Article(id=1241783831276094148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240129, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709308800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1713888000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-24, onlineDate=1773993936604, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773993936604, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773993936604, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993936604, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241783822560334490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='9', pageStart='3091', pageEnd='3558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773993934526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773994132256, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241784651996528680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241783822560334490, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3366, endPage=3378, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241783832861541074, articleId=1241783831276094148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Fungal community dynamics in the roots and root zone soil of Spathoglottis plicata at different development stages, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the fungal diversity and community dynamics in the roots and root zone soil of the invasive species Spathoglottis plicata at different development stages and mine potential fungal resources. [Methods] The developmental period of S. plicata was divided into the protocorm, pre-seedling, middle-seedling, late-seedling, adult, and flowering stages. Fungal community composition and diversity in the roots and root zone soil were analyzed by QIIME 2 and other software. Fungal strains were isolated by the tissue culture method from the protocorms and seedlings of S. plicata, and the phylogenetic relationship of the strains was analyzed. [Results] The dominant fungi in the roots and root zone soil of S. plicata were Tulasnellaceae and Onygenaceae, respectively. The fungal community composition of S. plicata varied across different developmental stages. Tulasnellaceae was the most prevalent from the protocorm to middle-seedling stage, while Nectriaceae and Trichocomaceae became dominant during the late-seedling stage and adult stage. At the flowering stage, Ceratobasidiaceae presented high relative abundance. A total of 101 fungal strains were isolated from