Article(id=1242093874475237888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240184, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1720972800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-15, onlineDate=1774067856663, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1721750400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774067856663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774067856663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067856663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242093864144666765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='10', pageStart='3571', pageEnd='3997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774067854200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067980255, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3723, endPage=3734, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242093875544785443, articleId=1242093874475237888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp., columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Blastocystis sp. is a widespread unicellular protozoan mainly parasitizing the intestines of humans and animals. This parasite has rich genetic diversity, with 42 subtypes (ST1–ST17, ST21, ST23–ST46) reported, of which ST1, ST2, and ST3 are prevalent. However, the pathogenicity levels and the pathogenicity differences among different subtypes have been controversial. [Objective] To determine the pathogenicity of ST1, ST2, and ST3 and explore whether there are differences in the pathogenicity between the three subtypes of Blastocystis sp. [Methods] Blastocystis sp. strains were isolated from fresh human and macaque faeces and identified by morphological observation, 18S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing, and cluster analysis. After BALB/c mice were infected with strains of ST1, ST2, and ST3, the distribution characteristics of the parasites in vivo were observed. In addition, the clinical signs, weight gain, feed conversion rate, and mortality of the infected mice were recorded to compare the pathogenicity of the three subtypes. Finally, the pathological changes in the intestines of mice were observed. [Results] Three subtypes of Blastocystis sp., ST1, ST2 and ST3, were successfully isolated and identified. Animal challenge results showed that the parasites predominantly colonized the intestine and negatively affected the health of mice. A high dose of ST3 resulted in death in mice, while ST1, ST2, and low doses of ST3 did not affect the survival of mice. Blastocystis sp. damaged the intestinal tissue of challenged mice. [Conclusion] Blastocystis sp. causes harm to the host by damaging the intestine. The pathogenicity varies among different subtypes and ST3 has stronger pathogenicity. This study lays a foundation for further studying the pathogenicity mechanism and provides data for assessing the threat of Blastocystis sp. to public health.

, correspAuthors=Lei MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*MA Lei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengjuan CAO, Jing HUANG, Yan CUI, Huizhu NAN, Chao ZHANG, Lei MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242093877050540727, articleId=1242093874475237888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=芽囊原虫的分离鉴定及致病性分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

芽囊原虫(Blastocystis sp.)是一种在全球范围内广泛分布的人畜共患单细胞真核生物,主要寄生于宿主肠道。该寄生虫具有丰富的遗传多样性,目前已报道42种有效亚型(ST1−ST17,ST21,ST23−ST46),其中ST1型、ST2型和ST3型流行最为广泛,但芽囊原虫的致病能力及不同亚型之间的致病性差异一直存在争议。【目的】评价ST1型、ST2型和ST3型芽囊原虫的致病能力,同时探讨3个亚型芽囊原虫之间是否存在致病性差异。【方法】从人和猕猴新鲜粪便中分离芽囊原虫,通过形态学观察,18S rRNA基因扩增、测序和聚类分析进行芽囊原虫鉴定。将获得的ST1型、ST2型和ST3型芽囊原虫感染BALB/c小鼠,探究芽囊原虫在小鼠体内的分布特点,并根据芽囊原虫感染后小鼠状态、体重变化、饲转率及死亡率,比较3种亚型虫株对小鼠的致病能力,通过病理学观察比较不同亚型芽囊原虫对小鼠肠道组织损伤能力。【结果】本研究成功分离鉴定出ST1型、ST2型和ST3型3种亚型芽囊原虫。芽囊原虫感染小鼠后主要分布在小鼠肠道,对小鼠的健康状况产生影响,ST3亚型芽囊原虫的大量感染会导致小鼠死亡,但ST1型、ST2型和低剂量的ST3型芽囊原虫不影响小鼠的生活。病理学观察结果显示芽囊原虫感染损伤小鼠肠道组织。【结论】芽囊原虫通过损伤肠道组织对宿主造成危害,但不同亚型之间存在致病性差异,ST3亚型芽囊原虫具有较强的致病性,本研究为进一步研究芽囊原虫致病机理奠定基础,也为其公共卫生意义的评估提供参考数据。

