Article(id=1242093865130332402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711123200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1716393600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-23, onlineDate=1774067854435, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1716825600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774067854435, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774067854435, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067854435, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242093864144666765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='10', pageStart='3571', pageEnd='3997', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774067854200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774067980255, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242094392937353680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242093864144666765, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3749, endPage=3761, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242093866971631866, articleId=1242093865130332402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Application of Lactobacillus plantarum LP15 in fermentation of bovine bone meal, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Bovine bones contain a large amount of beneficial nutrients such as proteins, mineral salts, and vitamins for human health. With the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio meeting the optimal absorption ratio for the human body, bovine bones serve as a valuable nutrient source. [Methods] Lactic acid bacteria with high yields of L-lactic acid were screened by the calcium-dissolving ring method and the performance of strains in L-lactic acid production was then determined via fermentation of bovine bone meal. Metabolomics was employed to explore the differential metabolites and main pathways during the fermentation. [Results] One strain LP15, identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, was isolated from the liquid sample in the production of sour bamboo shoots for its strong ability to produce L-lactic acid. After fermentation of bone meal for 96 h, the strain produced 3.89 g/L L-lactic acid and 69.82 mg/100 mL free calcium, which represented a 32.6-fold increase compared with that in the control group. The metabolomic analysis revealed ABC transporters, metabolic pathway, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites as the most important differential metabolic pathways during the fermentation of bovine bone meal. Meanwhile, a huge number of physiological active substances, such as cyclocreatine and 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid, were detected in the fermented bone meal. [Conclusion] Fermentation of bovine bone meal by L. plantarum LP15 is an effective strategy to promote calcium dissolution and produce beneficial active substances. This study lays a practical foundation for developing health food products by microbial fermentation of bovine bone meal.

, correspAuthors=Bo YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*YU Bo, E-mail:
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【目的】牛骨中蕴含着大量蛋白质、矿物盐和维生素等对人体健康有益的营养物质,其钙磷比例满足人体最佳吸收比例,被视为是一种重要的营养来源。【方法】利用溶钙圈法筛选获得高产L-乳酸的乳酸菌,研究其发酵牛骨泥产L-乳酸的能力。随后通过代谢组学进一步探究骨泥发酵液中主要差异代谢物,并揭示骨泥发酵中的重要通路。【结果】从广西酸笋水样中筛选并鉴定了一株具有较强产酸能力的植物乳杆菌LP15,其在发酵骨泥96 h时可产L-乳酸3.89 g/L,游离钙含量达到69.82 mg/100 mL,较对照组提升了32.6倍。代谢组学分析揭示了ABC转运体、代谢途径和次生代谢物的生物合成是牛骨泥乳酸菌发酵中最重要的几个差异代谢途径。在牛骨泥乳酸菌发酵液中发现了大量生理活性物质的富集,如环肌酸、β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸等。【结论】植物乳杆菌LP15发酵牛骨泥是有效增加牛骨钙溶出的策略,同时利用其代谢特性可产生多种有益的活性物质。本研究为微生物发酵牛骨泥生产保健食品提供了依据。

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Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups at the P < 0.05 level, while the same lowercase letters indicate no significant differences between groups at the P > 0.05 level., figureFileSmall=F2qMbidLMLKh6y8OWU6PbQ==, figureFileBig=/A1hC1k6dDoIgClXSgWNpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285158577685099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=CN, label=图2, caption=植物乳杆菌LP15发酵骨泥过程中菌落数(A)、pH值(B)、L-乳酸含量(C)和游离钙含量(D)的变化曲线

同一曲线中标有不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P < 0.05);标有相同小写字母表示组间差异不显著(P > 0.05)