the protocorms and seedling roots of S. plicata, belonging to 13 families, in which strains of Tulasnellaceae accounted for 35.65%, being dominant. [Conclusion] The present study elucidated the fungal community composition and diversity dynamics in the roots and root zone soil of S. plicata at different development stages. The findings offer a theoretical foundation for comprehensively understanding of the intricate relationship between orchids and symbiotic fungi and facilitating the selection of optimal habitats for the conservation of rare and endangered orchid species.

, correspAuthors=Shicheng SHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*SHAO Shicheng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wenjie ZHANG, Shinan GAO, Yuqiong LIANG, Mengxue WANG, Shicheng SHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241783841459864438, articleId=1241783831276094148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=紫花苞舌兰不同发育阶段根内及根区土壤真菌的分布特征, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】分析紫花苞舌兰(Spathoglottis plicata)不同发育阶段根内及根区土壤真菌多样性变化,探索其分布规律,挖掘潜在的真菌资源。【方法】将紫花苞舌兰发育阶段划分为原球茎期、幼苗生长前期、幼苗生长中期、幼苗生长后期、成年期和花期。采用QIIME 2等软件对高通量测序的不同发育阶段根系及根区土壤真菌进行群落组成和多样性分析;利用组织分离法分离原球茎内和幼苗根系真菌,分析其系统发育关系。【结果】紫花苞舌兰根系及根区土壤优势真菌类群不同,分别为胶膜菌科(Tulasnellaceae)和爪甲团囊菌科(Onygenaceae)真菌。紫花苞舌兰不同发育阶段真菌类群存在动态变化,原球茎期至幼苗生长中期,胶膜菌科真菌占绝对优势地位,幼苗后期和成年植株阶段赤壳科(Nectriaceae)和发菌科(Trichocomaceae)真菌占比较高,花期植株根系的优势类群是角担菌科(Ceratobasidiaceae)真菌。此外,原球茎及幼苗根系共分离获得101株真菌,分属13科,胶膜菌科占比35.65%,为优势类群。【结论】本研究揭示了紫花苞舌兰不同发育阶段根系及根区土壤真菌群落组成及多样性变化规律,为深层次理解兰科植物与共生真菌关系及珍稀濒危兰科植物回归地点的选择提供理论依据。

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A: Root. B: Root zone soil. C: Root and root zone soil., figureFileSmall=solea7Xy7sfJsb33Bq7Hvg==, figureFileBig=2fLy6R6F5cJdjY3hJpHAGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902977187529390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783831276094148, language=CN, label=图5, caption=紫花苞舌兰根系及根区土壤真菌NMDS分析

A:根系. B:根区土壤. C:根系及根区土壤

, figureFileSmall=solea7Xy7sfJsb33Bq7Hvg==, figureFileBig=2fLy6R6F5cJdjY3hJpHAGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902977292386996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783831276094148, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Fungal composition isolated from protocorms and seedlings of Spathoglottis