Article(id=1242093870696169707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240189, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1717344000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-03, onlineDate=1774067855761, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1718640000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774067855761, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774067855761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067855761, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242093864144666765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='10', pageStart='3571', pageEnd='3997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774067854200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067980255, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3735, endPage=3748, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242093871614722339, articleId=1242093870696169707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Enzymatic properties of TGase from Streptomyces mobaraensis XM4 and construction of a high-yield strain of TGase, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To systematically analyze the enzymatic properties of transglutaminase (TGase) from Streptomyces mobaraensis CGMCC 4.1851 (strain XM4) and subsequently develop a high-yielding strain by engineering for achieving efficient expression of TGase in Streptomyces with reduced fermentation duration and enhanced production efficiency. [Methods] The pH of the fermentation broth and TGase activity were measured to assess the fermentation characteristics of strain XM4. TGase from XM4 was purified by alcohol precipitation combined with ion-exchange chromatography. The reaction conditions (pH, temperature, metal ions) were optimized for the enzyme, and the enzymatic kinetics were tested. The catalytic efficiency was evaluated by casein cross-linking experiments. Subsequently, genetic engineering was employed to enhance the modified strain through heterologous expression and replacement of the ribosome-binding site (RBS), followed by measurement of TGase production. [Results] TGase from strain XM4 exhibited good activity and stability within the range of pH 4.0–11.0, with the highest activity at 50 ℃ and pH 10.0. The modification realized efficient expression of TGase in S. mobaraensis, inceasing the production by 103.3% compared with the original strain and reducing the fermentation time to 24 h. [Conclusion] TGase from strain XM4 demonstrates excellent acid-base tolerance and thermal stability, demonstrating broad application prospects in the food industry, especially dairy processing. Additionally, the engineered strain enables efficient production of TGase, providing new options for the industrial production and application of TGase.

, correspAuthors=Weishan WANG, Shuhong MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WANG Weishan, E-mail:
MAO Shuhong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Han XIU, Zilong LI, Fang YUAN, Guoying LI, Weishan WANG, Shuhong MAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242093875679003184, articleId=1242093870696169707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=茂原链霉菌XM4的TGase酶学性质分析及其高产菌株的构建, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】系统地分析茂原链霉菌CGMCC 4.1851 (菌株XM4)谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)的酶学性质,随后对该菌株进行改造以构建高产菌株,实现TGase在链霉菌内高效表达并缩短发酵周期、提高TGase生产效率。【方法】通过测定发酵液pH和TGase研究菌株XM4的发酵特性,采用醇沉结合离子层析纯化菌株XM4的TGase,测定酶的适宜反应条件(pH、温度、金属离子)和酶动力学等指标,并通过结合酪蛋白交联实验评价其催化效率;然后利用基因工程技术,通过异源表达、替换核糖体结合位点(ribosome binding sites, RBS)提高改造原始菌株,测定TGase产量。【结果】菌株XM4的TGase在pH 4.0−11.0范围内具有良好的活性和稳定性,其中最适反应温度为50 ℃,最适pH值为10.0;在改造后的表达系统中实现了TGase在链霉菌中的高效表达,产量相较于原始菌株提升了103.3%,同时发酵时间缩短至24 h。【结论】菌株XM4的TGase具有良好的耐酸碱性和热稳定性,在食品工业特别是乳制品加工中具有广阔的应用前景。同时,改造菌株可实现TGase的高效生产,为TGase的工业化生产与应用提供了新的选择。

, correspAuthors=王为善, 毛淑红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=aRcRqLPYhJ7dgrXX2YnmfQ==, magXml=QXOXk9pu7w2CnletlvObsg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=TWH2cXzLvysK9cjhHNwHrA==, pdfFileSize=894170, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=dwvPZN2ZsbUaNu2l79WeTA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jFjkht2+QJSg/JQgQcjbpQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24 (15):12402., articleTitle=Transglutaminase in foods and biotechnology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243285169076024303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=9, issue=5, pageStart=331, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=Coatings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AL-ASMAR A, GIOSAFATTO CVL, PANZELLA L, MARINIELLO L. The effect of transglutaminase to improve the quality of either traditional or pectin-coated falafel (fried middle eastern food)[J]. 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M: Marker., figureFileSmall=LVdM5/wqjF7gQ/p1VPggxA==, figureFileBig=XiEBqTzHXQT/ziv+LJDhzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285160460923567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株XM4胞外蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析, figureFileSmall=LVdM5/wqjF7gQ/p1VPggxA==, figureFileBig=XiEBqTzHXQT/ziv+LJDhzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285160586752696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=SDS-PAGE of crude enzyme purification. M: Protein marker; 1: Fermentation broth stock; 2: 50% (V/V) ethanol precipitated supernatant; 3: 50% (V/V) ethanolprecipitated protein; 4: 50% (V/V) ethanol precipitated protein and then 70% (V/V) ethanol precipitated supernatant was used; 5: 50% (V/V) ethanol precipitated protein and then 70% (V/V) ethanol precipitated protein was used., figureFileSmall=MbNiTFhyTtmiISwCpUXoWA==, figureFileBig=izpz/KIigMbcLUVvtcT1Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285160712581818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=图3, caption=粗酶提纯SDS-PAGE