, figureFileSmall=F2qMbidLMLKh6y8OWU6PbQ==, figureFileBig=/A1hC1k6dDoIgClXSgWNpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285158703514227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Two-dimensional chart (A) and interpretation rate chart (B) of grouped principal component analysis., figureFileSmall=dD5uckQ5XWTP7piOflKLtw==, figureFileBig=tjL85HnTzN3GSr1AZ1Ptpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285158867092091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=CN, label=图3, caption=分组主成分分析二维图(A)与解释率图(B), figureFileSmall=dD5uckQ5XWTP7piOflKLtw==, figureFileBig=tjL85HnTzN3GSr1AZ1Ptpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285158997115523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Volcanic map of differential metabolites between ZWRGJ-GN and CK-GN. Each point in the volcano map represents a metabolite, where green points represent down-regulated differential metabolites, red points represent up-regulated differential metabolites, and gray points represent metabolites that are detected but not significantly different. The horizontal coordinate indicates the logarithmic value (log2 fold change) of the multiple of the relative content difference of a certain metabolite in the two groups of samples. The greater the absolute value of the horizontal coordinate, the greater the relative content difference of the substance between the two groups of samples. Under VIP+fold change+P-value filtering conditions: the ordinate represents the difference significance level (−lg P-value), and the size of the dot represents the VIP value., figureFileSmall=4/khod7z2PnTU6riy53qYA==, figureFileBig=IkNuwcrSpbFGqQP8GTkClA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285159127138958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=CN, label=图4, caption=差异代谢物火山图, figureFileSmall=4/khod7z2PnTU6riy53qYA==, figureFileBig=IkNuwcrSpbFGqQP8GTkClA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285159244579480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Heat map of differential metabolites cluster (A) and bar chart of the top 10 substances with differential changes (B). Green bars represent top 10 down-regulated differential metabolites, while red points represent top 10 up-regulated differential metabolites., figureFileSmall=QfsIYFZThXDJuxI2unhgFQ==, figureFileBig=lfRaPrVtnakrgdSsPuGfgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285159374602915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=CN, label=图5, caption=差异代谢物聚类热图(A)与差异变化前10物质条形图(B), figureFileSmall=QfsIYFZThXDJuxI2unhgFQ==, figureFileBig=lfRaPrVtnakrgdSsPuGfgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285159508820648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Differential metabolites pathway classification map (A) and differential abundance score (B)., figureFileSmall=OzR/t13ceaty6p1uKcn1jQ==, figureFileBig=Gxgy/TES5NSy9eKZ2xBqQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285159622066862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=CN, label=图6, caption=差异代谢物通路分类图(A)与差异丰度得分图(B), figureFileSmall=OzR/t13ceaty6p1uKcn1jQ==, figureFileBig=Gxgy/TES5NSy9eKZ2xBqQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243285159747895992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

API 50 CH carbohydrate identification of strain Lactobacillus plantarum LP15

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberItemResultsNumberItemResults
+: Positive; −: Negative.
1 Control 26 Esculine +
2 Glycerol 27 Salicine +
3 Erythritol 28 D-cellobiose +
4 D-arabinose 29 D-maltose +
5 L-arabinose 30 D-lactose +
6 D-ribose + 31 D-melibiose +
7 D-xylose 32 D-saccharose +
8 L-xylose 33 D-trehalose +
9 D-adonitol 34 Inuline
10 methyl-β-D-xylopyranoside 35 D-melezitose +
11 D-galactose + 36 D-raffinose +
12 D-glucose + 37 Starch
13 D-fructose + 38 Glycogene
14 D-mannose + 39 Xylitol
15 L-sorbose 40 Gentiobiose +
16 L-rhamnose 41 D-turanose
17 Dulcitol 42 D-lyxose
18 Inositol 43 D-tagatose
19 Mannitol + 44 D-fucose
20 Sorbitol 45 L-fucose
21 methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside + 46 D-arabitol
22 methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside 47 L-arabitol
23 N-acetylglucosamine + 48 Potassium gluconate
24 Amygdaline + 49 2-keto potassium-cetogluconate
25 Arbutine + 50 5-keto potassium-cetogluconate
), ArticleFig(id=1243285159844364992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242093865130332402, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

植物乳杆菌LP15的API 50 CH碳水化合物鉴定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberItemResultsNumberItemResults
+: Positive; −: Negative.
