Article(id=1242093865356824819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240244, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713196800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1719763200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-01, onlineDate=1774067854488, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1720022400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774067854488, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774067854488, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067854488, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242093864144666765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='10', pageStart='3571', pageEnd='3997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774067854200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067980255, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3647, endPage=3655, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242093866522841334, articleId=1242093865356824819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress on the mechanism of intracellular-induced expression of antimicrobial peptide LL-37, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of immune defense. As a part of the body's innate immunity, the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, with two primary functions: direct antimicrobial activity and immunomodulation. Currently, research on LL-37 mainly focuses on its function, while its induced expression in vivo has rarely been studied. However, understanding the induced expression of LL-37 is essential for delving into the body's immune defense mechanisms. Therefore, this paper briefly reviewed the research progress on the synthesis and functions of LL-37, the factors inducing its secretion, and the regulatory pathways involved in its induced expression. The aim is to offer new insights into the regulatory pathways and immune defense functions of LL-37 in the human body.

, correspAuthors=Jinlin HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*HUANG Jinlin, Tel: +86-514-87971136, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengjie ZHANG, Xiaofei LI, Yunlu LI, Xin'an JIAO, Jinlin HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242093867160375549, articleId=1242093865356824819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=抗菌肽LL-37胞内诱导表达机制的研究进展, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

先天免疫是免疫防御的第一道防线,抗菌肽LL-37作为人体先天免疫的一部分,在维持人体稳态中发挥重要作用,具备直接杀菌和免疫调节两大功能。目前,对LL-37的研究主要侧重于其功能本身,而对其在体内的诱导表达知之甚少。然而,这对深入探究人体免疫防御机制至关重要。因此,本文简要综述了LL-37的合成过程与功能、诱导分泌的因素以及诱导表达的调控通路等方面的研究进展,旨在为进一步揭示LL-37在人体内的调控通路及免疫防御功能提供新思路。

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抗菌肽LL-37胞内诱导表达机制的研究进展
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张孟捷 1 , 李晓飞 2 , 李云露 1 , 焦新安 3 , 黄金林 1, 2, 3, 4, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(10): 3647-3655
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(10): 3647-3655
抗菌肽LL-37胞内诱导表达机制的研究进展
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张孟捷1, 李晓飞2, 李云露1, 焦新安3, 黄金林1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 扬州大学, 江苏省人兽共患病学重点实验室, 江苏 扬州 225009
  • 2 江苏高校动物重要疫病与人兽共患病防控协同创新中心, 江苏 扬州 225009
  • 3 农业农村部农产品质量安全生物性危害因子(动物源)控制重点实验室, 江苏 扬州 225009
  • 4 教育部农业与农产品安全国际合作联合实验室, 江苏 扬州 225009
Research progress on the mechanism of intracellular-induced expression of antimicrobial peptide LL-37
Mengjie ZHANG1, Xiaofei LI2, Yunlu LI1, Xin'an JIAO3, Jinlin HUANG1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • 2 Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • 4 Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2024-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240244
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先天免疫是免疫防御的第一道防线,抗菌肽LL-37作为人体先天免疫的一部分,在维持人体稳态中发挥重要作用,具备直接杀菌和免疫调节两大功能。目前,对LL-37的研究主要侧重于其功能本身,而对其在体内的诱导表达知之甚少。然而,这对深入探究人体免疫防御机制至关重要。因此,本文简要综述了LL-37的合成过程与功能、诱导分泌的因素以及诱导表达的调控通路等方面的研究进展,旨在为进一步揭示LL-37在人体内的调控通路及免疫防御功能提供新思路。

抗菌肽LL-37  /  体内诱导  /  调控通路

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of immune defense. As a part of the body's innate immunity, the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, with two primary functions: direct antimicrobial activity and immunomodulation. Currently, research on LL-37 mainly focuses on its function, while its induced expression in vivo has rarely been studied. However, understanding the induced expression of LL-37 is essential for delving into the body's immune defense mechanisms. Therefore, this paper briefly reviewed the research progress on the synthesis and functions of LL-37, the factors inducing its secretion, and the regulatory pathways involved in its induced expression. The aim is to offer new insights into the regulatory pathways and immune defense functions of LL-37 in the human body.