plicata., figureFileSmall=bwX9VkjoncmJFBB9jY4qLQ==, figureFileBig=vmZiaFefnjsn8kxzns63Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902977736983229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783831276094148, language=CN, label=图6, caption=紫花苞舌兰原球茎及幼苗分离真菌类群组成, figureFileSmall=bwX9VkjoncmJFBB9jY4qLQ==, figureFileBig=vmZiaFefnjsn8kxzns63Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902978001224395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783831276094148, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Bayes tree for Tulasnellaceae associated with Spathoglottis plicata. SP44, SP76, ZHBSL11, ZHBSL17, ZHBSL22, ZHBSLR01, ZHBSL2, and ZHBSL6 are the collection number of the fungal strains, followed by the corresponding nucleic acid sequence numbers. The host of the fungus and its distribution area is indicated in blue font. The node is labeled with a posterior probability value greater than 0.5. The scale bar represents 0.2 substitution., figureFileSmall=KoqxoluZ9ub1S1IZymcjLQ==, figureFileBig=hvQUJTC+AXkqKmCQYZtUnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242902978135442134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241783831276094148, language=CN, label=图7, caption=紫花苞舌兰共生胶膜菌科真菌系统发育树

SP44、SP76、ZHBSL11、ZHBSL17、ZHBSL22、ZHBSLR01、ZHBSL2、ZHBSL6为分离获得真菌编号,其后为核酸序列编号。蓝色字体标注为真菌宿主和分布地区。图中节点处标注的是 > 0.5的后验概率值,比例尺代表替换率为0.2

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紫花苞舌兰不同发育阶段根内及根区土壤真菌的分布特征
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张文杰 1, 2 , 高世南 1, 2 , 梁玉琼 1, 3 , 王梦雪 1, 4 , 邵士成 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(9): 3366-3378
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(9): 3366-3378
紫花苞舌兰不同发育阶段根内及根区土壤真菌的分布特征
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张文杰1, 2, 高世南1, 2, 梁玉琼1, 3, 王梦雪1, 4, 邵士成1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园, 热带森林生态学重点实验室, 云南 勐腊 666303
  • 2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 3 云南大学 生态与环境学院, 云南 昆明 650500
  • 4 海南大学, 热带特色林木花卉遗传与种质创新教育部重点实验室, 海南 海口 570228
Fungal community dynamics in the roots and root zone soil of Spathoglottis plicata at different development stages
Wenjie ZHANG1, 2, Shinan GAO1, 2, Yuqiong LIANG1, 3, Mengxue WANG1, 4, Shicheng SHAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3 School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240129