M:标准蛋白;1:发酵液;2:50%乙醇沉淀上清液;3:50%乙醇沉淀蛋白质;4:50%乙醇沉淀后再次进行70%乙醇沉淀上清液;5:50%乙醇沉淀后再次进行70%乙醇沉淀蛋白

, figureFileSmall=MbNiTFhyTtmiISwCpUXoWA==, figureFileBig=izpz/KIigMbcLUVvtcT1Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285160838410945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Comparison of the effect of different ion exchange columns. M: Protein marker; S3, S4, and S5: Capto S; M19, M20, and M21: Capto MMC; P4 and P5: SP70., figureFileSmall=0o1klwEbkz+yZytoGtK1dQ==, figureFileBig=ls0eU9NbsrMW6swzjTD0xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285160968434380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同离子交换柱效果对比

M:标准蛋白;S3、S4和S5:Capto S;M19、M20和M21:Capto MMC;P4和P5:SP70

, figureFileSmall=0o1klwEbkz+yZytoGtK1dQ==, figureFileBig=ls0eU9NbsrMW6swzjTD0xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285161094263503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Optimal pH (A) and pH stability (B) of TGase. Is: Industrial strain., figureFileSmall=4rdenPBhAhvLdEMFY8Zw3A==, figureFileBig=JuQvNYcFA9gIeWic05uIDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285161228481238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TGase的最适pH (A)和pH稳定性(B), figureFileSmall=4rdenPBhAhvLdEMFY8Zw3A==, figureFileBig=JuQvNYcFA9gIeWic05uIDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285161350116061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Optimal temperature (A) and temperature stability (B) of TGase., figureFileSmall=ZAc3wuigNowo8GO4LvOfew==, figureFileBig=hGPNBdZ5vyPy9C+uMkyuzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285161484333799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=图6, caption=TGase的最适温度(A)和热稳定性(B), figureFileSmall=ZAc3wuigNowo8GO4LvOfew==, figureFileBig=hGPNBdZ5vyPy9C+uMkyuzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285161601774316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The effect of TGase catalysis on the crosslinking of casein. A: Cross-linking of TGase with casein at 50 ℃. 1: Standard protein; 2: Casein (3 mg/mL); 3: XM4 strain TGase (1 U/mL); 4−10: XM4 strain TGase cross-linked with casein 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 min. B: Cross-linking of TGase with casein at 40 ℃. 1: Standard protein; 2: XM4 strain TGase (1 U/mL); 3: Casein (3 mg/mL); 4−10: XM4 strain TGase cross-linked with casein 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 min. C: Cross-linking of TGase with casein at 50 ℃. 1: Standard protein; 2: Industrial strain TGase (1 U/mL); 3: Casein (3 mg/mL); 4−10: Industrial strain TGase cross-linked with casein 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min. D: Cross-linking of TGase with casein at 40 ℃. 1: Standard protein; 2: Industrial strain TGase (1 U/mL); 3: Casein (3 mg/mL); 4−10: Industrial strain TGase cross-linked with casein 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min., figureFileSmall=NuTHqGRQd7Bsjo17omPI3g==, figureFileBig=J6+BEOHaODaNnvChJ2FewA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285161715020531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=图7, caption=TGase催化交联酪蛋白效果, figureFileSmall=NuTHqGRQd7Bsjo17omPI3g==, figureFileBig=J6+BEOHaODaNnvChJ2FewA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285161845043959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Construction of TGase expression plasmid pSET156-TGXM4-RBS (SR41)., figureFileSmall=M31aOF5RcVyLShZnlsXB5Q==, figureFileBig=CMpKO7cXHQZCmrq0zp7X2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285161970873084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=图8, caption=构建TGase表达质粒pSET156-TGXM4-RBS (SR41), figureFileSmall=M31aOF5RcVyLShZnlsXB5Q==, figureFileBig=CMpKO7cXHQZCmrq0zp7X2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162117673732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Comparison of TGase activity between SR41 and XM4 strains., figureFileSmall=SJd77hJgb/+T3BYfQprIeg==, figureFileBig=QjAVsHF/wGicW7Cql8RkdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162260280074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=图9, caption=SR41与XM4菌株TGase活性对比, figureFileSmall=SJd77hJgb/+T3BYfQprIeg==, figureFileBig=QjAVsHF/wGicW7Cql8RkdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162365137679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=SDS-PAGE analysis of TGase in SR41 and XM4. M: Protein marker; XM4: TGXM4; SR41: pSET156-TGXM4-RBS., figureFileSmall=9rKhbFgu+kbg2AxsFt0NtQ==, figureFileBig=kl9zZcrxA/rKL/bLM69xfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162503549718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=图10, caption=SDS-PAGE分析SR41与XM4菌中的TGase, figureFileSmall=9rKhbFgu+kbg2AxsFt0NtQ==, figureFileBig=kl9zZcrxA/rKL/bLM69xfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285162646156062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
pSET-TGXM4-FAGGATCCGCGGCCGCGCGCGATGGGTGGAGGGGAGCCGGGC
pSET-PtgB-RGACATGATTACGAATTCGATGTTTTGGAGCCGTGGTGTT
OE-156-TGXM4-SR41-FGATCCTCTAAGTAAGGAGTAGGCTGATGCGCATACGCCGGAGAGC
OE-156-TGXM4-SR41-RTACTCCTTACTTAGAGGATCCTCGCTACGAGAAGTGATTAT
SR41-TGXM4-FAATCACGACCCGTCCAGG
SR41-TGXM4-RAAGATGAACGGCAGCACCC
), ArticleFig(id=1243285162763596580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
pSET-TGXM4-FAGGATCCGCGGCCGCGCGCGATGGGTGGAGGGGAGCCGGGC
pSET-PtgB-RGACATGATTACGAATTCGATGTTTTGGAGCCGTGGTGTT
OE-156-TGXM4-SR41-FGATCCTCTAAGTAAGGAGTAGGCTGATGCGCATACGCCGGAGAGC
OE-156-TGXM4-SR41-RTACTCCTTACTTAGAGGATCCTCGCTACGAGAAGTGATTAT
SR41-TGXM4-FAATCACGACCCGTCCAGG
SR41-TGXM4-RAAGATGAACGGCAGCACCC
), ArticleFig(id=1243285162889425706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Purification yield of TGase from XM4 strain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StepsTotal protein (mg)Total activity (U)Specific activity (U/mg)Purification (fold)Yield (%)
Culture filtrate4 743.7511 9132.511.00100.0