antimicrobial peptide LL-37  /  in vivo induction  /  regulatory pathways
张孟捷, 李晓飞, 李云露, 焦新安, 黄金林. 抗菌肽LL-37胞内诱导表达机制的研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3647 -3655 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240244
Mengjie ZHANG, Xiaofei LI, Yunlu LI, Xin'an JIAO, Jinlin HUANG. Research progress on the mechanism of intracellular-induced expression of antimicrobial peptide LL-37[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3647 -3655 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240244
抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides, AMPs)是自然界中几乎所有生命形式都会产生的一种物质,对宿主的先天免疫系统至关重要,可以保护机体免受各种微生物的感染[1]。在哺乳动物体内,主要存在三类抗菌肽家族,即防御素(defensins)家族、组织蛋白酶抑制素(cathelicidin)家族和富含组氨酸蛋白(histatins)家族。在人体中,抗菌肽LL-37是目前发现的唯一的cathelicidin家族抗菌肽,在人体的先天免疫防御中发挥着重要的功能[2]。LL-37主要由巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞等免疫细胞和上皮细胞表达,可被病原微生物及其细菌代谢产物等因素诱导表达,同时也受维生素D3等多种物质的调节[3-4]。然而,目前的研究主要聚焦于LL-37自身的功能,对其诱导表达的分子机制仍知之甚少。因此,本文主要综述LL-37的功能、诱导分泌的因素、诱导表达的调控通路等内容,旨在为进一步揭示LL-37在人体内的调控通路及免疫防御功能提供新思路。
在人体内,存在一种位于3号染色体上长达1 963 bp的阳离子抗菌肽(cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, CAMP)基因。CAMP基因编码一种无活性的前体蛋白,即全长为170个氨基酸的人阳离子抗菌蛋白18 (human cationic antimicrobial protein-18, hCAP-18)。hCAP-18由4个外显子组成:外显子1至3编码N-端的信号序列和cathelin结构域,而外显子4编码抗菌肽LL-37;其中,信号肽和cathelin结构域分别由30个和104个氨基酸残基组成,而LL-37则以其含有37个氨基酸残基且N-端有2个亮氨酸而得名[5]。在分泌过程中,hCAP-18蛋白首先经内质网加工去除N-端信号肽[6],由19.3 kDa变为18 kDa。随后,在蛋白酶(如蛋白酶-3、激肽释放酶5)的作用下,信号肽在细胞外被水解,从而使其形成有活性的抗菌肽LL-37 (图1),其表观分子量为4.5 kDa[7]
LL-37具有多种功能,主要包括直接的抑菌能力及对免疫系统的调节能力。作为天然免疫的效应者,在早期研究中LL-37已显示出广谱的抗微生物活性,包括革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌及某些病毒[8-9]。它对细菌的杀伤原理主要是其带有阳离子的特性,与阴离子的磷脂膜发生静电相互作用而结合并破坏细菌细胞膜,导致细菌破裂、死亡,从而达到抗菌效果[10]。同时,LL-37已被证明能够抑制某些真菌的生长,包括曲霉菌、念珠菌、腐霉菌及毛癣菌等[11];其通过破坏真菌细胞壁的完整性改变膜通透性以及诱导真菌产生氧化应激甚至是抑制真菌细胞的周期进程等方式抵抗真菌感染。对于某些病毒如HIV、LL-37也具有一定的杀伤功能[12]。同时,LL-37可以通过调节免疫细胞的趋化以及诱导某些细胞因子的产生进一步增强人体的免疫防御能力[13]。例如,LL-37会诱导促炎因子白细胞介素-8 (interleukin-8, IL-8)的产生,从而推动炎症的进程,促使免疫细胞在炎症部位聚集[14]。除上述作用外,LL-37还可以通过刺激血管生成和再上皮化在伤口愈合中发挥作用[15]
LL-37在先天免疫细胞,如中性粒细胞、树突状细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞等细胞中持续表达,并以前体肽的形式存在。更重要的是,LL-37通常在可能接触到病原微生物的细胞类型中被诱导表达,如皮肤、肠道、呼吸道、眼表或生殖道的上皮细胞。这些部位受到病原体感染时会立即响应,加工前体肽hCAP-18使其成为有抗菌功能的成熟LL-37,形成抵御感染的首要防线。同时,LL-37的表达除了受到病原微生物的诱导外,还会受到多种因素的影响,包括微生物代谢产物、细胞因子以及营养素等。