, correspAuthors=马磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=DkcjCnXDbLnaivE5N9CMvA==, magXml=gS9WmLRoCN2izF00fEO5nw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=E05U+0IWKntVqsxZxB3F0Q==, pdfFileSize=946168, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KuqKiKztehNENLIxWrlhIQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Ss7TkV8MNuHcRJAs3nRp3A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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A: Morphology. Yellow arrow: Vacuolar; Red arrow: Granular. B: PCR detection. M: DL2000 DNA Marker; N: Negative control; P: Positive control; 1: ST1; 2: ST2; 3: ST3. C: Clustering analysis based on 34 subtypes of 18S rRNA gene. The study* is the subject of this research., figureFileSmall=Q+eMnXHCqAUnf9dgy56ZtA==, figureFileBig=SLOPSs+/hs0uZu+njaqszA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285159760478906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093874475237888, language=CN, label=图1, caption=芽囊原虫的分离鉴定, figureFileSmall=Q+eMnXHCqAUnf9dgy56ZtA==, figureFileBig=SLOPSs+/hs0uZu+njaqszA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285159869530821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093874475237888, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Analysis of feed conversion rate and weight growth rate after infecting Blatocystis sp. A: The feed conversion rate on the 10th day. B: The weight growth rate on the 10th day. C: The feed conversion rate on the 20th day. D: The weight growth rate on the 20th day. E: The feed conversion rate on the 30th day. 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A: PCR detection of intestinal contents in mice. M: DL2000 DNA Marker; N: Negative control; P: Positive control; 1, 2 and 3: Intestinal contents of uninfected, ST2 infected and ST3 infected mice, respectively. B: Uninfected mice. C: Mice infected by Blastocystis sp. ST2. D: Mice infected by Blastocystis sp. ST3., figureFileSmall=wGfVcG4/bJV6dpJ8f7SiTg==, figureFileBig=4q3oLl6LvC4e23AjseuiCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285160460927719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093874475237888, language=CN, label=图4, caption=十二指肠病理学观察, figureFileSmall=wGfVcG4/bJV6dpJ8f7SiTg==, figureFileBig=4q3oLl6LvC4e23AjseuiCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285160599339759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093874475237888, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Pathological observation of caecum. A: PCR detection of intestinal contents in mice. M: DL2000 DNA Marker; N: Negative control; P: Positive control; 1, 2 and 3: Intestinal contents of uninfected, ST2 infected and ST3 infected mice, respectively. B: Uninfected mice. C: Mice infected by Blastocystis sp. ST2. D: Mice infected by Blastocystis sp. ST3., figureFileSmall=UXMiwsxF3ApMFSR7q8uzYw==, figureFileBig=SaUuKaxr9QBXUFSqp8nzgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285160729363192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093874475237888, language=CN, label=图5, caption=盲肠病理学观察, figureFileSmall=UXMiwsxF3ApMFSR7q8uzYw==, figureFileBig=SaUuKaxr9QBXUFSqp8nzgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285160850998015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093874475237888, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The distribution and number of Blastocystis sp. in mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组织Tissuet/dST1ST2ST3
脾Spleen
(×102 parasites/mg)
12/3, 0.98±0.51
31/3, 1.21
肠道Intestine
(×104 parasites/mg)
13/3, 3.24±1.213/3, 2.69±0.773/3, 3.55±1.23
33/3, 3.57±0.493/3, 4.56±0.613/3, 4.77±1.04
53/3, 11.12±1.663/3, 4.11±0.943/3, 9.73±1.05
73/3, 7.33±1.463/3, 6.43±0.423/3, 10.25±0.31
143/3, 8.98±0.903/3, 6.76±0.623/3, 9.33±0.34
213/3, 8.94±1.073/3, 7.14±1.033/3, 8.15±0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1243285160985215753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093874475237888, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

芽囊原虫在小鼠体内分布及数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组织Tissuet/dST1ST2ST3
脾Spleen
(×102 parasites/mg)
12/3, 0.98±0.51
31/3, 1.21
肠道Intestine
(×104 parasites/mg)
13/3, 3.24±1.213/3, 2.69±0.773/3, 3.55±1.23
33/3, 3.57±0.493/3, 4.56±0.613/3, 4.77±1.04
53/3, 11.12±1.663/3, 4.11±0.943/3, 9.73±1.05
73/3, 7.33±1.463/3, 6.43±0.423/3, 10.25±0.31
143/3, 8.98±0.903/3, 6.76±0.623/3, 9.33±0.34
213/3, 8.94±1.073/3, 7.14±1.033/3, 8.15±0.94
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芽囊原虫的分离鉴定及致病性分析
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曹梦娟 1, 2, 3, # , 黄晶 4, # , 崔琰 1, 2, 3 , 南汇珠 1, 2, 3 , 张晁 1, 2, 3 , 马磊 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(10): 3723-3734
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芽囊原虫的分离鉴定及致病性分析
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曹梦娟1, 2, 3, #, 黄晶4, #, 崔琰1, 2, 3, 南汇珠1, 2, 3, 张晁1, 2, 3, 马磊1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 河北师范大学 生命科学学院, 分子细胞生物学教育部重点实验室, 河北 石家庄 050024
  • 2 河北师范大学 生命科学学院, 河北省动物生理生化与分子生物学实验室, 河北 石家庄 050024
  • 3 河北师范大学 生命科学学院, 河北省生态环境协同创新中心, 河北 石家庄 050024
  • 4 河北省儿童医院, 河北 石家庄 050031
Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp.