1 Control 26 Esculine +
2 Glycerol 27 Salicine +
3 Erythritol 28 D-cellobiose +
4 D-arabinose 29 D-maltose +
5 L-arabinose 30 D-lactose +
6 D-ribose + 31 D-melibiose +
7 D-xylose 32 D-saccharose +
8 L-xylose 33 D-trehalose +
9 D-adonitol 34 Inuline
10 methyl-β-D-xylopyranoside 35 D-melezitose +
11 D-galactose + 36 D-raffinose +
12 D-glucose + 37 Starch
13 D-fructose + 38 Glycogene
14 D-mannose + 39 Xylitol
15 L-sorbose 40 Gentiobiose +
16 L-rhamnose 41 D-turanose
17 Dulcitol 42 D-lyxose
18 Inositol 43 D-tagatose
19 Mannitol + 44 D-fucose
20 Sorbitol 45 L-fucose
21 methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside + 46 D-arabitol
22 methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside 47 L-arabitol
23 N-acetylglucosamine + 48 Potassium gluconate
24 Amygdaline + 49 2-keto potassium-cetogluconate
25 Arbutine + 50 5-keto potassium-cetogluconate
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植物乳杆菌LP15发酵牛骨泥的应用
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胡扬帆 1, 2 , 王文清 1 , 裴敏豆 1 , 刘庆 2 , 于波 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(10): 3749-3761
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(10): 3749-3761
植物乳杆菌LP15发酵牛骨泥的应用
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胡扬帆1, 2, 王文清1, 裴敏豆1, 刘庆2, 于波2, *
作者信息
  • 1 蒙肽制药有限公司, 内蒙古 呼和浩特 011500
  • 2 中国科学院微生物研究所, 北京 100101
Application of Lactobacillus plantarum LP15 in fermentation of bovine bone meal
Yangfan HU1, 2, Wenqing WANG1, Mindou PEI1, Qing LIU2, Bo YU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Mengtai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot 011500, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 2 Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
出版时间: 2024-05-28 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240191
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【目的】牛骨中蕴含着大量蛋白质、矿物盐和维生素等对人体健康有益的营养物质,其钙磷比例满足人体最佳吸收比例,被视为是一种重要的营养来源。【方法】利用溶钙圈法筛选获得高产L-乳酸的乳酸菌,研究其发酵牛骨泥产L-乳酸的能力。随后通过代谢组学进一步探究骨泥发酵液中主要差异代谢物,并揭示骨泥发酵中的重要通路。【结果】从广西酸笋水样中筛选并鉴定了一株具有较强产酸能力的植物乳杆菌LP15,其在发酵骨泥96 h时可产L-乳酸3.89 g/L,游离钙含量达到69.82 mg/100 mL,较对照组提升了32.6倍。代谢组学分析揭示了ABC转运体、代谢途径和次生代谢物的生物合成是牛骨泥乳酸菌发酵中最重要的几个差异代谢途径。在牛骨泥乳酸菌发酵液中发现了大量生理活性物质的富集,如环肌酸、β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸等。【结论】植物乳杆菌LP15发酵牛骨泥是有效增加牛骨钙溶出的策略,同时利用其代谢特性可产生多种有益的活性物质。本研究为微生物发酵牛骨泥生产保健食品提供了依据。

牛骨  /  植物乳杆菌  /  可溶性钙  /  代谢组学

[Objective] Bovine bones contain a large amount of beneficial nutrients such as proteins, mineral salts, and vitamins for human health. With the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio meeting the optimal absorption ratio for the human body, bovine bones serve as a valuable nutrient source. [Methods] Lactic acid bacteria with high yields of L-lactic acid were screened by the calcium-dissolving ring method and the performance of strains in L-lactic acid production was then determined via fermentation of bovine bone meal. Metabolomics was employed to explore the differential metabolites and main pathways during the fermentation. [Results] One strain LP15, identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, was isolated from the liquid sample in the production of sour bamboo shoots for its strong ability to produce L-lactic acid. After fermentation of bone meal for 96 h, the strain produced 3.89 g/L L-lactic acid and 69.82 mg/100 mL free calcium, which represented a 32.6-fold increase compared with that in the control group. The metabolomic analysis revealed ABC transporters, metabolic pathway, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites as the most important differential metabolic pathways during the fermentation of bovine bone meal. Meanwhile, a huge number of physiological active substances, such as cyclocreatine and 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid, were detected in the fermented bone meal. [Conclusion] Fermentation of bovine bone meal by L. plantarum LP15 is an effective strategy to promote calcium dissolution and produce beneficial active substances. This study lays a practical foundation for developing health food products by microbial fermentation of bovine bone meal.

