Article(id=1242093867147792636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240215, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1719504000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-28, onlineDate=1774067854916, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1719763200000, pubDateStr=2024-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774067854916, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774067854916, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067854916, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242093864144666765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='10', pageStart='3571', pageEnd='3997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774067854200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067980255, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3620, endPage=3632, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242093868376723757, articleId=1242093867147792636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in the expression of antimicrobial peptides in microbial systems by genetic engineering, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered alternatives to antibiotics and have received increasing attention. AMPs have a broad antibacterial spectrum and extensive sources and are not prone to drug resistance. At present, AMPs are mainly produced with three methods: extraction from natural sources, chemical synthesis, and microbial expression via genetic engineering. The application of the former two methods is limited due to their complicated processes, high costs, and low yields. Microbial expression via genetic engineering is more economical, scientific, and effective than the above two methods. This article introduces and compares the various expression systems and summarizes the strategies for increasing the heterologous expression levels, with a view to providing theoretical support for large-scale production of AMPs with low costs.

, correspAuthors=Na DONG, Anshan SHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*DONG Na, E-mail:
SHAN Anshan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Changxuan SHAO, Yanxue FU, Yuxin FANG, Na DONG, Anshan SHAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242093869244944727, articleId=1242093867147792636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=基因工程法在微生物系统表达抗菌肽的研究进展, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides, AMPs)作为抗生素替代品之一受到广泛关注。AMPs具有诸多优势,如抗菌谱广、来源丰富且不易产生耐药性等。其生产工艺主要包括生物体内提取纯化、化学合成以及基因工程表达3种途径。然而,天然分离法与化学合成法存在工序繁杂,成本昂贵及产量较低等缺点,不易于在AMPs实际生产中实施。相较之下,基因工程表达更具经济性、科学性及有效性。本文对AMPs的多种表达系统及其差异进行了综述,并总结了提高AMPs异源表达产量的多种策略,以期为AMPs的低成本规模化生产提供理论支撑。

, correspAuthors=董娜, 单安山, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qpK6WK5mbBvt70j09P+QYQ==, magXml=K5pmInmPaQIGWzpSBLehEg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2b3emJ+vZzLzdmrjL8R+rg==, pdfFileSize=594413, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=j8CfGrkHGN9rPhFz+clSeQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=AYsIJtZZRnI2I0DNZ3EHaQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Production of antimicrobial peptides in different expression systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Expression systemAntimicrobial peptideSourceFusion partnerHost strainYields (mg/L)References
NP: Not provide.
Bacillus subtilisSublancinB. subtilis
yt168-6
NPB. subtilis yt168-61 581.00[10]
Pichia pastorisCathelicidin-BFSilver ring
snake
NPP. pastoris X-33500.00[11]
P. pastorisHex-MagSyntheticNPP. pastoris GS115260.00[12]
P. pastorisProtegrin-1Pig6×HisP. pastoris X-33156.00[13]
P. pastorisLactoferrinPersonNPP. pastoris KM71115.00[14]
P. pastorisFowlicidin-2ChickenNPP. pastoris X-3385.60[15]
P. pastorisSnakin-1Solanum tuberosumNPP. pastoris GS11540.00[16]
E. coliLL-37PersonTrxE. coli RV308ai40.00[17]
P. pastorisEF-1Hybrid peptide6×HisP. pastoris X-3332.65[18]
B. subtilisT9WPig6×HisB. subtilis WB800N32.00[19]
B. subtilisCecropin ADHybrid peptide6×His-SUMOB. subtilis WB800N26.40[20]
P. pastorisLfcinB-hLYHybrid peptideNPP. pastoris GS11515.70[21]
LactobacillusPlfPigNPL. plantarum, L. pentosus, L. paracasei, L. casei12.50, 10.80, 9.90, 9.60[22]
E. coliFowlicidin-2ChickenNPE. coli BL21(DE3)6.00[23]
P. pastorisLIGPerson6×HisP. pastoris GS1155.90[24]
B. subtilisPR-FO (SPsacB),
PR-FO (SPamyQ)
Hybrid peptide6×HisB. subtilis WB800N4.00,
3.00
[25]
B. subtilisCathelicidin-BFSilver ring
snake
6×His-SUMOB. subtilis WB800N3.00[26]
E. coliApidaecinsApis melliferaSUMOE. coli DH5α and E. coli Rosetta2.70[9]
E. coliLfcinB-W10LfcinBGSTE. coli BL21(DE3)0.30[27]
), ArticleFig(id=1243285153745842393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093867147792636, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AMPS在不同表达系统中的生产

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Expression systemAntimicrobial peptideSourceFusion partnerHost strainYields (mg/L)References
NP: Not provide.