Ethanol precipitate1 364.3410 3597.593.0287.0
Capto S113.812 85125.059.9823.9
SP7090.311 42715.802.0812.0
Capto MMC194.251 6058.260.3313.5
), ArticleFig(id=1243285163019449139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株XM4的TGase纯化产量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StepsTotal protein (mg)Total activity (U)Specific activity (U/mg)Purification (fold)Yield (%)
Culture filtrate4 743.7511 9132.511.00100.0
Ethanol precipitate1 364.3410 3597.593.0287.0
Capto S113.812 85125.059.9823.9
SP7090.311 42715.802.0812.0
Capto MMC194.251 6058.260.3313.5
), ArticleFig(id=1243285163145278265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The effect of metal ions on TGase activity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metal ionRelative activity (%)
XM4Is
None100.00100.00
1 mmol/L ZnCl261.2482.72
5 mmol/L ZnCl28.5053.39
1 mmol/L MgCl296.6566.98
5 mmol/L MgCl290.0570.14
1 mmol/L CuCl289.9590.61
5 mmol/L CuCl22.917.30
1 mmol/L KCl99.0488.68
5 mmol/L KCl97.0987.92
1 mmol/L CaCl294.9871.53
5 mmol/L CaCl292.5777.88
1 mmol/L NaCl98.56104.23
5 mmol/L NaCl103.40106.67
1 mmol/L MnCl280.3856.19
5 mmol/L MnCl246.3647.57
1 mmol/L FeCl332.8021.39
5 mmol/L FeCl316.022.71
), ArticleFig(id=1243285163229164351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

金属离子对TGase活性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Metal ionRelative activity (%)
XM4Is
None100.00100.00
1 mmol/L ZnCl261.2482.72
5 mmol/L ZnCl28.5053.39
1 mmol/L MgCl296.6566.98
5 mmol/L MgCl290.0570.14
1 mmol/L CuCl289.9590.61
5 mmol/L CuCl22.917.30
1 mmol/L KCl99.0488.68
5 mmol/L KCl97.0987.92
1 mmol/L CaCl294.9871.53
5 mmol/L CaCl292.5777.88
1 mmol/L NaCl98.56104.23
5 mmol/L NaCl103.40106.67
1 mmol/L MnCl280.3856.19
5 mmol/L MnCl246.3647.57
1 mmol/L FeCl332.8021.39
5 mmol/L FeCl316.022.71
), ArticleFig(id=1243285163338216262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Enzyme kinetic parameters of XM4 strain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainKm
(mmol/L)
Vmax
[µmol/(mL·min)]
kcat/Km
[L/(mol·s)]
XM456.620.182431
Is21.800.044174
), ArticleFig(id=1243285163422102350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093870696169707, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

菌株XM4酶动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainKm
(mmol/L)
Vmax
[µmol/(mL·min)]
kcat/Km
[L/(mol·s)]
XM456.620.182431
Is21.800.044174
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茂原链霉菌XM4的TGase酶学性质分析及其高产菌株的构建
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修涵 1, 2, # , 李子龙 2, # , 袁方 3, 4 , 李国莹 4 , 王为善 2, * , 毛淑红 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(10): 3735-3748
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(10): 3735-3748
茂原链霉菌XM4的TGase酶学性质分析及其高产菌株的构建
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修涵1, 2, #, 李子龙2, #, 袁方3, 4, 李国莹4, 王为善2, * , 毛淑红1, *
作者信息
  • 1 天津科技大学 生物工程学院, 天津 300450
  • 2 中国科学院微生物研究所, 微生物资源前期开发国家重点实验室, 北京 100101
  • 3 江南大学, 工业生物技术教育部重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 4 江苏一鸣生物股份有限公司, 江苏 泰兴 225400
Enzymatic properties of TGase from Streptomyces mobaraensis XM4 and construction of a high-yield strain of TGase
Han XIU1, 2, #, Zilong LI2, #, Fang YUAN3, 4, Guoying LI4, Weishan WANG2, * , Shuhong MAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Biological Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
  • 4 Jiangsu Yiming Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Taixing 225400, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2024-06-18 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240189
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【目的】系统地分析茂原链霉菌CGMCC 4.1851 (菌株XM4)谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)的酶学性质,随后对该菌株进行改造以构建高产菌株,实现TGase在链霉菌内高效表达并缩短发酵周期、提高TGase生产效率。【方法】通过测定发酵液pH和TGase研究菌株XM4的发酵特性,采用醇沉结合离子层析纯化菌株XM4的TGase,测定酶的适宜反应条件(pH、温度、金属离子)和酶动力学等指标,并通过结合酪蛋白交联实验评价其催化效率;然后利用基因工程技术,通过异源表达、替换核糖体结合位点(ribosome binding sites, RBS)提高改造原始菌株,测定TGase产量。【结果】菌株XM4的TGase在pH 4.0−11.0范围内具有良好的活性和稳定性,其中最适反应温度为50 ℃,最适pH值为10.0;在改造后的表达系统中实现了TGase在链霉菌中的高效表达,产量相较于原始菌株提升了103.3%,同时发酵时间缩短至24 h。【结论】菌株XM4的TGase具有良好的耐酸碱性和热稳定性,在食品工业特别是乳制品加工中具有广阔的应用前景。同时,改造菌株可实现TGase的高效生产,为TGase的工业化生产与应用提供了新的选择。

茂原链霉菌  /  谷氨酰胺转氨酶  /  酪蛋白交联  /  酶学特性  /  食品工业

[Objective] To systematically analyze the enzymatic properties of transglutaminase (TGase) from Streptomyces mobaraensis CGMCC 4.1851 (strain XM4) and subsequently develop a high-yielding strain by engineering for achieving efficient expression of TGase in Streptomyces with reduced fermentation duration and enhanced production efficiency. [Methods] The pH of the fermentation broth and TGase activity were measured to assess the fermentation characteristics of strain XM4. TGase from XM4 was purified by alcohol precipitation combined with ion-exchange chromatography. The reaction conditions (pH, temperature, metal ions) were optimized for the enzyme, and the enzymatic kinetics were tested. The catalytic efficiency was evaluated by casein cross-linking experiments. Subsequently, genetic engineering was employed to enhance the modified strain through heterologous expression and replacement of the ribosome-binding site (RBS), followed by measurement of TGase production. [Results] TGase from strain XM4 exhibited good activity and stability within the range of pH 4.0–11.0, with the highest activity at 50 ℃ and pH 10.0. The modification realized efficient expression of TGase in S. mobaraensis, inceasing the production by 103.3% compared with the original strain and reducing the fermentation time to 24 h. [Conclusion] TGase from strain XM4 demonstrates excellent acid-base tolerance and thermal stability, demonstrating broad application prospects in the food industry, especially dairy processing. Additionally, the engineered strain enables efficient production of TGase, providing new options for the industrial production and application of TGase.