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【目的】分析紫花苞舌兰(Spathoglottis plicata)不同发育阶段根内及根区土壤真菌多样性变化,探索其分布规律,挖掘潜在的真菌资源。【方法】将紫花苞舌兰发育阶段划分为原球茎期、幼苗生长前期、幼苗生长中期、幼苗生长后期、成年期和花期。采用QIIME 2等软件对高通量测序的不同发育阶段根系及根区土壤真菌进行群落组成和多样性分析;利用组织分离法分离原球茎内和幼苗根系真菌,分析其系统发育关系。【结果】紫花苞舌兰根系及根区土壤优势真菌类群不同,分别为胶膜菌科(Tulasnellaceae)和爪甲团囊菌科(Onygenaceae)真菌。紫花苞舌兰不同发育阶段真菌类群存在动态变化,原球茎期至幼苗生长中期,胶膜菌科真菌占绝对优势地位,幼苗后期和成年植株阶段赤壳科(Nectriaceae)和发菌科(Trichocomaceae)真菌占比较高,花期植株根系的优势类群是角担菌科(Ceratobasidiaceae)真菌。此外,原球茎及幼苗根系共分离获得101株真菌,分属13科,胶膜菌科占比35.65%,为优势类群。【结论】本研究揭示了紫花苞舌兰不同发育阶段根系及根区土壤真菌群落组成及多样性变化规律,为深层次理解兰科植物与共生真菌关系及珍稀濒危兰科植物回归地点的选择提供理论依据。

紫花苞舌兰  /  菌根真菌  /  真菌多样性  /  操作分类单元  /  原球茎  /  胶膜菌科  /  同质园

[Objective] To investigate the fungal diversity and community dynamics in the roots and root zone soil of the invasive species Spathoglottis plicata at different development stages and mine potential fungal resources. [Methods] The developmental period of S. plicata was divided into the protocorm, pre-seedling, middle-seedling, late-seedling, adult, and flowering stages. Fungal community composition and diversity in the roots and root zone soil were analyzed by QIIME 2 and other software. Fungal strains were isolated by the tissue culture method from the protocorms and seedlings of S. plicata, and the phylogenetic relationship of the strains was analyzed. [Results] The dominant fungi in the roots and root zone soil of S. plicata were Tulasnellaceae and Onygenaceae, respectively. The fungal community composition of S. plicata varied across different developmental stages. Tulasnellaceae was the most prevalent from the protocorm to middle-seedling stage, while Nectriaceae and Trichocomaceae became dominant during the late-seedling stage and adult stage. At the flowering stage, Ceratobasidiaceae presented high relative abundance. A total of 101 fungal strains were isolated from the protocorms and seedling roots of S. plicata, belonging to 13 families, in which strains of Tulasnellaceae accounted for 35.65%, being dominant. [Conclusion] The present study elucidated the fungal community composition and diversity dynamics in the roots and root zone soil of S. plicata at different development stages. The findings offer a theoretical foundation for comprehensively understanding of the intricate relationship between orchids and symbiotic fungi and facilitating the selection of optimal habitats for the conservation of rare and endangered orchid species.

Spathoglottis plicata  /  mycorrhizal fungi  /  fungal diversity  /  operational taxonomic unit (OTU)  /  protocorms  /  Tulasnellaceae  /  common garden
张文杰, 高世南, 梁玉琼, 王梦雪, 邵士成. 紫花苞舌兰不同发育阶段根内及根区土壤真菌的分布特征. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3366 -3378 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240129