Bacillus subtilisSublancinB. subtilis
yt168-6
NPB. subtilis yt168-61 581.00[10]
Pichia pastorisCathelicidin-BFSilver ring
snake
NPP. pastoris X-33500.00[11]
P. pastorisHex-MagSyntheticNPP. pastoris GS115260.00[12]
P. pastorisProtegrin-1Pig6×HisP. pastoris X-33156.00[13]
P. pastorisLactoferrinPersonNPP. pastoris KM71115.00[14]
P. pastorisFowlicidin-2ChickenNPP. pastoris X-3385.60[15]
P. pastorisSnakin-1Solanum tuberosumNPP. pastoris GS11540.00[16]
E. coliLL-37PersonTrxE. coli RV308ai40.00[17]
P. pastorisEF-1Hybrid peptide6×HisP. pastoris X-3332.65[18]
B. subtilisT9WPig6×HisB. subtilis WB800N32.00[19]
B. subtilisCecropin ADHybrid peptide6×His-SUMOB. subtilis WB800N26.40[20]
P. pastorisLfcinB-hLYHybrid peptideNPP. pastoris GS11515.70[21]
LactobacillusPlfPigNPL. plantarum, L. pentosus, L. paracasei, L. casei12.50, 10.80, 9.90, 9.60[22]
E. coliFowlicidin-2ChickenNPE. coli BL21(DE3)6.00[23]
P. pastorisLIGPerson6×HisP. pastoris GS1155.90[24]
B. subtilisPR-FO (SPsacB),
PR-FO (SPamyQ)
Hybrid peptide6×HisB. subtilis WB800N4.00,
3.00
[25]
B. subtilisCathelicidin-BFSilver ring
snake
6×His-SUMOB. subtilis WB800N3.00[26]
E. coliApidaecinsApis melliferaSUMOE. coli DH5α and E. coli Rosetta2.70[9]
E. coliLfcinB-W10LfcinBGSTE. coli BL21(DE3)0.30[27]
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基因工程法在微生物系统表达抗菌肽的研究进展
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邵长轩 # , 付艳雪 # , 方禹鑫 , 董娜 * , 单安山 *
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(10): 3620-3632
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(10): 3620-3632
基因工程法在微生物系统表达抗菌肽的研究进展
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邵长轩#, 付艳雪#, 方禹鑫, 董娜* , 单安山*
作者信息
  • 东北农业大学 动物科学技术学院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030
Research progress in the expression of antimicrobial peptides in microbial systems by genetic engineering
Changxuan SHAO#, Yanxue FU#, Yuxin FANG, Na DONG* , Anshan SHAN*
Affiliations
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2024-07-01 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240215
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近年来,抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides, AMPs)作为抗生素替代品之一受到广泛关注。AMPs具有诸多优势,如抗菌谱广、来源丰富且不易产生耐药性等。其生产工艺主要包括生物体内提取纯化、化学合成以及基因工程表达3种途径。然而,天然分离法与化学合成法存在工序繁杂,成本昂贵及产量较低等缺点,不易于在AMPs实际生产中实施。相较之下,基因工程表达更具经济性、科学性及有效性。本文对AMPs的多种表达系统及其差异进行了综述,并总结了提高AMPs异源表达产量的多种策略,以期为AMPs的低成本规模化生产提供理论支撑。

抗菌肽  /  表达系统  /  基因工程法  /  微生物

In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered alternatives to antibiotics and have received increasing attention. AMPs have a broad antibacterial spectrum and extensive sources and are not prone to drug resistance. At present, AMPs are mainly produced with three methods: extraction from natural sources, chemical synthesis, and microbial expression via genetic engineering. The application of the former two methods is limited due to their complicated processes, high costs, and low yields. Microbial expression via genetic engineering is more economical, scientific, and effective than the above two methods. This article introduces and compares the various expression systems and summarizes the strategies for increasing the heterologous expression levels, with a view to providing theoretical support for large-scale production of AMPs with low costs.