研究证明人体内源性共生细菌并不会引起体内LL-37水平的上升,只有当感染某些致病细菌时,才会诱导相应的上皮细胞产生大量的LL-37,从而增强其抗菌活性,形成防御致病菌入侵的第一道防线[16]。因此,细菌、病毒等病原微生物是诱导上皮细胞产生LL-37的最重要诱导因素。
研究报道牛结核分枝杆菌对A549 (人肺腺癌细胞系)的感染以浓度依赖以及时间依赖的方式上调LL-37 mRNA的表达,并通过Western blotting分析结核分枝杆菌刺激过的A549细胞的全细胞提取物,成功检测到了LL-37的存在[17]。这有力地证明了牛结核分枝杆菌可诱导A549细胞中LL-37 mRNA和蛋白的表达。幽门螺杆菌也被证实可诱导结肠上皮细胞上调LL-37的表达[18]。同时,本课题组前期利用空肠弯曲菌感染机体的研究结果表明,空肠弯曲菌诱导体内抗菌肽上调表达,并且随着感染时间的延长逐渐在先天免疫防御中取得优势表达[19]。病原菌中能够诱导宿主抗菌肽表达的具体物质在多种病原体感染模型中有所阐述,在使用革兰氏阴性菌的细菌细胞壁成分脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)和革兰氏阳性菌的肽聚糖(peptidoglycans, PGN)感染大鼠脑膜细胞时,表现为rCRAMP上调表达(LL-37在大鼠内的同源物),同时感染后的大鼠脑膜细胞培养上清具有抗菌效果[20]。在人结肠上皮细胞中,病毒的双链RNA类似物聚肌胞苷酸[polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, poly(I:C)]及LPS均可以诱导其分泌LL-37[21]。同时,金黄色葡萄球菌的脂蛋白通过激活Toll样受体2 (Toll like receptor 2, TLR2)触发角膜中先天免疫反应,诱导角膜细胞LL-37等抗菌肽的表达[22]
与此同时,一些致病性细菌为了自我保护,会在侵入宿主上皮细胞时下调宿主LL-37的表达量。Bergman等研究表明,附着并侵袭生殖道上皮细胞的淋病奈瑟菌会下调生殖道细胞中LL-37的表达(在肽和转录水平上均得到证实),这表明致病性奈瑟菌可能通过降低LL-37的表达而在女性生殖道中获得生存优势[16]。此外,霍乱弧菌和产肠毒素大肠杆菌也通过分泌霍乱毒素和不稳定毒素等毒力蛋白,在体内、外抑制肠上皮细胞中LL-37等AMPs的表达[23]。同时,志贺氏杆菌感染的患者活检中也同样观察到LL-37的转录抑制,而在口服丁酸盐后(一种结肠细胞的LL-37诱导剂)可以通过恢复抗菌肽的表达来部分缓解志贺氏菌感染的症状[24]
综上所述,人体(宿主)免疫系统上调LL-37的表达,以清除入侵的病原体。另一方面,病原微生物下调LL-37表达是其发展出的免疫逃逸策略,不同的病原体有不同的免疫逃逸策略。此外,不同微生物对LL-37的诱导能力可能存在差异,这可能与它们的菌群特性有关。
除了微生物的直接刺激外,肠道中一些微生物的天然代谢产物也会诱导LL-37的分泌。短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs),如乙酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐,是来源于结肠中未消化的膳食纤维的细菌发酵产物[25]。它们影响肠道内液体的吸收、结肠细胞的代谢以及黏膜炎症等生理活动[26]。其中,丁酸盐已被证明是结肠上皮细胞LL-37的诱导剂[27]。SCFAs诱导LL-37表达以增强肠道黏膜的免疫防御功能,这种作用有助于维持肠道内菌群的平衡,防止有害菌的过度生长,同时也有助于调节免疫系统的平衡,减少炎症反应。
细胞因子是一类由免疫细胞(如单核细胞、巨噬细胞、T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞等)和某些非免疫细胞(内皮细胞、表皮细胞、纤维母细胞等)经刺激而合成、分泌的具有广泛生物学活性的小分子蛋白质。细胞因子通过调控细胞免疫应答反应诱导LL-37的表达。例如,IL-4和IL-13可诱导分化的气道上皮细胞中LL-37 mRNA的表达以及LL-37蛋白的释放[28]。当病原微生物感染细胞时,细胞因子可能充当着“中介”的作用,进一步诱导LL-37等抗菌肽的表达。例如,IL-27被证明可以由艰难梭菌诱导,从而上调表达结肠上皮细胞中LL-37的分泌[29]。因此,细胞因子在人体内LL-37的诱导表达中发挥着重要作用,通过不同途径参与着免疫调控。
人体内的一些营养素,包括维生素、微量元素、蛋白质等[30],可以调控LL-37的分泌。其中,维生素D3和锌是研究较为成熟的营养素。这提示我们可以通过合理的饮食搭配和营养素摄入,促进人体分泌LL-37,从而增强机体免疫功能。
在人体抗菌肽CAMP基因的转录起始位点上游503 bp处,存在保守的维生素D反应元件(vitamin D responsive element, VDRE)序列[31-32]。1, 25-二羟基维生素D3 [1, 25(OH)2 VD3]是维生素D3在体内的活性形式,它可以激活位于CAMP启动子上的VDRE,从而诱导体内多种细胞类型中CAMP的表达[33-35]。Schauber等研究表明,1, 25(OH)2 VD3也可通过减弱促炎细胞因子和趋化因子的产生,进一步上调人抗菌肽LL-37的表达[36]。此外,维生素A和维生素C也可能对LL-37的表达产生一定影响,但具体机制尚需进一步挖掘。