Streptomyces mobaraensis  /  transglutaminase  /  casein cross-linking  /  enzymatic properties  /  food industry
修涵, 李子龙, 袁方, 李国莹, 王为善, 毛淑红. 茂原链霉菌XM4的TGase酶学性质分析及其高产菌株的构建. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3735 -3748 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240189
Han XIU, Zilong LI, Fang YUAN, Guoying LI, Weishan WANG, Shuhong MAO. Enzymatic properties of TGase from Streptomyces mobaraensis XM4 and construction of a high-yield strain of TGase[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3735 -3748 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240189
谷氨酰胺转氨酶(EC 2.3.2.13,transglutaminase,全称R-glutaminyl-peptide amine-g-glutamyl-transferase,简称TGase),是一类以形成异肽键ε-(γ-谷氨酰基)-赖氨酸的方式催化肽或蛋白质伯胺之间的γ-羧酰胺基团与酰胺基团发生酰基转移反应的酶。该酶可使蛋白质或者多肽发生交联并形成稳定的蛋白质网络,在食品、生物医药、化妆品及纺织业等领域均有广泛的应用[1-2]。尤其是在食品加工中,TGase可以作为常用的交联剂催化蛋白质交联,提升食品感官特性及其功能性[3]。例如,TGase可提升意大利面烹调特性、优化其营养价值[4];开发新型非肉蛋白复合凝胶模拟肉制品[5];改善酸奶的口感及异味问题[6]
TGase具有广阔的应用前景。目前,工业生产的TGase主要来源于动物与微生物,动物源TGase的生产面临着成本高昂、分离困难、生产力低下等难题。微生物源TGase主要通过重组大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌等进行生产[7]。相比于动物来源,微生物来源的TGase具有非钙离子依赖性、底物特异性且催化效率高等优势,同时其生产周期短,工艺简单且成本低[2]。然而,TGase的工业生产中仍存在酶活低、性能差、发酵周期长等问题[7]。因此,筛选TGase优势菌株并改造建立高产菌株成为提高TGase产量、酶活和稳定性、降低成本的重要研究方向。通过分子手段,建立高效表达体系以提高TGase生产效率具有重要的研究价值。Washizu等研究表明,异源表达、更换启动子、调整信号肽以及增加基因拷贝数等策略可有效提升链霉菌中TGase产量[8],如Liu等优化启动子及密码子后提高了变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans)的TGase产量[9],而Liu等则通过克隆弗拉迪氏链霉菌(Streptomyces fradiae)中的TGase基因大幅提高了TGase产量[10]。此外,Yin等使用随机突变和定向改造策略提高了茂原链霉菌(Streptomyces mobaraensis)的TGase产量[11]。另一方面,Yokoyama等和Wang等通过诱变和筛选系统获得了活性增强的TGase突变体,并结合人工二硫桥设计提高其热稳定性[12-13]。同样,Wang等还利用自由能变化,通过虚拟饱和诱变,获得了热稳定性明显提升的TGm1变体[14]。因此,应用TGase原始优势菌株,通过基因工程改造,实现TGase高效表达是解决当前TGase生产水平低下的有效方案。
茂原链霉菌是TGase的主要生产源之一,其TGase活性范围为0.28−3.40 U/mL[2]。菌株的种类是影响TGase表达效率的重要因素之一。前期研究已揭示,茂原链霉菌(CGMCC 4.1851)具有较高的TGase表达能力(产生的酶具有耐酸特性),可以作为原始优势菌株,具有重要的改造和优化价值。因此,本文研究了该菌株产TGase的能力,并对其酶学特性进行了系统的分析。进一步对其核糖体结合位点(ribosome binding sites, RBS)进行优化,通过异源表达的手段实现TGase在链霉菌内高效表达,显著缩短其发酵周期,为TGase的工业生产提供新的选择。
菌株XM4购自中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心(保藏号:CGMCC 4.1851 T),工业菌购自江苏一鸣生物股份有限公司(保藏号:DSM 40587 T)。pSET156为商业化载体,购自Addgene公司。
种子培养基(g/L):甘油20.0,鱼蛋白胨20.0,酵母粉5.0,MgSO4·7H2O 2.0,K2HPO4·3H2O 2.0,NaOH调至pH 7.0;发酵培养基(g/L):甘油20.0,大豆蛋白胨75.0,酵母粉5.0,玉米浆粉5.5,(NH4)2SO4 5.5,MgSO4·7H2O 2.0,K2HPO4·3H2O 2.0,H料10.0,NaOH调至pH 7.0。
本研究使用的所有试剂均为市售分析试剂。
本研究所用引物均为北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成,序列见表1
将菌株XM4接种于ISP2固体培养基上,置于30 ℃培养箱活化培养3 d,活化后的XM4菌接种至种子培养基中进行摇瓶发酵,条件设定为30 ℃、250 r/min。当菌体生物量的体积分数达到12%以上时,接种到5 L发酵罐中。发酵每阶段进行定期采样,测定样品的酶活性及蛋白质含量。