antimicrobial peptides  /  expression system  /  genetic engineering method  /  microorganisms
邵长轩, 付艳雪, 方禹鑫, 董娜, 单安山. 基因工程法在微生物系统表达抗菌肽的研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3620 -3632 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240215
Changxuan SHAO, Yanxue FU, Yuxin FANG, Na DONG, Anshan SHAN. Research progress in the expression of antimicrobial peptides in microbial systems by genetic engineering[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3620 -3632 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240215
抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides, AMPs)也称为宿主防御肽(host defense peptides, HDPs),于1980年首次被发现,并命名为天蚕素,随后在昆虫、两栖动物、人类以及众多种动植物体中相继被发现[1],是多细胞生物中重要的免疫防御分子。AMPs可通过多样化的机制展现其抗菌活性且诱导耐药性的可能性相对较低[2]。此类抗菌物质在替代抗生素方面展现出巨大潜力,如何实现AMPs的规模化生产成为当前的研究热点。
AMPs的传统生产方式包括天然提取法和化学合成法。天然提取法是一个耗时且烦琐的过程,例如Al-Dhafri等[3]从蒺藜(Fagonia bruguieri)的叶子中分离植物肽进行纯化和鉴定,采用甲醇溶剂提取,反相高效液相色谱法纯化多肽,最后通过MALDI-TOF/TOF质谱仪和扫描电子显微镜鉴定并分析多肽的特性,但该过程烦琐,难以实现多肽的大量制备。化学合成法虽然效率高,但过程繁杂且成本昂贵,本课题组Shao等[4-5]在开展AMPs结构功能关系研究时多借助固相肽合成技术制备,费时耗力,大规模合成颇为不易,尤其在涉及多种天然氨基酸的掺入以及长肽序列控制方面,更是充满挑战。在微生物表达系统中借助基因工程技术构建微生物重组载体,与生物组织提取和化学合成相比具有更高的产量及更低的成本优势,大部分采用细菌和酵母表达系统。本文对AMPs不同重组表达系统和高效制备策略进行概述,为未来AMPs的低成本大规模生产提供理论基础。
目前基因工程表达AMPs的体系主要有原核和真核表达体系。其中,细菌和酵母是用于AMPs生产的主要宿主,占异源表达AMPs的97.4%[6]。除此之外,植物和昆虫也被用于AMPs的表达(图1)。
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达系统在蛋白表达领域具有显著的优势,例如清晰的遗传结构、迅速的增殖速度以及较低的培养基成本等[6]。然而,E. coli在实际应用过程中也面临诸多挑战,包括目标产物产量低下、烦琐的纯化环节、缺乏真核生物的修饰能力以及复杂的包涵体结构可能导致内毒素含量增加等[7]。Schreiber等[8]基于E. coli的组合质粒库开发出了一种表达筛选平台,该平台能够避免复杂的反复试验来筛选适宜的表达载体,通过运用该筛选平台,可以挑选出生产力优越的表达菌株,有效解决了E. coli目的产物量低下问题。尽管E. coli表达系统仍面临许多难题,但在基因克隆、工艺规模化和自动化方面已经积累了丰富的经验,因此它仍然是规模化生产AMPs的有效途径。