微量元素作为体内激素或维生素的组成成分和重要活性部分,在体内代谢、免疫调节中发挥着不可或缺的作用。它们诱导抗菌肽的分泌以增强天然免疫能力,维持人体内环境的稳态。其中,锌作为一种被广泛研究的微量元素,已被证实可直接影响LL-37的基因转录和翻译过程,调节其表达水平[37]。此外,锌还可以影响免疫细胞的活性,间接影响LL-37分泌。微量元素可能通过影响细胞内信号通路、基因转录和翻译等途径,调节LL-37的表达和分泌,从而对人体的免疫防御功能产生影响。
LL-37在细胞内受到诱导因素刺激后,首先引起Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)、NOD样受体(NOD-like receptors, NLRs)等模式识别受体的胞内结构域与信号转导接头的结合,导致下游信号通路[如核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPKs)等]的激活,最终诱导LL-37的表达。
模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor, PRRs)是一类可以直接识别病原体表面特定分子结构的生物大分子受体。通过对配体的识别和结合,PRRs可以产生非特异性的抗感染、抗肿瘤和其他免疫保护作用。在LL-37的诱导表达中,主要涉及到TLRs和NLRs两种PRPs,其中TLRs占主导地位。
TLRs是膜结合PRRs家族,位于细胞表面或内体膜上[38]。它们能够识别病原体并调节与先天免疫相关的基因转录以引发免疫反应。TLRs可感知多种微生物成分,例如:TLR4主要识别LPS、TLR2识别肽聚糖和脂肽、TLR5识别鞭毛蛋白、TLR9识别微生物DNA等[39]。研究表明,TLRs在诱导LL-37表达的过程中起着重要作用,其中TLR2和TLR4是两个主要的参与者[40]。在TLRs识别并结合外部毒力因子后,TLRs的胞质结构域就会招募信号转导接头髓样分化因子88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)、Toll/白介素-1受体相关蛋白(Toll/interleukin-1 receptor related protein, TIRAP)、运输关联膜蛋白(translocation associated membrane protein, TRAM)和β-干扰素TIR结构域衔接蛋白(TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β, TRIF),参与NF-κB、MAPK、Ⅰ型干扰素等信号通路,并最终导致CAMP基因的转录[41]
NLRs是一类存在于细胞质中的PRRs,主要包括NLRA、NLRB、NLRC以及NLRP等多种亚族,其中核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域1 (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 1, NOD1)和NOD2属于NLRB亚族,也是研究较为广泛的NLRs[42]。NOD1识别革兰氏阴性细菌的胞壁肽,而NOD2主要识别细菌肽聚糖中的胞壁酰二肽[43]。与TLRs类似,NLRs也能直接诱导先天免疫应答基因的转录。Pashenkov等研究发现,NOD1在烟曲霉对人角膜细胞先天免疫和炎症反应中发挥着重要作用,在敲除NOD1后,烟曲霉触发的NOD1下游信号效应物RIP2和NF-κB p65的表达减弱,同时IL-6、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)等细胞因子的分泌也随之降低;更重要的是,NOD1缺失后人角膜细胞中抗菌肽hBD2和LL-37的表达明显下调[44],这就表明NLRs在LL-37的诱导表达中也起着一定作用。然而,目前关于通过NLRs诱导LL-37表达的研究较少,具体的诱导机制仍需进一步探索。
微生物的相关分子触发相应的PRRs后,会引发一系列细胞内信号级联反应,主要包括NF-κB和MAPKs通路。这些通路的激活进一步调节CAMP基因的转录,从而影响抗菌肽LL-37的分泌表达[45]
CAMP基因的诱导通常受NF-κB信号通路的调节,该信号通路的激活取决于NF-κB抑制因子IκBα的降解[46]。在受到激活后,IκBα蛋白分解并释放NF-κB进入细胞核,NF-κB与靶基因的启动子区域结合,最终诱导这些基因的转录和翻译[46]。多项研究表明,CAMP基因的启动子含有多个NF-κB结合位点。同时,在CRAMP (小鼠中CAMP类似物)基因的−282位鉴定到NF-κB的结合位点;因此,NF-κB在LL-37的诱导中至关重要[47]。例如,LPS可以通过NF-κB依赖性方式诱导结肠上皮细胞分泌LL-37[21]。另外,黄芪多糖(astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides, APS)的处理可以诱导人气道上皮细胞中IκBα的显著降解,从而导致NF-κB核转位以及LL-37基因的转录和翻译[48]
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)信号转导级联通路是信号从细胞表面传导到细胞核内部的重要传递者,其调节转录因子和相关酶的活性,参与细胞增殖、分化及凋亡的调节,并与炎症、肿瘤等多种疾病的发生密切相关[49]。目前,已在哺乳动物细胞中鉴定出了3种不同的MAPKs途径:细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK)途径,c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)途径和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p38 MAPK)途径[50]