bovine bone  /  Lactobacillus plantarum  /  free calcium  /  metabolomics
胡扬帆, 王文清, 裴敏豆, 刘庆, 于波. 植物乳杆菌LP15发酵牛骨泥的应用. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3749 -3761 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240191
Yangfan HU, Wenqing WANG, Mindou PEI, Qing LIU, Bo YU. Application of Lactobacillus plantarum LP15 in fermentation of bovine bone meal[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (10) : 3749 -3761 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240191
我国是畜牧养殖业大国,也是全球肉类消费量第一的大国。畜禽骨质量约占动物体质量的20%−30%,含有丰富的蛋白质、脂质等营养成分,其中人体必需氨基酸含量高。另一方面,骨中含有大量钙磷盐,钙磷比值接近2:1,是人体吸收钙磷的最佳比例。骨粉中还含有人体所必需的微量元素,如Co、Cu、Fe、Mn、Si、Zn等,也是重要的营养物质[1-2]。随着人们生活条件的改善以及对肉类食品需求的不断上升,大量动物骨头在肉类加工过程中以副产物的形式被丢弃浪费。早在20世纪,一些发达国家就已经开始将骨头加工成骨泥、骨粉、骨糊等形式,添加至其他食品中以改善风味或直接作为营养补充剂食用[3-4]。受传统观念影响以及缺乏对骨头营养价值的认识,我国在骨资源利用技术的开发上起步较晚。如何加工利用骨头,最大化其营养及应用价值,是当前亟待开发的重要技术之一。
由于骨中钙的存在形式主要为羟基磷灰石,不利于人体直接吸收[5],为进一步促进人体对其吸收利用能力,提升其营养价值,目前工业上主要采用酸解法[6]、酶解法[7]、微生物发酵法[8-9]等手段对骨粉或骨泥进行再加工,以溶出更多可供人体直接利用的可溶性钙及可溶性蛋白质等营养成分,提高其食用价值。微生物发酵法利用微生物的发酵特性可以将骨泥中的蛋白质分解成小肽、氨基酸等多种营养物质,并使部分钙溶出成为可溶性钙,其兼具酸解、酶解与生物转化等作用,是一种效益高、成本低、工艺简单的加工策略。乳酸菌是一类对人体健康有益的肠道菌群,利用乳酸菌特性发酵食品可以赋予其独特的风味品质和更高的营养价值[10-11]。Zhao等[12]利用保加利亚乳杆菌生产发酵猪肉干,降低了肉的pH值,并通过发酵产生蛋白酶降解了肉中的蛋白质,增加了游离氨基酸和调味化合物的含量,改善了肉质和风味。王明等[13]研究了乳酸菌发酵鸡骨泥过程中菌株的生长特性及其对骨泥中钙释放的影响,并分析了该过程中的关键代谢通路。廖洪波[14]以等比例的乳酸乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌为发酵菌株,探究了乳酸菌发酵骨泥加工生物骨钙胶囊保健食品的应用潜力。上述研究表明乳酸菌在骨泥发酵中具有较大的应用潜力。
本研究从广西酸笋水样中筛选得到一株较强的发酵牛骨泥产L-乳酸能力的植物乳杆菌,通过分析骨泥发酵后的差异代谢物,进一步探索其用于生产骨泥保健食品的应用潜力。
MRS培养基(g/L):酵母粉24.00,蛋白胨5.00,葡萄糖24.00,柠檬酸铵2.40,乙酸钠6.20,磷酸氢二钾1.80,硫酸锰0.16,硫酸镁0.21,吐温-80 0.80,pH 6.3,配制固体培养基时,向上述配方中加入2%琼脂粉。
骨泥发酵培养基(g/L):牛骨泥150.0,白砂糖50.0,使用2.5 g/L木瓜蛋白酶50 ℃下酶解2 h后,于115 ℃灭菌20 min。牛骨泥的制作流程如下:将新鲜牛骨打碎后进行油磨,过滤得到颗粒大小为100目的牛骨泥。