小泛素相关修饰物(small ubiquitin-related modifier, SUMO)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)技术已广泛应用于E. coli表达系统中。Mo等[9]利用E. coli成功表达了富含脯氨酸的AMPs apidaecins (APs);该研究采用SUMO融合技术和ZYM-5052自诱导培养基,使每升培养物可生产出23 mg重组融合蛋白smt3AP2;经过裂解、亲和层析和阳离子交换柱层析等步骤对重组AP2进行进一步纯化,计算得出纯化后的重组AP2的分子量为2.23 kDa,产率为2.7 mg/L (表1)。Feng等[27]利用E. coli基因编码技术,成功使AMPs LfcinB-W10与GST融合,构建了重组载体;从1 L培养物中得到20 mg纯度达90%的融合蛋白;通过肠激酶消化,重组AMPs LfcinB-W10的产率达到300 μg/L;将AMPs与SUMO和GST标签融合,可以提高目的基因的可溶性,从而使目的基因更易于表达。
E. coli外,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)也是一种卓越的基因工程菌,其优点包括表达稳定、成本低廉、可用作饲料添加剂等各个方面;B. subtilis 168基因组序列的测定有益于菌株的改良和工程菌的构建,使其应用前景更为广阔[7]。主要手段为通过失活B. subtilis 168的主要编码蛋白酶基因,解决B. subtilis目的蛋白易被降解问题;例如WB800N就是B. subtilis 168失活了8个蛋白酶基因的突变株,是常用的表达菌株[28]。Zhang等[19-20]B. subtilis WB800N作为宿主菌,将AMPs T9W和融合了SPsacB信号肽的AMPs Cecropin AD分别与6×His-SUMO基因连接,并克隆至麦芽糖诱导载体中,经过诱导培养后,重组T9W、Cecropin AD的纯化后表达量分别为32、26.4 mg/L。枯草三十七肽(sublancin)是我国首个获得批准的新型AMPs饲料添加剂,由37个氨基酸组成[29]。刘扬科等[10]通过对B. subtilis YT168-6进行摇瓶发酵条件与培养基组分的优化,显著提升了sublancin的产量,达到了1 581 μg/mL,相比优化前的756 μg/mL,提高了2倍以上。然而,B. subtilis同样存在原核表达系统的共性问题,例如,多数AMPs表达产量过低、缺乏真核修饰(但可以进行脂酰化修饰)等缺点,未来仍需进一步优化B. subtilis高密度发酵技术。
乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)作为一种新兴的异源表达体系,相较于E. coli表达体系,其优势在于不产生内毒素,并且表达的AMPs可与菌体共同投喂给动物,其显著特征包括对乙醇、盐、低pH值以及宽温度范围的高度耐受性[30]。已经有研究报道了AMPs在Lactobacillus中成功表达的案例,如Yu等[22]将猪乳铁蛋白(porcine lactoferrin, Plf)成熟肽的编码序列连接到表达载体pPG612.1的Xho I/BamH I位点,将重组质粒pPG612.1-Plf分别转入干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus casei) ATCC393、戊糖乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus pentosus) KLDS1.0413、植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) KLDS1.0344和副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei) KLDS1.0652;经木糖诱导后,结果显示,Plf在上述4种重组Lactobacillus中均成功表达,分子量约为73 kDa;重组L. caseiL. pentosusL.plantarumL. paracasei对Plf的表达量分别为9.6、10.8、12.5、9.9 μg/mL。Hodaei等[31]从临床样本中提取人乳头瘤病毒16型主要衣壳蛋白L1的遗传物质,通过特异性引物扩增L1基因,并与载体pNZ7021连接构建质粒;将质粒转入到Lactobacillus中后,采用蛋白质印迹(Western blotting)法检测目的基因L1的蛋白表达,结果表明重组L1蛋白分子量约为55 kDa。Lactobacillus能够在人体肠道内定殖存活,并能与肠道屏障黏液层结合,因此是重组蛋白生产的理想候选者[32]。然而,与E. coliB. subtilis相比,Lactobacillus在AMPs表达方面的研究相对较少,未来仍需进一步深入探索。