TGase活性测定方法基于特定底物N-羧基苯甲酰基-l-谷氨酰胺-尼龙甘氨酸(N-CBZ- Gln-Gly)的转化。首先,准备底物溶液,其中包含0.2 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 6.0)、0.1 mol/L羟胺、0.01 mol/L还原型谷胱甘肽和0.15 mol/L N-CBZ-Gln-Gly。其次,取20 µL经适当稀释的酶液加入到200 µL的底物溶液中,混合后在37 ℃条件下孵育10 min。随后加入等体积的氯化铁三氯乙酸试剂(由12%盐酸、12%三氯乙酸和5%三氯化铁在0.1 mol/L盐酸中混合而成)终止反应,并在10 000×g下离心5 min,以沉淀未反应的底物和蛋白质。最后,测定上清液在525 nm处的吸光度,以l-谷氨酸-γ-单羟肟酸酯作为标准品进行校准。定义1个单位(U)的TGase活性为每分钟转化1 μmol底物的量。
蛋白质含量测定采用Bradford法[15],以牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)为标准蛋白质。每毫克蛋白质的酶活性定义为比活性(U/mg)。
发酵液4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心30 min取上清,缓慢搅拌向上清中加入预冷的4 ℃乙醇至最终体积分数为50%。混合物在4 ℃下静置30 min,使TGase充分沉淀。4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心30 min收集沉淀中的TGase,随后在PBS缓冲液(50 mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液,pH 6.0)中重新溶解,加载到用PBS缓冲液预平衡的Capto S离子交换柱上。首先通过PBS缓冲液洗涤未结合的蛋白质,其次使用0.1 mol/L NaCl浓度的洗脱缓冲液(50 mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液,1 mol/L NaCl,pH 6.0),1 mL/min的流速洗脱TGase。最后利用12%十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析TGase纯度。电泳完成后,凝胶染色(考马斯亮蓝R-250)以清晰显示蛋白质条带。
TGase的最佳pH及稳定性根据在不同pH值缓冲液(pH 3.0−6.0,0.2 mol/L乙酸缓冲液;pH 6.0−10.0,0.2 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液;pH 11.0−12.0,0.2 mol/L NaOH缓冲液)中TGase活性进行测定。将TGase在相应的缓冲液中于25 ℃孵育2 h。孵育后,直接在原有pH值下与底物溶液混合,测定酶活性以评估pH稳定性。
TGase的最佳温度及稳定性是根据最佳pH值,在不同温度(4−65 ℃)下的酶活性测定。通过将TGase在不同温度下预先孵育2 h测定酶活性以评估其稳定性。
动力学参数,如米氏常数(Km)和最大速率(Vmax),通过在反应混合物中使用不同浓度N-CBZ-Gln-Gly (0−150 mmol/L)进行测定,利用Prism 9软件分析数据。所有测定中TGase使用浓度为1 U/mL。
将TGase (1 U/mL)与各种金属离子(Ca2+、K+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Na+和Zn2+)在37 ℃下孵育10 min,测定酶活性以评估残留TGase活性。相对活性以无添加剂条件下的样品酶活性为100%进行比较。
在0.2 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 4.0)中,将酪蛋白溶解至最终浓度为3 mg/mL,并添加TGase至最终浓度为1 U/mL。设定40 ℃和50 ℃两个不同的反应温度,将反应混合物在设定温度下孵育,并在0、5、10、15、20、25和30 min时间点取样。每次取样后,立即煮沸样品15 min以终止反应。取煮沸后的样品进行SDS-PAGE分析,评估酪蛋白的交联情况。
为获得高质量的模板DNA,使用氯仿法从菌株XM4中提取总DNA。收集并悬浮XM4细胞于无菌环境中,加入细胞裂解液和蛋白酶K,在室温下裂解细胞壁和细胞膜,释放DNA。通过加入等体积的苯酚-氯仿-异戊醇混合液(体积比为25:24:1)进行抽提,轻轻颠倒离心管数次后静置分层,转移上层水相并重复此步骤以去除蛋白质。之后,加入两倍体积的无水乙醇使DNA沉淀,并转移至新管中。使用70%乙醇洗涤DNA沉淀,去除杂质,随后干燥沉淀。最后,将干燥的DNA溶解于TE缓冲液中,通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行纯度和完整性检验,并使用纳米光度计测定其浓度和纯度。
利用PCR扩增XM4菌TGase基因序列。引物为pSET-TGXM4-F和pSET-PtgB-R (表1)。PCR反应体系(20 μL):DNA模板1 μL,5×PCR缓冲液5 μL,dNTPs混合液(2.5 mmol/L) 1 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,高保真DNA聚合酶(2 U/μL) 5 μL,ddH2O 7 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性2 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。扩增产物通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检验,并使用凝胶回收试剂盒回收目的条带。