木瓜蛋白酶购自金克隆(北京)生物技术有限公司,革兰氏染色试剂盒购自常德比克曼生物科技有限公司,2×Phanta Max Master Mix购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司,细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司,API 50 CH试剂盒购自生物梅里埃公司。
从陕西和广西两地所采集的浆水水样和酸笋水样分别以5%的接种量加入50 mL新鲜的MRS培养基中,于30 ℃、100 r/min下富集12 h。取1 mL富集的菌悬液,以无菌生理盐水进行梯度稀释至10−1−10−5,吸取各梯度下稀释液100 μL涂布于MRS固体培养基(含10 g/L CaCO3)上,30 ℃下恒温培养至单菌落长出。观察平板上菌落的生长形态及透明水解圈的产生情况,挑取具有明显水解圈的单菌落若干于新鲜的MRS固体培养基上进一步分离、纯化。各菌株保存于终浓度为25%的甘油溶液中,并于−80 ℃下存放备用。
观察并记录分离纯化后各菌株的菌落形态、大小、颜色等特征,对其进行革兰氏染色,并在普通光学显微镜下镜检观察。
挑取纯化后的菌株接种于10 mL MRS培养基中,于30 ℃下静置培养16 h后,5 000×g离心5 min收集菌体,随后参照细菌基因组快速提取试剂盒的说明提取目标菌株的基因组。利用细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTG ATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-AGAGTTTG ATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)对其基因组进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(50 μL):DNA模板(浓度为100 ng/μL) 1 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各2 μL,ddH2O 20 μL,2×Phanta Max Master Mix 25 μL。PCR程序:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 15 s,55 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 90 s,循环30次;72 ℃ 5 min。扩增得到的片段经凝胶电泳验证后,交由北京天一辉远生物科技有限公司测序。测序所得16S rRNA基因序列提交至NCBI中进行BLAST比对以进行同源性分析。
使用API 50 CH试剂盒对植物乳杆菌利用不同碳水化合物产酸情况进行分析鉴定。将生长在MRS固体上的植物乳杆菌单菌落重悬于API 50 CHL培养基,随后接种至API 50 CH试剂条上的微生化管中,油封,于37 ℃下孵育48 h。观察试剂条颜色变化,变黄则指示反应呈阳性,反之,则呈阴性。
对筛选后鉴定为植物乳杆菌的菌株于新鲜的MRS平板上进行划线活化,挑取单菌落接种至含有10 mL MRS培养基的15 mL离心管中,于30 ℃静置培养24 h后,5 000×g条件下离心5 min以收获菌体,用无菌生理盐水洗涤3次并重悬至相同OD600值。然后吸取适量菌悬液转接于30 mL骨泥发酵培养基中,于30 ℃下静置发酵。分别于发酵22 h与40 h取样测定L-乳酸生成情况,以表征各菌株发酵骨泥的产酸能力。
将筛选得到的具有较好产酸能力的植物乳杆菌菌株LP15接种于MRS液体培养基中,在30 ℃条件下静置培养16 h后,按1%接种量转接至新鲜MRS液体培养基中,相同条件下继续活化培养3代。随后,5 000×g离心5 min收集菌体,用生理盐水洗涤3次并重悬,接种1%菌悬液至100 mL新鲜骨泥发酵培养基中,于30 ℃、100 r/min的摇床上振荡发酵24 h后,静置于培养箱中继续发酵。间隔取样,计算并记录各时刻的菌落数、pH值、L-乳酸含量及游离钙浓度。