现阶段,AMPs的真核表达系统中最广泛应用的是毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)。相对于原核系统,P. pastoris具备高效的启动子,杂蛋白相对较少,并且表达产物易于分泌至细胞外部,方便分离纯化[33]。Dong等[11]研究了AMPs cathelicidin-BF (CBF)在P. pastoris X-33中的表达,并证实了其对高致病性E. coli菌株的活性,AMPs的最佳表达量达到了0.5 g/L,表达产物在治疗E. coli感染的三黄肉鸡中显示出优异的抗菌效应。乙醇氧化酶1 (alcohol oxidase 1, AOX1)是一种常见的甲醇诱导型启动子,在α-信号肽的协助下,AOX1能使细胞外蛋白达到高水平表达[34]。Niu等[13]将AMPs Protegrin-1基因序列与6×His标签融合,克隆到启动子为AOX1的pPICZα-A载体上,并转化到P. pastoris X-33中,经过28 ℃下1%甲醇培养96 h后诱导表达,最终表达量为156 mg/L。
此外,P. pastoris作为真核细胞具有翻译后修饰功能,能够对含有特殊结构的目的蛋白进行二硫键修饰,从而提高了AMPs表达的可变性[35]。李桂平等[12]在具有铰链结构“Gly-Ile-Gly”的AMPs Magainin 1-12的N端连接上强碱性的六肽RRWQWR进行修饰以增强其活性;通过基因拼接扩增合成AMPs Hex-Mag并在P. pastoris GS115中实现稳定表达,最终融合肽Hex-Mag产量约260 mg/L。Kuddus等[16]将AMPs Snakin-1的DNA片段克隆到pPIC9载体中,并转入P. pastoris GS115中,重组得到表达产物约40 mg/L。Snakin-1是一种富含半胱氨酸的小阳离子肽,包含6个分子内二硫键,这表明P. pastoris表达系统可用于大规模生产具有6个二硫键的生物活性肽。
同时,鉴于P. pastoris具有较强的好氧性且在发酵过程中毒副作用较弱,使得该方法适用于大规模高密度发酵。Ying等[14]通过高密度发酵评估人乳铁蛋白基因在重组P. pastoris中的表达,将目的基因克隆到pPIC3.5K载体并转入到P. pastoris KM71中进行分批补料高密度发酵,结果显示,人乳铁蛋白的最高表达量为115 mg/L,是摇瓶培养量的7.67倍。近年来,高密度发酵已成为微生物酶高效生产的关键。Dai等[36]采用多因素调控策略来提高嗜热内切葡聚糖酶在P. pastoris中的异源表达;利用5 L发酵罐进行中试发酵,通过监测内切葡聚糖酶活力、溶解氧水平及微生物量优化发酵过程;在甲醇发酵期,内切葡聚糖酶蛋白质含量和活性分别为15.8 g/L和9 640 IU/mL,酶活水平与摇瓶相比提升约85.3倍。这证明了高密度发酵在生产异源内切葡聚糖酶方面具有高效率和低成本的效果。在某些情况下,AMPs在P. pastoris中的表达效果更好一些。例如,Xing等[15]利用P. pastoris X-33构建了fowlicidin-2重组表达体系;优化发酵条件后,产量为85.6 mg/L。Feng等[23]E. coli BL21(DE3)中构建Fowlicidin-2重组表达载体,产量为6 mg/L,对比结果显示,E. coli产量低于P. pastoris表达系统。
鉴于大多数AMPs皆属于两亲性多肽范畴,可能对宿主工程菌产生潜在的细胞毒性。采用融合蛋白进行AMPs重组表达可以降低毒性,进而提高AMPs的表达量。最后,融合蛋白会被特异性蛋白酶剪切并分离出目标AMPs[37]
包涵体(inclusion bodies, IBs)是指外源基因在原核表达系统中诱导高效表达时,由于转录翻译速度过快导致蛋白质发生错误折叠,从而形成的由膜包裹的高密度、不溶性且无活性的蛋白质颗粒(图2)[39]。IBs具备一些独特的优势,例如,借助超滤离心技术能够高效分离IBs,便于后续处理;由于其坚固的结构,能够抵御蛋白酶的降解[40]。因此,在保留重组蛋白(recombinant protein, rPOI)生物学功能的前提下,可以直接将其作为下游产品使用[41-42]。目前主要是利用易于形成包涵体的融合标签介导目的蛋白包涵体的形成。Achmüller等[43]利用Npro聚合标签促进了包涵体的聚集,使得多肽E-GFPuv在E. coli中得以表达,而且Npro不需要化学或酶法去除融合标签。通过标签与IBs结合,使rPOI得到充分表达。