Wenjie ZHANG, Shinan GAO, Yuqiong LIANG, Mengxue WANG, Shicheng SHAO. Fungal community dynamics in the roots and root zone soil of Spathoglottis plicata at different development stages[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (9) : 3366 -3378 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240129
兰科植物在全球范围内广泛分布,是被子植物中进化程度最高的类群之一,在生态系统中占据独特的生态位[1]。兰科植物不同生长发育阶段都与真菌形成共生关系[2],特别是种子萌发阶段,由于兰科植物种子质量微小,仅有0.3−14.0 μg[3],原胚营养成分匮乏,未形成胚乳,需要特定的菌根真菌入侵才能启动种子萌发[4]。大部分兰科植物幼苗生长及成年阶段仍需要菌根真菌为其提供矿物质元素及碳水化合物[2, 5]。因此,共生真菌对兰科植物个体生长发育乃至种群建成和分布均有至关重要的影响。
兰科菌根真菌(orchid mycorrhizal fungi, OMF)多属于担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的胶膜菌科(Tulasnellaceae)、角担菌科(Ceratobasidiaceae)、无孢蜡壳科(Serendipitaceae)和蜡壳耳科(Sebacinaceae)[6]。除OMF外,兰科植物可与其他互惠共生真菌(如内生真菌)共生并从中获利[7],如柔膜菌目(Helotiales)被认为是真菌介导植物获取养分的关键谱系,能够向寄主转移养分[8];镰孢属(Fusarium)真菌能够促进环草石斛(Dendrobium loddigesii)的生长[9];木霉属(Trichoderma)真菌能极显著地提高华石斛(Dendrobium sinense)组培苗的鲜重和新根增长率[10]。这些研究表明,OMF都是极其重要的微生物资源,在兰科植物生长过程中的作用不容忽视。
兰科植物生长过程中互惠共生真菌种类和丰度并非一成不变,在不同的生长阶段兰科植物共生真菌的种类可能不同[11]。研究表明,天麻(Gastrodia elata)在种子萌发阶段需要与小菇属(Mycena)真菌共生,而营养生长阶段则依靠消化密环菌(Armillaria mellea)的菌丝为其提供养分[12];从幼苗生长至成年阶段过程中,红门兰属(Orchis)植株的菌根真菌会发生转换,即从胶膜菌科单一真菌转变为胶膜菌科多种真菌组合[13]。此外,兰科植物的共生真菌主要分布在成年植株根系周围[14-15],根围土中的菌根真菌可以通过根被组织或通道细胞入侵根系皮层形成共生关系[16]。由此可见,探究兰科植物不同发育阶段根系及根区土壤真菌的动态变化,有助于深层次理解兰科植物与共生真菌的关系,探索兰科植物分布和真菌分布的关系,对其他珍稀濒危兰科植物最适共生真菌及回归地点的选择提供重要理论依据。
紫花苞舌兰(Spathoglottis plicata)是兰科苞舌兰属植物,花朵艳丽,全年有花,具有极高的园艺价值,分布在澳大利亚北部、太平洋岛屿、马来群岛、印度、日本南部和中国台湾[17]。中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园(以下简称版纳园)兰科植物苗圃迁地种植的紫花苞舌兰能够正常开花结实,并且在此同质园大量萌发产生种子完成整个生活史。目前全球兰科植物约有29 524种[18],但只有僧兰(Oeceoclades maculate)和紫花苞舌兰种苗繁育快[19-20],表现出一定入侵性,解析其基本生物学特征有助于从不同角度了解兰科植物繁育策略。研究指出,紫花苞舌兰入侵性质的形成与其花部蜜腺能够吸引大量非捕食昆虫到访从而限制捕食昆虫取食果荚,间接保护种子有关[20]。然而从菌根角度考虑,有人认为紫花苞舌兰容易形成幼苗,可能是因为其种子萌发不需要和特定的真菌共生,能和土壤里普遍存在的真菌建立共生关系,以至于种子能自然萌发形成幼苗。作者调查发现同质园的紫花苞舌兰种群可以在同一时间段内形成多达220个成熟果荚,每个果荚种子平均约3万粒;虽然在同质园能观测数百棵幼苗,但依种子数计算所观察到的幼苗远低于1%,其种子萌发仍然可能需要专一性的共生真菌。推测此同质园含有丰富的兰科植物共生真菌,为紫花苞舌兰种子萌发提供大量真菌资源。本研究通过真菌rDNA-ITS分析,旨在明确:(1) 紫花苞舌兰根系及根区土壤真菌群落组成差异;(2) 探究紫花苞舌兰不同生长发育阶段真菌物种组成结构及多样性动态变化规律;(3) 通过对原球茎和幼苗根系进行真菌菌株分离实验,结合根系真菌多样性分析结果,初步探究紫花苞舌兰生长初期根系共生真菌种类及丰度特征。本研究将为紫花苞舌兰种子共生萌发真菌资源开发和种群回归保护提供理论依据。
2019年7月,版纳园兰圃采集紫花苞舌兰原球茎(阶段0)和高0.3−0.5 cm的早期幼苗(阶段1)、高0.5−1.0 cm的中期生长阶段幼苗(阶段2)、高1.0−3.0 cm的后期生长阶段幼苗(阶段3)、高3.0−10.0 cm的成年植株(阶段4)、高10.0−50.0 cm花期植株(阶段5)的营养根。每个时期选择6株具有相同高度特征的植株,其中2株作为一次重复,共3次重复。每一株选取3−5条2.0−3.0 cm生长状态良好的营养根,将其放入自封袋编号后迅速带回实验室处理。根中样品编号为0−5 (0:阶段0,原球茎期;1−5依此类推)。根系样品用无菌水将表面冲洗干净后,用75%乙醇消毒2 min、1% NaClO溶液消毒5 min,最后用无菌水冲洗5次。消毒后的原球茎和根系样品用无菌纸擦干,置于−80 ℃冰箱中保存。部分原球茎和幼苗用于后续真菌分离试验。