采用非靶向代谢组技术对混合样品进行检测,鉴定样品中的代谢物,然后结合数据库进行基于广泛靶向代谢组技术的代谢分析。采用UPLC-MS/MS检测平台、自建数据库和多元统计分析相结合的方法研究两种样品间的代谢差异。本研究的样本分别取自发酵骨泥上清液与未发酵骨泥上清液,共两组,每组均设3个平行。
利用无菌生理盐水对样品进行梯度稀释,选择合适稀释梯度(10−4−10−6)的稀释液100 μL涂布于MRS固体培养基上,于30 ℃培养箱中培养至菌落长出后进行活菌计数。L-乳酸含量的测定使用生物传感分析仪(山东省科学院生物研究所)测定。游离钙浓度的测定采用EDTA滴定法,具体方法参考国标GB 5009.92—2016[15]
使用GraphPad Prism 9软件对数据进行统计分析,通过单因素方差分析和Tukey法检验显著性差异,并用Origin软件进行数据绘图,实验结果以平均值±标准差表示。采用R软件(www.r-project.org/)进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和层次聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis),使用单变量分析获得的P-value和差异变化倍数(fold change)进行差异代谢物的筛选。采用KEGG COMPOUND database (http://www.kegg.jp/kegg/compound/)和KEGG PATHWAY database (http://www.kegg.jp/kegg/pathway.html)对代谢物组中所鉴定的化合物及其所在通路进行注释。
作者前期分别从陕西浆水与广西酸笋水样中筛选得到可在含CaCO3的MRS平板上产生透明溶钙圈的菌株,挑选了鉴定为植物乳杆菌的共计20株开展后续实验。对筛选得到的植物乳杆菌进行产酸能力测试,发现分离自广西酸笋水样中的两株植物乳杆菌LP15和S24在骨泥培养基中具有较好的产酸性能(图1)。本研究挑选其中产酸能力最强的植物乳杆菌LP15用于后续研究。该菌株已专利保藏于中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心,保藏编号为CGMCC 28253。
上述实验证实了植物乳杆菌LP15可以利用骨泥生长发酵产L-乳酸。进一步应用API 50 CH试剂条对植物乳杆菌LP15利用不同碳水化合物产酸的情况进行鉴定,以便解析菌株LP15产乳酸的机制。由表1可见,植物乳杆菌LP15能够以D-核糖、D-半乳糖、D-葡萄糖、D-果糖、D-甘露糖、甘露醇、α-甲基-D-甘露糖甙、N-乙酰-葡糖胺、苦杏仁甙、熊果甙、七叶灵、水杨苷、纤维二糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、蜜二糖、蔗糖、海藻糖、松三糖、棉子糖和龙胆二糖等底物为唯一碳源发酵产酸。
将植物乳杆菌LP15接种到牛骨泥培养基进行培养。由图2可见,植物乳杆菌LP15在发酵骨泥的前18 h内活菌数呈指数型增长,并达到最大值4.2×108 CFU/mL,而后活菌数有所下降,在发酵骨泥48 h后活菌数趋于平稳。这表明在发酵初期,植物乳杆菌LP15能较好地利用骨泥中丰富的营养物质以供自身生长繁殖。在骨泥发酵过程中,pH由初始值6.68在18 h内快速下降至5.38,随后下降速度放缓,至48 h后基本维持不变,发酵结束时最终pH值为4.84。此外,发酵过程中的L-乳酸含量不断积累,96 h时的L-乳酸含量可达3.89 g/L,在乳酸的作用下,骨泥中的游离钙也随之不断增加,最终达到69.82 mg/100 mL,较未发酵骨泥中的游离钙含量(2.08 mg/100 mL)提升了32.6倍。