Mengjuan CAO1, 2, 3, #, Jing HUANG4, #, Yan CUI1, 2, 3, Huizhu NAN1, 2, 3, Chao ZHANG1, 2, 3, Lei MA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
  • 2 Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
  • 3 Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
  • 4 Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2024-07-24 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240184
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芽囊原虫(Blastocystis sp.)是一种在全球范围内广泛分布的人畜共患单细胞真核生物,主要寄生于宿主肠道。该寄生虫具有丰富的遗传多样性,目前已报道42种有效亚型(ST1−ST17,ST21,ST23−ST46),其中ST1型、ST2型和ST3型流行最为广泛,但芽囊原虫的致病能力及不同亚型之间的致病性差异一直存在争议。【目的】评价ST1型、ST2型和ST3型芽囊原虫的致病能力,同时探讨3个亚型芽囊原虫之间是否存在致病性差异。【方法】从人和猕猴新鲜粪便中分离芽囊原虫,通过形态学观察,18S rRNA基因扩增、测序和聚类分析进行芽囊原虫鉴定。将获得的ST1型、ST2型和ST3型芽囊原虫感染BALB/c小鼠,探究芽囊原虫在小鼠体内的分布特点,并根据芽囊原虫感染后小鼠状态、体重变化、饲转率及死亡率,比较3种亚型虫株对小鼠的致病能力,通过病理学观察比较不同亚型芽囊原虫对小鼠肠道组织损伤能力。【结果】本研究成功分离鉴定出ST1型、ST2型和ST3型3种亚型芽囊原虫。芽囊原虫感染小鼠后主要分布在小鼠肠道,对小鼠的健康状况产生影响,ST3亚型芽囊原虫的大量感染会导致小鼠死亡,但ST1型、ST2型和低剂量的ST3型芽囊原虫不影响小鼠的生活。病理学观察结果显示芽囊原虫感染损伤小鼠肠道组织。【结论】芽囊原虫通过损伤肠道组织对宿主造成危害,但不同亚型之间存在致病性差异,ST3亚型芽囊原虫具有较强的致病性,本研究为进一步研究芽囊原虫致病机理奠定基础,也为其公共卫生意义的评估提供参考数据。

芽囊原虫  /  分离鉴定  /  致病性  /  病理学

Blastocystis sp. is a widespread unicellular protozoan mainly parasitizing the intestines of humans and animals. This parasite has rich genetic diversity, with 42 subtypes (ST1–ST17, ST21, ST23–ST46) reported, of which ST1, ST2, and ST3 are prevalent. However, the pathogenicity levels and the pathogenicity differences among different subtypes have been controversial. [Objective] To determine the pathogenicity of ST1, ST2, and ST3 and explore whether there are differences in the pathogenicity between the three subtypes of Blastocystis sp. [Methods] Blastocystis sp. strains were isolated from fresh human and macaque faeces and identified by morphological observation, 18S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing, and cluster analysis. After BALB/c mice were infected with strains of ST1, ST2, and ST3, the distribution characteristics of the parasites in vivo were observed. In addition, the clinical signs, weight gain, feed conversion rate, and mortality of the infected mice were recorded to compare the pathogenicity of the three subtypes. Finally, the pathological changes in the intestines of mice were observed. [Results] Three subtypes of Blastocystis sp., ST1, ST2 and ST3, were successfully isolated and identified. Animal challenge results showed that the parasites predominantly colonized the intestine and negatively affected the health of mice. A high dose of ST3 resulted in death in mice, while ST1, ST2, and low doses of ST3 did not affect the survival of mice. Blastocystis sp. damaged the intestinal tissue of challenged mice. [Conclusion] Blastocystis sp. causes harm to the host by damaging the intestine. The pathogenicity varies among different subtypes and ST3 has stronger pathogenicity. This study lays a foundation for further studying the pathogenicity mechanism and provides data for assessing the threat of Blastocystis sp. to public health.