原核表达系统在表达AMPs时面临两大挑战:(1) AMPs含有丰富的碱性氨基酸残基,导致结构无序,因此极易被蛋白酶水解;(2) AMPs作为目的蛋白单独表达可能对表达宿主细胞具有生物毒性;为了解决这两个问题,常用的策略是将AMPs附着在融合标签上[44]。对于给定的AMPs,仍然需要大量的试验来进行筛选,以选择合适的融合标签以在IBs中有效表达。此外,针对IBs的融合标签也需要不断扩展。Li等[45]对改进的融合标签PagP的聚集“热点”进行了结构分析,证明了PagP的C端区域含有大量的聚集“热点”,该“热点”能够作为有效的融合标签将AMPs靶向到IBs;此外,异亮氨酸和亮氨酸具有大体积的疏水侧链,有助于分子间和分子内的相互作用,促进聚集体的形成。将聚集“热点”内部或附近的脯氨酸残基突变为疏水性的异亮氨酸残基和亮氨酸残基可以显著提高其作为IBs靶向融合标签的效力。
目前应用较多的融合表达系统还包括β-半乳糖苷酶系统(β-galactosidase, β-gal)、GST、麦芽糖结合蛋白(maltose binding protein, MBP)系统、纯化标签融合系统及其他融合系统(如硫氧化还原蛋白)等[46]。GST已在E. coli中被证实能够作为可溶性表达融合蛋白的载体。MBP系统则具有提高表达水平、易于纯化和提高溶解性的优势[47]
硫氧化还原蛋白是一类存在于细菌、植物及动物等多种生物体内的耐热蛋白[48],其分子量约为12 kDa,具有极高的可溶性。因此,Trx常被用作融合载体,以提高E. coli中rPOI/肽的可溶性表达[49-50]。Trx还能够防止AMPs被宿主蛋白酶降解,从而使得利用Trx标签表达的重组AMPs的产量相较于其他融合标签显著提升[44]。Krahulec等[17]利用Trx标签在E. coli RV308ai中实现了LL-37的重组表达及纯化,表达量达到40 mg/L,建立了一种自主研发的、适合大规模rPOI生产的重组表达系统。Panteleev等[51]则通过使用Trx标签成功重组生产了tachyplesin I,有效抑制了其对宿主细胞的毒性作用并保护其免受蛋白水解。然而,由于肽的聚集,部分Trx可能会以IBs的形式积累,因此需要研究溶解度增强剂以克服不溶性作用[52]
GST是另一种用于融合表达AMPs的载体蛋白。与Trx类似,GST在E. coli中被证实能作为可溶性表达融合蛋白的重组载体蛋白。Fan等[53]利用GST融合系统将串联PR-39和Protegrin-1的rPOI在E. coli中成功表达,纯化后验证其具有较高的抗菌活性。Fan等[54]还建立了新型阳离子肽AIK的最佳表达和纯化方法,通过将目的序列插入到载体pDEST15中,并转入到E. coli BL21,经IPTG诱导产生GST-AIK融合蛋白;随后,通过重组型TEV蛋白酶切割,去除GST标签进行纯化,最终获得了纯度超过95%的rPOI。
SUMO融合标签在前文中已有提及,它是一种与泛素结构相似但功能却有所不同的小分子量蛋白质,能够协助目的蛋白正确折叠,具有疏水核心及亲水外层,能提高目的蛋白的可溶性和表达量[55]。此标签不仅能够识别SUMO的三级结构,而且切割底物时不会有多余氨基酸附着在产物上[56-57]。SUMO与Trx和GST有类似优势,例如能以更高比例生成融合蛋白,提高溶解度,并且对宿主细胞无毒性作用。Kim等[58]利用SUMO的高溶解度,在SUMO的N端又添加了6×His纯化标签,成功地重组表达了AMPs Abaecin;并针对6×SUMO-Abaecin组合进行密码子优化,发现天然SUMO序列与密码子优化Abaecin组合表达量最高,而且大部分表达的融合蛋白能在可溶性部分被检测到。Luan等[26]将嵌合基因His-SUMO-CBF和His-SUMO蛋白酶1连接到载体pHT43中,使AMPs CBF在B. subtilis WB800N中成功表达;培养出来的上清经过纯化后,重组融合蛋白SUMO-CBF产量为22 mg/L,SUMO蛋白酶1为1 mg/L;通过亲和层析和阳离子交换柱层析进一步纯化重组CBF,得到的CBF产量约为3 mg/L。这些研究结果表明,利用SUMO标签和适当的密码子优化策略,可以高效表达AMPs,并且不影响宿主细胞活力。