选用pSET156作为表达载体,通过酶切连接反应将扩增得到的TGase基因插入载体。载体和插入片段均使用相应的限制性内切酶进行酶切,使用凝胶回收试剂盒纯化。连接反应采用T4 DNA连接酶,在16 ℃下过夜进行。连接产物通过转化大肠杆菌JM109感受态细胞进行扩增,并使用LB固体培养基筛选阳性克隆。筛选得到的阳性克隆通过菌落PCR和限制性酶切分析确认载体构建的正确性。最终,通过测序验证插入序列的准确性。
设计包含SR41序列的引物OE-156-TGXM4- SR41-F、OE-156-TGXM4-SR41-R (表1),将高响应的SR41序列(5′-tctaagtaaggagtaggctgA-3′)通过重组替换链霉菌工业底盘菌株∆TG (S. mobaraensis DSM 40587缺失tg,本课题组构建)中原有的RBS。将构建成功的接合子培养至生长旺盛期。随后,6 000 r/min离心5 min收集细胞,洗涤细胞沉淀去除多余的培养基,重复此洗涤步骤2−3次。将洗涤后的大肠杆菌JM109和链霉菌∆TG细胞按1:1的比例混合,然后将混合细胞涂布于有Apramycin抗性的ISP4固体培养基上,30 ℃培养24−48 h。利用其抗性基因筛选成功接合的SR41改造菌。最后,通过PCR与测序对筛选出的SR41改造菌进行验证,确认目标基因已成功转移并整合到链霉菌的基因组中。
菌株XM4可作为产TGase的优势原始菌株进一步开发,有望提高TGase的生产效率。了解菌株的发酵特征,对TGase的大规模生产以及菌株优势的合理利用具有指导意义。然而,菌株XM4的发酵特征还不明确。因此,需要对XM4的发酵特征进行研究,包括发酵50 h内发酵液的pH变化和发酵上清液TGase的活性测定。结果如图1所示,TGase活性随发酵时间呈现先上升后下降的总体趋势。在0−10 h,发酵液中TGase活性极低,此时菌株XM4正在表达TGase前体形式(Pro-TG)。从第10 h开始,发酵液的TGase活性显著上升(P < 0.05),至28 h左右达到最高值,最高酶活为3.97 U/mL,比活力为9.93 U/mg。表明发酵第10 h时Pro-TG开始向成熟TGase转化,使TGase的产量迅速增加。28−34 h左右,TGase活性趋于平稳,随后开始下降。约44 h后,可能由于发酵液中营养枯竭或副产物积累,使TGase活性急剧下降。从图1中进一步发现,0−22 h发酵液的pH呈现缓慢下降趋势,而在22−26 h发酵液pH大幅降低。如前所述,此阶段TGase活性显著提高,表明Pro-TG正快速向成熟TGase转化。第26 h发酵液pH开始回升,而第28 h TGase活性达到最高并平稳,说明TGase活性相比pH存在约2 h的滞后性。
对菌株XM4的发酵特征进行研究后,继续对其发酵代谢产物TGase进行分析。TGase以Pro-TG分泌到胞外,在胞外进行切割产生成熟的TGase。对该菌株发酵不同时间段的发酵上清液进行蛋白凝胶电泳,如图2所示,发酵10 h内,发酵液中无Pro-TG与TGase存在。10−27 h之间,同时观察到45 kDa和38 kDa蛋白条带,分别对应Pro-TG与TGase,表明此时正在进行成熟TGase的转化。29 h时,仅存在单一TGase条带,发酵液中已经无Pro-TG存在,表明发酵上清液中的Pro-TG全部转化为成熟的TGase。
TGase的分离纯化是实现其工业化生产和应用的关键步骤。因此,本研究建立了发酵液中TGase的纯化方法。当TGase达到最高浓度时,收集发酵上清液,采取先醇沉粗提,后离子交换的方法纯化XM4菌TGase,通过SDS-PAGE分析确定实验参数。首先,比较不同浓度乙醇的醇沉效果,结果如图3所示,成熟TGase的分子量为38 kDa,利用50%乙醇沉淀和在50%乙醇沉淀基础上再次进行70%乙醇沉淀,均可得到大量的TGase,2次乙醇沉淀虽然可以保留更多的TGase (图3,泳道5),但与50%乙醇单次沉淀(图3,泳道3)相比,杂蛋白并未减少。因此,考虑到纯化成本,本研究选用50%乙醇作为XM4菌TGase的提取液。
此外,离子交换柱是影响蛋白质洗脱效率的重要因素之一,而且离子交换柱种类多样。其中Capto S与SP70,为强阳离子交换柱;Capto MMC,为耐盐-弱阳离子交换柱。因此,本研究对比了以上3种不同离子交换柱对菌株XM4TGase的洗脱效果,以进一步纯化TGase。如图4所示,Capto S纯化效果最好,利用0.1 mol/L NaCl洗脱液即可完全洗脱TGase,比活力为25.05 U/mg。Capto MMC虽然也获得了单一条带,但在约0.6 mol/L NaCl浓度下才能完全洗脱,比活力仅为8.26 U/mg,推测高盐浓度可能使TGase失活[16]。SP70虽然同为强阳离子交换柱,但在0.1 mol/L NaCl浓度下并不能得到纯净的TGase,需要进行2次离子交换层析,步骤烦琐。因此,本研究采用Capto S离子交换柱对粗酶进一步纯化。
表2展示了3种离子交换柱纯化TGase的效果。采取乙醇沉淀结合离子交换层析的策略,此纯化方法仅需进行1次操作就能成功获得纯净的TGase,极大地优化其纯化过程。使用此方法纯化菌株XM4获得的TGase比活力为25.05 U/mg,并且乙醇沉淀发酵上清液的回收率高达87.0%。
通过上述一系列操作,最终可以确定50%乙醇结合Capto S离子交换层析,可以将发酵上清液中的TGase纯化,回收率可达23.9%。
pH是食品加工中的控制关键点之一。TGase的pH适用范围及稳定性,对其在食品加工中的应用具有决定性作用。因此,本研究对纯化得到的菌株XM4的TGase的适宜反应pH进行分析。由图5A可知,菌株XM4和工业菌株的TGase最适pH分别为10.0和6.0,二者在酸性到碱性范围内(pH 4.0−10.0)具有较高活性(> 80%)。这一结果表明2种TGase在不同pH条件下的适应性差异,为食品加工和其他应用中酶的选择提供了重要的参考依据。