Blastocystis sp.  /  isolation and identification  /  pathogenicity  /  pathology
曹梦娟, 黄晶, 崔琰, 南汇珠, 张晁, 马磊. 芽囊原虫的分离鉴定及致病性分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3723 -3734 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240184
Mengjuan CAO, Jing HUANG, Yan CUI, Huizhu NAN, Chao ZHANG, Lei MA. Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp.[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3723 -3734 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240184
芽囊原虫(Blastocystis sp.)是一种在全球范围内分布较广的人畜共患的原生动物,常在粪便中被发现,宿主和地理分布广泛,但不同亚型的宿主和地理分布存在差异。现有数据显示,全球至少有10亿人感染了芽囊原虫,发展中国家(30.0%−100.0%)的人群感染水平远高于发达国家(1.5%−20.0%)[1-3]。根据其宿主来源、培养特性以及核型模式分为42种亚型(ST1−ST17,ST21,ST23−ST46),其中ST1、ST2、ST3是人群中普遍存在的亚型[4-6],在免疫力低下人群、由人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)感染引起的艾滋病(acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS)患者以及肠道应激综合征患者会出现明显的腹泻、腹痛症状,并且与儿童的反复腹痛密切相关[7-8],世界卫生组织指出该寄生虫具有重要的公共卫生学意义,已被列入世卫组织健康计划项目中。
寄生虫感染是造成宿主免疫功能下降、发病甚至死亡的重要原因之一。人感染芽囊原虫后,部分感染者出现腹痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐等临床症状,而无症状携带者无明显不良反应[9-10],因此,芽囊原虫对宿主的致病性一直存在争议。研究人员试图从不同的角度探索芽囊原虫对宿主健康的影响,一些学者从组织学角度探讨了芽囊原虫的致病性,即芽囊原虫主要寄居在宿主肠道,引起肠道上皮细胞凋亡、肠道通透性增加、细胞间紧密连接破坏、隐窝消失、炎症细胞浸润、结肠上皮病变以及溃疡等现象,妨碍寄生部位的屏障作用并损伤肠道黏膜上皮,从而导致肠道消化和吸收受损、肠道微生物组被破坏,以及免疫反应和炎症的发生[11-16]。近年来,有研究解析了芽囊原虫与宿主肠道微生物菌群的关系,发现芽囊原虫携带者中肠道微生物α多样性显著升高,肠道菌群结构与肠道微生态失调患者的肠道菌群结构相似[17],暗示芽囊原虫与宿主肠道微生态失调有关。然而,也有研究调查发现儿童感染芽囊原虫虽然会引起肠道内拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)相对丰度降低,栖粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)相对丰度增加,但不会引起肠道菌群组成的变化,从而认为芽囊原虫与宿主肠道菌群生态失调无关[18]。究其原因,可能是不同亚型的芽囊原虫与宿主的相互作用存在差异。研究表明,ST7亚型芽囊原虫能够引起肠道菌群的失衡,ST4亚型导致宿主肠道中芽孢乳杆菌属(Sporolactobacillus)细菌和念珠菌属(Candidatus)真菌丰度升高,而ST3亚型无类似的作用[12, 19]。与之相反的是,ST4亚型芽囊原虫对体外培养的肠道共生菌有良好作用,能显著抑制拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)中普通拟杆菌和致病性芽胞杆菌的生长,其与高水平的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)和氧化应激相关基因的上调有关,推测ST4可能是一种有益的共生亚型[20]。因此,对于芽囊原虫的致病能力及其与宿主的相互作用还需要深入地研究。