将紫花苞舌兰根系周围5.0 cm内的浅表层土壤视为其根区土壤,在上述根段样品周围用五点采样法采集根区土壤并混匀,2组根区土壤视为一个重复,共3组重复。根据紫花苞舌兰不同发育时期,根区土壤编号为S1−S5 (S1:阶段1时期的根区土壤,S2−S5以此类推)。采集的土壤样品在实验室内过筛去除石块和木棒等杂质后于−80 ℃冰箱保存。
将保存的样品送至上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司提取真菌总DNA,并进行质量检测,用紫外分光光度计对DNA浓度进行定量。选用引物ITS3 (5′-GCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGC-3′)和ITS4OF (5′-GTTACTAGGGGAATCCTTGTT-3′)进行PCR扩增[21],扩增产物采用2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行检测,并对目标片段切胶回收。采用Illumina公司的TruSeq Nano DNA LT Library Prep Kit制备测序文库。使用MiSeq测序仪进行双端测序。
根据原始下机数据整理形成包含样品名称、样品分组、引物序列的metadata文本文件,将此文件在QIIME 2软件转化为manifest文件,利用manifest文件将原始数据导入QIIME 2。使用DADA2插件进行序列质量控制、去嵌合体和去重复等操作并生成序列特征表和代表序列(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)。代表序列与UNITE9.0真菌数据库中模板序列比对,获取对应的分类学信息OTU进行分类学注释。OTU和分类注释信息用于后续多样性分析。
通过OTU注释信息表利用R语言tidyr和ggplot2包绘制物种丰度饼图。物种丰度排名19位之后的真菌相对丰度均低于1%,所以将其和未注释分类真菌在图中标注为others。为了更直观地展示不同阶段真菌的动态变化,取相对丰度排名前10位(剔除others后,相对丰度占比90%以上)真菌进行物种注释堆积图的绘制。
使用R语言中的dplyr包对OTU丰度矩阵中每个样本的序列总数在不同深度下随机抽样,以每个深度下抽取到的序列数及其对应的OTU数使用R语言ggplot2包进行稀释曲线绘制。调用R语言phyloseq包对各样本最低测序深度统一进行随机重抽样处理;使用vegan包计算observed-features和Chao1指数;调用stats包中的Kruskal.test函数对α多样性指数组间差异进行Kruskal-Wallis检验,显著性水平设置为P < 0.05。用ggplot2和ggpubr包进行箱线图绘制。
基于样品间Bray-Curtis距离矩阵进行分析,利用R语言vegan包,计算Bray-Curtis相异系数,调用vegan包中的prcomp函数进行主成分计算;使用ordinate函数进行非度量多维排列(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析排序;采用置换多元方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, ADONIS)进行β多样性组间差异检验,使用ggplot2包绘图。
紫花苞舌兰原球茎内真菌的分离采用组织块分离法。将原球茎放入超净工作台,先用75%的乙醇消毒2 min,无菌水冲洗30 s,再用1% NaClO溶液消毒5 min,无菌水清洗3−5次。取出原球茎,用无菌手术刀切成两半,切口贴于PDA养基表面,做好标记放入霉菌培养箱(25±2) ℃黑暗条件下培养。待菌丝长出,挑取边缘菌丝纯化3次后接种于试管斜面,待菌丝长满斜面,将所有菌种分别选取1株送至上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司进行rDNA-ITS测序,测序引物为ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCG G-3′)和ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′)[22]。将获得的内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)片段序列在NCBI网站进行BLAST比对分析。
构建胶膜菌科真菌系统发育树。紫花苞舌兰原球茎及幼苗根系共分离获得36株胶膜菌科真菌,经NCBI网站比对,分属胶膜菌属(Tulasnella)或其无性型瘤菌根菌属(Epulorhiza)的4个不同种,基于菌株的序列相似度,选取4种真菌共8条序列用于系统发育树的构建,序列数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(National Microbiology Data Center, NMDC),序列编号为NMDCN0003ACU、NMDCN0003ACV、NMDCN0003AC6、NMDCN0003ACC、NMDCN0003ACG、NMDCN0003ACM、NMDCN0003AC0、NMDCN0003AC2,链接为https://nmdc.cn/resource/genomics/sequence/detail/核酸序列编号。在NCBI网站选取上述4种真菌的同源序列,以Sebacina incrustans作为外类群分析胶膜菌的系统发育关系。用MEGA软件中的ClustalW进行序列比对,MrModeltest软件进行最适模型计算,最佳模型为K80+G,系统发育树参数为nst=2,rates=gamma,Prset statefreqpr=fixed(equal),用MrBayes软件构建系统发育树,取样代数为1 000。用FigTree软件对系统发育树进行可视化和编辑。