采用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)对乳酸菌发酵牛骨泥和未接种的空白对照样本中的代谢物进行了准确定性定量,然后通过主成分分析评估了各样本在组间及组内的差异度。如图3A所示,实验组ZWRGJ-GN和对照组CK-GN中的代谢物表现出明显的分离性,而同一组内的重复样本的代谢物重叠,表明所获取的数据具有可靠性。此外,PCA共产生5个有效主成分,其中第一、第二和第三主成分的方差贡献率分别为67.08%、10.61%和8.23%,前三主成分累计贡献率为85.92%,表明上述主成分可有效区分各样品间代谢物的差异(图3B)。
根据P < 0.05,变量对模型的重要性(variable importance in the projection, VIP) > 1的筛选标准,对实验组ZWRGJ-GN与对照组ZWRGJ-CK组间差异代谢物进行了评估与筛选。如图4所示,接种植物乳杆菌LP15发酵后的骨泥上清与未接种发酵的骨泥上清样本相比较,共有843个显著差异表达的代谢物,占总检出代谢物的56.54%,表明两组样本间存在显著的代谢物差异,其中包括265个显著上调的差异代谢物与578个显著下调的差异代谢物。
根据差异代谢聚类热图发现,有机酸及其衍生物是这些差异表达代谢物中最富集的代谢物,共有84个显著差异代谢物,其中58个发生了显著上调,占69.05%。其他类型差异代谢物中,显著上调的主要包括氨基酸及其代谢物(70个)、苯及其衍生物(37个)、醛酮酯类(15个)等(图5A)。此外,研究发现在检出的氨基酸及其代谢物中,共有288个差异代谢物发生了显著下调,占该类型总量的80.45%,其中显著下调的小肽的数量达254个,占该类型显著下调差异代谢物总数的88.19%,这可能是植物乳杆菌LP15利用骨泥中营养成分用于自身生长的结果。尽管如此,在检测到的氨基酸中,有61.54%的氨基酸显著上调,其中包含苏氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸等多种必需氨基酸。上述结果共同表明,植物乳杆菌LP15能很好地利用酶解后骨泥中的营养成分用于自身生长,还促进了有机酸、氨基酸、苯及其衍生物等代谢产物的合成。对各分组中代谢物定量信息的差异倍数变化进行统计,筛选并记录了差异倍数变化前10的代谢物(图5B)。在发酵后的骨泥样品中,发现环肌酸、硫唑嘌呤、4,7-二脱氢新酸浆苦素B、β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸等多种具有生理活性功能的物质含量发生显著上调。
将筛选到的843个显著差异代谢物在KEGG数据库中进行注释。结果显示,共有303个代谢物分别注释到86条代谢通路中,其中,ABC转运体、代谢途径和次生代谢物的生物合成是注释数量最多的3个通路类型,分别占总数的49.83%、48.18%和19.14% (图6A)。相比较未发酵骨泥,发酵骨泥中代谢物富集明显且呈现上调趋势的通路主要包括D-氨基酸代谢、丙酸代谢、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢和糖酵解/糖异生等(图6B)。进一步分析发现,这些途径中大多都伴随着丙酮酸的参与,表明骨泥样品间的差异代谢物主要参与了菌体的生长代谢。
ABC转运体(即ATP结合转运体)在转运营养物质、离子以及复杂有机分子中发挥重要作用[16]。骨泥发酵液中检测到的大量差异代谢物都与此相关。此前研究表明,ABC转运体对于微生物的生长至关重要,并能较大影响微生物在恶劣环境下的耐受性,如耐酸性[17]和耐药性[18]等。骨泥发酵液中该通路的富集说明了菌株能较好地利用骨泥进行生长,并通过增强菌株的耐酸性促使更多乳酸生成,使骨泥中更多的钙溶出为游离态,这与此前的实验结果相一致(图2)。
国内外已有大量将骨加工处理成骨泥或骨粉并用于餐饮及饲料行业的报道及实践,但这些方法通常无法充分利用骨中的营养物质。微生物发酵法是一种提高骨泥中可溶性钙含量的有效方法,该方法通过利用乳酸菌的生长性能和产酸能力,促使骨泥中化合态钙溶出为人体易吸收的游离钙。本研究从广西酸笋中分离得到一株能在骨泥中生长良好,而且具有较强产酸能力的植物乳杆菌LP15,在未经工艺优化条件下,其在骨泥培养基中发酵18 h时的菌体量可达4.2×108 CFU/mL,pH由初始值6.68迅速下降,至发酵结束时,L-乳酸含量达3.89 g/L。在不断积累的乳酸作用下,游离钙释放量最终达到69.82 mg/100 mL,较对照组提升了32.6倍,显示了植物乳杆菌LP15在骨泥发酵中较好的应用潜力。