本研究旨在通过分析不同亚型芽囊原虫对小鼠的致病力,以及观察芽囊原虫在小鼠体内分布情况和肠道病理损伤情况,为芽囊原虫致病性研究奠定基础。
本研究遵循的程序得到了河北师范大学生物医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:2022LLSC024)。
无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF)级4周龄BALB/c小鼠,雌性,购自辽宁长生生物技术股份有限公司。
粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒、动物组织/细胞基因组DNA提取试剂盒,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;高保真酶及PCR Mix,北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司;RPMI 1640培养基,中科迈晨(北京)科技有限公司。PCR仪、凝胶成像系统,Bio-Rad公司。
人(Homo sapiens)和猕猴(Macaca mulatta)粪便分别采集自河北省儿童医院和石家庄动物园。称取约200 mg粪便,用生理盐水稀释后镜检,对镜检阳性的样本在鸡蛋-琼脂平面培养基上纯化培养,再接种于含20%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基中,37 ℃培养18 h。取培养物,根据粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒说明提取粪便DNA,即用或−80 ℃保存备用。采用芽囊原虫18S rRNA基因特异性引物BLF (5′-CGAATGGCTCA TTATATCAGTT-3′)和BLR (5′-TCTTCGTTACCC GTTACTGC-3′)进行PCR扩增[8]。PCR反应体系(50 µL):2×Taq Master Mix 25 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板2 µL,dd H2O 21 µL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性3 min;94 ℃变性20 s,57 ℃退火20 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,30个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min;16 ℃保存。取PCR产物5 μL,借助凝胶成像系统观察,将符合预期大小的DNA片段送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。对测序获得的序列经NCBI BLAST (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast)与GenBank数据库中的序列进行比对,确定所测序列是否为芽囊原虫。选择Proteromonas lacerate作外群,选择数据库中已知芽囊原虫不同亚型代表序列,使用PhyloSuite v1.2.2内置MAFFT对序列进行比对;trimAl剔除冗余碱基;IQ-TREE选择最佳替代模型,进行芽囊原虫亚型聚类分析。
将72只4周龄雌性SPF级BALB/c小鼠随机平均分成4组,分别为对照组、ST1实验组、ST2实验组和ST3实验组。实验组分别接种1×105个虫体,对照组接种等体积的PBS。接种后,分别于第1、3、5、7、14、21天收集小鼠粪便,提取DNA后进行PCR检测。在相同的时间点,对照组和实验组中,每组随机挑选3只小鼠,解剖后收集血、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠道和肠系膜淋巴结,用组织提取试剂盒提取DNA后进行芽囊原虫PCR检测。
