosynthetic process)和ncRNA代谢过程(ncRNA metabolic process);在分子功能中,高度富集的terms包括核糖体的结构成分(structural constituent of ribosome)、RNA结合(RNA binding)和结构分子活性(structural molecule activity);在细胞成分中,高度富集的terms包括核糖核蛋白复合物(ribonucleoprotein complex)、核糖体(ribosome)和非膜结合的细胞器(non-membrane-bounded organelle) (图4A)。下调DEGs显著富集的GO terms共有72个,其中在生物过程中,高度富集的terms包括碳水化合物代谢过程(carbohydrate metabolic process)、蛋白水解(proteolysis)和单原子离子转运(monoatomic ion transport);在分子功能中,高度富集的terms包括外肽酶活性(exopeptidase activity)、肽酶活性(peptidase activity)和羧肽酶活性(carboxypeptidase activity);在细胞成分中,高度富集的terms包括质膜(plasma membrane)、细胞外区(extracellular region)和细胞外围(cell periphery) (图4B)。在酸性环境下禾谷镰刀菌的上调基因主要富集到与核糖体的合成和多肽酶活性相关的通路,这表明在酸性环境中,禾谷镰刀菌通过促进核糖蛋白复合体的产生以及降低细胞代谢来适应细胞外环境的变化。
碱性条件下,上调DEGs显著富集的GO terms共有33个,与酸性条件下的上调DEGs富集到的terms较相似,例如翻译(translation)、核糖体的结构成分(structural constituent of ribosome)和核糖体(ribosome) (图4C)。下调DEGs显著富集的GO terms共有40个,其中在生物过程中,高度富集的terms包括氧酸代谢过程(oxoacid metabolic process)、有机酸代谢过程(organic acid metabolic process)和羧酸代谢过程(carboxylic acid metabolic process);在分子功能中,高度富集的terms包括酰胺跨膜转运蛋白活性(amide transmembrane transporter activity)、外肽酶活性(exopeptidase activity)和外肽酶活性(exopeptidase activity);在细胞成分中,高度富集的terms包括核糖体(ribosome)、核糖核蛋白复合物(ribonucleoprotein complex)和非膜结合的细胞器(non-membrane-bounded organelle) (图4D)。在碱性条件下,禾谷镰刀菌的下调DEGs主要富集到酸代谢相关途径和跨膜转运蛋白活性相关通路,表明在碱性环境中,禾谷镰刀菌可以促进核糖体合成与翻译并通过抑制蛋白酶活性以减缓代谢,从而更好地应对外界环境胁迫。
为了进一步了解禾谷镰刀菌在不同pH条件下DEGs参与的代谢通路,使用KEGG数据库进行富集分析。结果表明在酸性胁迫条件下,上调DEGs显著富集到的通路有22个,下调DEGs显著富集到的通路有32个(图5A5B);在碱性胁迫条件下,上调DEGs显著富集到的通路有8个,下调DEGs显著富集到的通路有13个(图5C5D)。另外,无论是酸性还是碱性条件下,上调DEGs都富集到了相同的通路,例如核糖体(ribosome)和氨基酸的生物合成(biosynthesis of amino acids)。这表明禾谷镰刀菌在受到酸碱胁迫时会促进核糖体的合成和氨基酸的合成。此外,无论是酸性条件还是碱性条件下,下调DEGs也都富集到了相同的通路,例如次生代谢物的生物合成(biosynthesisof secondary metabolites)、酪氨酸代谢(tyrosine metabolism)以及甘氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸代谢(glycine, threonine, and tryptophan metabolism)。因此,推测当禾谷镰刀菌受到高pH或低pH胁迫时,会通过自身的次生代谢和氨基酸生物合成等途径来适应环境。
禾谷镰刀菌在酸性环境下有15个TRI基因受诱导表达,这些基因协同调控DON毒素的合成[45]。在转录组实验数据中发现14个TRI基因发生了变化(图6)。具体来说TRI5 (FGSG_03537)、TRI4 (FGSG_03535)、TRI6 (FGSG_03536)、TRI10 (FGSG_03538)和TRI101 (FGSG_07896)在碱性环境中下调明显。在酸性条件下仅发现TRI8 (FGSG_03532)的表达下调明显。这一结果表明,禾谷镰刀菌在碱性环境中,DON的生物合成受到抑制。
通过转录组数据分析发现,Chen等[45]总结的转录因子中有20个在酸碱条件下发生差异表达(图6B),其中有2个转录因子(FGSG_07546和FGSG_09524)在酸性或碱性条件下差异表达,有18个转录因子仅在酸性条件下差异表达(图6B)。研究表明转录因子FgPacC (FGSG_12970)作为pH响应基因,是碱性宿主环境下禾谷镰刀菌应对高铁胁迫反应的主要调节因子,与致病性紧密相关[35]。本研究的转录组数据表明,酸性条件下FgPacC表达被抑制(图6B),与已有报道结果一致,。