在已报道的有关乳酸菌发酵骨泥的研究中,大部分均侧重于发酵工艺的开发与优化,以最大化促使骨泥中钙溶出,而对于功能性骨泥及骨泥保健食品的研究报道相对较少。乳酸菌发酵骨泥增加钙溶出的同时,也利用自身代谢影响了有机酸、氨基酸、小肽等物质的分布,赋予骨泥发酵物特别的风味和营养价值。秦斌钰等[5]报道了枯草芽孢杆菌和植物乳杆菌双菌发酵骨泥后氨基酸和小肽含量的显著提升。廖洪波[14]采用喷雾造粒技术将发酵骨泥加工成生物骨钙胶囊保健食品,并进一步探讨了其在增加骨密度功能方面的作用效果。在本研究中,通过对比分析骨泥发酵上清与骨泥未发酵上清中的代谢物组,发现在具有显著差异的前10种差异代谢物中,包括环肌酸、硫唑嘌呤、4,7-二脱氢新酸浆苦素B、β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸等多种具有生理活性功能在内的物质含量发生了显著上调。此前的研究报道表明,环肌酸是一种具有抗肿瘤活性和神经保护功能的物质[19-20],而硫唑嘌呤可以用于辅助移植后或自身免疫性疾病患者的免疫调节治疗[21]。Zhong等[22]发现4,7-二脱氢新酸浆苦素B在调节细胞凋亡和抑制氧化应激诱导的细胞损伤中有着关键作用,可以有效保护细胞免于凋亡并改善氧化损伤。此外,β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸是常用于运动膳食补充剂中的一种成分,可提高肌肉细胞的力量及质量[23]。在近期的研究中,有学者还提出了β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸具有可以辅助改善大脑认知功能的作用[24-25]。这些结果表明,植物乳杆菌LP15发酵骨泥不仅可以实现骨资源开发成为骨钙补充剂的目标,也具有开发骨泥功能性保健食品的潜力。
最近研究人员也开始关注乳酸菌在骨泥发酵中的具体作用。王明等[13]通过代谢组学分析发现,乳酸菌发酵鸡骨泥过程中的差异代谢物主要富集于TCA循环、糖酵解等生长代谢相关途径,从而揭示了乳酸菌利用糖类物质产酸,从而促进游离钙释放的机理。通过代谢组学分析,本研究发现差异显著的代谢物主要富集于ABC转运体、D-氨基酸代谢、丙酸代谢等与菌体生长代谢紧密相关的途径,这与前人研究中所报道的观点相一致[13]。同时,ABC转运体的高度富集使得植物乳杆菌在骨泥发酵中具有更好的耐酸性能,以保证大量L-乳酸的产生,从而促使更多骨钙的溶出。综上所述,本研究提供了一种乳酸菌发酵骨泥的方法,并通过代谢组学为骨泥发酵产品作为保健食品提供了理论依据。
  • 内蒙古自治区“揭榜挂帅”项目(2022JBGS0007)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240191
  • 接收时间:2024-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-23
  • 录用日期:2024-05-23
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Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Research Project(2022JBGS0007)
内蒙古自治区“揭榜挂帅”项目(2022JBGS0007)
作者信息
    1 蒙肽制药有限公司, 内蒙古 呼和浩特 011500
    2 中国科学院微生物研究所, 北京 100101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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