对1.5中PCR检测阳性的组织应用实时荧光定量PCR方法扩增芽囊原虫Bacording和小鼠18S rRNA基因,计算组织和肠道内容物的荷虫量。芽囊原虫Bacording基因特异性引物为BLF和BLR,小鼠18S rRNA基因特异性引物为F (5′-ATTAGATACAGAACCAACCCAC-3′)和R (5′-TGAATGATCCGTCGCAGAC-3′)。按照SYBR Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ (Tli RNaseH Plus)试剂盒说明书进行反应。反应程序:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃退火和延伸30 s,进行40个循环。反应结束后分别根据目的基因和参考基因的Ct值计算出所含虫体的数量及组织DNA含量,运用CFX Manager分析扩增曲线和标准曲线计算小鼠组织中的虫体量。
将芽囊原虫检测为阴性的63只4周龄雌性SPF级BALB/c小鼠随机平均分成9组,对照组(Control)注入等量PBS;ST1实验组接种2个虫株(ST1-1和ST1-2);ST2实验组接种2个虫株(ST2-1和ST2-2);ST3实验组接种2个虫株,但接种剂量不同,分别为ST3低剂量实验组(ST3-L1和ST3-L2)和ST3高剂量实验组(ST3-H1和ST3-H2)。收集体外培养的芽囊原虫,在预试验基础上,按以下剂量灌胃接种小鼠:ST1、ST2和ST3高剂量实验组每只小鼠接种1×108个虫体,ST3低剂量实验组每只小鼠接种1×106个虫体,对照组接种等体积的PBS。在饲养过程中观察记录小鼠生存状态,包括体重、采食量、精神状态、被毛是否凌乱、是否嗜睡、是否拉稀等情况;若出现死亡,记录死亡时间、接种天数及小鼠组别,收集死亡小鼠肠道内容物稀释于生理盐水中,显微镜下观察虫体并计数。利用SPSS 20.0分析饲转率(体重差值/食物总消耗量)、体重增长率(体重差值/感染前体重)及死亡率。
将芽囊原虫检测为阴性的9只SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为3组,对照组、实验组ST2和实验组ST3,实验组每只接种1×105个虫株,7 d后解剖采集十二指肠和盲肠,用生理盐水轻轻冲洗后浸入4%多聚甲醛固定液中固定48 h,然后进行脱水、透明、浸蜡和包埋后制作石蜡切片。制备好的石蜡切片脱蜡后,进行苏木素-伊红染色封片,最后显微镜观察并进行图像采集分析。
形态学观察发现,部分人和猕猴粪便中存在芽囊原虫,以空泡型和颗粒型为主(图1A)。PCR检测分离纯化后的虫株均出现约270 bp的阳性条带,与预期大小相符,初步判定为芽囊原虫(图1B)。BLAST比对结果显示,获得2株人源芽囊原虫分别为ST1和ST2型,猕猴源的虫株为ST3型,亚型聚类分析显示,The study1与KM374613 (厄瓜多尔,人源,ST1)最为接近,The study2与OP456409 (伊朗,人源,ST2)最为接近,The study3序列与HQ909891 (丹麦,疣猴源,ST3),支持芽囊原虫分离虫株为ST1型、ST2型和ST3型(图1C)。综合上述结果,确定此次分离获得3株ST1、ST2和ST3亚型芽囊原虫。
PCR检测结果显示,未感染芽囊原虫的小鼠在观察期内所检测部位均为芽囊原虫阴性。感染组从感染后第1天至21天,所有小鼠肠道中均能检测到芽囊原虫(表1),这与芽囊原虫肠道寄生的特征相符。然而,ST1亚型感染小鼠后第3天,在1只小鼠脾脏中检测到虫体;ST2亚型感染小鼠后第1天,在2只小鼠脾脏中检测到虫体(表1),其他组织中并未检测出虫体,感染后期只在肠道中检测到,而ST3型虫体一直未在除肠道以外的组织中检测到。上述检测结果表明,不同亚型芽囊原虫在入侵宿主后,最终定殖于肠道,但感染前期可能会随体液循环到达其他组织。
饲转率和体重增长率分析结果显示,小鼠感染ST1型、ST2型和ST3型芽囊原虫第10天,虽然小鼠饲转率(图2A)和体重增长率(图2B)均低于对照组,但仅ST3亚型虫株感染的小鼠饲转率与对照相比差异显著(P < 0.05);第20天,所有试验组饲转率和体重增长率出现回升,但均与对照组无显著差异(P > 0.05) (图2C2D);第30天,ST2和ST3低剂量感染组小鼠饲转率和体重增长率均有所回升,但仅ST1组小鼠饲转率与对照组差异显著(P < 0.05),只有ST3高剂量感染组小鼠体重增长率未恢复(图2E2F)。上述结果表明,芽囊原虫感染影响小鼠对营养的吸收,并且不同亚型之间存在差异,ST3型虫体对小鼠影响较为明显。