在过去的研究中,蛋白质融合标签的纯化主要依赖于色谱法,受到宿主表达及标签性质的影响,具体的方法和条件则随标签种类的不同而有所差异。组氨酸标签(histidine-tag, His)是近年来在AMPs生产中最常用的纯化标签,可通过亲和层析纯化不同的融合蛋白[37]。Hou等[59]利用His标签标记SUMO,与AMPs Scolopin 1结合,插入到pSUMO载体并转入到E. coli BL21(DE3)中,成功构建了重组表达载体;采用亲和层析色谱法纯化重组蛋白,最终纯度为95%。然而,一些新型的纯化标签正逐渐取代传统的色谱方法,如弹性蛋白样多肽(elastin-like polypeptide, ELP);ELP可通过改变盐浓度和温度条件,在可溶态和聚集态之间进行转换,从而实现快速分离融合蛋白的目的[60]。Sousa等[61]利用ELP标签在E. coli中制备鱼类极性AMPs,将ELP与AMPs Pa-MAP 2融合,以促进AMPs的聚集和分离,实现AMPs的受控释放;纯化后的AMPs Pa-MAP 2对E. coli ATCC 8739的MIC达到25 μmol/L,AMPs Pa-MAP 2的产量较ELP系统产生的其他AMPs高出50倍。
AMPs杂交表达策略是通过将2种AMPs以偶联的方式串联到一起表达的技术手段。尽管已经研发出了各种融合蛋白技术以应对重组表达所带来的限制,但AMPs对宿主的毒性作用以及对蛋白酶的敏感性可能会导致目标肽的表达量较低,例如1 g/L融合蛋白和40 mg/L肽[17]。近年来,杂交表达已被视为一种提高AMPs表达水平及综合肽段功能特性的创新方法。在杂交表达的概念中,两种不同性质的AMPs融合产生新的AMPs,不仅具有高表达量,同时还具备较强的抗菌活性和对宿主细胞的低细胞毒性[62]。例如,Zhang等[25]使用PRW4的前16个残基与Fowlicidin-2的后15个残基结合,组成AMPs PR-FO,选择AmyQ和SacB信号肽在麦芽糖诱导的B. subtilis中表达,得到浓度分别为16 mg/L (SPamyQ)和23 mg/L (SPsacB)的融合蛋白,经纯化得到纯度为90%的PR-FO 3 mg (SPamyQ)和4 mg (SPsacB);此重组PR-FO有较高抑菌活性,可抑制多种革兰氏阴性菌和阳性菌。Li等[18]在研究中将PlnE与PlnF杂交形成杂合肽EF-1,提高了其对革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌活性,并在P. pastoris中实现了PlnEF的异源表达,最终EF-1的产量约为32.65 mg/L,纯度达到了94.9%。Sun等[21]利用组成型GAP启动子驱动牛乳铁蛋白和人溶菌酶在P. pastoris GS115中的融合表达,产量为15.7 mg/L,通过阳离子交换柱层析和反相高效液相色谱纯化后,从500 mL细胞培养物中获得约1.8 mg LfcinB-hLY;重组产生的融合肽对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌均有良好的抗菌活性。
另一种高水平表达AMPs的策略是多拷贝策略。该方法的原理是在宿主细胞中增加AMPs基因的拷贝数,从而提高基因转录水平和蛋白质表达量[62]。Wang等[63]在黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)中成功构建了CRISPR/Cas9系统介导的米曲霉碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶(AoproS8)的多拷贝表达,通过敲除A. niger FBL-B的3个内源基因(glaAamyAaamy),首先在glaA位点替换AoproS8基因表达盒,测序证实为单拷贝AoproS8 1.0,然后在单拷贝基础上进一步替换amyA转化成双拷贝AoproS8 2.0,再从双拷贝基础替换aamy转化成三拷贝AoproS8 3.0;经过摇瓶发酵5 d,AoproS8 3.0在A. niger中的表达量是AoproS8 1.0的2.1倍。Zhao等[24]采用柔性连接子Gly-Ser-Gly (G-S-G)对AMPs LI进行修饰,连接成二聚体LIG,构建了P. pastoris表达载体pPIC9K-6×His-3×FLAG-LIG,经肠激酶消化纯化后得到5.9 mg/L重组LIG(rLIG);rLIG具有高抗菌活性和低溶血活性。多拷贝策略表达的AMPs具有较高的表达率,是大规模生产AMPs的有效策略。