在不同pH条件下,真菌通过各种生理机制响应和感知外界的生物和非生物胁迫。在培养48 h后,发现在碱性条件下的下调KEGG通路中氨基酸代谢通路显著富集。对9个富集基因进行分析(图7)发现,在色氨酸代谢(tryptophane metabolism)、丙酮酸代谢(pyruvate metabolism)、半胱氨酸和硫氨酸代谢(cysteine and thioninemetabolism)以及甘氨酸裂解(glycine cleavage system)等过程中,碱性环境会影响与氨基酸合成相关的酶的基因表达。例如,当禾谷镰刀菌处于碱性环境时,与丝氨酸合成相关基因FGSG_08350、FGSG_08351和FGSG_08352的表达下调,与此同时,在合成甘氨酸时涉及到的甘氨酸脱氢酶以及合成丝氨酸时涉及到的丝氨酸羟基转移酶表达受到抑制,从而减缓甘氨酸的裂解和丝氨酸的合成。这一调节机制有助于通过降低氨基酸代谢来维持自身细胞的内环境平衡,从而抵抗pH胁迫。
在酸性环境下,禾谷镰刀菌的生长受到抑制(图1)。在酸性下调的KEGG通路中发现,参与禾谷镰刀菌的次生代谢物合成的通路显著富集。进一步分析富集到的84个基因,发现其中有17个基因参与了氨基酸转换、脂质、糖类的合成与分解相关的次生代谢(图8)。例如合成海藻糖相关基因FGSG_09613和FGSG_09704在细胞糖代谢中起重要作用,当禾谷镰刀菌生长受到抑制时,这些基因的表达下调,从而减少葡萄糖的损耗,以抵抗低pH的胁迫;在泛酸的合成过程中,基因FGSG_00109的表达下调,降低了细胞的酶促反应;在合成MVA通路中,基因FGSG_10097的表达下调,减缓了禾谷镰刀菌细胞的生长和发育。此外,还发现了其他基因,例如与脂代谢相关的基因FGSG_09503,与甾醇生物合成相关基因FGSG_03443、FGSG_05921、FGSG_13888,以及与光呼吸相关的基因FGSG_02217、FGSG_02881和FGSG_06596,这些基因的表达下调,降低禾谷镰刀菌细胞中的脂肪代谢、甾醇合成、组氨酸合成以及呼吸作用。这些调节机制有助于禾谷镰刀菌在酸性环境中维持细胞内环境平衡,以适应外界的变化。
为了验证RNA-seq数据的可靠性,本研究从转录组测序结果选取了5个基因进行RT-qPCR验证,包括酸性胁迫下参与次生代谢的2个基因(FGSG_09704和FGSG_10097)以及碱胁迫条件下参与氨基酸合成的3个基因(FGSG_08351、FGSG_08352和FGSG_08353)。RT-qPCR检测结果如图9A所示,FGSG_09704和FGSG_10097基因在酸性条件下表达趋势均为下调;FGSG_08351、FGSG_08352和FGSG_08353基因在酸性条件下表达上调,在碱性条件下表达下调。上述结果与转录组数据一致(图9B),验证了RNA-seq结果的可靠性。
病原菌与宿主相互作用过程中,微生物的生存取决于它们适应和克服环境中以及宿主各种挑战或压力的能力[25]。病原菌能够在广泛的环境pH值范围内生长[45],但是病原菌的定殖与生长受到宿主条件的影响[26],如在禾谷镰刀菌侵染小麦后,宿主细胞会迅速碱化,以抑制其生长[34-35]。当宿主pH值变化时可以显著影响镰刀菌的生长和次生代谢产物的合成[23-24]
病原菌的自适应过程涉及基因表达的调控[46],它们可以通过激活或抑制特定基因的表达来适应不同的环境条件[23-24],例如pH变化。本研究发现酸性环境很大程度上影响禾谷镰刀菌的转录水平,在酸性条件下,共有4 283个差异表达基因,其中2 032个上调DEGs和2 251个下调DEGs;在碱性条件下,共有498个差异表达基因,其中269个上调DEGs和229个下调DEGs。在酸性条件下差异表达基因的数量相对碱性条件下显著增加(图3A),表明在禾谷镰刀菌与作物相互作用的过程中,禾谷镰刀菌可能已经进化出适应植物碱性环境的特征,但是对酸性环境无明显的适应性,导致在酸性条件下差异表达基因数量大幅升高。
真菌可产生如镰刀菌酸(fusaric acid, FA)、脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)等真菌毒素,这些毒素在病原菌致病过程中具有重要作用[47-48]。研究表明,与DON毒素合成相关的TRI基因表达受pH调控,禾谷镰刀菌在酸性(pH 3.0)环境下能够诱导TRI基因表达升高,从而产生毒素[30, 36]。黄曲霉在合成毒素的过程中受pH影响,与中性(pH 7.0)和碱性(pH 8.0)相比,在酸性(pH 4.0−6.0)条件下更易产生毒素,如黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxin, AFT)和柄曲毒素(sterigmatocystin, ST),酸性条件下这两种毒素含量是碱性条件下的5−10倍[28]。在本研究中,碱性环境中TRI5 (FGSG_03537)、TRI4 (FGSG_03535)、TRI6 (FGSG_03536)、TRI10 (FGSG_03538)以及TRI101 (FGSG_07896)等大部分TRI基因表达下调,与前人的研究一致[30, 36]。表明在碱性条件下抑制禾谷镰刀菌TRI基因表达。