经序列质量控制和去除嵌合体等处理,紫花苞舌兰根系和根区土壤样品共产生971 978条有效ITS序列,鉴定为2 498个操作分类单元(OTU),属于7门35纲77目174科323属。通过α多样性稀疏曲线分析,当测序深度大于9 000条序列时,observed-features和Chao1多样性指数的稀疏曲线均趋于平坦,表明测序深度足够反映当前样本多样性。
在门分类水平,紫花苞舌兰根系及根区土壤真菌差异较小,主要由子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)真菌组成,子囊菌门在根中的占比为46.77%,而在根区土壤中的占比为60.35%;相反地,担子菌门真菌在根系的占比为36.39%,高于在根区土壤中的占比22.56% (图1)。
基于科分类水平,紫花苞舌兰根系与根区土壤真菌组成有差异,胶膜菌科真菌是根系真菌的绝对优势类群,相对丰度占比24.99%,而爪甲团囊菌科(Onygenaceae)真菌是根区土壤中的优势类群,占比8.48%。赤壳科(Nectriaceae)、黑团腔菌科(Massarinaceae)、发菌科(Trichocomaceae)、角担菌科真菌在根中丰度也较高,分别占比5.43%、5.35%、5.00%和4.29%;根区土壤中丰度较高的有柔膜菌科(Helotiaceae)、发菌科、赤壳科和炭角菌科(Xylariaceae)真菌,分别占比为6.18%、5.95%、5.49%、3.91%。根中丰度较高的胶膜菌科和角担菌科真菌在根区土壤中仅占1.19%和0.03% (图2)。
紫花苞舌兰不同生长发育阶段,根系真菌种类和丰度不同。在科分类学水平,胶膜菌科真菌是紫花苞舌兰原球茎(阶段0)、幼苗形成期(阶段1)和幼苗生长中期(阶段2)根系的优势真菌类群,分别占比为89.03%、85.78%和55.34%。随着紫花苞舌兰的生长发育,胶膜菌科真菌丰度在其根系整体呈递减趋势;黑团腔菌科真菌在幼苗后期(阶段3)根系占比最高,达35.81%;赤壳科真菌是成年植株(阶段4)根系的优势真菌类群,占比34.89%;典型的兰科菌根真菌角担菌科在紫花苞舌兰成年花期植株(阶段5)根系中占比最高,为31.87%。紫花苞舌兰根区土壤中不存在绝对优势真菌类群,爪甲团囊菌科、柔膜菌科、发菌科、赤壳科根区土壤中相对丰度较高,并且在植株不同发育阶段土壤中持续存在(图3)。
Chao1指数结果表明紫花苞舌兰各处理组间根系及根区土壤真菌多样性存在差异(P=0.003 8)。随着紫花苞舌兰幼苗的不断生长,根系真菌多样性总体呈现增长趋势。紫花苞舌兰原球茎期(阶段0)和幼苗形成期(阶段1)根系真菌多样性指数较低,花期植株(阶段5)根系真菌多样性相较于成年植株(S4)有所下降。紫花苞舌兰根区土壤真菌多样性整体高于根系真菌多样性。幼苗生长后期阶段根区土壤(S3)真菌多样性高于幼苗前期和中期阶段。根区土壤样品中,成年植株阶段(S4)真菌多样性高于其他处理组(图4)。
NMDS分析表明,紫花苞舌兰不同发育阶段根系真菌群落组成差异显著(P=0.002),而原球茎期(阶段0)、幼苗前期(阶段1)、幼苗中期(阶段2)根系样点距离较近,表明其真菌群落组成较相似;成年植株(阶段4)和花期植株(阶段5)间存在共有真菌群落。不同发育阶段根区土壤真菌群落组成交集较多,表明不同阶段根区土壤存在较多的相似类群。根系与根区土壤真菌群落组成存在差异,但幼苗后期(阶段3)和成年植株(阶段4)根系与根区土壤存在共有真菌群落(图5)。
紫花苞舌兰原球茎及幼苗分离获得101株真菌。经分子鉴定及NCBI网站比对,共获得胶膜菌科真菌36株,柔膜菌科真菌10株,瘤座孢科(Tuberculariaceae)真菌9株,其中胶膜菌科占真菌分离总量35.65%,是紫花苞舌兰原球茎及幼苗阶段的绝对优势类群,柔膜菌科和瘤座孢科真菌在原球茎及幼苗阶段也处于优势地位(图6)。
胶膜菌科真菌系统发育分析显示,分离得到的菌株分布在2个分支上,菌株SP44和SP76分布在clade I,与鹈鹕杓兰(Cypripedium irapeanum)、紫花苞舌兰和毛唇芋兰(Nervilia fordii)的瘤菌根菌属共生真菌亲缘关系较近[23-25]。其余分离菌株则分布于clade II,ZHBSL11、ZHBSL17、ZHBSL22、ZHBSLR01位于同一个小分支,与墨兰(Cymbidium sinense)、绒序斑叶兰(Goodyera pubescens)和雪茄萼足兰(Cytopodium punctatum)的胶膜菌属共生真菌亲缘关系最近[26-28];菌株ZHBSL2与兜兰属(Paphiopedilum)和羊耳蒜属(Liparis)共生真菌位于共同的分支[29-31];ZHBSL6与绶草(Spiranthes sinensis)、Oncidium varimyce和细茎石斛(Dendrobium moniliforme)共生真菌亲缘关系较近[24, 32-33](图7)。
兰科植物对环境变化极其敏感,环境中任何因素的变化都可能对兰科植物与菌根真菌的共生关系产生影响[34]。苗圃内紫花苞舌兰生长状况良好且通过种子繁殖产生大量幼苗,推测同质园内已形成共生真菌网络,为紫花苞舌兰的种子萌发和幼苗生长提供大量的真菌资源。研究不同生长期紫花苞舌兰根系及根区土壤真菌多样性的变化,增加兰科植物生长过程中共生真菌动态变化的了解,对认识兰科植物分布生境和物种保护有重要意义。