研究表明MAPKs通路的激活与LL-37的诱导表达相关。例如,艰难梭菌诱导IL-27的产生,IL-27进一步激活JAK激酶(janus kinase, JAK)、p38 MAPK和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K)信号通路来调节LL-37的分泌[51];牛分枝杆菌卡介苗通过激活ERK1/2和p38 MAPK,在A549细胞中是一种有效的LL-37诱导途径[17]。同时,Zhao等研究发现,APS处理提高了HBE16细胞中p38 MAPK和JNK的磷酸化,进而诱导LL-37的表达[47]。这些研究表明,MAPKs信号转导通路在LL-37诱导表达的过程中承担着不同程度的调控作用。
近年来,关于LL-37在人体内诱导表达机制的研究取得了一些进展。多项研究已证明,TLRs及其下游的NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路作为LL-37诱导表达的重要调控路径,在其中发挥着关键作用。然而,目前对其诱导表达机制的理解仍存在许多不足和待解决的问题。
首先,现有的LL-37诱导表达信号通路的研究数据相对陈旧且匮乏,目前只有TLRs有充分的实证研究支持。尽管NLRs也与其诱导表达有关,但相关的数据支持仍然不足。以往的传统研究方法如小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA)基因敲除技术、凝胶迁徙技术(electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA)以及染色质免疫沉淀法(chromatin immunoprecipitation, ChIP)等技术为研究CAMP转录调控以及LL-37的分泌表达提供了主要手段与途径;而随着单细胞测序等新兴技术的发展及应用,有望更深入挖掘相关调控通路,以完善LL-37胞内诱导表达机制的框架体系。其次,关于LL-37诱导因素的研究也存在明显不足。例如,某些病原微生物能够上调LL-37的表达,而另一些则具有负调控效应,导致这种现象的具体差异尚无明确的解释。此外,由于LL-37在不同细胞类型中的诱导表达具有组织特异性,目前尚未找到普遍的规律或理论体系。综上所述,LL-37胞内诱导表达机制的研究领域仍有巨大的发展前景和空间。相信在不久的将来,会有更多研究人员加入这一领域,共同揭示抗菌肽LL-37胞内诱导表达机制的奥秘。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32172939)
  • 扬州大学兽医学学科特区学科交叉课题支持项目(yzuxk202003)
  • 扬州市重点研发计划(社会发展)(YZ2022059)
  • 山东省泰山产业领军人才项目(tscy20190113)
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2024年第64卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240244
  • 接收时间:2024-04-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-16
  • 录用日期:2024-07-01
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172939)
国家自然科学基金(32172939)
Yangzhou University Interdisciplinary Research Foundation for Veterinary Medicine Discipline of Targeted Support(yzuxk202003)
扬州大学兽医学学科特区学科交叉课题支持项目(yzuxk202003)
Yangzhou Key Research and Development Program (Social Development)(YZ2022059)
扬州市重点研发计划(社会发展)(YZ2022059)
Taishan Industry Leading Talents Project in Shandong Province(tscy20190113)
山东省泰山产业领军人才项目(tscy20190113)
作者信息
    1 扬州大学, 江苏省人兽共患病学重点实验室, 江苏 扬州 225009
    2 江苏高校动物重要疫病与人兽共患病防控协同创新中心, 江苏 扬州 225009
    3 农业农村部农产品质量安全生物性危害因子(动物源)控制重点实验室, 江苏 扬州 225009
    4 教育部农业与农产品安全国际合作联合实验室, 江苏 扬州 225009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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