不同亚型的芽囊原虫对小鼠的致死能力分析结果显示,感染前期,所有小鼠均会表现出竖毛、精神萎靡、行动迟缓、嗜睡和粪便减少的症状,但是ST1、ST2和ST3低剂量组随着时间的推移,不良症状逐渐消失,未出现小鼠死亡现象,而ST3高剂量组小鼠出现死亡,ST3-H1组在感染虫体后第1天和第7天各死亡1只(图3),死亡小鼠肠道中的虫体数量分别为5.02×106个和1.68×107个;ST3-H2组在感染虫体后第4天、第5天和第6天各死亡1只(图3),死亡小鼠肠道中的虫体数量分别为2.13×107、1.07×107和8.62×106个。上述结果表明,不同亚型芽囊原虫对小鼠的致病能力存在差异,ST3对小鼠的致病性强于ST1和ST2型。
为了确定芽囊原虫对宿主的危害程度,本研究选择ST2和毒力较强的ST3两种亚型的虫株感染小鼠。PCR检测结果显示,小鼠十二指肠和盲肠中均有芽囊原虫寄生(图4A图5A),病理学观察结果显示,正常小鼠的十二指肠结构完整,肠管腔内较清晰,黏膜层完整,肠绒毛结构清晰(图4B)。ST2型芽囊原虫感染组中,小鼠肠绒毛结构不完整,黏膜上皮可见大量细胞脱落,吸收细胞和杯状细胞的结构不清晰,小肠腺底部可见潘氏细胞分布,潘氏细胞胞质内富含粗大的嗜酸性颗粒(图4C)。ST3型芽囊原虫感染组的小鼠肠绒毛结构破损脱落,黏膜原有组织结构已不可见,上皮细胞崩解,黏膜下层结缔组织破损(图4D)。小鼠盲肠病理学观察结果显示,正常小鼠盲肠结构完整,固有层内可见淋巴小结(图5B)。ST2型芽囊原虫感染组肠细胞结构不完整,黏膜下层结缔组织不完整(图5C)。ST3型芽囊原虫感染组肠黏膜上皮脱落,细胞结构被破坏,黏膜下层结缔组织不完整(图5D)。上述结果表明,小鼠感染芽囊原虫后,肠道黏膜等组织会被破坏,影响正常的肠道消化吸收功能。
芽囊原虫是一种单细胞厌氧真核寄生虫,广泛分布于世界各地,并且具有广泛的地理差异性。芽囊原虫主要通过粪-口途径传播,在发展中国家感染率较高,并且不同亚型之间的致病性存在差异[4, 21]。本研究在课题组前期小鼠感染芽囊原虫模型构建的基础上,通过饲转率、体重变化、死亡率及肠组织病理学变化等指标对ST1、ST2以及ST3这3种亚型芽囊原虫的致病能力进行比较分析,确定了芽囊原虫危害宿主健康,并且不同亚型之间存在致病性差异。
寄生虫体外培养一直是寄生虫发育及致病机理等方面研究的重点,芽囊原虫的体外培养研究同样备受关注。Parkar等将粪便样品用包含25%牛血清和50 μg/mL红霉素的Robinson双相培养基培养获得极少数虫株[22]。Dogruman-Al等用Robinson培养基从人的粪便中分离出多株芽囊原虫[23]。Tan等用添加10%马血清的Jones培养基分别从有症状患者和无症状患者中分离出了芽囊原虫虫株,通过形态学比较研究发现有症状患者的分离株均出现不规则阿米巴形态,并伴有多个延长伪足,而无症状患者的分离株均未出现阿米巴形态[24]。因此,芽囊原虫的分离培养条件是多样的,但不同培养基的分离和增殖效率存在差异。本研究通过条件优化探索,采用自制鸡蛋-琼脂培养基将虫体进行分离纯化,选择含20%小牛血清RPMI 1640培养基扩大培养,同样获得了大量的芽囊原虫虫株。在此基础上,选择BALB/c小鼠进行动物感染模型的建立获得成功,为后期芽囊原虫感染宿主的组织病理学研究和致病机理研究奠定了基础。之前的研究为了掌握芽囊原虫的致病能力,建立了该寄生虫的多种动物感染模型,包括鸡、猪、大鼠和小鼠等,但不同模型的稳定性有差异[14, 25-26]。鉴于芽囊原虫宿主的广泛性,不同的动物感染模型构建的研究对芽囊原虫与宿主相互作用的研究更为有益。