进一步研究菌株XM4的TGase和工业菌TGase的pH稳定性,结果见图5B,在pH 6.0−9.0时,2种TGase放置2 h后均保持较高(80%以上)的活性。在此范围外,即pH为4.0、5.0和10.0时的极端条件下,菌株XM4的TGase在孵育2 h后残余活性分别为74.60%、78.18%、96.59%,比工业菌TGase具有更高的pH稳定性,相对活性高出20%−40%。
食品加工中,pH影响鱼糜蛋白质的溶解性、凝胶形成能力和最终产品的质地。因此,鱼糜制品的加工需要严格控制pH值。鱼肉蛋白在接近其等电点时(pH 5.5−6.0)凝胶性最强。以上结果显示,相比于工业菌的TGase,菌株XM4的TGase在广泛的pH范围内具有更高的活性。菌株XM4的TGase在鱼糜食品加工中具有更好的应用潜力。
除pH外,温度也是食品加工中的控制关键点,TGase的适用温度范围及热稳定性决定了其在食品加工中的应用性。因此,本研究同样对菌株XM4的TGase适宜反应温度进行分析。如图6A所示,源于菌株XM4和工业菌的TGase最佳反应温度均为50 ℃。在37−50 ℃,来源于菌株XM4的TGase具有比工业菌TGase更高的活性,其中在37 ℃和40 ℃时,比工业菌TGase的活性高约20%。当温度超过50 ℃时,源于菌株XM4的TGase和工业菌的TGase活性均急剧下降。菌株XM4的TGase在37−50 ℃范围内具有良好活性,使其特别适用于需要温度控制的食品加工过程,如提高面团的强度和改善肉制品的质感。
进一步研究两种TGase的热稳定性。如图6B所示,在4−40 ℃范围内,菌株XM4和工业菌株的TGase均较稳定,经2 h孵育后仍保留了80%以上的活性。在30 ℃和37 ℃孵育2 h后,菌株XM4的TGase活性分别保留了100.00%和93.49%,相对于工业菌株的TGase活性分别高出11.34%和7.19%。菌株XM4的TGase因其良好的热稳定性,比工业菌株TGase更好地维持其催化活性,从而保证产品质量和加工效率。
金属离子是影响微生物TGase活性的重要因素之一。金属离子可以通过与酶的活性中心或者底物结合,改变酶的立体构型,从而影响其催化活性。如表3所示,低浓度(1 mmol/L) Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Mn²⁺和Fe³⁺明显抑制了XM4菌TGase活性,分别导致其活性降低了38.76%、10.05%、19.62%和67.20%,而当浓度为5 mmol/L时,菌株XM4的TGase活性分别降低了91.50%、9.95%、53.64%和83.98%。工业菌TGase活性同样受到Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Mn²⁺和Fe³⁺的抑制。除此之外,工业菌TGase还受到Mg2+、K+、Ca2+抑制,1 mmol/L浓度时其活性分别降低了33.02%、11.32%和28.47%,而5 mmol/L浓度时分别降低了29.86%、12.08%和22.12%。相比之下,相同浓度的Mg2+、K+、Ca2+对菌株XM4的TGase活性的影响较小。相同浓度的Na⁺对两种来源的TGase活性有轻微的促进作用,Na⁺可能诱导酶的构象发生改变,暴露出半胱氨酸活性基团,从而促进了酶与底物的结合。
对菌株XM4的TGase酶动力学参数进行测定,结果见表4。由表4可知,菌株XM4的TGase的Km值为56.62 mmol/L,而工业菌TGase的Km值为21.80 mmol/L,相比之下工业菌TGase显示出更高的底物亲和力。Vmax值显示菌株XM4的TGase最大反应速率为0.182 µmol/(mL·min),而工业菌的Vmax为0.044 µmol/(mL·min),表明菌株XM4的TGase催化效率更高。比活性常数(kcat/Km)结合了酶的转化数(kcat)和亲和力(Km),是衡量酶效率的指标。菌株XM4dTGase在单位时间内转化单位浓度底物的效率远高于工业菌TGase。
TGase催化酪蛋白交联的作用研究有助于乳制品加工技术的提升,同时也为食品科学领域中蛋白质交联剂的开发提供理论依据。如图7所示,在40 ℃环境下,XM4菌TGase交联酪蛋白所需时间为20 min,工业菌TGase需40 min才能完全交联。在50 ℃环境下,XM4菌TGase交联酪蛋白时间为15 min,工业菌TGase为20 min。这一结果表明XM4菌TGase具有优异的催化效率,尤其是在40 ℃环境下,可大幅缩减工业生产时间。
研究已表明XM4菌TGase酶学特性优于工业菌TGase。野生菌株中TGase的产量受限于宿主细胞的表达水平,同时在实际生产中存在发酵周期长的问题。因此,为了缩短发酵时间,提高生产效率并降低TGase生产成本,可利用基因工程手段对XM4菌进行改造。如图8所示,构建了TGase表达质粒pSET156-TGXM4-RBS (SR41)。通过替换RBS来增强TGase在链霉菌中的表达效率,将具有高响应的RBS序列SR41,替换到原有TGXM4基因上游的RBS区。构建完成后,将表达质粒pSET156-TGXM4-RBS (SR41)转入∆TG链霉菌底盘宿主中,利用发酵工艺进行TGase的表达和生产。
提高微生物系统的TGase生产效率对于工业生产具有重要的经济价值。如图9所示,通过对SR41序列进行精确的改造,发现在整个发酵过程中,TGase的活性得到了显著提升(P < 0.05)。具体而言,SR41表达系统在发酵初期就能快速达到酶活性的峰值,高达8.07 U/mL,比原始菌株XM4发酵液中的最高酶活性提高了103.3%,体现出改造后表达系统的高效性。