研究表明,在不同pH的BMS培养基中培养禾谷镰刀菌,能影响与合成毒素相关的TRI基因表达,与中性(pH 6.5)和碱性(pH 8.0)相比,在酸性(pH 3.0)条件下更易正向诱导TRI基因表达[49]。在本研究中,在酸性条件下发现TRI基因未上调,猜测这种差异可能是由于使用不同的培养基以及不同程度的酸胁迫导致的,前人使用BMS培养基并将pH调至3.0[49],而本研究采用的是pH 4.5的PDB培养基。
除此之外,本研究发现随着pH的持续上升,43个基因持续上调表达,13个基因持续下调表达。上调基因主要包括一些与非生物胁迫相关的膜转运蛋白和糖苷水解酶(FGSG_04240、FGSG_03954、FGSG_04584),下调基因主要包括与蛋白质代谢相关的脱氢酶和转移酶(FGSG_13963、FGSG_03546、FGSG_06751)。这与前人的研究结果一致[50]。例如,当恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)处于酸性条件下,致病菌能通过上调脱氨酶、脱亚胺酶和阳离子转运相关基因在相对酸性环境中的表达来维持细胞内pH稳定性;在碱性条件下,致病菌能通过调控NADH脱氢酶、细胞色素、ATP合酶和氨基酸转运相关基因的表达来维持细胞内酸度,应对碱性环境[50]。这些结果表明镰刀菌在受到碱性胁迫时能通过增强膜转运蛋白的表达、促进糖类化合物的水解以及降低蛋白质代谢来适应外界环境的变化。Gu等研究表明转录因子FgPacC (FGSG_12970)的表达受到pH调控[35]。本研究的转录组数据表明,酸性条件下FgPacC表达被抑制(图6B),这和前期文献报道一致[35]。除了上述FgPacC基因,本研究还发现了其他19个毒素产生或致病相关的关键转录因子也受到pH调控表达(图6B)。这些结果表明pH能够调控致病性相关转录因子表达,进而影响禾谷镰刀菌致病过程。
真菌对环境pH的适应不仅依赖于细胞内pH的稳定性,还与代谢物的合成有关[51-53]。组蛋白E3连接酶VdBre1能够正向调控大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)脂质代谢,进而影响病原菌的生长、分生孢子的产生以及次生代谢物的合成,从而影响致病性[54]。本研究在酸性下调的KEGG通路中发现,镰刀菌的次生代谢物生物合成显著富集。在进一步分析富集到的84个基因中发现其中有17个基因,如合成海藻糖相关基因FGSG_09613和FGSG_09704,与甾醇生物合成相关基因FGSG_03443、FGSG_05921和FGSG_13888等,参与了氨基酸转换、脂质和糖质的合成与分解相关的次生代谢。因此,推测这些调节机制有助于禾谷镰刀菌在酸性环境中维持细胞内环境平衡,以适应外界pH环境的变化。
总之,本研究通过转录组测序揭示了禾谷镰刀菌在酸碱胁迫条件下的基因表达模式,发现了多个致病关键转录因子受pH调控表达,表明pH能够调控致病性相关基因表达进而影响禾谷镰刀菌致病性,研究这些表达变化的基因有利于更好地理解禾谷镰刀菌成功侵染宿主的分子机制。
本研究以禾谷镰刀菌为研究对象,将禾谷镰刀菌分别置于3种不同pH值的PDB培养基中培养2 d,通过RNA-seq分析禾谷镰刀菌耐酸碱胁迫的机制。研究发现酸性环境很大程度上影响禾谷镰刀菌的转录水平,在酸性条件下,共有4 283个DEGs,其中2 032个上调基因和2 251个下调基因;在碱性条件下,共有498个DEGs,其中269个上调基因和229个下调基因。通过目的基因表达水平的RT-qPCR检测验证了RNA-seq结果的可靠性。本研究结果表明当禾谷镰刀菌受到酸碱胁迫时,能调节膜转运蛋白基因的表达、糖类化合物的水解相关通路基因表达以及蛋白质代谢相关基因表达,从而协助禾谷镰刀菌适应外界pH环境的变化。
  • 中国农业科学院青年英才计划(1102431600011240010)
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2024年第64卷第11期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240302
  • 接收时间:2024-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-15
  • 录用日期:2024-06-28
基金
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Elite Youth Program(1102431600011240010)
中国农业科学院青年英才计划(1102431600011240010)
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    1 山西农业大学 农学院, 农业农村部有机旱作农业重点实验室(部省共建), 山西 晋中 030801
    2 中国农业科学院深圳农业基因组研究所, 岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室深圳分中心, 广东 深圳 518120
    3 太原理工大学 计算机科学与技术学院, 山西 太原 030024

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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