本研究比较了流行较为广泛的芽囊原虫ST1、ST2和ST3这3种亚型的虫株对小鼠的健康的影响及致病能力。比较饲转率和体重增长率,我们发现不同亚型的芽囊原虫在感染的不同时间段对小鼠的影响呈现出显著性差异。感染初期,所有感染芽囊原虫的小鼠饲转率和体重增长率均低于对照组,随着时间的推移,感染ST1和ST2型的小鼠逐渐恢复,ST1组恢复比ST2感染组的小鼠更快,而相同剂量的ST3感染组小鼠的上述指标在整个试验期均呈现下降状态,结合死亡率统计和肠道组织病理学改变,分析出现上述现象的原因是ST3型致病能力强于ST1和ST2型。在感染初期,大量虫体的感染对小鼠肠道造成损伤,最终导致了所有感染小鼠的体况下降,然而在后期随着小鼠体质恢复,致病性较弱的虫株在小鼠体内属于被抑制状态或是共生状态,也可能是参与小鼠肠道功能的调节而增加了小鼠的采食量及饲料利用率。已有的报道显示,芽囊原虫的致病能力与亚型有关[27],ST7型虫株具有一定的致病性,并且有症状患者的芽囊原虫ST7虫株毒力显著高于无症状带虫者分离株[28-29]。ST3是国外多地报道的主要致病亚型,但Ragavan等比较来自IBS患者、有症状患者和无症状携带者粪便中ST3亚型的虫株发现,同一亚型的芽囊原虫存在表型差异,比如生长速度、形态大小、虫体膜结构[30]。报道显示,从临床症状的病例中可分离出ST1型、ST2型和ST4型的虫株[31],说明芽囊原虫致病性与多种因素有关。李小波等指出由于芽囊原虫ST1感染导致抑制性细胞因子增高,从而部分拮抗了肠道菌群失调导致的Th1型细胞因子增高,从而推测ST1在进入小鼠体内可以快速转变为能适应肠道生存的形态,对小鼠肠道环境有间接促进作用[32]。本研究得到的ST3亚型的虫株相对于相同地域ST1和ST2毒力更强,其对宿主的致病性可能与虫体本身有关外,也可能与宿主来源、地理环境、宿主个体免疫状态、肠道环境等因素有关。
为更加直观地了解芽囊原虫对宿主的致病能力,研究人员通过组织病理学观察芽囊原虫对宿主肠道组织的损伤。研究表明ST7型芽囊原虫主要附着在结肠,会破坏组织隐窝结构,破坏黏蛋白层,ST4型不会导致肠道任何病理病化和结肠黏膜炎症细胞浸润,反而会促进小鼠从结肠炎中更快地恢复[11, 33]。本研究通过组织病理学观察发现,ST3型芽囊原虫对小鼠肠道的损伤比ST2型感染更为严重,这可能是ST3型的致病性强于ST2型的原因之一。
总体来说,芽囊原虫作为一种机会性致病原虫,致病性与个体的免疫功能状态等多种因素有关,免疫能力强的个体感染芽囊原虫后可能出现无症状的现象,免疫能力弱的个体容易表现出如腹泻、呕吐等病症[9, 14]。在芽囊原虫侵入宿主完成生命活动的过程中,还可能经过体液循环到达某些组织,最终转移至肠道,但具体转移方式还未查明。本研究评估了人源ST1、ST2亚型和猕猴源ST3亚型芽囊原虫对小鼠的致病性,证实了本地域内ST3亚型芽囊原虫对小鼠的致病能力强于ST1和ST2亚型,这为芽囊原虫致病机理及其公共卫生意义的评估奠定了基础。
  • 河北省重点研发计划(22326703D)
  • 河北省自然科学基金(H2021205002)
  • 河北师范大学研究生创新资助项目(CXZZSS022063)
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2024年第64卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240184
  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22
  • 录用日期:2024-07-15
基金
Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province(22326703D)
河北省重点研发计划(22326703D)
Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(H2021205002)
河北省自然科学基金(H2021205002)
Postgraduate Innovation Research Program in Hebei Normal University(CXZZSS022063)
河北师范大学研究生创新资助项目(CXZZSS022063)
作者信息
    1 河北师范大学 生命科学学院, 分子细胞生物学教育部重点实验室, 河北 石家庄 050024
    2 河北师范大学 生命科学学院, 河北省动物生理生化与分子生物学实验室, 河北 石家庄 050024
    3 河北师范大学 生命科学学院, 河北省生态环境协同创新中心, 河北 石家庄 050024
    4 河北省儿童医院, 河北 石家庄 050031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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