图10所示,通过SDS-PAGE进一步分析原始菌株XM4与改造菌株SR41的蛋白表达水平差异。与图9中活性测定结果一致,改造菌株SR41的发酵上清液中TGase蛋白浓度明显增加,其蛋白浓度为0.5 mg/mL,产量达到16.14 U/mg,与原始菌株XM4的TGase相比提高了1.6倍。通过SR41优化后的表达系统,Pro-TG的有效转化仅需24 h。以上数据表明,改造RBS提高链霉菌TGase的产量具有可行性。
茂原链霉菌作为TGase的主要生产源,其TGase活性范围为0.28−3.40 U/mL[2]。本研究通过发酵特性研究,发现一株茂原链霉菌可产TGase,其TGase活性高达3.97 U/mL,因此具备开发潜力,命名为XM4。为评估其工业应用潜力,对菌株XM4产生的TGase进行一系列酶学特性分析,并与工业菌TGase的酶学性质进行比较。结果表明,在pH 4.0−10.0范围内,菌株XM4来源的TGase能维持80%以上活性,并在pH 4.0和5.0环境下活性超出工业菌TGase活性的20%−40%。在实际食品加工中,工业菌TGase在酸性基质中易失活[17],而菌株XM4TGase则可以弥补这一缺陷,应用于酸性条件的食品加工。另一方面,在37−55 ℃条件下,XM4菌TGase活性高于工业菌TGase,具有良好的热稳定性。
链霉菌生产TGase发酵时间长,需要严格把控发酵时间,避免由于时间过长导致酶降解,因此TGase生产成本较高[18]。据Fuchsbauer等[19]对近30年链霉菌提取TGase的研究,当S. mobaraensis DSM 40847摇瓶发酵时,Pro-TG激活在35−45 h后开始,通常需2 d才能全部转化为成熟酶,并且培养超过70−90 h会引起TGase降解,丧失酶活性。因此,寻找产TGase的优势链霉菌原始菌株,并对其进行基因工程改造,从而开发缩短发酵时长的TGase高产菌株,具有重要的现实意义。Yin等[11]和Huang等[20]研究的诱导突变菌株也在80 h和32 h才能完全转化为成熟酶。本研究的结果表明,XM4菌发酵时间短,仅需29 h即可完成TGase成熟酶转化并达到最高酶活,与传统菌株(70 h)相比,缩短至少40 h[21],具有开发价值。因此,对XM4菌进行基因工程改造研究。结合Liu等[10]通过组成型强启动子“ermE up”驱动,实现TGase活性提高1.3倍的研究,本研究进一步探索RBS在调节TGase表达中的作用。众所周知,在细菌中RBS是有效的翻译起始和蛋白表达控制元件[22-23]。根据Bai等鉴定的192个RBS响应水平研究[24],本研究将响应最强的RBS(SR41)替代XM4菌RBS。替换后,XM4菌的发酵周期由29 h缩短为24 h,TGase活性比原始菌株(3.97 U/mL)提高了103.3%,达到8.07 U/mL。SR41改造菌株不仅可以缩短发酵时间,还可以提高链霉菌TGase的产量,在提高TGase生产效率并降低其生产成本[18]方面优势显著。
在40 ℃和pH 4.0条件下,XM4菌TGase保留了89.21%活性,具有良好的耐酸性和高效的蛋白质交联能力。在乳制品加工,尤其是酸奶发酵中,具有重要的应用价值。Al-Shawk等[25]的研究表明添加TGase能显著改善酸奶的理化特性和感官评价。然而,在传统的酸奶生产发酵过程中pH值持续降低[26],这对功能性添加剂的稳定性和活性具有负面影响[27-29]。然而,耐酸性的XM4菌TGase可以应用于乳品加工,能够在较低pH条件下有效促进蛋白质交联,进而改善酸奶的质地、减少水分离析现象,并可能提高最终产品的整体感官接受度。耐酸性的XM4菌TGase,对于提升发酵乳制品的加工和品质提供了新的选择,这有助于开发出更具竞争力和消费者喜爱的高品质发酵乳制品。
综上所述,本研究系统地研究了优势原始菌株——XM4菌的TGase酶学性质,其优越的耐酸性进一步提升了TGase与酪蛋白交联的应用价值。利用异源表达技术和优化RBS的基因工程策略,成功构建高产TGase菌株SR41,使XM4菌TGase产量显著提升103.3%,同时将发酵周期缩短至24 h。本研究不仅提高了TGase的产量和生产效率,也为利用基因工程优化TGase表达提供新的策略和途径。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2101403)
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2024年第64卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240189
  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22
  • 录用日期:2024-06-03
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National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2101403)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2101403)
作者信息
    1 天津科技大学 生物工程学院, 天津 300450
    2 中国科学院微生物研究所, 微生物资源前期开发国家重点实验室, 北京 100101
    3 江南大学, 工业生物技术教育部重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122
    4 江苏一鸣生物股份有限公司, 江苏 泰兴 225400

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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