紫花苞舌兰根系及根区土壤真菌群落组成有差异,根中OMF占比较高,而根区土壤中瓜甲团囊菌科丰度最高,而且柔膜菌科、炭角菌科真菌占比也较大,根区土壤中真菌多样性高于根系。这一结果是因为兰科植物共生真菌通常来自于土壤中的腐生真菌、外生菌根菌或者相邻植物的内生菌[35-36]。根区土壤中丰度最高的瓜甲团囊菌科真菌被证实在土壤中有极强的适应能力,可以产生特殊的酶和代谢产物,此外还可以产生抗生素类物质来抵抗寄生虫等[37],丰度较高的柔膜菌科和炭角菌科真菌也被报道是兰科植物根系非菌根内生真菌的主要来源,对植物生长有间接促进作用[8, 38-39]。然而这些真菌在根区土壤中的分布并不均匀,呈小规模斑块状分布[40-41],这暗示紫花苞舌兰在同质园内聚集分布可能是受到该区域中有利于其生长发育的真菌的富集影响。
高通量测序结果与真菌分离实验结果都证实,OMF在根系中占比较高,而根区土壤中占比极低。如胶膜菌科真菌在紫花苞舌兰根系中占24.99%,但在根区土壤中仅占1.19%。角担菌科真菌在根系占比为4.29%,而根区土壤中仅占0.03%,此结果与Egidi等[42]的研究结果一致,即兰科植物根系丰度较高的共生真菌在周围土壤中零星分布或不存在,此现象可能是兰科植物根系对共生真菌具有选择性,根区土壤中只有部分真菌能够通过兰科植物根被组织或通道细胞,因此兰科植物根系具有的真菌种类远低于根区土壤,导致兰科植物根系共生真菌丰度高于根区土壤。
紫花苞舌兰原球茎生长期至幼苗生长的中期阶段根系真菌多样性低于幼苗后期生长阶段、成年植株和花期植株,表明紫花苞舌兰在不同的生长发育阶段对OMF的选择不同,在原球茎至幼苗生长中期阶段对共生真菌有较强的专一性。从硬叶兰(Cymbidium mannii)、凤蝶兰(Papilionanthe teres)等兰科植物原球茎或幼苗阶段分离获得的真菌可以有效地促进兰科植物种子萌发至幼苗阶段[43-44],而二色筒距兰(Tipularia discolor)等成年兰科植物根系获得的菌根真菌能够促使种子吸水膨胀,但不一定能够促使种子形成原球茎,更不能形成幼苗[45],上述结果与本研究发现相一致,都证实了兰科植物从原球茎至幼苗阶段对菌根真菌具有高度特异性。
紫花苞舌兰原球茎至幼苗阶段根中胶膜菌科真菌占主导地位,是兰科植物根系的关键真菌类群。研究表明胶膜菌科是兰科植物主要的菌根真菌类群之一,能够有效地促进多种兰科植物种子萌发[46-47]。在本研究中,胶膜菌科广泛存在于紫花苞舌兰根系及根区土壤,其可能是兰科植物苗圃的核心真菌类群,广泛分布于兰科植物共生真菌网络中,在遭受环境胁迫时能够维持共生真菌网络的稳定性,保障兰科植物正常生长[6, 35, 48-49]。紫花苞舌兰原球茎及幼苗根系真菌分离结果佐证了胶膜菌科真菌是原球茎至幼苗发育过程的关键真菌类群。分离获得的胶膜菌科菌株与鹈鹕杓兰、墨兰、羊耳蒜属、兜兰属和绶草等地生兰科植物胶膜菌属共生真菌亲缘关系较近,这可能是因为地生兰种子在土壤中发育周期较长,需要真菌提供碳源,而这种供给关系需要较长时间的维持,导致种子萌发至幼苗分化阶段都依赖特定的共生真菌为其提供营养。Rasmussen等[50]的研究证实专一性更强的真菌能够为种子萌发和幼苗发育直接供应无机营养和关键营养物质如维生素、吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)和赤霉素(gibberellin A3, GA3)等关键营养物质。紫花苞舌兰幼苗后期至成年阶段不再需要严格的真菌供应关系,可能是由于幼苗生长过程中光合作用逐渐加强,对严格共生真菌来源的营养依赖度降低,形成菌根的共生真菌特异性降低,根系可以和更多种类的共生真菌进入皮层细胞形成共生关系。
本研究证实紫花苞舌兰在原球茎至幼苗发育阶段对菌根真菌的选择有较强的专一性,这与紫花苞舌兰能够在苗圃产生大量种子但实际幼苗形成率仍低于1%的结果相符合,这也为紫花苞舌兰种子共生萌发真菌资源开发以及兰科植物种群回归保护提供了理论依据。此外,紫花苞舌兰在种子萌发阶段对菌根真菌选择具有专一性,并且在版纳园内的兰科植物苗圃中表现出一定程度的入侵能力,说明同质园中存在稳定促进其种子萌发和幼苗生长的真菌资源。因此可以认为同质园可能是保护濒危兰科植物极小种群的理想场所。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32171655)
  • 中国科学院西部之光项目(E1XB011B01)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240129
  • 接收时间:2024-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-02
  • 录用日期:2024-04-24
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171655)
国家自然科学基金(32171655)
West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(E1XB011B01)
中国科学院西部之光项目(E1XB011B01)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园, 热带森林生态学重点实验室, 云南 勐腊 666303
    2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
    3 云南大学 生态与环境学院, 云南 昆明 650500
    4 海南大学, 热带特色林木花卉遗传与种质创新教育部重点实验室, 海南 海口 570228

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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