分子伴侣是一类能够辅助蛋白质正确折叠和组装的蛋白质[64]。由于分子伴侣可帮助蛋白质正确折叠、转运,实现遗传物质复制转录、生物信号转导等功能,因此通过添加分子伴侣可以显著提升蛋白质的表达水平[65]。例如,Akbarian等[66]使用分子伴侣αB-晶状体蛋白在E. coli BL21(DE3)中重组表达人胰岛素,经纯化获得了大量重组蛋白。Bae等[67]开发了一种最佳融合伴侣筛选系统,成功表达了hIL-2和hIL-32,研究结果显示这两种蛋白的产量能达到克级每升,这表明该系统可用于rPOI的高效分泌。因此,该筛选技术为生产各种难以表达的蛋白质提供了新的途径。
AMPs的高度选择性以及不易产生微生物耐药性的特性,使得研究人员对其产生了浓厚的兴趣。尽管在AMPs的构建和开发方面已经取得了显著进展,然而,如何以低廉的成本大量获取纯品AMPs仍面临诸多技术障碍。当前,采用基因工程表达技术,如利用细菌或酵母等微生物,已被视为大规模表达AMPs的首选方式。在微生物表达系统中,可以从重组菌株的构建、表达产物的纯化、基因调控和蛋白分泌等多个方面进行优化。目前,选择融合蛋白标签、杂交表达、多拷贝、添加分子伴侣等策略,均能在一定程度上提高AMPs的表达量,并且AMPs在微生物系统中的表达仍具有巨大的发展空间。例如,高通量表达筛选能够优化质粒特征和表达宿主;非色谱方法可替代色谱方法实现更具成本效益的蛋白质纯化;利用最佳融合伴侣筛选系统可分泌更多有价值的异源蛋白。在AMPs设计方面,将定量构效关系建模和计算机辅助设计与基因工程法相结合,也能进一步提高表达效率,使得AMPs的生产过程更加简便易行。这些方法可能无法提供一个固定的最终生产方案,需要根据不同AMPs的序列模式和结构功能关系进行选择,但所开发的各种策略对于重组生产AMPs和其他具有治疗价值的生物活性肽具有重要意义。相信随着技术的不断创新与完善,AMPs可以实现大规模生产并更好地在农业、生物技术、制药和食品等领域得到广泛的应用。
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金(YQ2022C015)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32030101)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U21A20252)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2022M720694)
  • 黑龙江省博士后资助项目(LBH-Z22007)
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2024年第64卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240215
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
  • 录用日期:2024-06-28
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(YQ2022C015)
黑龙江省自然科学基金(YQ2022C015)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32030101)
国家自然科学基金(32030101)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20252)
国家自然科学基金(U21A20252)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M720694)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2022M720694)
Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund(LBH-Z22007)
黑龙江省博士后资助项目(LBH-Z22007)
作者信息
    东北农业大学 动物科学技术学院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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